简单句的基本句型--英语语法主线
一、基本句型的作用
学习英语时，我们不得不进行听说读写。听说读写要用句子才能完成，所以必须重视句子，多记句子。英语句子虽然不计其数，但基本上由基本句型构成，或由它们演变而来。我们如能好好领悟基本句型，就能高效多记句子。如能尽可能多地储备句子，就可以听得懂，说的出；就能正确理解英语句子，提高阅读能力；就能判断自己所写的句子是否正确以及写出好的句子，从而提高写作水平。
因为语法能帮助我们更好地进行听说读写，所以掌握基本语法是必要的。基本句型包含了绝大多数语法现象，能帮助我们观察、了解和解释绝大部分英语语法现象。
二、句子成分
为了更好地理解基本句型和学好其它语法，一定要先弄懂句子成分。
句子成分是构成句子的基本成分；由词、词组或从句担任；有主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语（宾语补足语和主语补足语）、同位语。
1. 主语：是句子要描述的人或物，是句子的主体，一般位于句首。一般由名词、代词、数词、动词的ing 形式、不定式、主语从句等充当。
Professor Wang/Tom is a very friendly.
I use my computer every day.
Smoking is harmful to health.
To see is to believe.
It is necessary to pay him a visit.
What we’ll do next has not been decided yet.
Where are they going?
2. 谓语：说明主语的动作、状态或特征。谓语由动词或动词短语充当。谓语和主语在人称和数方面必须一致，有时态和语态的变化，一般位于主语之后。
We study English.
It sounds good.
She should pay for the meal.
The bridge will be built next year.
Did he read the poem yesterday?
They don’t like swimming.
3. 宾语：是动作的对象或承受者，由名词、代词或相当于名词的词、短语或宾语从句充当，它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么，一般放在谓语之后。
He bought a car last year.
We often help him.
Would you mind coming earlier tomorrow?
He began to quarrel with her.
Do you know where he has gone?
4. 表语：表示主语的性质、状态和特征。由名词、形容词、介词短语及相当于名词或形容词的词、短语或表语从句担任，一般位于系动词之后。
His father is a lawyer.
He fell asleep .
Are the pupils on the playground?
The news sounded exciting.
He seemed surprised at the news.
The key question is how we should solve the problem.
注意区别：His job is teaching English. (teaching English为表语)
He is teaching English now. (is teaching 为谓语)
常用的系动词：be ，seem, become, get, look, remain, appear, feel, taste, smell, sound, stay。
5. 定语：是修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语或相当于形容词的词、短语或定语从句等都可以作定语。
He is a smart boy.
She was his friend.
They are women pilots.
The man standing there is my uncle.
He is often the first person to come and the last to leave.
The girl called Mary is very tall.
The room where we lived is empty now.
6. 状语：用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式或让步。一般由副词、介词短语或相当于副词的词、短语或状语从句来充当。
He can read the passage fluently .
We have learned English for six years.
He went to France to learn French.
Arriving at the station, he found the train gone.
Praised by his teacher, he was very happy.
If I have free time, I will learn German.
Luckily , he escaped from the fire.
7. 宾语补足语：用来补充说明宾语。一般由形容词、名词、介词短语或相当于形容词的词或短语等来充当。
He doesn’t believe the story true .
We elected him monitor.
He put the books in order.
The doctor advised him to stay in bed for a week.
They saw her entering the store.
She had her computer repaired yesterday.
如果将以上含有宾语补足语的句子变为被动语态，那么宾语补足语相应地成为了主语补足语：补充说明主语。
He was elected monitor .
The books were put in order.
She was seen entering the store.
8. 同位语：位于名词或名词短语之后，具体解释说明其内容。通常由名词、名词短语或同位语从句充当。
The future belongs to you young people.
A year is divided into four seasons：spring, summer, autumn and winter.
They each have a dictionary.
The news that he won a prize is exciting.
三、简单句的基本句型
（一）主语十连系动词十表语(SVP----Subject+ Linking Verb +Predicative)
（二）主语十不及物动词(SV----Subject +Intransitive Verb )
（三）主语十及物动词十宾语(SVO----Subject + Transitive Verb +Object )
（四）主语十及物动词十间接宾语十直接宾语(SVoO----Subject +Vt. +Indirect Object +Direct Object)
（五）主语十及物动词十宾语十宾语补足语(SVOC----Subject +Vt. +Object +Object Complement ) 下面分别介绍这五种句型:
（一）主语十连系动词十表语(SVP----主系表)
.
The rose smells sweet.
He is a strong man.
The newspaper was on the desk.
The news is exciting.
She looked worried.
The problem is how to find a right house.
The problem is how we can get there as soon as possible.
（二）主语十不及物动词（SV----主谓）
The plane is taking off.
The old shop has closed.
His father might have left.
在此句型中，状语并不是必不可缺少的成份，如：
He died.
He died two years ago
但在某些情况下，状语必不可少。如：
He stayed .
The writer lived in the 20th century.
They are going to fly to Shanghai.
（三）主语十及物动词十宾语(SVO----主谓宾)
We are reading a poem.
They must have seen each other.
Do you mind opening the window?
I will remember to lock the door
He suggested that you should start at once.
注意：此句型中一般不需要状语即可表达完整的意思，但有时状语必不可少。
He put the vase I’ll take the child to the station.
They treated him kindly.
注意：及物动词和不及物动词的问题：
1. 及物动词后必须接宾语；不及物动词后不能接宾语。
2. 有些动词一般用作不及物动词，如：come, go。
有些动词一般用作及物动词，如：buy, catch。
有些动词既可用作及物动词又可用作不及物动词。
Boys like to fly kites
Birds can fly .
（四）主语十及物动词十间接宾语十直接宾语(SVoO----主谓双宾)
She lent him her book.
I paid him the money.
She made her son a toy.
I have found him a room.
注意：1. 可将间接宾语放到直接宾语之后, 成为状语。
He gave his address to me.
She made a toy for her son.
2. 能带双宾语的动词常见的有：bring ，buy ，fetch ，find, give, lend, make, pass, play , promise, send ,show ,take, teach, tell, wish ,write 等。
（五）主语十及物动词十宾语十宾语补足语（SVOC----主谓宾补） I’ll let him go.
I heard her singing.
He had his hair cut yesterday.
He took me for his brother.
She pushed the door open.
巩固练习：指出下列句子中的各种句子成分以及属于何种基本句型：
1. Cambridge is a university town.
2. They made Smith president of the University.
3. You can open the windows.
4. Bad news travels quickly.
5. His teacher, Mr. Hu, advised him to practice the piano.
6. The soup tasted delicious.
7. He gave me the facts in brief.
8. She showed me the picture.
9. New York is the busiest port in the United States.
10. The teacher made the lesson very interesting.
11. John and Christina are arguing very fiercely again.
12. Colleagues told Henry that the job wouldn’t be easy.
13. He asked me to go with him together.
14. The tourists lived in ten separate rooms.
15. Stephen helped us organize the party.
16. Man can’t fly.
17. Have you finished your homework?
18. What are you doing now?
19. How does he usually go to school?
20. Where do your parents work?
四、基本句型和英语语法的关系
经过一定时间的学习后，特别是到了高三，掌握了一定的单词、词组和句子，对基本的语法知识也有了初步地了解，这时就需要一根主线把所学的语法知识串起来，形成一个清晰的整体认识，这根主线就是上面介绍的英语简单句的五种基本句型，其原因如下：
第一，它们包含基本的句子成分：主语，谓语，表语，宾语，补足语，定语，状语，以及同位语。句子成分是我们学习定语从句，状语从句，名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）必须涉及到的问题。对句子成分概念不清或是完全不知，就不能很好理解和掌握这些从句以及引导词的用法。比如在名词性从句中总是不能区分that 和what 的用法；在定语从句中不能很好理解和使用关系代词和关系副词。
第二，它们涉及到各种重要的词性, 如：名词，动词，代词，形容词，副词的用法。在学生的书面表达以及说的过程中，经常用名词作谓语，用动词原形做主语等之类的错误。
第三，掌握了这五种句型，就能理解句子的分类。
按结构可将句子分为简单句、并列句、复合句合、并列复合句。由这五种句型构成的不依附于其它结构而独立存在的句子，叫简单句；用连词将两个或两个以上的简单句连接起来形成的完整句子叫并列句；由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫复合句；并列复合句就是指并列句中含有一个或更多的从句。
按用途可将句子分为陈述句、祈使句、疑问句、感叹句。
按语气可将句子分为陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气。陈述语气: 表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如：
We are (not) ready.
How can we solve the problem?
What a fine day it is!
祈使语气: 表示说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。如:
Open the door, please.
虚拟语气: 表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的假设、主观愿望或推测等。如: If I were you, I should study English even harder.
练习1：指出下列句子的种类。
1. He laughs best who laughs last.
2. Some people believe that a child’s organs of speech are more flexible than an adult’s.
3. A person having caught the flu usually has several symptoms like coughing, sneezing, a high temperature and a running nose.
4. Some abilities are learned, but others are born.
5. When you are abroad, it is very important to know how to communicate by making gestures.
6. The reason for the disappearance of so many species was the increasing human population.
7. More and more people have moved out of the rural areas because more workers are needed in towns and cities.
8. Although the head teacher had told the students how they should do their homework, they failed to finish their work in time.
9. Having been accepted as one of the official languages of the United Nations, English is widely used in international conferences.
10. Wherever they are, they always keep in touch with each other.
练习2：将每一组简单句合并为一个并列句或复合句。
1. David rose from his seat. He stepped onto the platform. He made a speech.
2. There was much noise. We could hardly hear the speaker.
3. The lights all went out. They couldn’t read any more.
4. My watch is very old. It still works quite well.
5. I gave the poor boy some money. He could buy the necessary textbooks.
6. Mr. Robeson was reading the tourist ads. His wife was talking with their neighbors.
7. He was sleeping. His clothes were stolen.
8. When are you setting off tomorrow morning? I’d like to know this.
9. He had once worked for a private detective. He tried to cover up this fact.
10. Why is it cold in winter? Why is it hot in summer? Can you tell the reason?
11. He had returned a week earlier than expected. We were surprised.
12. In the 1870s, Marx was already in his fifties. He found it important to study the situation in Russia. He began to learn Russian.
练习3：将下列的汉语句子翻译成英语，并指出他们的句子类型（陈述句，祈使句，疑问句，
感叹句）。
1. 中国是亚洲最大的国家。
2. 他从来不抽烟。
3. 我真的希望你努力学习英语。
4. 你经常和同学练习英语吗？
5. 你难道不是个学生吗？
6. 下次会议何时召开？
7. 你最喜欢谁的车？
8. 他的卧室在楼上还是在楼下？
9. 他没有及时赶到，对吗？
10. 小心。
11. 别紧张。
12. 为活而吃，不要为吃而活。
13. 他是多么可爱的男孩！
14. 他们是多么好的老师！
15. 这是个多么鼓舞人心的消息！
16. 这些花儿看起来多么漂亮！
17. 雨下的多大呀！
18. 我们学习多用功！
第四，掌握了这五种句型，就能抓住句子的主干，正确分析句子结构，对长句的理解就不在话下了，在做完形填空及阅读理解时，就能提高命中率；就能判断所写的句子是否正确，提高写作水平。
第五，这五种句型是我们学习英语语法的基础和源头。掌握了这五种句型，我们对语法就能够站在一个较高的高度来理解；就能抓住各个语法项目的要害。
1. 动词的时态。
说起来很简单，就是研究这五种句型中谓语动词的各种变化。如：
We have learned English for six years.
He often made unwise mistakes.
She is reading a book now.
2．被动语态
就是在SVO, SVoO及SVOC 三种句型中将宾语变为主语后（如需要突出受动者时），对谓语动词作相应的变化。
People speak English throughout the world.
English is spoken throughout the world.
3. 非谓语动词
就是描述不能单独作谓语的动词的另外三种形式（不定式，－ing 形式以及－ed 形式）作其它成分的用法。
He practices playing the piano every day.
To learn English is fun.
He entered the room followed by a dog.
4. 名词性从句
在这五种基本的句型中，作主语、宾语、表语、同位语的可以是一个词或词组；也可以是一个句子，这样的句子被分别称之为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。因为名词可以充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语，所以这几种具有名词功能的四种从句被统称为名词性从句。在名词性从句中，连词、连接代词或连接副词，一方面把主句和从句连接起来，构成一个完整的复合句；另一方面，它们又在从句中（从句本身也是这五种句型中的一种）
充当一个成分（that 除外）：主语、宾语、表语、定语或状语。如： 这是一个含有主语从句的复合句，其基本句型属于SVC ；从句when he left 又属于SV , 连接副词when 在从句中作时间状语。
现在你能分析下面的复合句了吗？
It is a pity that she can’t attend the meeting.
The teacher asked them who had finished the exercise.
That is why she was absent yesterday.
He told me the news that our school team had won.
5. 定语从句
在这五种句型中，定语的作用，不是很容易注意到，好像显得不很重要，因为它只用来修饰名词或代词。其实，它的作用非常大，它可以使指代更明确，表达更形象生动，更有血有肉。作定语的可以是词，词组，也可以是一个句子，修饰句中某一名词或代词的句子叫定语从句。定语从句中一定要由关系代词或关系副词引导，它们一方面使得主句与从句构成一个完整的复合句；另一方面它们又分别代替前面的名词或代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语或状语。如：
这是一个包含有定语从句的复合句，其句型属于SVC ；定语从句中who is standing under the tree 的句属于SV . who 代替the woman 作主语，under the tree 作状语修饰standing. 现在你能分析下面的句子了吗？
She is looking after the little child whose parents have gone to London.
She was fond of dancing, which made her very popular.
He didn’t know the reason why he was fired.
你现在能辨别下列不同的句型了吗？ I still remember the days when I stayed in Shanghai. I still remember the days (which) we spent together. It is said that he is helpful.
It was her that Tom praised just now.
I like the student that is tall.
6. 状语从句
在五种基本句型中，状语的地位好像不是很突出，但它的作用不容忽略。它用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或整个句子，通常由副词或与之相当的词，词组充当；也可以由一个句子充当，这样的句子叫状语从句。引导时间，地点，原因，条件，让步，目的，结果，方式和比较等状语从句的连词，一方面使状语从句和主语连接起来构成一个完整的复合句；另一方面在状语从句中有含义，一般充当状语。如：
When the students heard the teacher’s footsteps 这个复合句的基本句型为SVO ；在时间状语从句中，when the students heard the 其句型为SVO, when 在从句中作状语。
7. 情态动词.
它是动词的一种，表示某种情感或态度，和动词原形一起构成谓语。
We can use computers.
Must I do it now?
8. 虚拟语气
实际上就是当我们要表示与事实相反的种种假设，或表示良好的愿望或实现的可能性很小时，我们给谓语动词的种种特殊规定。
If I had met him yesterday, I would have told him about it.(In fact I didn’t meet him) He suggested that we (should) leave at once.
9. 倒装句
实际上就是将谓语动词的一部分或全部（根据需要）放到主语之前。
Out rushed the boy.
Never have I heard such a thing.
10. 省略句
就是为了避免重复，使语言简练紧凑，在不引起误解的情况下，将句子中一个或多个成分省去。
Some of us study English; others Japanese. (=Others study Japanese)
-----When did your family move here?
-----Three years ago. (=My family moved here three years ago)
由此可见，掌握英语句子的五种基本句型，对我们学好英语非常重要，特别是理解地学习英语语法尤为重要，因为绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式生成的，都是五种句型的延伸或变化。不是有同学常说“我对英语语法一窍不通”吗？如同学们对这五种句型好好领悟，就会对英语语法的轮廓有了一个大致了解，学起来就十分轻松，当然还需注意一些特殊的规则。
请打开课本随便找一篇文章看一看，研究一下句子，看是不是都是由这五种句型构成的？
简单句的基本句型--英语语法主线
一、基本句型的作用
学习英语时，我们不得不进行听说读写。听说读写要用句子才能完成，所以必须重视句子，多记句子。英语句子虽然不计其数，但基本上由基本句型构成，或由它们演变而来。我们如能好好领悟基本句型，就能高效多记句子。如能尽可能多地储备句子，就可以听得懂，说的出；就能正确理解英语句子，提高阅读能力；就能判断自己所写的句子是否正确以及写出好的句子，从而提高写作水平。
因为语法能帮助我们更好地进行听说读写，所以掌握基本语法是必要的。基本句型包含了绝大多数语法现象，能帮助我们观察、了解和解释绝大部分英语语法现象。
二、句子成分
为了更好地理解基本句型和学好其它语法，一定要先弄懂句子成分。
句子成分是构成句子的基本成分；由词、词组或从句担任；有主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语（宾语补足语和主语补足语）、同位语。
1. 主语：是句子要描述的人或物，是句子的主体，一般位于句首。一般由名词、代词、数词、动词的ing 形式、不定式、主语从句等充当。
Professor Wang/Tom is a very friendly.
I use my computer every day.
Smoking is harmful to health.
To see is to believe.
It is necessary to pay him a visit.
What we’ll do next has not been decided yet.
Where are they going?
2. 谓语：说明主语的动作、状态或特征。谓语由动词或动词短语充当。谓语和主语在人称和数方面必须一致，有时态和语态的变化，一般位于主语之后。
We study English.
It sounds good.
She should pay for the meal.
The bridge will be built next year.
Did he read the poem yesterday?
They don’t like swimming.
3. 宾语：是动作的对象或承受者，由名词、代词或相当于名词的词、短语或宾语从句充当，它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么，一般放在谓语之后。
He bought a car last year.
We often help him.
Would you mind coming earlier tomorrow?
He began to quarrel with her.
Do you know where he has gone?
4. 表语：表示主语的性质、状态和特征。由名词、形容词、介词短语及相当于名词或形容词的词、短语或表语从句担任，一般位于系动词之后。
His father is a lawyer.
He fell asleep .
Are the pupils on the playground?
The news sounded exciting.
He seemed surprised at the news.
The key question is how we should solve the problem.
注意区别：His job is teaching English. (teaching English为表语)
He is teaching English now. (is teaching 为谓语)
常用的系动词：be ，seem, become, get, look, remain, appear, feel, taste, smell, sound, stay。
5. 定语：是修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语或相当于形容词的词、短语或定语从句等都可以作定语。
He is a smart boy.
She was his friend.
They are women pilots.
The man standing there is my uncle.
He is often the first person to come and the last to leave.
The girl called Mary is very tall.
The room where we lived is empty now.
6. 状语：用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式或让步。一般由副词、介词短语或相当于副词的词、短语或状语从句来充当。
He can read the passage fluently .
We have learned English for six years.
He went to France to learn French.
Arriving at the station, he found the train gone.
Praised by his teacher, he was very happy.
If I have free time, I will learn German.
Luckily , he escaped from the fire.
7. 宾语补足语：用来补充说明宾语。一般由形容词、名词、介词短语或相当于形容词的词或短语等来充当。
He doesn’t believe the story true .
We elected him monitor.
He put the books in order.
The doctor advised him to stay in bed for a week.
They saw her entering the store.
She had her computer repaired yesterday.
如果将以上含有宾语补足语的句子变为被动语态，那么宾语补足语相应地成为了主语补足语：补充说明主语。
He was elected monitor .
The books were put in order.
She was seen entering the store.
8. 同位语：位于名词或名词短语之后，具体解释说明其内容。通常由名词、名词短语或同位语从句充当。
The future belongs to you young people.
A year is divided into four seasons：spring, summer, autumn and winter.
They each have a dictionary.
The news that he won a prize is exciting.
三、简单句的基本句型
（一）主语十连系动词十表语(SVP----Subject+ Linking Verb +Predicative)
（二）主语十不及物动词(SV----Subject +Intransitive Verb )
（三）主语十及物动词十宾语(SVO----Subject + Transitive Verb +Object )
（四）主语十及物动词十间接宾语十直接宾语(SVoO----Subject +Vt. +Indirect Object +Direct Object)
（五）主语十及物动词十宾语十宾语补足语(SVOC----Subject +Vt. +Object +Object Complement ) 下面分别介绍这五种句型:
（一）主语十连系动词十表语(SVP----主系表)
.
The rose smells sweet.
He is a strong man.
The newspaper was on the desk.
The news is exciting.
She looked worried.
The problem is how to find a right house.
The problem is how we can get there as soon as possible.
（二）主语十不及物动词（SV----主谓）
The plane is taking off.
The old shop has closed.
His father might have left.
在此句型中，状语并不是必不可缺少的成份，如：
He died.
He died two years ago
但在某些情况下，状语必不可少。如：
He stayed .
The writer lived in the 20th century.
They are going to fly to Shanghai.
（三）主语十及物动词十宾语(SVO----主谓宾)
We are reading a poem.
They must have seen each other.
Do you mind opening the window?
I will remember to lock the door
He suggested that you should start at once.
注意：此句型中一般不需要状语即可表达完整的意思，但有时状语必不可少。
He put the vase I’ll take the child to the station.
They treated him kindly.
注意：及物动词和不及物动词的问题：
1. 及物动词后必须接宾语；不及物动词后不能接宾语。
2. 有些动词一般用作不及物动词，如：come, go。
有些动词一般用作及物动词，如：buy, catch。
有些动词既可用作及物动词又可用作不及物动词。
Boys like to fly kites
Birds can fly .
（四）主语十及物动词十间接宾语十直接宾语(SVoO----主谓双宾)
She lent him her book.
I paid him the money.
She made her son a toy.
I have found him a room.
注意：1. 可将间接宾语放到直接宾语之后, 成为状语。
He gave his address to me.
She made a toy for her son.
2. 能带双宾语的动词常见的有：bring ，buy ，fetch ，find, give, lend, make, pass, play , promise, send ,show ,take, teach, tell, wish ,write 等。
（五）主语十及物动词十宾语十宾语补足语（SVOC----主谓宾补） I’ll let him go.
I heard her singing.
He had his hair cut yesterday.
He took me for his brother.
She pushed the door open.
巩固练习：指出下列句子中的各种句子成分以及属于何种基本句型：
1. Cambridge is a university town.
2. They made Smith president of the University.
3. You can open the windows.
4. Bad news travels quickly.
5. His teacher, Mr. Hu, advised him to practice the piano.
6. The soup tasted delicious.
7. He gave me the facts in brief.
8. She showed me the picture.
9. New York is the busiest port in the United States.
10. The teacher made the lesson very interesting.
11. John and Christina are arguing very fiercely again.
12. Colleagues told Henry that the job wouldn’t be easy.
13. He asked me to go with him together.
14. The tourists lived in ten separate rooms.
15. Stephen helped us organize the party.
16. Man can’t fly.
17. Have you finished your homework?
18. What are you doing now?
19. How does he usually go to school?
20. Where do your parents work?
四、基本句型和英语语法的关系
经过一定时间的学习后，特别是到了高三，掌握了一定的单词、词组和句子，对基本的语法知识也有了初步地了解，这时就需要一根主线把所学的语法知识串起来，形成一个清晰的整体认识，这根主线就是上面介绍的英语简单句的五种基本句型，其原因如下：
第一，它们包含基本的句子成分：主语，谓语，表语，宾语，补足语，定语，状语，以及同位语。句子成分是我们学习定语从句，状语从句，名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）必须涉及到的问题。对句子成分概念不清或是完全不知，就不能很好理解和掌握这些从句以及引导词的用法。比如在名词性从句中总是不能区分that 和what 的用法；在定语从句中不能很好理解和使用关系代词和关系副词。
第二，它们涉及到各种重要的词性, 如：名词，动词，代词，形容词，副词的用法。在学生的书面表达以及说的过程中，经常用名词作谓语，用动词原形做主语等之类的错误。
第三，掌握了这五种句型，就能理解句子的分类。
按结构可将句子分为简单句、并列句、复合句合、并列复合句。由这五种句型构成的不依附于其它结构而独立存在的句子，叫简单句；用连词将两个或两个以上的简单句连接起来形成的完整句子叫并列句；由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫复合句；并列复合句就是指并列句中含有一个或更多的从句。
按用途可将句子分为陈述句、祈使句、疑问句、感叹句。
按语气可将句子分为陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气。陈述语气: 表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如：
We are (not) ready.
How can we solve the problem?
What a fine day it is!
祈使语气: 表示说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。如:
Open the door, please.
虚拟语气: 表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的假设、主观愿望或推测等。如: If I were you, I should study English even harder.
练习1：指出下列句子的种类。
1. He laughs best who laughs last.
2. Some people believe that a child’s organs of speech are more flexible than an adult’s.
3. A person having caught the flu usually has several symptoms like coughing, sneezing, a high temperature and a running nose.
4. Some abilities are learned, but others are born.
5. When you are abroad, it is very important to know how to communicate by making gestures.
6. The reason for the disappearance of so many species was the increasing human population.
7. More and more people have moved out of the rural areas because more workers are needed in towns and cities.
8. Although the head teacher had told the students how they should do their homework, they failed to finish their work in time.
9. Having been accepted as one of the official languages of the United Nations, English is widely used in international conferences.
10. Wherever they are, they always keep in touch with each other.
练习2：将每一组简单句合并为一个并列句或复合句。
1. David rose from his seat. He stepped onto the platform. He made a speech.
2. There was much noise. We could hardly hear the speaker.
3. The lights all went out. They couldn’t read any more.
4. My watch is very old. It still works quite well.
5. I gave the poor boy some money. He could buy the necessary textbooks.
6. Mr. Robeson was reading the tourist ads. His wife was talking with their neighbors.
7. He was sleeping. His clothes were stolen.
8. When are you setting off tomorrow morning? I’d like to know this.
9. He had once worked for a private detective. He tried to cover up this fact.
10. Why is it cold in winter? Why is it hot in summer? Can you tell the reason?
11. He had returned a week earlier than expected. We were surprised.
12. In the 1870s, Marx was already in his fifties. He found it important to study the situation in Russia. He began to learn Russian.
练习3：将下列的汉语句子翻译成英语，并指出他们的句子类型（陈述句，祈使句，疑问句，
感叹句）。
1. 中国是亚洲最大的国家。
2. 他从来不抽烟。
3. 我真的希望你努力学习英语。
4. 你经常和同学练习英语吗？
5. 你难道不是个学生吗？
6. 下次会议何时召开？
7. 你最喜欢谁的车？
8. 他的卧室在楼上还是在楼下？
9. 他没有及时赶到，对吗？
10. 小心。
11. 别紧张。
12. 为活而吃，不要为吃而活。
13. 他是多么可爱的男孩！
14. 他们是多么好的老师！
15. 这是个多么鼓舞人心的消息！
16. 这些花儿看起来多么漂亮！
17. 雨下的多大呀！
18. 我们学习多用功！
第四，掌握了这五种句型，就能抓住句子的主干，正确分析句子结构，对长句的理解就不在话下了，在做完形填空及阅读理解时，就能提高命中率；就能判断所写的句子是否正确，提高写作水平。
第五，这五种句型是我们学习英语语法的基础和源头。掌握了这五种句型，我们对语法就能够站在一个较高的高度来理解；就能抓住各个语法项目的要害。
1. 动词的时态。
说起来很简单，就是研究这五种句型中谓语动词的各种变化。如：
We have learned English for six years.
He often made unwise mistakes.
She is reading a book now.
2．被动语态
就是在SVO, SVoO及SVOC 三种句型中将宾语变为主语后（如需要突出受动者时），对谓语动词作相应的变化。
People speak English throughout the world.
English is spoken throughout the world.
3. 非谓语动词
就是描述不能单独作谓语的动词的另外三种形式（不定式，－ing 形式以及－ed 形式）作其它成分的用法。
He practices playing the piano every day.
To learn English is fun.
He entered the room followed by a dog.
4. 名词性从句
在这五种基本的句型中，作主语、宾语、表语、同位语的可以是一个词或词组；也可以是一个句子，这样的句子被分别称之为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。因为名词可以充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语，所以这几种具有名词功能的四种从句被统称为名词性从句。在名词性从句中，连词、连接代词或连接副词，一方面把主句和从句连接起来，构成一个完整的复合句；另一方面，它们又在从句中（从句本身也是这五种句型中的一种）
充当一个成分（that 除外）：主语、宾语、表语、定语或状语。如： 这是一个含有主语从句的复合句，其基本句型属于SVC ；从句when he left 又属于SV , 连接副词when 在从句中作时间状语。
现在你能分析下面的复合句了吗？
It is a pity that she can’t attend the meeting.
The teacher asked them who had finished the exercise.
That is why she was absent yesterday.
He told me the news that our school team had won.
5. 定语从句
在这五种句型中，定语的作用，不是很容易注意到，好像显得不很重要，因为它只用来修饰名词或代词。其实，它的作用非常大，它可以使指代更明确，表达更形象生动，更有血有肉。作定语的可以是词，词组，也可以是一个句子，修饰句中某一名词或代词的句子叫定语从句。定语从句中一定要由关系代词或关系副词引导，它们一方面使得主句与从句构成一个完整的复合句；另一方面它们又分别代替前面的名词或代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语或状语。如：
这是一个包含有定语从句的复合句，其句型属于SVC ；定语从句中who is standing under the tree 的句属于SV . who 代替the woman 作主语，under the tree 作状语修饰standing. 现在你能分析下面的句子了吗？
She is looking after the little child whose parents have gone to London.
She was fond of dancing, which made her very popular.
He didn’t know the reason why he was fired.
你现在能辨别下列不同的句型了吗？ I still remember the days when I stayed in Shanghai. I still remember the days (which) we spent together. It is said that he is helpful.
It was her that Tom praised just now.
I like the student that is tall.
6. 状语从句
在五种基本句型中，状语的地位好像不是很突出，但它的作用不容忽略。它用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或整个句子，通常由副词或与之相当的词，词组充当；也可以由一个句子充当，这样的句子叫状语从句。引导时间，地点，原因，条件，让步，目的，结果，方式和比较等状语从句的连词，一方面使状语从句和主语连接起来构成一个完整的复合句；另一方面在状语从句中有含义，一般充当状语。如：
When the students heard the teacher’s footsteps 这个复合句的基本句型为SVO ；在时间状语从句中，when the students heard the 其句型为SVO, when 在从句中作状语。
7. 情态动词.
它是动词的一种，表示某种情感或态度，和动词原形一起构成谓语。
We can use computers.
Must I do it now?
8. 虚拟语气
实际上就是当我们要表示与事实相反的种种假设，或表示良好的愿望或实现的可能性很小时，我们给谓语动词的种种特殊规定。
If I had met him yesterday, I would have told him about it.(In fact I didn’t meet him) He suggested that we (should) leave at once.
9. 倒装句
实际上就是将谓语动词的一部分或全部（根据需要）放到主语之前。
Out rushed the boy.
Never have I heard such a thing.
10. 省略句
就是为了避免重复，使语言简练紧凑，在不引起误解的情况下，将句子中一个或多个成分省去。
Some of us study English; others Japanese. (=Others study Japanese)
-----When did your family move here?
-----Three years ago. (=My family moved here three years ago)
由此可见，掌握英语句子的五种基本句型，对我们学好英语非常重要，特别是理解地学习英语语法尤为重要，因为绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式生成的，都是五种句型的延伸或变化。不是有同学常说“我对英语语法一窍不通”吗？如同学们对这五种句型好好领悟，就会对英语语法的轮廓有了一个大致了解，学起来就十分轻松，当然还需注意一些特殊的规则。
请打开课本随便找一篇文章看一看，研究一下句子，看是不是都是由这五种句型构成的？