绿色壁垒对我国农产品贸易的影响及对策
当前，在国际贸易中绿色贸易壁垒已成为最重要的贸易的贸易壁垒之一，农业作为一种弱势产业更容易受到影响。绿色贸易壁垒是我国农产品出口所面临的严峻挑战，也是我国农产品出口最大的障碍。由于农产品贸易在我国对外贸易中占有重要地位，因此如何突破绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口限制，对推动我国农产品发展具有重要的现实意义。
本文首先从绿色贸易壁垒的相关理论出发，对绿色贸易壁垒的定义、产生的根本原因和表现的形式特点进行了综述，研究了国外绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响状况；同时本文还指出我国农产品出口遭遇绿色贸易壁垒的原因，在此基础上运用国际贸易知识对发达国家绿色贸易壁垒对我国的影响分析结合，政府、企业、行业对我国农产品跨越绿色贸易壁垒提出相关的对策和建议。
随着生活水平的提高, 人们越来越重视自身的生活质量问题, 近年来兴起的绿色消费概念正是其中一种现象。而绿色壁垒则是国际社会对环境与贸易关注的结果, 各个国家越来越多地在对外贸易中实施这种保护手段。随着国际市场绿色需求的不断增强, 以及环境保护的共识, 绿色贸易保护迅速兴起, 以环境保护为名的绿色壁垒成为国际经济贸易中重要的非关税保护措施之一。然而, 由于发展中国家与发达国家经济发展程度的不同, 导致各国在对待经济发展与环境保护问题上侧重点的不同, 发达国家在环境保护意识、政策、法规及技术等方面的领先, 而且, 目前各国的绿色贸易壁垒是根据各国自身的情况来设置的,还没有形成世界统一标准的制度, 各国绿色壁垒的限制程度难以预测。这就使目前的绿色壁垒有可能被发达国家利用为限制发展中国家产品进口的重要手段。绿色壁垒不仅对产品的品质提出很高的要求, 而且涉及到产品的产前、产中、产后各个阶段, 给发展中国家的对外贸易与经济发展带来了很严重的影响。
绿色贸易壁垒，是指在国际贸易领域，进口国以保护生态环境、自然资源、维护人类和动植物生命健康和安全为由而制定的一系列限制或禁止进口的贸易措施。由于发达国家所采取的这些措施复杂而严格，对发展中国家产品的出口构成绿色贸易壁垒。
目前，我国出口重心仍然集中在欧美日等发达国家，而这些国家是全球环保意识最强、环保标准最高、环保执法最严的国家，因而其绿色贸易壁垒种类最多，限制与惩罚性措施最严。出于贸易保护考虑，往往一个国家设置一项新的绿色贸易壁垒，很快就会被其他国家效仿。如2003 年1 月底，欧盟国家以食品安全为由对我国的动物源性食品进行封关，此举也导致瑞士、挪威等国相继对我国该类产品封关，德、日、韩等则相继提高了检验标准，沙特阿拉伯也暂停了对中国此类产品的进口。
由于绿色贸易壁垒而引发的贸易摩擦，对双边、多边贸易关系甚至外交关系都产生消极影响。发达国家所设置的绿色贸易壁垒大都是根据自己的科技和环保水平来制定的，因而发达国家的农产品比较容易进入发展中国家，而发展中国家的农产品进入发达国家则相当困难。农产品出口前经我国产品质量检验检疫机构检测合格的产品因为没有达到其他国家规定的标准，被禁止出口、退货和索赔事件屡屡发生，这对我国农产品的国际形象形成了巨大的冲击。在这种形势下，国内标准与其他国家标准的差异就会引发贸易摩擦，影响到双方贸易关系的健康发展。中国农产品出口多次与绿色贸易壁垒的正面相撞，说明我国农产品出口亟待掌握国际贸易游戏规则，并充分利用这种规则来保护自身利益。由于我国农产品
生产中面临一些问题，如缺乏统一的农产品质量标准、检验检测体系建设滞后、农业技术和设备落后、生态环境污染破坏严重等问题，而同时国际社会对生态环境和食品安全的关注与日俱增，面对各国严阵以待的各类绿色贸易壁垒，我国应该采取积极的应对策略，推进农业标准化建设，提高农产品质量安全水平，促进优势农产品出口，以突破发达国家的绿色贸易壁垒。
加强生态环境教育，强化国民绿色经济意识加大传媒的宣传力度，使国民认识到经济的绿色化发展已成为一种不可阻挡的历史趋势。21 世纪经济的主旋律是绿色经济， 政府应呼吁提高国民的可持续发展意识，开展环境教育。环境教育的最终目的是为了将环境意识化为公众自觉的环境行为， 因而要充分发挥媒体的舆论作用，鼓励公众参与环境保护事业，使其知晓我国经济的“绿化”是一项公益事业，受益的应是整个国家和每一个公民。同时，政府要注重发挥职能指导作用，提倡绿色生活方式，把绿色贸易、绿色生活的思想融入社会经济发展的全过程，既可从根本上冲破绿色贸易壁垒，又可保持我国经济的可持续发展，使之适应全球一体化浪潮，并与国际贸易体系接轨在绿色贸易壁垒实施中，特别是一些发达国家采取的绿色壁垒措施，由于出于某种特定的目的，而演变成一种技术壁垒，从而限制外国农产品进入本国。尤其是美国、欧盟、日本等发达国家凭借其在科技、环保等方面的优势，设置的以绿色技术标准、绿色检验检疫制度、绿色包装和标签等为主要内容的绿色贸易壁垒极大地阻碍了我国农产品的出口。
At present, the green trade barriers in international trade has become one of the most important trade barriers, Agriculture as a weak industries are more susceptible Green trade barriers is a serious challenge facing China's agricultural exports, China's agricultural exports, the biggest obstacle. How to break the green trade barriers to agricultural trade plays an important role in China's foreign trade restrictions on China's agricultural exports has important practical significance to promote the development of our agricultural.
Firstly, the theory of green trade barriers, the definition of green trade barriers, the root causes and the form of the performance characteristics are reviewed, the foreign green trade barriers on China's agricultural exports. The article also pointed out that China's agricultural exports have encountered green trade barriers of reason analysis combined with green trade barriers of developed countries, China, on this basis, the use of knowledge of international trade, government, enterprise, industry, across the green trade barriers to our agricultural-relatedcountermeasures and suggestions.
With the improvement of living standards, more and more attention to their own quality of life issues, the rise in recent years the concept of green consumption is one of a phenomenon. Green barriers to the international community on environmental and trade concerns, more and more each country in foreign trade, the implementation of such
means of protection. With the green needs of the international market is growing, and the
consensus of environmental protection, green trade protection the rapid rise of green barriers to become one of the important non-tariff protection measures in the world
economy and trade, the name of environmental protection. However, due to the different developing and developed countries level of economic development, resulting in the
different countries focused on the treatment of economic development and environmental protection issues in developed countries leading in terms of awareness of environmental protection, policies, regulations and technology, Moreover, the current national green trade barriers set according to the countries themselves, have not formed a unified
standard in the world system, the extent of restrictions of the Green barriers are difficult to predict. This makes the green barriers by developed countries as an important means to restrict the import of products from developing countries. Green barriers not only high demands on product quality, but also involves the product of prenatal and post production of the various stages to developing countries, foreign trade and economic development has brought a very serious impact.
Green trade barriers is in the field of international trade, the importing country
enacted to restrict or prohibit the import trade measures to protect the ecological
environment, natural resources, safeguard human, animal and plant life and health and safety grounds. Due to the complexity of these measures taken by developed countries and strict green trade barriers on the export of products from developing countries.
present, the focus of China's exports are still concentrated in Europe and the United States and other developed countries, these countries are the countries of global
environmental awareness among the strongest, the highest environmental standards, the most stringent environmental enforcement, and thus its green trade barriers most species, the most stringent restrictions and punitive measures. For trade protection considerations, often of a country to set up a new green trade barriers, and soon other countries to follow. EU countries such as the end of January 2003, the grounds of food safety on food of animal origin in China sealed off, it will also lead to Switzerland, Norway and other countries have been of such products in China closed the, Germany, Japan, Korea, in succession test, Saudi Arabia has suspended imports of such products in China.
Green trade barriers and lead to trade friction, bilateral and multilateral trade relations and even diplomatic relations have a negative impact. Green trade barriers set up by the developed countries according to their technological and environmental standards to develop, thus, the agricultural products in developed countries into developing countries, the agricultural products of developing countries into developed countries is quite difficult. China's product quality inspection and quarantine testing agencies qualified products prior to export of agricultural products did not meet the required standards of other countries, banned the export of returns and claims occurred frequently, which has a huge impact on the international image of China's agricultural products. Under such circumstances, differences in domestic standards with other national standards will lead to trade friction, affecting the healthy development of bilateral trade relations. China's agricultural exports has repeatedly collided with the front of the green trade barriers, indicating that China's agricultural exports to the urgent need to master the international trade rules of the game, and take advantage of this rule to protect their own interests. Some of the problems facing China's agricultural production, such as lack of uniform quality standards of agricultural
products, the inspection system lags behind, backward agricultural technology and equipment, environmental pollution damage and other serious problems, while at the same time the growing concern of the international community on the ecological environment and food safety, in the face of all kinds of green trade barriers embattled countries, China should adopt a positive coping strategies, to promote standardization of agricultural building to improve the quality and safety of agricultural products, promote the advantages of agricultural exports in order to break through the green trade barriers in developed countries.
Strengthen ecological and environmental education, to strengthen national green economic sense to increase the propaganda of the media, and national awareness of green economic development has become an irresistible historical trend. The theme of the 21st century economy, green economy, the Government should be called upon to enhance the population's awareness of sustainable development and environmental education. The ultimate goal of environmental education to environmental awareness into the public conscious of environmental behavior, and thus should give full play to the role of media and public opinion, to encourage public participation in environmental protection industry, aware of China's economic "green" is a public good, benefiting should be the entire country and every citizen. Meanwhile, the Government should pay attention to play a functional role in guiding, to promote the green lifestyle, green trade, green living ideas into social and economic development, both from a fundamental break through the green trade barriers, but also to maintain a sustainable economicdevelopment to adapt to the wave of globalization and the international trading system in the implementation of green trade barriers, especially the green barrier measures taken by some developed countries, for some specific purpose, but evolved into a technical barriers,restrictions on foreign agricultural products entering the country. Green trade barriers to U.S., EU, Japan and other developed countries, with its advantages in science and technology, environmental protection, set as the main content to the standards of green technology, green inspection and quarantine system, green packaging and labeling greatly hinder ourexports of agricultural products.
绿色壁垒对我国农产品贸易的影响及对策
当前，在国际贸易中绿色贸易壁垒已成为最重要的贸易的贸易壁垒之一，农业作为一种弱势产业更容易受到影响。绿色贸易壁垒是我国农产品出口所面临的严峻挑战，也是我国农产品出口最大的障碍。由于农产品贸易在我国对外贸易中占有重要地位，因此如何突破绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口限制，对推动我国农产品发展具有重要的现实意义。
本文首先从绿色贸易壁垒的相关理论出发，对绿色贸易壁垒的定义、产生的根本原因和表现的形式特点进行了综述，研究了国外绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响状况；同时本文还指出我国农产品出口遭遇绿色贸易壁垒的原因，在此基础上运用国际贸易知识对发达国家绿色贸易壁垒对我国的影响分析结合，政府、企业、行业对我国农产品跨越绿色贸易壁垒提出相关的对策和建议。
随着生活水平的提高, 人们越来越重视自身的生活质量问题, 近年来兴起的绿色消费概念正是其中一种现象。而绿色壁垒则是国际社会对环境与贸易关注的结果, 各个国家越来越多地在对外贸易中实施这种保护手段。随着国际市场绿色需求的不断增强, 以及环境保护的共识, 绿色贸易保护迅速兴起, 以环境保护为名的绿色壁垒成为国际经济贸易中重要的非关税保护措施之一。然而, 由于发展中国家与发达国家经济发展程度的不同, 导致各国在对待经济发展与环境保护问题上侧重点的不同, 发达国家在环境保护意识、政策、法规及技术等方面的领先, 而且, 目前各国的绿色贸易壁垒是根据各国自身的情况来设置的,还没有形成世界统一标准的制度, 各国绿色壁垒的限制程度难以预测。这就使目前的绿色壁垒有可能被发达国家利用为限制发展中国家产品进口的重要手段。绿色壁垒不仅对产品的品质提出很高的要求, 而且涉及到产品的产前、产中、产后各个阶段, 给发展中国家的对外贸易与经济发展带来了很严重的影响。
绿色贸易壁垒，是指在国际贸易领域，进口国以保护生态环境、自然资源、维护人类和动植物生命健康和安全为由而制定的一系列限制或禁止进口的贸易措施。由于发达国家所采取的这些措施复杂而严格，对发展中国家产品的出口构成绿色贸易壁垒。
目前，我国出口重心仍然集中在欧美日等发达国家，而这些国家是全球环保意识最强、环保标准最高、环保执法最严的国家，因而其绿色贸易壁垒种类最多，限制与惩罚性措施最严。出于贸易保护考虑，往往一个国家设置一项新的绿色贸易壁垒，很快就会被其他国家效仿。如2003 年1 月底，欧盟国家以食品安全为由对我国的动物源性食品进行封关，此举也导致瑞士、挪威等国相继对我国该类产品封关，德、日、韩等则相继提高了检验标准，沙特阿拉伯也暂停了对中国此类产品的进口。
由于绿色贸易壁垒而引发的贸易摩擦，对双边、多边贸易关系甚至外交关系都产生消极影响。发达国家所设置的绿色贸易壁垒大都是根据自己的科技和环保水平来制定的，因而发达国家的农产品比较容易进入发展中国家，而发展中国家的农产品进入发达国家则相当困难。农产品出口前经我国产品质量检验检疫机构检测合格的产品因为没有达到其他国家规定的标准，被禁止出口、退货和索赔事件屡屡发生，这对我国农产品的国际形象形成了巨大的冲击。在这种形势下，国内标准与其他国家标准的差异就会引发贸易摩擦，影响到双方贸易关系的健康发展。中国农产品出口多次与绿色贸易壁垒的正面相撞，说明我国农产品出口亟待掌握国际贸易游戏规则，并充分利用这种规则来保护自身利益。由于我国农产品
生产中面临一些问题，如缺乏统一的农产品质量标准、检验检测体系建设滞后、农业技术和设备落后、生态环境污染破坏严重等问题，而同时国际社会对生态环境和食品安全的关注与日俱增，面对各国严阵以待的各类绿色贸易壁垒，我国应该采取积极的应对策略，推进农业标准化建设，提高农产品质量安全水平，促进优势农产品出口，以突破发达国家的绿色贸易壁垒。
加强生态环境教育，强化国民绿色经济意识加大传媒的宣传力度，使国民认识到经济的绿色化发展已成为一种不可阻挡的历史趋势。21 世纪经济的主旋律是绿色经济， 政府应呼吁提高国民的可持续发展意识，开展环境教育。环境教育的最终目的是为了将环境意识化为公众自觉的环境行为， 因而要充分发挥媒体的舆论作用，鼓励公众参与环境保护事业，使其知晓我国经济的“绿化”是一项公益事业，受益的应是整个国家和每一个公民。同时，政府要注重发挥职能指导作用，提倡绿色生活方式，把绿色贸易、绿色生活的思想融入社会经济发展的全过程，既可从根本上冲破绿色贸易壁垒，又可保持我国经济的可持续发展，使之适应全球一体化浪潮，并与国际贸易体系接轨在绿色贸易壁垒实施中，特别是一些发达国家采取的绿色壁垒措施，由于出于某种特定的目的，而演变成一种技术壁垒，从而限制外国农产品进入本国。尤其是美国、欧盟、日本等发达国家凭借其在科技、环保等方面的优势，设置的以绿色技术标准、绿色检验检疫制度、绿色包装和标签等为主要内容的绿色贸易壁垒极大地阻碍了我国农产品的出口。
At present, the green trade barriers in international trade has become one of the most important trade barriers, Agriculture as a weak industries are more susceptible Green trade barriers is a serious challenge facing China's agricultural exports, China's agricultural exports, the biggest obstacle. How to break the green trade barriers to agricultural trade plays an important role in China's foreign trade restrictions on China's agricultural exports has important practical significance to promote the development of our agricultural.
Firstly, the theory of green trade barriers, the definition of green trade barriers, the root causes and the form of the performance characteristics are reviewed, the foreign green trade barriers on China's agricultural exports. The article also pointed out that China's agricultural exports have encountered green trade barriers of reason analysis combined with green trade barriers of developed countries, China, on this basis, the use of knowledge of international trade, government, enterprise, industry, across the green trade barriers to our agricultural-relatedcountermeasures and suggestions.
With the improvement of living standards, more and more attention to their own quality of life issues, the rise in recent years the concept of green consumption is one of a phenomenon. Green barriers to the international community on environmental and trade concerns, more and more each country in foreign trade, the implementation of such
means of protection. With the green needs of the international market is growing, and the
consensus of environmental protection, green trade protection the rapid rise of green barriers to become one of the important non-tariff protection measures in the world
economy and trade, the name of environmental protection. However, due to the different developing and developed countries level of economic development, resulting in the
different countries focused on the treatment of economic development and environmental protection issues in developed countries leading in terms of awareness of environmental protection, policies, regulations and technology, Moreover, the current national green trade barriers set according to the countries themselves, have not formed a unified
standard in the world system, the extent of restrictions of the Green barriers are difficult to predict. This makes the green barriers by developed countries as an important means to restrict the import of products from developing countries. Green barriers not only high demands on product quality, but also involves the product of prenatal and post production of the various stages to developing countries, foreign trade and economic development has brought a very serious impact.
Green trade barriers is in the field of international trade, the importing country
enacted to restrict or prohibit the import trade measures to protect the ecological
environment, natural resources, safeguard human, animal and plant life and health and safety grounds. Due to the complexity of these measures taken by developed countries and strict green trade barriers on the export of products from developing countries.
present, the focus of China's exports are still concentrated in Europe and the United States and other developed countries, these countries are the countries of global
environmental awareness among the strongest, the highest environmental standards, the most stringent environmental enforcement, and thus its green trade barriers most species, the most stringent restrictions and punitive measures. For trade protection considerations, often of a country to set up a new green trade barriers, and soon other countries to follow. EU countries such as the end of January 2003, the grounds of food safety on food of animal origin in China sealed off, it will also lead to Switzerland, Norway and other countries have been of such products in China closed the, Germany, Japan, Korea, in succession test, Saudi Arabia has suspended imports of such products in China.
Green trade barriers and lead to trade friction, bilateral and multilateral trade relations and even diplomatic relations have a negative impact. Green trade barriers set up by the developed countries according to their technological and environmental standards to develop, thus, the agricultural products in developed countries into developing countries, the agricultural products of developing countries into developed countries is quite difficult. China's product quality inspection and quarantine testing agencies qualified products prior to export of agricultural products did not meet the required standards of other countries, banned the export of returns and claims occurred frequently, which has a huge impact on the international image of China's agricultural products. Under such circumstances, differences in domestic standards with other national standards will lead to trade friction, affecting the healthy development of bilateral trade relations. China's agricultural exports has repeatedly collided with the front of the green trade barriers, indicating that China's agricultural exports to the urgent need to master the international trade rules of the game, and take advantage of this rule to protect their own interests. Some of the problems facing China's agricultural production, such as lack of uniform quality standards of agricultural
products, the inspection system lags behind, backward agricultural technology and equipment, environmental pollution damage and other serious problems, while at the same time the growing concern of the international community on the ecological environment and food safety, in the face of all kinds of green trade barriers embattled countries, China should adopt a positive coping strategies, to promote standardization of agricultural building to improve the quality and safety of agricultural products, promote the advantages of agricultural exports in order to break through the green trade barriers in developed countries.
Strengthen ecological and environmental education, to strengthen national green economic sense to increase the propaganda of the media, and national awareness of green economic development has become an irresistible historical trend. The theme of the 21st century economy, green economy, the Government should be called upon to enhance the population's awareness of sustainable development and environmental education. The ultimate goal of environmental education to environmental awareness into the public conscious of environmental behavior, and thus should give full play to the role of media and public opinion, to encourage public participation in environmental protection industry, aware of China's economic "green" is a public good, benefiting should be the entire country and every citizen. Meanwhile, the Government should pay attention to play a functional role in guiding, to promote the green lifestyle, green trade, green living ideas into social and economic development, both from a fundamental break through the green trade barriers, but also to maintain a sustainable economicdevelopment to adapt to the wave of globalization and the international trading system in the implementation of green trade barriers, especially the green barrier measures taken by some developed countries, for some specific purpose, but evolved into a technical barriers,restrictions on foreign agricultural products entering the country. Green trade barriers to U.S., EU, Japan and other developed countries, with its advantages in science and technology, environmental protection, set as the main content to the standards of green technology, green inspection and quarantine system, green packaging and labeling greatly hinder ourexports of agricultural products.