初中已学过的时态
1 初中已学过的时态：一般现在时，过去时，将来时，现在完成，正在进行时，现在完成进行时，过去完成时，过去将来时，过去进行时。
初中语法归类
1>一般现在时
1、一般现在时的用法：
①表示现在的状态或特征，谓语动词一般是be 。
e.g. They are at work. She is very old.
②表示经常性或习惯性动作，谓语动词一般是实义动词。
e.g. We go to school from Monday to Friday.
③表示主语具备的性格和能力。
e.g. I like swimming. Do you speak English?
④普遍真理。e.g. Two plus four is six. The earth goes around the sun.
2、一般时态（一般现在时）的谓语形式。
①动词be 的人称变化：am, is, are
②实义动词的变化：主语为单数第三人称，实义动词应+s或es(do or does)。 (其变化类同于名词的复数形式) ；主语为其他人称时，实义动词不变(do)。
可数名词的复数形式： 英语名词复数的构成有规则变化和不规则变化。
A 规则变化：
一般在单词的结尾直接+s； b ook ― books
如果单词以s, x, ch, sh等结尾，+es； bus ― buses
若以辅音字母+y结尾，变y 为i+es； city ― cities story ― stories
以f 或fe 结尾，变f 或fe 为ves ；wife ― wives knife ― knives
以o 结尾， nero /hero/ phatao /tomato 加es ；其它加s: photo— photos；
两个名词用在一起构成合成名词变复数时，只把合成名词的主体名词变成复数。 e.g. banana trees
但是以woman, man 等名词与其后面的名词构成合成名词变复数时，里面所含的成分全部要变成复数。three women teachers
3、一般现在时的句型变化。
1）be 动词的句式：am is are
2）实义动词的句式：改否定句及疑问句都应借助助动词do 或does 。
(当主语为单数第三人称时，用does, 同时应将其后的谓语动词还原形) 。
改否定句：在实义动词之前+don’t或doesn’t.
e .g. We go to school on Sundays. → We don’t go to school on Sundays.
He does his homework after supper.
→ He doesn’t do his homework after supper.
改一般疑问句：在句首添加Do 或Does ，其他照抄，最后加问号。
e.g. They speak English. → Do they speak English?
He goes home at five every day.
→ Does he go home at five every day?
一般疑问句的肯否定回答。
Yes, 主语+do. No, 主语+don’t. Yes, 主语+does. No, 主语+doesn’t.
e.g. Do they speak English? Does he go home at five every day?
Yes, they do. Yes, he does.
’t.
画线部分改特殊疑问句放句首：疑问代词＋一般疑问句？(do/does＋其他？)
e.g. I like to eat apple. What do you like to eat?
He goes to school every day. Where does he go every day?
4、often, five days a week, every day, on Sundays, sometimes等表示频度的状语通常位于be 动词之后，实义动词之前，若句子出现频度副词，通常用一般现在时。
2>一般过去时：表示过去经常或偶然发生的动作，或存在的状态的时态。
构成：用动词的过去式。除系动词be 的过去式有人称和数的变化外（was,were ），其他动词的过去式无人称和数的变化(did)。
1. v + ed worked, planted, played
2. 以E 结尾的： v – e + d liked, lived, changed
3. 以重读闭音节，末尾只有一个辅音字母，双辅加ED ：planned, stopped, dropped (preferred)
4. 以辅音字母加Y 结尾，把Y 改为I 加ED ： v – y ~ I + ed carried, studied, cried.
规则变化：一般在动词末尾加-ed ；结尾是e 的动词在末尾加-d ；末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-ed ；以辅音字母加y 结尾的，先变y 为i ，再加-ed 。
注意：1、prefer 的过去式要先双写末尾辅音字母r 在加-ed ：preferred.
2、travel 的过去式可双写l 再加-ed ；也可以直接加-ed 。
2) 词尾-ed 的读音
1. p, k, t, f, sh, ch, s [t] stopped, liked, liked, washed, watched, danced
2. b, g, d, v, ge, z, a, e, I, o, u [d] played, answered, followed, agreed, arrived, listened, borrowed, called
3. t, d [id] painted, wanted, contacted, started, needed, sounded, ended, minded,
3) 不规则动词过去式：
1. let 让, put放, read读（原形，过去式，过去分词一样。）
2.. come came come来, run ran run跑
3. bring brought brought带来, buy bought bought买
4. spend spent spent花（钱、时间）
5. leave left left离开, meet met met遇见
6. burn burnt burnt燃烧, learn learnt learnt学会
7. sell sold sold卖, tell told told告诉
8. get got got得到, stand stood stood站, understand understood understood理解、懂得
9. have had had有, hear heard heard听见, make made made 制造, pay paid paid付（钱）, say said said说, sit sat sat坐, find found found发现
10. am / is was been是, are were been是, do did done做, go went gone去, wear wore worn 穿着, see saw seen看见
11. begin began begun可是, sing sang sung唱, swim swam swum游泳
12. ride rode ridden骑（马、自行车）
13. know knew known知道
14. draw drew drawn画、拉
15. speak spoke spoken讲, take took taken拿走
16. eat ate eaten吃, give gave given给
17. can could能、会, will would将, shall should将, may might可以
4) 用法
1. 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常和表示过去的时间状语连用yesterday, last night, two weeks ago, in 2003 / I went home at half past five the day before yesterday.
2. 表示过去经常或反复发生的动作，常和often, always 等表示频度的时间状语连用。 His father often went to work by bus last year.
有时动作发生的时间不很清楚，但实际上是过去发生的，应当用一般过去时。 I didn’t know you were here.
3. 常用“ would + do ”表示过去经常反复发生的动作。 We would turn to him for help when we were in trouble. 我们一遇到麻烦，就向他请求帮助。
4. 在条件和时间状语从句中，用一般过去时表示过去将来的动作。He would let me know when he came back.他回来的时候就让我知道。
3> 现在进行时：表示在某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作的时态。
构成：由“系动词am / is / are +现在分词（动词加-ing 形式）”构成。
1) 动词加-ing 形式的构成及其读音。
1. 一般在动词原形末尾加-ing 。 staying, listening
2. 以不发音的字母–e 结尾的动词，先去掉e ，再加-ing 。making, taking, giving, riding
3. 以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-ing 。 putting, sitting, running, beginning, getting, shopping
2) 用法：
1. 表示现在或说话时正在 动作，常与now 连用，有时有 look, listen等词提示。 What are they doing now? 他么现在在做什么？Look, what are the monkeys eating? 瞧，那些猴子在吃什么？ Listen! Someone is singing in the classroom.听，有人在教室里唱歌。
2. 有一些表示状态的动词和表示心理情感的动词不用进行时态。如： like, love, know, wish, want, remember, understand 等 I am liking this book. (X) / I like this book.
3. 表示明确安排好了的不久将要发生的事情，这是表示最近的打算的最常用的表达方式（时常有一个表示未来时间的状语。），这仅限于少量的动词，如：go, come, leave, arrive, start, work, sleep, stay, play, do, have, wear, meet, see，fly,move 等用进行时表将来(be+doing)，此外， be going to do something 这个结构也常用来表示即将发生的事或打算/准备做某事。 I
am meeting Peter tonight. He is taking me to the cinema. / I am seeing the doctor today. / He is going to speak.
4>一般将来时：表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态的时态。
用法：
1. 表示在将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态。常与表示将来的时间状语tomorrow, next week / month/year等连用。 We will get there tomorrow. / What shall we do? / Shall we get there tomorrow?
2. 表示将来经常或反复发生的动作。I will come to see you every weekend. / He will do the same thing again and again.他会反复做同一件事，直到做好为止。
3. 有迹象表示某事将要发生，或打算、计划、决定要做某事，可用“ be going to + 动词原形”来表示。 What time is the party going to start? 聚会在几点种开始？ I t’s going to be warmer later on. 晚些时候天气会更暖和。
4. be going to (x) ~ will （下列几种将来时要用will 而不用be going to）
a. 带有意愿色彩的将来时。I will tell you the news.我要把这消息告诉你。 I’m sure they will come and help us.我肯定他们会来帮助我们的。
b. 问对方是否愿意，或表示客气的邀请或命令时。Will you go with us? 你跟我们一起去吗？Take a seat, will you?请坐。
c. 在有时间状语从句或条件状语从句的复合句中，如果主句是将来时，从句用一般现在时表将来。Miss Gao will tell you the answer if you ask her. 如果你去问高老师，她会告诉你答案的。/ I will come if it doesn’t rain.如果不下雨的话，我就来。
5. 特殊表达：一些表示位置转移的词，如：go, come, leave, arrive fly(乘飞机去) 等，可用现在进行时表示即将发生的动作。如：They are going to Wuhan tomorrow.他们明天将乘飞机去武汉。 Uncle Wang is coming to supper.王叔叔要来吃晚饭。
1 People ______ ______(have) robots in their homes.
2 He ______ ______(live) to be 200 years old.
3 There______ ______ ______(be) fewer trees.
4 There______ ______ (be) fewer trees.
5 I ______ ______go home tomorrow.
并把上面的句子改成否定句，一般疑问句，并对画﹍线部分提问。
5>过去正在进行时（The Past Progressive Tense）：过去正在进行时由“be(was/were)+doing”构成，1) 表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。一般用时间状语来表示。 I was having a shower at that time. 那时我正冲澡。
2） 过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。
I was reading the newspaper when the doorbell rang. 我正在看报，突然门铃响了。
3. 过去进行时在语境中的运用。如：
I waved to her but she wasn't looking. 我向她挥手但她没往这边瞧(from www.yygrammar.com) 。
She didn't hear the doorbell. She was listening to the radio. 她没听见门铃响，她在听收音机。
3) 常用的时间状语
this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while then, at that time, this time yesterday, at (eight) yesterday (morning),(a year) ago, 以及由when 引出的时间状语从句。如：
He was cooking supper this time yesterday.(昨天这个时候他正在做晚饭)
The little girl was playing with her toy when I saw her.(我看到小女孩的时候她正在玩玩具) 注：与always, forever, frequently等副词连用，可表示某种感情色彩。如：
She was forever complaining. 她老是抱怨。(厌烦)
She was always thinking of others. 她老是想到别人。(赞扬)
4) 用于宾语从句或时间状语从句中, 表示与主句动作同时进行而且是延续时间较长。句子中通常不用时间状语。如：She was it happen when she was walking past.(她路过时看到事情的发生)/ They sang a lot of songs while they were walking in the dark forest.(他们在黑暗的森林里走时唱了很多歌)
1 My brother fell while he____ _____(ride)his bicycle and hurt himself.
2 It ____ ____ (rain)when they left the station.
3 When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun ______ _____(rise)
4 He ___ _____(sleep)when the UFO arrived.
5 The alien got out while the girl_____ ______(shop)
6 While the by ____ _____ (walk)down the street,the UFO landed.
并把上面的句子改成否定句，一般疑问句，并对画线部分提问
6>现在完成时
I. 用法
（1）现在完成时表示过去发生的或已经完成的动作对现在的影响或结果，常与already, yet, just, recently, ever, never, before等表示不确定时间的时间状语连用。
1 I have studied English before. 表示I know a little English.
2 He has already come back. 表示He is here now.
（2）现在完成时表示过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。此时，句中谓语动词通常是延续性动词，且常与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。如：these days, all this year, recently, for ＋时间段以及since ＋时间点等等。
3 She has been ill for 3 days.
4 He has worked in the bank since 1990.
II. 构成：have / has ＋动词过去分词
（1）has 用于主语是第三人称单数，have 用于其它人称
（2）动词的过去分词构成分为规则动词和不规则动词。规则动词在词尾加ed ，其规则与过去式一样。不规则动词要记住。例如：take －taken, go－gone 等。
III. 肯定式、否定式和疑问式, 否定式：have/has+not+过去分词，疑问式：have/has放在句首如：（I have received a special gift. I have not received any special gift.
基本结构：主语+have/has+过去分词(done)
①肯定句：主语+have/has+时间状语+过去分词+其他.
②否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他.
③一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他.
④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他）？ 定义：在过去不确定的时间里发生的动作，但是结果对现在有影响。
过去分词
1 、规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则：
(1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。
work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited
(2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。
live---lived---lived ,
(3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 "y" 变为 "i" ，再加“ ed ”。 study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried
(4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。 stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped
2 、不规则动词：
AAA 型
原型 过去式 过去分词
cost cost cost cut cut cut hit hit hit hurt hurt hurt put put put set set set
shut shut shut spread spread spread let let let
AAB 型
beat beat beaten
ABA 型
become became become run ran run come came come
特殊情况
read read read
read 原形发音为/ri:d/,过去式和过去分词发音为/red/
ABB 型
bring brought brought buy bought bought build built built burn burnt burnt catch caught caught dig dug dug feel felt felt fight fought fought find found found hear heard heard hold held held keep kept kept lay laid laid lead led led lose lost lost make made made meet met met sell sold sold shoot shot shot sit sat sat
stand stood stood sweep swept swept teach taught taught tell told told think thought thought win won won
ABC 型
begin began begun blow blew blown break broke broken choose chose chosen draw drew drawn drive drove driven drink drank drunk fly flew flown forget forgot forgotten freeze froze frozen give gave given grow grew grown
know knew known ride rode ridden rise rose risen ring rang rung shake shook shaken sing sang sung sink sank sunk swim swam swum throw threw thrown write wrote written
用法
（1）现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态, 但其结果却和现在有联系, 也就是说, 动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.
I have spent all of my money.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)
Jane has laid the table.(含义是:现在桌子已经摆好了.)
Michael has been ill.(含义是:现在仍然很虚弱)
He has returned from abroad. (含义是:现在已在此地)
（2）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的, 持续到现在的动作（用行为动词表示）或状态（be 动词表示）常与for （+时间段）,since （+时间点或过去时的句子）连用.
①for+时段
②since+过去一个时间点（译为：自从„„以来）
③since+时段+ago
④since+从句（过去时）
●⑤It is+时段+since+从句（过去时）
Mary has been ill for three days.
I have lived here since 1998.
●注：瞬间动词（buy,die,join,lose „„）不能直接与for since 连用。要改变动词 come/arrive/reach/get to-----be in go out----be out
finish----be over open----be open die----be dead
★1.have 代替buy
My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years.
★2、用keep 或have 代替borrow
I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days.
★3、用be 替代become
How long has your sister been a teacher?
★4、用have a cold代替catch a cold
Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.
★5、用wear 代替put on
b) 用“be ＋形容词”代终止性动词
1、be ＋married 代marry 2、be ＋ill 代fall (get) ill
3、be ＋dead 代die 4、be ＋asleep 代fall (get) asleep
5、be ＋awake 代wake/wake up 6、be ＋gone 代lose,die,sell,leave
7、be ＋open 代open 8、be closed代close/shut
9、be ＋missing(gone,lost)代lose
c) 用“be ＋副词”代终止性动词
1“be ＋on ”代start,begin
2“be ＋up ”代get up
3“be ＋back(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to
4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等 d) 用“be ＋介词短语”代终止性动词
1. “be in/at +地点”代替go to /come to
2. 用be in the army 代替join the army
3. “be in/at +地点”代替move to
常用瞬间动词变延续性动词表：
1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw.
→have been in sw./at„相应的介词
2. have come/gone back/returned → have been back
3. have come/gone out →have been out
4. have become → have been
5. have closed / opened→ have been close/open
6. have got up → have been up；
7. have died → have been dead；
8. have left sw. → have been away from sw.
9. have fallen asleep/got to sleep → have been asleep；
10. have finished/ended/completed → have been over；
11. have married → have been married；
12. have started/begun to do sth. → have done sth. ；
13. have begun → have been on
14. have borrowed/bought →have kept/had
15. have lost → haven ’t had
16. have put on →have worn
17. have caught /get a cold → have had a cold；
18. have got to know → have known
19. have/has gone to → have been in
20. have joined/have taken part in the league/the Party/the army
→have been a member of/ have been in/have been the Party ’s member/the league member/the soldier„
注意： 1. 现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用，(如表示过去的时间状语）
如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon) 等，除非与for,since 连用.
2. 现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用
, 如already （肯定）, yet（否定，疑问）, just, before, recently,still, lately等: He has already obtained a scholarship.
I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet ?
3. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用,
如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等:
Have you ever been to Beijing
I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.
I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.
George has met that gentleman on several occasions.
4. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,
如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, just, today, up to present, so far等:
Peter has written six papers so far.
Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.
There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year.
The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.
Up to the present everything has been successful.
5. 现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作. We have had four texts this semester.
6. 现在完成时的" 完成用法"
现在完成时的" 完成用法" 指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束，但该动作对现在产生了影响，与现在情况具有因果关系。
例如：He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。(动作结束于过去，但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。)
现在完成时" 完成用法" 的特点是动作不延续，因此，该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如：already ，yet ，before ，recently 等) 、频度时间状语(如：never ，ever ，once 等) 、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如：this morning ／ month ／year... ，today 等) 连用。 例如： Have you found your pen yet？你已找到你的钢笔了吗？
7. 现在完成时的" 未完成用法"
现在完成时的" 未完成用法" 指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。
例如：He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来，他一直住在这儿。(动作起始于1978年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去。)
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。(动作开始于5年前，一直延续至今，有可能还要继续下去。)
此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since 或for 引导) ，或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如：up to now，so far)等。
例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。 注意：(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词，不可用于终止性动词，即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如：come ，go ，arrive ，leave ，join ，become ，die 等。
8. 一段时间+has passed+since从句
9. 现在完成时常和短语 "up to now /till now", "so far" (意思是从过去某一确定的时间一直延续到现在.)
Up to/till now he's read many story books. 至今他已读过好多故事书。
I've been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到纽约去过三次。
10 has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in) 的区别
gone:去了没回
been to :去过
been in：呆了很久
一般过去时和现在完成时
（ 1 ）、一般过去时的谓语动词用过去式，而现在完成时的谓语基本构成是“助动词 have/ has + 动词（V. ）的过去分词”。 过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
(2) 、一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。如： yesterday, last week , two years ago ,just now ,in 2002 等；而现在完成时则常与 just ,already ,ever ,never 等副词和 these days ,this week ,since ......, for ...... 等表示一段时间的状语连用。
试比较以下几组句子，有什么区别：
① A:Have you seen the film ?
B:Did you see the film ?
分析：你看过这部电影吗？（ A ）句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解；（ B ）句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过，并不强调是否知道其内容。
② A:How has he done it ?
B:How did he do it ?
分析：他是怎么做的这件事？（ A ）句强调的是他做这件事的方式对现在产生了某种影响；（ B ）句单纯的询问做这件事的方式。
③ A:He has lived in Beijing for 8 years .
B:He lived in Beijing for 8 years .
分析：他在北京住了 8 年。（ A ）句讲的是到目前为止他在北京住了 8 年，可能还会继续在北京住下去。（ B ）句讲的是他在北京住过 8 年，现在已经不在北京了。
（2）现在完成时强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响和结果，而一般过去时与现在没有联系，只是说明某个动作发生的时间是在过去。
比：I have washed the car. 我洗过了车。（看上去很漂亮）
I washed the car a moment ago. 我刚才洗过车了。
She has watered the flowers. 她已经浇了花。（不需要再浇了）
She watered the flowers yesterday. 她昨天浇的花。
I have written the letter but I haven't posted it yet. 信我已经写好了，但还没有寄出。 I wrote the letter last week and I posted it three days ago. 我上周写的那封信，3天前寄出的。
（3）现在完成时表示的动作或状态延续到现在并可能延续下去，而一般过去时则单纯表示过去某段时间内的经历。
比：It has rained for five hours. 雨已经下了5个小时了。
It rained for five hours yesterday. 昨天下了5个小时的雨。
He has waited for her for two hours. 他等她已经两个小时了。
He waited for her two hours and then went home. 他等她等了两个小时，然后就回家了。 I have reviewed two lessons this morning.今天上午我已经复习了两课。（说话时还在上午）
I reviewed two lessons this morning. 今天上午我复习了两课。（说话时已是下午或晚上）
1)I have received some gifts.
2) He has played golf.
3) He has already come back.
4)I have studied English before.
并把上面的句子改成否定式和疑问式，肯定与否定回答
7>现在完成进行时：表示从过去某一时间开始一直待续到现在的的动作，这一动作可能刚刚开始，也有可能待续到将来；有时也经常的反复动作。构成：have/has been doing 常与since,for 引导的时间状语连用,since +时间点/表过去的一般过去时 for +时间段 1 我已经滑了五个小时的冰了。 我从五个小时前开始一直到现在。
2 直从我五岁时就开始滑冰了。
3 I ____(滑过了) for two hours.
把上面的句子译成英语，并变成否定句，一般疑问句，对划线部分提问。
8>过去完成时
(1) 构成：由助动词had + 过去分词 构成
否定式：had not + 过去分词 缩写形式：hadn’t
(2) 用法
过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了。
(3) 它所表示的时间是―过去的过去‖。
①表示过去某一时间可用by, before 等构成的短语来表示
②也可以用when, before, after ,by the time等引导的时间状语从句来表示
③还可以通过宾语从句或通过上下文暗示。
1 by the end of last year, I ____(learn) English for three years old.
2 I ______(finish)my homework before supper.
3 by the time he came to England,Tom _______(be)in London for eight years.
4 they ____ already _____lunch before they arrived at the hotel.
5 when I got home, I _____(realize) I ____ (leave) my keys in the backpack.
6 When I got there, you ____already _____(eat)you meal.
By the time he got here, the bus____ _____(leave)
2. by the time 直到…时候
指从过去某一点到从句所示的时间为止的一段时间 如：
By the time we got to his house, he had finished supper. 在我们到达他就已经吃完了晚饭。 9>过去将来时表示从过去某一时刻看将要发生的动作或状态，也就是说，过去将来时是立足“过去”，着眼“未来”的一种时态。 我们先看几个例句:
1. She said she would go to America. 她说她将要去美国。
2. He said he was going to teach us next term. 他说他下学期将教我们。
3. We were about to get home, when it began to rain cats and dogs. 我们快要到家了, 这时候下起了倾盆大雨。
4. She was to see him the next day. 她打算第二天见他。
5. I didn’t know when they were leaving. 我不知道他们将要什么时候离开。
以上的例句都是过去将来时的句子，你可以总结出过去将来时的构成是怎样的吗？好，看看你是不是这样总结的：
1） should/would＋动词原形 （should 只用于第一人称，would 用于各人称）
2） was (were) + going +to+动词原形。
3） was (were) +about to +动词原形，表示即将发生的动作。
4） “was (were) to+动词原形”表示计划或安排好的动作。
5) was/were + 某些动词的现在分词（即过去进行时）可表示过去将来时。如： was/were + coming/going/leaving/flying/moving/arriving/starting
初中已学过的时态
1 初中已学过的时态：一般现在时，过去时，将来时，现在完成，正在进行时，现在完成进行时，过去完成时，过去将来时，过去进行时。
初中语法归类
1>一般现在时
1、一般现在时的用法：
①表示现在的状态或特征，谓语动词一般是be 。
e.g. They are at work. She is very old.
②表示经常性或习惯性动作，谓语动词一般是实义动词。
e.g. We go to school from Monday to Friday.
③表示主语具备的性格和能力。
e.g. I like swimming. Do you speak English?
④普遍真理。e.g. Two plus four is six. The earth goes around the sun.
2、一般时态（一般现在时）的谓语形式。
①动词be 的人称变化：am, is, are
②实义动词的变化：主语为单数第三人称，实义动词应+s或es(do or does)。 (其变化类同于名词的复数形式) ；主语为其他人称时，实义动词不变(do)。
可数名词的复数形式： 英语名词复数的构成有规则变化和不规则变化。
A 规则变化：
一般在单词的结尾直接+s； b ook ― books
如果单词以s, x, ch, sh等结尾，+es； bus ― buses
若以辅音字母+y结尾，变y 为i+es； city ― cities story ― stories
以f 或fe 结尾，变f 或fe 为ves ；wife ― wives knife ― knives
以o 结尾， nero /hero/ phatao /tomato 加es ；其它加s: photo— photos；
两个名词用在一起构成合成名词变复数时，只把合成名词的主体名词变成复数。 e.g. banana trees
但是以woman, man 等名词与其后面的名词构成合成名词变复数时，里面所含的成分全部要变成复数。three women teachers
3、一般现在时的句型变化。
1）be 动词的句式：am is are
2）实义动词的句式：改否定句及疑问句都应借助助动词do 或does 。
(当主语为单数第三人称时，用does, 同时应将其后的谓语动词还原形) 。
改否定句：在实义动词之前+don’t或doesn’t.
e .g. We go to school on Sundays. → We don’t go to school on Sundays.
He does his homework after supper.
→ He doesn’t do his homework after supper.
改一般疑问句：在句首添加Do 或Does ，其他照抄，最后加问号。
e.g. They speak English. → Do they speak English?
He goes home at five every day.
→ Does he go home at five every day?
一般疑问句的肯否定回答。
Yes, 主语+do. No, 主语+don’t. Yes, 主语+does. No, 主语+doesn’t.
e.g. Do they speak English? Does he go home at five every day?
Yes, they do. Yes, he does.
’t.
画线部分改特殊疑问句放句首：疑问代词＋一般疑问句？(do/does＋其他？)
e.g. I like to eat apple. What do you like to eat?
He goes to school every day. Where does he go every day?
4、often, five days a week, every day, on Sundays, sometimes等表示频度的状语通常位于be 动词之后，实义动词之前，若句子出现频度副词，通常用一般现在时。
2>一般过去时：表示过去经常或偶然发生的动作，或存在的状态的时态。
构成：用动词的过去式。除系动词be 的过去式有人称和数的变化外（was,were ），其他动词的过去式无人称和数的变化(did)。
1. v + ed worked, planted, played
2. 以E 结尾的： v – e + d liked, lived, changed
3. 以重读闭音节，末尾只有一个辅音字母，双辅加ED ：planned, stopped, dropped (preferred)
4. 以辅音字母加Y 结尾，把Y 改为I 加ED ： v – y ~ I + ed carried, studied, cried.
规则变化：一般在动词末尾加-ed ；结尾是e 的动词在末尾加-d ；末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-ed ；以辅音字母加y 结尾的，先变y 为i ，再加-ed 。
注意：1、prefer 的过去式要先双写末尾辅音字母r 在加-ed ：preferred.
2、travel 的过去式可双写l 再加-ed ；也可以直接加-ed 。
2) 词尾-ed 的读音
1. p, k, t, f, sh, ch, s [t] stopped, liked, liked, washed, watched, danced
2. b, g, d, v, ge, z, a, e, I, o, u [d] played, answered, followed, agreed, arrived, listened, borrowed, called
3. t, d [id] painted, wanted, contacted, started, needed, sounded, ended, minded,
3) 不规则动词过去式：
1. let 让, put放, read读（原形，过去式，过去分词一样。）
2.. come came come来, run ran run跑
3. bring brought brought带来, buy bought bought买
4. spend spent spent花（钱、时间）
5. leave left left离开, meet met met遇见
6. burn burnt burnt燃烧, learn learnt learnt学会
7. sell sold sold卖, tell told told告诉
8. get got got得到, stand stood stood站, understand understood understood理解、懂得
9. have had had有, hear heard heard听见, make made made 制造, pay paid paid付（钱）, say said said说, sit sat sat坐, find found found发现
10. am / is was been是, are were been是, do did done做, go went gone去, wear wore worn 穿着, see saw seen看见
11. begin began begun可是, sing sang sung唱, swim swam swum游泳
12. ride rode ridden骑（马、自行车）
13. know knew known知道
14. draw drew drawn画、拉
15. speak spoke spoken讲, take took taken拿走
16. eat ate eaten吃, give gave given给
17. can could能、会, will would将, shall should将, may might可以
4) 用法
1. 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常和表示过去的时间状语连用yesterday, last night, two weeks ago, in 2003 / I went home at half past five the day before yesterday.
2. 表示过去经常或反复发生的动作，常和often, always 等表示频度的时间状语连用。 His father often went to work by bus last year.
有时动作发生的时间不很清楚，但实际上是过去发生的，应当用一般过去时。 I didn’t know you were here.
3. 常用“ would + do ”表示过去经常反复发生的动作。 We would turn to him for help when we were in trouble. 我们一遇到麻烦，就向他请求帮助。
4. 在条件和时间状语从句中，用一般过去时表示过去将来的动作。He would let me know when he came back.他回来的时候就让我知道。
3> 现在进行时：表示在某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作的时态。
构成：由“系动词am / is / are +现在分词（动词加-ing 形式）”构成。
1) 动词加-ing 形式的构成及其读音。
1. 一般在动词原形末尾加-ing 。 staying, listening
2. 以不发音的字母–e 结尾的动词，先去掉e ，再加-ing 。making, taking, giving, riding
3. 以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-ing 。 putting, sitting, running, beginning, getting, shopping
2) 用法：
1. 表示现在或说话时正在 动作，常与now 连用，有时有 look, listen等词提示。 What are they doing now? 他么现在在做什么？Look, what are the monkeys eating? 瞧，那些猴子在吃什么？ Listen! Someone is singing in the classroom.听，有人在教室里唱歌。
2. 有一些表示状态的动词和表示心理情感的动词不用进行时态。如： like, love, know, wish, want, remember, understand 等 I am liking this book. (X) / I like this book.
3. 表示明确安排好了的不久将要发生的事情，这是表示最近的打算的最常用的表达方式（时常有一个表示未来时间的状语。），这仅限于少量的动词，如：go, come, leave, arrive, start, work, sleep, stay, play, do, have, wear, meet, see，fly,move 等用进行时表将来(be+doing)，此外， be going to do something 这个结构也常用来表示即将发生的事或打算/准备做某事。 I
am meeting Peter tonight. He is taking me to the cinema. / I am seeing the doctor today. / He is going to speak.
4>一般将来时：表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态的时态。
用法：
1. 表示在将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态。常与表示将来的时间状语tomorrow, next week / month/year等连用。 We will get there tomorrow. / What shall we do? / Shall we get there tomorrow?
2. 表示将来经常或反复发生的动作。I will come to see you every weekend. / He will do the same thing again and again.他会反复做同一件事，直到做好为止。
3. 有迹象表示某事将要发生，或打算、计划、决定要做某事，可用“ be going to + 动词原形”来表示。 What time is the party going to start? 聚会在几点种开始？ I t’s going to be warmer later on. 晚些时候天气会更暖和。
4. be going to (x) ~ will （下列几种将来时要用will 而不用be going to）
a. 带有意愿色彩的将来时。I will tell you the news.我要把这消息告诉你。 I’m sure they will come and help us.我肯定他们会来帮助我们的。
b. 问对方是否愿意，或表示客气的邀请或命令时。Will you go with us? 你跟我们一起去吗？Take a seat, will you?请坐。
c. 在有时间状语从句或条件状语从句的复合句中，如果主句是将来时，从句用一般现在时表将来。Miss Gao will tell you the answer if you ask her. 如果你去问高老师，她会告诉你答案的。/ I will come if it doesn’t rain.如果不下雨的话，我就来。
5. 特殊表达：一些表示位置转移的词，如：go, come, leave, arrive fly(乘飞机去) 等，可用现在进行时表示即将发生的动作。如：They are going to Wuhan tomorrow.他们明天将乘飞机去武汉。 Uncle Wang is coming to supper.王叔叔要来吃晚饭。
1 People ______ ______(have) robots in their homes.
2 He ______ ______(live) to be 200 years old.
3 There______ ______ ______(be) fewer trees.
4 There______ ______ (be) fewer trees.
5 I ______ ______go home tomorrow.
并把上面的句子改成否定句，一般疑问句，并对画﹍线部分提问。
5>过去正在进行时（The Past Progressive Tense）：过去正在进行时由“be(was/were)+doing”构成，1) 表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。一般用时间状语来表示。 I was having a shower at that time. 那时我正冲澡。
2） 过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。
I was reading the newspaper when the doorbell rang. 我正在看报，突然门铃响了。
3. 过去进行时在语境中的运用。如：
I waved to her but she wasn't looking. 我向她挥手但她没往这边瞧(from www.yygrammar.com) 。
She didn't hear the doorbell. She was listening to the radio. 她没听见门铃响，她在听收音机。
3) 常用的时间状语
this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while then, at that time, this time yesterday, at (eight) yesterday (morning),(a year) ago, 以及由when 引出的时间状语从句。如：
He was cooking supper this time yesterday.(昨天这个时候他正在做晚饭)
The little girl was playing with her toy when I saw her.(我看到小女孩的时候她正在玩玩具) 注：与always, forever, frequently等副词连用，可表示某种感情色彩。如：
She was forever complaining. 她老是抱怨。(厌烦)
She was always thinking of others. 她老是想到别人。(赞扬)
4) 用于宾语从句或时间状语从句中, 表示与主句动作同时进行而且是延续时间较长。句子中通常不用时间状语。如：She was it happen when she was walking past.(她路过时看到事情的发生)/ They sang a lot of songs while they were walking in the dark forest.(他们在黑暗的森林里走时唱了很多歌)
1 My brother fell while he____ _____(ride)his bicycle and hurt himself.
2 It ____ ____ (rain)when they left the station.
3 When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun ______ _____(rise)
4 He ___ _____(sleep)when the UFO arrived.
5 The alien got out while the girl_____ ______(shop)
6 While the by ____ _____ (walk)down the street,the UFO landed.
并把上面的句子改成否定句，一般疑问句，并对画线部分提问
6>现在完成时
I. 用法
（1）现在完成时表示过去发生的或已经完成的动作对现在的影响或结果，常与already, yet, just, recently, ever, never, before等表示不确定时间的时间状语连用。
1 I have studied English before. 表示I know a little English.
2 He has already come back. 表示He is here now.
（2）现在完成时表示过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。此时，句中谓语动词通常是延续性动词，且常与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。如：these days, all this year, recently, for ＋时间段以及since ＋时间点等等。
3 She has been ill for 3 days.
4 He has worked in the bank since 1990.
II. 构成：have / has ＋动词过去分词
（1）has 用于主语是第三人称单数，have 用于其它人称
（2）动词的过去分词构成分为规则动词和不规则动词。规则动词在词尾加ed ，其规则与过去式一样。不规则动词要记住。例如：take －taken, go－gone 等。
III. 肯定式、否定式和疑问式, 否定式：have/has+not+过去分词，疑问式：have/has放在句首如：（I have received a special gift. I have not received any special gift.
基本结构：主语+have/has+过去分词(done)
①肯定句：主语+have/has+时间状语+过去分词+其他.
②否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他.
③一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他.
④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他）？ 定义：在过去不确定的时间里发生的动作，但是结果对现在有影响。
过去分词
1 、规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则：
(1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。
work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited
(2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。
live---lived---lived ,
(3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 "y" 变为 "i" ，再加“ ed ”。 study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried
(4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。 stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped
2 、不规则动词：
AAA 型
原型 过去式 过去分词
cost cost cost cut cut cut hit hit hit hurt hurt hurt put put put set set set
shut shut shut spread spread spread let let let
AAB 型
beat beat beaten
ABA 型
become became become run ran run come came come
特殊情况
read read read
read 原形发音为/ri:d/,过去式和过去分词发音为/red/
ABB 型
bring brought brought buy bought bought build built built burn burnt burnt catch caught caught dig dug dug feel felt felt fight fought fought find found found hear heard heard hold held held keep kept kept lay laid laid lead led led lose lost lost make made made meet met met sell sold sold shoot shot shot sit sat sat
stand stood stood sweep swept swept teach taught taught tell told told think thought thought win won won
ABC 型
begin began begun blow blew blown break broke broken choose chose chosen draw drew drawn drive drove driven drink drank drunk fly flew flown forget forgot forgotten freeze froze frozen give gave given grow grew grown
know knew known ride rode ridden rise rose risen ring rang rung shake shook shaken sing sang sung sink sank sunk swim swam swum throw threw thrown write wrote written
用法
（1）现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态, 但其结果却和现在有联系, 也就是说, 动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.
I have spent all of my money.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)
Jane has laid the table.(含义是:现在桌子已经摆好了.)
Michael has been ill.(含义是:现在仍然很虚弱)
He has returned from abroad. (含义是:现在已在此地)
（2）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的, 持续到现在的动作（用行为动词表示）或状态（be 动词表示）常与for （+时间段）,since （+时间点或过去时的句子）连用.
①for+时段
②since+过去一个时间点（译为：自从„„以来）
③since+时段+ago
④since+从句（过去时）
●⑤It is+时段+since+从句（过去时）
Mary has been ill for three days.
I have lived here since 1998.
●注：瞬间动词（buy,die,join,lose „„）不能直接与for since 连用。要改变动词 come/arrive/reach/get to-----be in go out----be out
finish----be over open----be open die----be dead
★1.have 代替buy
My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years.
★2、用keep 或have 代替borrow
I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days.
★3、用be 替代become
How long has your sister been a teacher?
★4、用have a cold代替catch a cold
Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.
★5、用wear 代替put on
b) 用“be ＋形容词”代终止性动词
1、be ＋married 代marry 2、be ＋ill 代fall (get) ill
3、be ＋dead 代die 4、be ＋asleep 代fall (get) asleep
5、be ＋awake 代wake/wake up 6、be ＋gone 代lose,die,sell,leave
7、be ＋open 代open 8、be closed代close/shut
9、be ＋missing(gone,lost)代lose
c) 用“be ＋副词”代终止性动词
1“be ＋on ”代start,begin
2“be ＋up ”代get up
3“be ＋back(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to
4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等 d) 用“be ＋介词短语”代终止性动词
1. “be in/at +地点”代替go to /come to
2. 用be in the army 代替join the army
3. “be in/at +地点”代替move to
常用瞬间动词变延续性动词表：
1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw.
→have been in sw./at„相应的介词
2. have come/gone back/returned → have been back
3. have come/gone out →have been out
4. have become → have been
5. have closed / opened→ have been close/open
6. have got up → have been up；
7. have died → have been dead；
8. have left sw. → have been away from sw.
9. have fallen asleep/got to sleep → have been asleep；
10. have finished/ended/completed → have been over；
11. have married → have been married；
12. have started/begun to do sth. → have done sth. ；
13. have begun → have been on
14. have borrowed/bought →have kept/had
15. have lost → haven ’t had
16. have put on →have worn
17. have caught /get a cold → have had a cold；
18. have got to know → have known
19. have/has gone to → have been in
20. have joined/have taken part in the league/the Party/the army
→have been a member of/ have been in/have been the Party ’s member/the league member/the soldier„
注意： 1. 现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用，(如表示过去的时间状语）
如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon) 等，除非与for,since 连用.
2. 现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用
, 如already （肯定）, yet（否定，疑问）, just, before, recently,still, lately等: He has already obtained a scholarship.
I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet ?
3. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用,
如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等:
Have you ever been to Beijing
I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.
I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.
George has met that gentleman on several occasions.
4. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,
如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, just, today, up to present, so far等:
Peter has written six papers so far.
Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.
There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year.
The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.
Up to the present everything has been successful.
5. 现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作. We have had four texts this semester.
6. 现在完成时的" 完成用法"
现在完成时的" 完成用法" 指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束，但该动作对现在产生了影响，与现在情况具有因果关系。
例如：He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。(动作结束于过去，但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。)
现在完成时" 完成用法" 的特点是动作不延续，因此，该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如：already ，yet ，before ，recently 等) 、频度时间状语(如：never ，ever ，once 等) 、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如：this morning ／ month ／year... ，today 等) 连用。 例如： Have you found your pen yet？你已找到你的钢笔了吗？
7. 现在完成时的" 未完成用法"
现在完成时的" 未完成用法" 指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。
例如：He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来，他一直住在这儿。(动作起始于1978年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去。)
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。(动作开始于5年前，一直延续至今，有可能还要继续下去。)
此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since 或for 引导) ，或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如：up to now，so far)等。
例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。 注意：(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词，不可用于终止性动词，即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如：come ，go ，arrive ，leave ，join ，become ，die 等。
8. 一段时间+has passed+since从句
9. 现在完成时常和短语 "up to now /till now", "so far" (意思是从过去某一确定的时间一直延续到现在.)
Up to/till now he's read many story books. 至今他已读过好多故事书。
I've been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到纽约去过三次。
10 has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in) 的区别
gone:去了没回
been to :去过
been in：呆了很久
一般过去时和现在完成时
（ 1 ）、一般过去时的谓语动词用过去式，而现在完成时的谓语基本构成是“助动词 have/ has + 动词（V. ）的过去分词”。 过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
(2) 、一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。如： yesterday, last week , two years ago ,just now ,in 2002 等；而现在完成时则常与 just ,already ,ever ,never 等副词和 these days ,this week ,since ......, for ...... 等表示一段时间的状语连用。
试比较以下几组句子，有什么区别：
① A:Have you seen the film ?
B:Did you see the film ?
分析：你看过这部电影吗？（ A ）句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解；（ B ）句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过，并不强调是否知道其内容。
② A:How has he done it ?
B:How did he do it ?
分析：他是怎么做的这件事？（ A ）句强调的是他做这件事的方式对现在产生了某种影响；（ B ）句单纯的询问做这件事的方式。
③ A:He has lived in Beijing for 8 years .
B:He lived in Beijing for 8 years .
分析：他在北京住了 8 年。（ A ）句讲的是到目前为止他在北京住了 8 年，可能还会继续在北京住下去。（ B ）句讲的是他在北京住过 8 年，现在已经不在北京了。
（2）现在完成时强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响和结果，而一般过去时与现在没有联系，只是说明某个动作发生的时间是在过去。
比：I have washed the car. 我洗过了车。（看上去很漂亮）
I washed the car a moment ago. 我刚才洗过车了。
She has watered the flowers. 她已经浇了花。（不需要再浇了）
She watered the flowers yesterday. 她昨天浇的花。
I have written the letter but I haven't posted it yet. 信我已经写好了，但还没有寄出。 I wrote the letter last week and I posted it three days ago. 我上周写的那封信，3天前寄出的。
（3）现在完成时表示的动作或状态延续到现在并可能延续下去，而一般过去时则单纯表示过去某段时间内的经历。
比：It has rained for five hours. 雨已经下了5个小时了。
It rained for five hours yesterday. 昨天下了5个小时的雨。
He has waited for her for two hours. 他等她已经两个小时了。
He waited for her two hours and then went home. 他等她等了两个小时，然后就回家了。 I have reviewed two lessons this morning.今天上午我已经复习了两课。（说话时还在上午）
I reviewed two lessons this morning. 今天上午我复习了两课。（说话时已是下午或晚上）
1)I have received some gifts.
2) He has played golf.
3) He has already come back.
4)I have studied English before.
并把上面的句子改成否定式和疑问式，肯定与否定回答
7>现在完成进行时：表示从过去某一时间开始一直待续到现在的的动作，这一动作可能刚刚开始，也有可能待续到将来；有时也经常的反复动作。构成：have/has been doing 常与since,for 引导的时间状语连用,since +时间点/表过去的一般过去时 for +时间段 1 我已经滑了五个小时的冰了。 我从五个小时前开始一直到现在。
2 直从我五岁时就开始滑冰了。
3 I ____(滑过了) for two hours.
把上面的句子译成英语，并变成否定句，一般疑问句，对划线部分提问。
8>过去完成时
(1) 构成：由助动词had + 过去分词 构成
否定式：had not + 过去分词 缩写形式：hadn’t
(2) 用法
过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了。
(3) 它所表示的时间是―过去的过去‖。
①表示过去某一时间可用by, before 等构成的短语来表示
②也可以用when, before, after ,by the time等引导的时间状语从句来表示
③还可以通过宾语从句或通过上下文暗示。
1 by the end of last year, I ____(learn) English for three years old.
2 I ______(finish)my homework before supper.
3 by the time he came to England,Tom _______(be)in London for eight years.
4 they ____ already _____lunch before they arrived at the hotel.
5 when I got home, I _____(realize) I ____ (leave) my keys in the backpack.
6 When I got there, you ____already _____(eat)you meal.
By the time he got here, the bus____ _____(leave)
2. by the time 直到…时候
指从过去某一点到从句所示的时间为止的一段时间 如：
By the time we got to his house, he had finished supper. 在我们到达他就已经吃完了晚饭。 9>过去将来时表示从过去某一时刻看将要发生的动作或状态，也就是说，过去将来时是立足“过去”，着眼“未来”的一种时态。 我们先看几个例句:
1. She said she would go to America. 她说她将要去美国。
2. He said he was going to teach us next term. 他说他下学期将教我们。
3. We were about to get home, when it began to rain cats and dogs. 我们快要到家了, 这时候下起了倾盆大雨。
4. She was to see him the next day. 她打算第二天见他。
5. I didn’t know when they were leaving. 我不知道他们将要什么时候离开。
以上的例句都是过去将来时的句子，你可以总结出过去将来时的构成是怎样的吗？好，看看你是不是这样总结的：
1） should/would＋动词原形 （should 只用于第一人称，would 用于各人称）
2） was (were) + going +to+动词原形。
3） was (were) +about to +动词原形，表示即将发生的动作。
4） “was (were) to+动词原形”表示计划或安排好的动作。
5) was/were + 某些动词的现在分词（即过去进行时）可表示过去将来时。如： was/were + coming/going/leaving/flying/moving/arriving/starting