Definition
A literature review（文献综述） is both a summary and explanation of the complete and current state of knowledge on a limited topic as found in academic books （学术著作）and journal articles（期刊论文）. There are two kinds of literature reviews you might write at university: one that students are asked to write as a stand-alone assignment in a course, often as part of their training in the research processes in their field, and the other that is written as part of an introduction to, or preparation for, a longer work, usually a thesis or research report. The focus and perspective of your review and the kind of hypothesis（假设） or thesis argument you make will be determined by what kind of review you are writing. One way to understand the differences between these two types is to read
published literature reviews or the first chapters of theses and dissertations（学位论文） in your own subject area. Analyze the structure of their arguments and note the way they address the issues.
Purpose of the Literature Review
∙ It gives readers easy access to research on a particular topic by selecting high
quality articles or studies that are relevant, meaningful, important and valid（有效的） and summarizing them into one complete report.
It provides an excellent starting point for researchers beginning to do research in a new area by forcing them to summarize, evaluate, and compare original
research in that specific area.
It ensures that researchers do not duplicate work that has already been done. 你所整理的文章中作者主要观察的重点是什么
It can provide clues（线索） as to where future research is heading or recommend areas on which to focus. 现在的研究都到了什么程度
It highlights key findings.
It identifies inconsistencies（矛盾）, gaps and contradictions in the literature. It provides a constructive analysis of the methodologies and approaches of other researchers. 前面研究者的建设性的方法和途径 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Content of the Review
Introduction
The introduction explains the focus and establishes the importance of the subject（主题）. It discusses what kind of work has been done on the topic and identifies any
controversies （争议） within the field or any recent research which has raised questions about earlier assumptions（假设）. It may provide background or history. It concludes with a purpose or thesis statement（中心思想）. In a stand-alone literature review, this
statement will sum up and evaluate the state of the art （目前的工艺水平）in this field of research; in a review that is an introduction or preparatory to（为~~做准备）a thesis or research report, it will suggest how the review findings will lead to the research the writer proposes to undertake.
Body （论文的内容）
Often divided by headings/subheadings（标题/副标题）, the body summarizes and
evaluates the current state of knowledge in the field. It notes major themes or topics, the most important trends, and any findings about which researchers agree or disagree. If the review is preliminary to （在~~之前）your own thesis or research project, its purpose is to make an argument that will justify your proposed research. Therefore, it will discuss only that research which leads directly to your own project.
Conclusion
The conclusion summarizes all the evidence presented and shows its significance. If the review is an introduction to your own research, it highlights gaps and indicates how previous research leads to your own research project and chosen methodology. If the review is a stand-alone assignment for a course, it should suggest any practical applications of the research as well as the implications and possibilities for future research.
Nine Steps to Writing a Literature Review（九步法写综述）
1. Find a working topic.
Look at your specific area of study. Think about what interests you, and what fertile
ground for study is. Talk to your professor, brainstorm, and read lecture notes and recent
issues of periodicals（期刊）in the field.
2. Review the literature.
∙ Using keywords search a computer database. It is best to use at least two
databases relevant to your discipline.
Remember that the reference lists of recent articles and reviews can lead to
valuable papers.
Make certain that you also include any studies contrary to your point of view. ∙ ∙
3. Focus your topic narrowly and select papers accordingly.
Consider the following:
∙
∙
∙ What interests you? What interests others? What time span（时间跨度）of research will you consider?
Choose an area of research that is due for a review.
4. Read the selected articles thoroughly and evaluate them.
∙
∙ What assumptions do most/some researchers seem to be making? What methodologies do they use? - What testing procedures, subjects, material
tested?
Evaluate and synthesize（综合）the research findings and conclusions drawn. Note experts（专家）in the field: names/labs that are frequently referenced.
Note conflicting theories, results, and methodologies.
Watch for popularity of theories and how this has/has not changed over time. ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
5. Organize the selected papers by looking for patterns and by developing sub-topics. Note things such as:
∙
∙
∙ Findings that are common/contested（争论） Two or three important trends in the research The most influential theories
6. Develop a working thesis.
Write a one- or two-sentence statement summarizing the conclusion you have reached about the major trends and developments you see in the research that has been done on your subject.
7. Organize your own paper based on the findings from steps 4 & 5.
Develop headings/subheadings. If your literature review is extensive, find a large table surface, and on it place post-it notes（便签纸） or filing cards（档案卡） to organize all your findings into categories. Move them around if you decide that (a) they fit better under different headings, or (b) you need to establish new topic headings.
8. Write the body of the paper
Follow the plan you have developed above, making certain that each section links
logically to the one before and after and that you have divided your sections by themes or subtopics, not by reporting the work of individual theorists or researchers.
9. Look at what you have written; focus on analysis, not description.
Look at the topic sentences of each paragraph. If you were to read only these sentences, would you find that your paper presented a clear position, logically developed, from beginning to end? If, for example, you find that each paragraph begins with a
researcher's name, it might indicate that, instead of evaluating and comparing the research literature from an analytical point of view, you have simply described what research has been done. This is one of the most common problems with student
Finishing Touches: Revising and Editing Your Work
∙ Read your work out loud. That way you will be better able to identify where you
need punctuation marks（标点符号） to signal pauses or divisions within
sentences, where you have made grammatical errors, or where your sentences are unclear.
Since the purpose of a literature review is to demonstrate that the writer is familiar with the important professional literature on the chosen subject, check to make certain that you have covered all of the important, up-to-date, and pertinent texts. In the sciences and some of the social sciences it is important that your literature be quite recent; this is not so important in the humanities.
Make certain that all of the citations and references are correct and that you are referencing in the appropriate style for your discipline. If you are uncertain which style to use, ask your professor.
Check to make sure that you have not plagiarized either by failing to cite a source of information, or by using words quoted directly from a source. (Usually if you take three or more words directly from another source, you should put those words within quotation marks, and cite the page.)
Text should be written in a clear and concise academic style; it should not be descriptive in nature or use the language of everyday speech.
There should be no grammatical or spelling errors.
Sentences should flow smoothly and logically.
In a paper in the sciences, or in some of the social sciences, the use of subheadings to organize the review is recommended. ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Definition
A literature review（文献综述） is both a summary and explanation of the complete and current state of knowledge on a limited topic as found in academic books （学术著作）and journal articles（期刊论文）. There are two kinds of literature reviews you might write at university: one that students are asked to write as a stand-alone assignment in a course, often as part of their training in the research processes in their field, and the other that is written as part of an introduction to, or preparation for, a longer work, usually a thesis or research report. The focus and perspective of your review and the kind of hypothesis（假设） or thesis argument you make will be determined by what kind of review you are writing. One way to understand the differences between these two types is to read
published literature reviews or the first chapters of theses and dissertations（学位论文） in your own subject area. Analyze the structure of their arguments and note the way they address the issues.
Purpose of the Literature Review
∙ It gives readers easy access to research on a particular topic by selecting high
quality articles or studies that are relevant, meaningful, important and valid（有效的） and summarizing them into one complete report.
It provides an excellent starting point for researchers beginning to do research in a new area by forcing them to summarize, evaluate, and compare original
research in that specific area.
It ensures that researchers do not duplicate work that has already been done. 你所整理的文章中作者主要观察的重点是什么
It can provide clues（线索） as to where future research is heading or recommend areas on which to focus. 现在的研究都到了什么程度
It highlights key findings.
It identifies inconsistencies（矛盾）, gaps and contradictions in the literature. It provides a constructive analysis of the methodologies and approaches of other researchers. 前面研究者的建设性的方法和途径 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
Content of the Review
Introduction
The introduction explains the focus and establishes the importance of the subject（主题）. It discusses what kind of work has been done on the topic and identifies any
controversies （争议） within the field or any recent research which has raised questions about earlier assumptions（假设）. It may provide background or history. It concludes with a purpose or thesis statement（中心思想）. In a stand-alone literature review, this
statement will sum up and evaluate the state of the art （目前的工艺水平）in this field of research; in a review that is an introduction or preparatory to（为~~做准备）a thesis or research report, it will suggest how the review findings will lead to the research the writer proposes to undertake.
Body （论文的内容）
Often divided by headings/subheadings（标题/副标题）, the body summarizes and
evaluates the current state of knowledge in the field. It notes major themes or topics, the most important trends, and any findings about which researchers agree or disagree. If the review is preliminary to （在~~之前）your own thesis or research project, its purpose is to make an argument that will justify your proposed research. Therefore, it will discuss only that research which leads directly to your own project.
Conclusion
The conclusion summarizes all the evidence presented and shows its significance. If the review is an introduction to your own research, it highlights gaps and indicates how previous research leads to your own research project and chosen methodology. If the review is a stand-alone assignment for a course, it should suggest any practical applications of the research as well as the implications and possibilities for future research.
Nine Steps to Writing a Literature Review（九步法写综述）
1. Find a working topic.
Look at your specific area of study. Think about what interests you, and what fertile
ground for study is. Talk to your professor, brainstorm, and read lecture notes and recent
issues of periodicals（期刊）in the field.
2. Review the literature.
∙ Using keywords search a computer database. It is best to use at least two
databases relevant to your discipline.
Remember that the reference lists of recent articles and reviews can lead to
valuable papers.
Make certain that you also include any studies contrary to your point of view. ∙ ∙
3. Focus your topic narrowly and select papers accordingly.
Consider the following:
∙
∙
∙ What interests you? What interests others? What time span（时间跨度）of research will you consider?
Choose an area of research that is due for a review.
4. Read the selected articles thoroughly and evaluate them.
∙
∙ What assumptions do most/some researchers seem to be making? What methodologies do they use? - What testing procedures, subjects, material
tested?
Evaluate and synthesize（综合）the research findings and conclusions drawn. Note experts（专家）in the field: names/labs that are frequently referenced.
Note conflicting theories, results, and methodologies.
Watch for popularity of theories and how this has/has not changed over time. ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
5. Organize the selected papers by looking for patterns and by developing sub-topics. Note things such as:
∙
∙
∙ Findings that are common/contested（争论） Two or three important trends in the research The most influential theories
6. Develop a working thesis.
Write a one- or two-sentence statement summarizing the conclusion you have reached about the major trends and developments you see in the research that has been done on your subject.
7. Organize your own paper based on the findings from steps 4 & 5.
Develop headings/subheadings. If your literature review is extensive, find a large table surface, and on it place post-it notes（便签纸） or filing cards（档案卡） to organize all your findings into categories. Move them around if you decide that (a) they fit better under different headings, or (b) you need to establish new topic headings.
8. Write the body of the paper
Follow the plan you have developed above, making certain that each section links
logically to the one before and after and that you have divided your sections by themes or subtopics, not by reporting the work of individual theorists or researchers.
9. Look at what you have written; focus on analysis, not description.
Look at the topic sentences of each paragraph. If you were to read only these sentences, would you find that your paper presented a clear position, logically developed, from beginning to end? If, for example, you find that each paragraph begins with a
researcher's name, it might indicate that, instead of evaluating and comparing the research literature from an analytical point of view, you have simply described what research has been done. This is one of the most common problems with student
Finishing Touches: Revising and Editing Your Work
∙ Read your work out loud. That way you will be better able to identify where you
need punctuation marks（标点符号） to signal pauses or divisions within
sentences, where you have made grammatical errors, or where your sentences are unclear.
Since the purpose of a literature review is to demonstrate that the writer is familiar with the important professional literature on the chosen subject, check to make certain that you have covered all of the important, up-to-date, and pertinent texts. In the sciences and some of the social sciences it is important that your literature be quite recent; this is not so important in the humanities.
Make certain that all of the citations and references are correct and that you are referencing in the appropriate style for your discipline. If you are uncertain which style to use, ask your professor.
Check to make sure that you have not plagiarized either by failing to cite a source of information, or by using words quoted directly from a source. (Usually if you take three or more words directly from another source, you should put those words within quotation marks, and cite the page.)
Text should be written in a clear and concise academic style; it should not be descriptive in nature or use the language of everyday speech.
There should be no grammatical or spelling errors.
Sentences should flow smoothly and logically.
In a paper in the sciences, or in some of the social sciences, the use of subheadings to organize the review is recommended. ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙