机电工程学院过程装备与控制工程
专业英语结课作业
姓名：孙继帅
学号：[1**********]9
专业：过程装备与控制工程
班级：2013级本科一班
Translation
1-3The fundamental problem here is that Newton ’s first law ( and second law ) ,as originally stated, applies only for very small bodies, or particles, with negligible dimensions, and nonzero mass.However, it can be extended to bodies of finite size as follows.
这里的基本问题是，按照先前的规定，牛顿第一定律（和第二定律）只适用于非常小的物体，或者尺寸可以忽略的非零质量的质点。然而，它可以推广到下述有限尺寸的物体。
2-1Mechanics of materials is a branch of applied mechanics that deals with the behaviour of solid bodies subjected to various types of loading. It is a field of study that is known by a variety of names, including ‘‘strength of materials ’’ and ‘‘mechanics of deformable bodies .’’The solid bodies considered in this book include axially-loaded bars , shafts, beams, and columns, as well as structures that are assemblies of these components.Usually the objective of our analysis will be the determination of the stresses, strains, and deformations produced by the loads; if these quantities can be found for all values of load, then we will have obtained a complete picture of the mechanical behaviour of the body.
材料力学是应用力学的一个分支，用于分析固体在受到各种不同类型载荷时的行为。这是一个凭借多种名称而被人知晓的研究领域，其中包括：“材料强度”和“变形体力学”。在本书中，所研究的固体包括受轴向载荷的杆、轴、梁、圆柱以及有这些构件装配而成的机构。通常，我们研究的目的是确定由载荷引起的应力、应变和变形；当逐步施加不同值的载荷直到破坏载荷时，如果能够测得这些物理量，我们就会得到物体的一份完整力学性能图。
6-2Metallic materials are crystalline solids. Individual crystals are composed of unit cells repeated in a regular pattern to form a three-dimensional crystal-lattice structure. A piece of metal is an aggregate of many thousands of interlocking crystals (grains) immersed in a cloud of negative valence electrons detached from the crystals’ atoms. These loose electrons serve to hold the crystal structures together because of their electrostatic attraction to the positively charged metal atoms (ions). The bonding forces, being large because of the close-packed nature of metallic crystal structures, account for the generally good mechanical properties of metals. Also, the electron cloud makes most metals good conductors of heat and electricity.
金属材料是晶状固体。单个晶体是由单元晶胞按有规则的模式重复组成的三维晶格结构。一块金属是上千连锁晶体（颗粒）的集合体，这些晶粒沉浸在从晶体原子中脱离出来的负价电子云中。这些自由电子将晶体结构围拢在一起，因为它们对带正电的金属原子（离子）具有静电引力。由于金属结晶结构的致密本性而产生的很大接合力，是导致（金属）一般都具有良好机械性质的原因。同样，电子云使大多数的金属具有很好的导电性和导热性。
16-1Pressure vessels are leakproof containers. They are made in all size and shapes.The smaller ones may be no larger than a fraction of an inch in diameter, whereas the larger vessels may be 150 ft or more in diameter. Some are buried in the ground or deep in the ocean; most are positioned on the ground or supported on platforms; and some actually are found in storage tanks and hydraulic units in aircraft.
压力容器是不泄露的容器。它们有各种尺寸。最小的直径不到一英寸，最大的直径能达到150英尺甚至更大。某些是埋在地下或海洋深处，多数是安放在地上或支撑在平台上，还有一些实际上是在航天飞行器中的贮槽和液压装置中。
17-11Throughout the word, various factors of safety are applied to materials ’ data to establish allowable stresses for the design of boilers, pressure vessels, and piping. For the temperature range to that temperature where creep or rupture sets the allowable stresses, the universal factor for setting allowable stresses is based on yield strength. In some countries, a factor is applied to sets of data that have been established from many tests; in other, the data are determined by the low yield point or the high yield point. In still other countries, the actual data of the component being designed have its yield strength determined by tests. The actual data of the part are then factored into the designed have its yield strength determined by tests. The actual data of the part are then factored into the design formulas. Not all countries choose to use the ultimate tensile strength as a criterion for setting allowable stresses.
纵观世界，多种安全因素被用在材料的寿命上去建立锅炉、压力容器和管子的设计许用压力。对于这个温度变化到建立许用压力的缓慢破坏的温度，这所有建立的许用压力是在屈服强度的基础上的。在许多国家，一种因素被应用在经过许多次试验而建立起来的一系列数据上。在其他国家，数据是由低的屈服强度和高的屈服强度决定的。在另外的一些国家，对于设计部件这真正的数据是由多次测试而确定的。部分的设计归因于设计的公式。并不是所有国家用极限抗拉强度作为确定许用应力的标准。
机电工程学院过程装备与控制工程
专业英语结课作业
姓名：孙继帅
学号：[1**********]9
专业：过程装备与控制工程
班级：2013级本科一班
Translation
1-3The fundamental problem here is that Newton ’s first law ( and second law ) ,as originally stated, applies only for very small bodies, or particles, with negligible dimensions, and nonzero mass.However, it can be extended to bodies of finite size as follows.
这里的基本问题是，按照先前的规定，牛顿第一定律（和第二定律）只适用于非常小的物体，或者尺寸可以忽略的非零质量的质点。然而，它可以推广到下述有限尺寸的物体。
2-1Mechanics of materials is a branch of applied mechanics that deals with the behaviour of solid bodies subjected to various types of loading. It is a field of study that is known by a variety of names, including ‘‘strength of materials ’’ and ‘‘mechanics of deformable bodies .’’The solid bodies considered in this book include axially-loaded bars , shafts, beams, and columns, as well as structures that are assemblies of these components.Usually the objective of our analysis will be the determination of the stresses, strains, and deformations produced by the loads; if these quantities can be found for all values of load, then we will have obtained a complete picture of the mechanical behaviour of the body.
材料力学是应用力学的一个分支，用于分析固体在受到各种不同类型载荷时的行为。这是一个凭借多种名称而被人知晓的研究领域，其中包括：“材料强度”和“变形体力学”。在本书中，所研究的固体包括受轴向载荷的杆、轴、梁、圆柱以及有这些构件装配而成的机构。通常，我们研究的目的是确定由载荷引起的应力、应变和变形；当逐步施加不同值的载荷直到破坏载荷时，如果能够测得这些物理量，我们就会得到物体的一份完整力学性能图。
6-2Metallic materials are crystalline solids. Individual crystals are composed of unit cells repeated in a regular pattern to form a three-dimensional crystal-lattice structure. A piece of metal is an aggregate of many thousands of interlocking crystals (grains) immersed in a cloud of negative valence electrons detached from the crystals’ atoms. These loose electrons serve to hold the crystal structures together because of their electrostatic attraction to the positively charged metal atoms (ions). The bonding forces, being large because of the close-packed nature of metallic crystal structures, account for the generally good mechanical properties of metals. Also, the electron cloud makes most metals good conductors of heat and electricity.
金属材料是晶状固体。单个晶体是由单元晶胞按有规则的模式重复组成的三维晶格结构。一块金属是上千连锁晶体（颗粒）的集合体，这些晶粒沉浸在从晶体原子中脱离出来的负价电子云中。这些自由电子将晶体结构围拢在一起，因为它们对带正电的金属原子（离子）具有静电引力。由于金属结晶结构的致密本性而产生的很大接合力，是导致（金属）一般都具有良好机械性质的原因。同样，电子云使大多数的金属具有很好的导电性和导热性。
16-1Pressure vessels are leakproof containers. They are made in all size and shapes.The smaller ones may be no larger than a fraction of an inch in diameter, whereas the larger vessels may be 150 ft or more in diameter. Some are buried in the ground or deep in the ocean; most are positioned on the ground or supported on platforms; and some actually are found in storage tanks and hydraulic units in aircraft.
压力容器是不泄露的容器。它们有各种尺寸。最小的直径不到一英寸，最大的直径能达到150英尺甚至更大。某些是埋在地下或海洋深处，多数是安放在地上或支撑在平台上，还有一些实际上是在航天飞行器中的贮槽和液压装置中。
17-11Throughout the word, various factors of safety are applied to materials ’ data to establish allowable stresses for the design of boilers, pressure vessels, and piping. For the temperature range to that temperature where creep or rupture sets the allowable stresses, the universal factor for setting allowable stresses is based on yield strength. In some countries, a factor is applied to sets of data that have been established from many tests; in other, the data are determined by the low yield point or the high yield point. In still other countries, the actual data of the component being designed have its yield strength determined by tests. The actual data of the part are then factored into the designed have its yield strength determined by tests. The actual data of the part are then factored into the design formulas. Not all countries choose to use the ultimate tensile strength as a criterion for setting allowable stresses.
纵观世界，多种安全因素被用在材料的寿命上去建立锅炉、压力容器和管子的设计许用压力。对于这个温度变化到建立许用压力的缓慢破坏的温度，这所有建立的许用压力是在屈服强度的基础上的。在许多国家，一种因素被应用在经过许多次试验而建立起来的一系列数据上。在其他国家，数据是由低的屈服强度和高的屈服强度决定的。在另外的一些国家，对于设计部件这真正的数据是由多次测试而确定的。部分的设计归因于设计的公式。并不是所有国家用极限抗拉强度作为确定许用应力的标准。