初中英语课本第六册
LESSON 1
DRILLS（句型练习）
1
(1) Many people speak English.
English is spoken by many people.
(2) We often use a recorder in our English class.
A recorder is often used in our English class.
(3) They show slides once a week in their class.
Slides are shown once a week in their class.
(4) They publish English textbooks in that publishing house.
English textbooks are published in that publishing house.
2
A: Is this kind of
made in Guangzhou?
B: No, it isn’t.
A: Where is it made?
B: It’s made in Shanghai.
DIALOGUE（对话）
ENGLISH IS WIDELY USED
Ping: Dad, I got a “C” in English again. I tried my best.
Dad: Well, don’t give up. English may be hard, but it’s so useful.
Ping: How widely is English used?
Dad: Very widely. English is one of the working languages at international
meetings. It’s probably the most widely used at those meetings. And do you know most international business letters are written in English?
Ping: Really? Is English understood by people outside England and the United
States?
Dad: Yes. I spoke English when I was in Japan. Many people understood me. Ping: How about other countries?
Dad: Well, I know that in Sweden and France a lot of people understand
English.
Ping: Is English the language spoken by the largest number of people in the
world?
Dad: No.
Ping: Then Chinese must have the largest number of speakers.
Dad: Right. But Chinese is spoken by few people outside China.
Ping: Dad, did people in China study English a long time ago?
Dad: Not so very long ago. In China the first English textbooks were published
in the late nineteenth century.
Ping: Did many people in China study English at that time?
Dad: No, not many. But by and by, more and more people began to study
English. Later, English was required for study in many schools.
Ping: It’s required in our school now. But, Dad, English is so hard!
Dad: It is hard, but when you’ve learned it, you’ll find it a bridge to so much
knowledge. And you’ll find you can enjoy so many more books, if you know English.
Ping: Well, I’ll try harder.
GRAMMAR（语法）
被动语态 (The Passive Voice) (Ⅰ)
1、主动语态和被动语态
英语动词有两种语态，即主动语态（The Active Voice）和被动语态（The
Passive Voice）。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。例如：
Many people speak English. （主动语态）
English is spoken by many people. （被动语态）
2、被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有人称、
数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。现将动词ask
被动语态常用于下列情况：
1）当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。
例如：
A) Letters are collected from this post-box at 7:30 every morning.（主要说明
每天早晨七点半钟开邮筒收集信件，至于是谁来收集信件，没有必要说明。）
B) Colour TVs are sold in that shop.（主要说明彩色电视机在那个商店出售，
至于由谁售货，没有必要说明。）
2）需要强调动作的承受者而不是执行者时。例如：
A) This kind of bike is not made in our factory.
B) Football is played in most middle schools.
4、主动语态变为被动语态的方法
把主动结构改为被动结构时，要作如下变动：
1）主动结构的宾语变为被动结构的主语；
2）主动结构的谓语动词有主动语态变为被动语态；
3）主动结构的主语变为介词by的宾语，组成介词短语，放在被动结构中谓
语动词之后。在动作的执行者无须说明或不必强调时，by短语可以省略。例如：
B) We often use a recorder in our English class. →
A recorder is often used (by us) in our English class.
LESSON 2
DRILLS（句型练习）
1
(1) The PLA liberated my home town in 1949.
My home town was liberated in 1949.
(2) The villagers built some new houses themselves.
Some new houses were built by the villagers themselves.
(3) Joe Hill led a strike in Salt Lake City in 1915.
A strike was led by Joe Hill in Salt Lake City in 1915.
(4) The pianist gave the pupils some advice.
The pupils were given some advice by the pianist.
A: When was founded?
B: It was founded on
TEXT（课文）
JOE HILL
You may know the song about Joe Hill. But do you know that the song was written about a real person?
Here is the story of Joe Hill.
He was born in Sweden in 1879. When he was in his twenties he went to the United States and became a worker. At that time, things were hard for the 积极参加) the workers’ struggles for better
pay and better conditions. He helped to form trade unions. He spoke at meetings and organized strikes.
Joe was a good musician and at the meetings he sang and played the piano. 号召)(从事斗争).
Joe Hill was a tall, thin, good-looking man. He had fair hair and blue eyes. His comrades liked him, but the bosses hated him, because they were afraid of his work among the workers and afraid of his songs. He was a fearless fighter for the working class.
In 1915 Joe Hill led a strike in Salt Lake City. The bosses knew that Joe was 除掉，去掉) him. They need an excuse and they soon found one. One day a man was murdered. The bosses then (提供，推出) a man who said that Joe was the murderer. Joe was tried and sentenced to death. He was shot on November 19, 1915. 坚持；不使斗志等低落) the workers’ fight. Just before he was killed, he sent a message to his comrades all over the country. These were his last words: “Don’t waste time mourning. Organize.”
On the day he was killed, a speaker at a big meeting said: “Joe Hill isn’t dead! He will never die!” 直到今天) his name is remembered by fighting workers in the United States.
GRAMMAR（语法）
被动语态 (The Passive Voice) (Ⅱ)
5、一般过去时被动语态的肯定式、否定式和疑问式（以动词ask为例）
另一个不动。一般是主动结构的间接宾语变为被动结构的主语。例如：
→
(间接宾语)（直接宾语）
were given some advice (by the pianist).
was given to the pupils (by the pianist)
LESSON 3
DRILLS（句型练习）
1
A: You’re just back from your home town, aren’t you?
B: Yes.
A: How are things there?
in my home town
A: Has been
B: Yes, it was
last week.
A: Will it be again?
’t know.)
TEXT（课文）
DUSTMEN ON STRIKE
It is Thursday morning. No dustmen come to the Turners’ road. They are still on strike. And the rubbish has not been collected for weeks.
The Turners are sitting at the breakfast table. Mr Turner is reading the newspaper. It is time for Robert to go to school.
Robert: I’d better be going. ’Bye.
Mrs Turner: Oh, Robert, take the bag of rubbish out to the dustbin, please. Robert: But where can I put it? The dustbin is full, Mum.
Mrs Turner: Hasn’t it been emptied yet? Well, just put it near the dustbin,
then.
Robert: All right. ’Bye.
Mrs Turner: This really is too bad. The dustbins haven’t been emptied for
three weeks.
Mr Turner: Hm?
Mrs Turner: All the dustbins are full, and there are bags of rubbish everywhere.
The whole street has been turned into one big rubbish dump. It
smells terrible.
Mr Turner: And it can bring more trouble.
Mrs Turner: More trouble?
Mr Turner: Yes, we’ve been warned to be careful of rats.
Mrs Turner: Aren’t the dustmen going back to work yet?
Mr Turner: No, they aren’t. Look, there’s a report here in the newspaper, with
pictures. I’ll read it to you.
(reads)
STRIKE GOES ON
Things are getting worse. No rubbish has been collected since the dustmen went on strike three weeks ago. Dustbins are full, and plastic bags full of rubbish have been piled in the streets. The smell is terrible. In some places rats have even been seen, and people have been warned to be careful.
The public wants to know: why hasn’t anything been done to end the strike? The dustmen say they are badly paid and they want more money. They are not going back to work until they get it. But that is not all. They want to make it clear to the public that they do an important and necessary job.
Mrs Turner: That’s true. Their job is important and necessary to us all. Mr Turner: Something must be done to end the strike.
GRAMMAR（语法）
被动语态 (The Passive Voice) (Ⅲ)
7、一般将来时和现在完成时的被动语态
1）一般将来时 2）现在完成时
I will (shall) I have
You You He will He has been asked …
She be asked … She
We
You You They will They
8、短语动词的被动语态
一般来说，只有及物动词才有被动语态，因为只有及物动词才可能有动
作的承受者。但有许多由不及物动词加介词构成的短语动词，相当于及物动词，可以有宾语，因而也可以有被动语态。但应注意：短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，在变为被动语态时，不可丢掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。例如：
a) The workers have put up a big building in my home town. →
A big building has been put up in my home town.
b) They took good care of the children. →
The children were taken good care of.
LESSON 4
DRILLS（句型练习）
A: Can be here?
B: Yes, it can be
A: When must
B: It must be handed in
be handed in? TEXT（课文）
WATER, STEAM AND ICE
We have all played with snow and ice. When a piece of ice is taken into a warm room, it becomes smaller and smaller, until in the end it disappears completely. Where has it gone? It has been turned into water by the heat.
In winter, when clothes are washed, they don’t dry easily. They are often hung up near a fire. Soon steam can be seen rising from the wet clothes. The water in them is being turned into vapour, and they get drier and drier. When no more steam comes out, they must be taken away from the heat of the fire, or they might get burnt.
If you hold a mirror close in front of your mouth and blow on it, you will find the glass covered at once with little drops of water. The warm water vapour in your breath has been changed into water on the cold glass. Now stop blowing, and soon you will find the glass clear again – the little drops of water have disappeared because they have again been turned into vapour by the warm air around them.
Leave a basin of water outside in freezing weather, and it will soon be covered with ice. If it is not taken inside the room, sooner or later the whole basin of water may be turned into a block of ice.
Most matter has three states: solid, liquid and gas. Solids can usually be turned into liquids and liquids into gases if we raise their temperatures high enough. On the other hand, gases can often be turned into liquids and liquids into solids if they are made cold enough.
This change of state is a physical change and not a chemical one. If a piece of wood is heated to a high temperature, it begins to burn. Light and heat are sent out, together with heavy smoke, and soon only black charcoal is left. That is
called a chemical change.
GRAMMAR（语法）
被动语态 (The Passive Voice) (Ⅳ)
9、现在进行时的被动语态
现在进行时的被动语态由“助动词be + being + 及物动词的过去分词”
构成。例如：
The water is being turned into vapour.
10、含有情态动词的被动语态
含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词 + be + 及物动词的过去分词”
构成。例如：
A) This lock can be repaired in two days.
B) The composition must be handed in after class.
C) A basin of water may be turned into a block of ice in freezing weather.
TEXT（课文）
COMPUTERS
The computer is a wonderful machine. It is the most important invention in many years. Today it is used a great deal in many ways. By the year 2,000 the computer will probably touch the lives of everyone, even people in faraway villages.
The oldest kind of computer is the abacus, used in China centuries ago. In the seventeenth century an adding machine was invented, but the first large, modern computer was built in 1946. A computer then could do 5,000 adding problems in one second. Now computers can work millions of times faster.
Today most computers have a memory. That means information can be stored in them and be taken out anytime needed. Computers are getting smaller and smaller, and computing faster and faster. Even in a large computer, the part that does the computing is now only about as big as the end of a finger.
Computers can do many kinds of work. For example, when someone buys something in a big shop, information about the sale is put into a computer. During the night the computer works on the information from all the sales that day. The next morning, the manager has a report on everything that was sold and also on everything that will soon be sold out.
In research about the moon, a lot of information is put into computers. A scientist can then “ask” the computer questions, and the computer “answer” on the screen. It is almost like talking to another scientist.
Another computer programme has information about different illnesses. A doctor can talk to the computer and explain what is wrong with a person. The computer will then tell what to do. If the doctor asks why, the computer goes through its memory and gives the reason.
In some large factories there are very few people. Robots do most of the work. For example, in a car factory, when a different type of car comes along the line, the robot changes its work, just as a human would do. How does the robot know this? A computer “tells” it what to do.
In the last few years there have been great changes in computers. They now can do most of the things people can do, though most scientists agree that computers cannot completely take the place of humans. Who knows what the computers of tomorrow will be like? Will they make life better, or will they bring suffering to people? The students of today will have to decide how to use the computers of tomorrow.
DRILLS（句型练习）
1
A: Have you seen Zhao Hai today?
B: Yes, I have.
B: He told me he had
B: No, I really don’t know
TEXT（课文）
A LESSON FROM NATURE
Not many years ago, some farmers were worried because hawks were taking many of their chickens. The farmers did not know what to do. Finally they went to the officials and asked for help.
“Kill the hawks,” the officials said. “We’ll even pay you for them.” So the farmers began to think of ways to kill hawks.
The farmers killed many hawks. Before long they didn’t have to worry about their chickens. Btu they now had a new worry. Field mice were eating up a lot of the farmers’ grain.
How did this happen?
Hawks eat not only chickens but also field mice. They eat more field mice than chickens. But the farmers did not know this. When they killed a lot of hawks, they changed the balance of nature.
When people move into a new place, they often destroy many wild plants. Many of these plants are food for the animals. If the animals cannot find enough plants to eat, they will starve or have to leave the place.
In one part of the United States, for example, the deer there like to eat a certain kind of wild rose. The mountain lions there eat the deer. The number of deer, mountain lions, and wild roses does not change much if people leave things as they are.
But people killed many mountain lions in order to protect the deer. Soon there were so many deer that they ate up all the wild roses. Then the deer began to eat the green leaves of young trees. These trees were important to the farmers. So the farmers thought of ways to protect their trees. Now the deer had nothing to eat, and many of them died. This was another lesson from nature.
It is important for us to keep the balance of nature. This is the lesson we
should remember.
GRAMMAR（语法）
动词不定式 (The Infinitive) (Ⅱ)
1、动词不定式（或短语）的用法（续）
动词不定式（或短语）具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，因此，在句子
中可以做主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。在第三册第13课已归纳过动词不定式作宾语、宾语补足语和状语的用法，本册继续归纳动词不定式作定语、主语和表语的用法。
1）作定语
A) He said he had an important meeting to attend.
B) Do you have anything to say for yourself?
C) The fisherman had nothing to take home that morning.
D) The farmers thought of ways to protect their trees.
E) Dr Bethune had no time to think about rest.
It 的用法（The Use of “It”）
1、代词it可用来指除人以外的一切生物和事物。例如：
a) Where’s the dog? It’s in front of the house.
b) Is this jacket yours? Yes, it is.
2、代词it在某种情况下也可以指人。例如：
a) Who is it? It’s me.
b) “I’m sorry,” the guard said to Lenin. “I didn’t’ know it was you.”
3、代词it有时不特指某件东西，而代表前面提到的整个事情。例如：
Don’t read in the sun. It’s too bright. It’s bad for your eyes.
4、代词it可以指时间、距离和自然现象，在句子中作主语。例如：
a) What time is it? It’s six o’clock.（指时间）
b) It’s September, and we’re back at school.（指时间）
c) It’s not far from here to the bus stop.（指距离）
d) It’s cold today, isn’t it?（指自然现象）
e) I hope it will be fine tomorrow.（指自然现象）
f) It was raining when I got to school yesterday.（指自然现象）
g) It did not snow much last winter.（指自然现象）
LESSON 8
DRILLS（句型练习）
1
A: Do you get up early in the morning?
B: Why, yes!
B: I do It’s good
B: It’s good manners
B: It’s bad manners
TEXT（课文）
GOOD MANNERS
Manners are important to happy relations among people. Everyone likes a person with good manners. No one likes a person with bad manners. But what are good manners? How does one know what to do and what not to do?
Well, here are some examples.
A person with good manners never laughs at people when they are in trouble. Instead, he tries to help them. He is always kind to others. When people are waiting for a bus, he takes his turn. He does not push to the front of the line. On the bus he gives his seat to an older person or a person with a very young child. If he knocks into someone, or gets in his way, he says “Excuse me” or “I’m sorry”.
He says “Please” when he asks for something and “Thank you” when he receives something. He stands up when he is speaking to an older person, and he does not sit down until the other person takes his seat. He does not interrupt other people when they are talking. He does not talk too much. He does not talk loudly or laugh loudly in public. When he is eating he does not speak with his mouth full of food. He uses a handkerchief when he sneezes or coughs. He does not spit in public.
As a student, it is bad manners to come late to class. If you are late you should make an apology to the teacher either at the time or after class. It is also bad manners to keep silent when the teacher asks you a question. If you do not know the answer, say so immediately. If you do know, answer in a loud enough
voice so that all the class may hear. It is polite for the students to help the teacher. Sometimes students can help their teachers to clean the blackboard, to close or open the door or windows. Sometimes there are papers to collect or to hand out. This kind of help is always appreciated.
Ideas of what are good manners are not always the same in different countries. But in all countries it is important to be kind and helpful.
GRAMMAR（语法）
动词不定式 (The Infinitive) (Ⅲ)
1、动词不定式（或短语）的用法（续）
2）作主语
To learn a foreign language is not easy.
在现代英语中，更为普遍的是用it来开始一个句子，作形式主语，而
把真正的主语动词不定式（或短语）放在后面。例如：
a) It’s not easy to learn a foreign language.
b) It’s good to see all my teachers and friends again.
c) It took me more than a year to learn to draw a beautiful horse in five
minutes.
3）作表语
a) His wish was to become a scientist.
b) To the doctor, the most important thing was to save lives.
2、动词不定式的否定形式
由not +动词不定式构成
a) Tell him not to be late.
b) I’ll try not to read in bed.
c) The policeman told the boys not to play in the street.
3、动词不定式和疑问词连用
动词不定式可以和疑问词what，which，how，where，when等连用，构
成动词不定式短语，在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成份。
a) How to use the computer is the question.（主语）
b) A computer tells the robot what to do.（宾语）
c) The question is where to get a computer.（表语）
LESSON 9
TEXT（课文）
LOOK CAREFULLY AND LEARN
My friend Carl will never forget a certain professor. This professor taught him chemistry at the university. He was an ordinary-looking little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting. And the lessons he taught were not easily forgotten.
Carl remembers one of his first lessons from this professor. After the students were all in the chemistry lab, the professor brought out three bottles. One was filled with kerosene(煤油), one with castor oil, and one with vinegar. “Now watch carefully,” said the professor. “Pay attention to everything that I do.”
He then filled a cup with some of the kerosene, some of the castor oil and some of the vinegar. As the students watched with fascination, he mixed the three together. After that, he held up one of his fingers and showed it to the class. He then dipped it into the cup. After a few seconds he took his finger out. “Now watch,” he said. “Remember, you must do everything that I do.”
He put a finger in his mouth and sucked it. He nodded with a smile. Then he handed the cup around the class of students. Each student dipped a finger into the mixture and sucked it. Each immediately made a face. The mixture tasted horrible.
When the cup was at last returned to the professor, he shook his head sadly. “I’m sorry,” he said to the class, “but none of you watched carefully enough. Yes, I sucked a finger, but the finger I put into my mouth was not the one I had dipped into the cup.”
It was their first important lesson as students of chemistry and they never forgot it.
初中英语课本第六册
LESSON 1
DRILLS（句型练习）
1
(1) Many people speak English.
English is spoken by many people.
(2) We often use a recorder in our English class.
A recorder is often used in our English class.
(3) They show slides once a week in their class.
Slides are shown once a week in their class.
(4) They publish English textbooks in that publishing house.
English textbooks are published in that publishing house.
2
A: Is this kind of
made in Guangzhou?
B: No, it isn’t.
A: Where is it made?
B: It’s made in Shanghai.
DIALOGUE（对话）
ENGLISH IS WIDELY USED
Ping: Dad, I got a “C” in English again. I tried my best.
Dad: Well, don’t give up. English may be hard, but it’s so useful.
Ping: How widely is English used?
Dad: Very widely. English is one of the working languages at international
meetings. It’s probably the most widely used at those meetings. And do you know most international business letters are written in English?
Ping: Really? Is English understood by people outside England and the United
States?
Dad: Yes. I spoke English when I was in Japan. Many people understood me. Ping: How about other countries?
Dad: Well, I know that in Sweden and France a lot of people understand
English.
Ping: Is English the language spoken by the largest number of people in the
world?
Dad: No.
Ping: Then Chinese must have the largest number of speakers.
Dad: Right. But Chinese is spoken by few people outside China.
Ping: Dad, did people in China study English a long time ago?
Dad: Not so very long ago. In China the first English textbooks were published
in the late nineteenth century.
Ping: Did many people in China study English at that time?
Dad: No, not many. But by and by, more and more people began to study
English. Later, English was required for study in many schools.
Ping: It’s required in our school now. But, Dad, English is so hard!
Dad: It is hard, but when you’ve learned it, you’ll find it a bridge to so much
knowledge. And you’ll find you can enjoy so many more books, if you know English.
Ping: Well, I’ll try harder.
GRAMMAR（语法）
被动语态 (The Passive Voice) (Ⅰ)
1、主动语态和被动语态
英语动词有两种语态，即主动语态（The Active Voice）和被动语态（The
Passive Voice）。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。例如：
Many people speak English. （主动语态）
English is spoken by many people. （被动语态）
2、被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有人称、
数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。现将动词ask
被动语态常用于下列情况：
1）当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。
例如：
A) Letters are collected from this post-box at 7:30 every morning.（主要说明
每天早晨七点半钟开邮筒收集信件，至于是谁来收集信件，没有必要说明。）
B) Colour TVs are sold in that shop.（主要说明彩色电视机在那个商店出售，
至于由谁售货，没有必要说明。）
2）需要强调动作的承受者而不是执行者时。例如：
A) This kind of bike is not made in our factory.
B) Football is played in most middle schools.
4、主动语态变为被动语态的方法
把主动结构改为被动结构时，要作如下变动：
1）主动结构的宾语变为被动结构的主语；
2）主动结构的谓语动词有主动语态变为被动语态；
3）主动结构的主语变为介词by的宾语，组成介词短语，放在被动结构中谓
语动词之后。在动作的执行者无须说明或不必强调时，by短语可以省略。例如：
B) We often use a recorder in our English class. →
A recorder is often used (by us) in our English class.
LESSON 2
DRILLS（句型练习）
1
(1) The PLA liberated my home town in 1949.
My home town was liberated in 1949.
(2) The villagers built some new houses themselves.
Some new houses were built by the villagers themselves.
(3) Joe Hill led a strike in Salt Lake City in 1915.
A strike was led by Joe Hill in Salt Lake City in 1915.
(4) The pianist gave the pupils some advice.
The pupils were given some advice by the pianist.
A: When was founded?
B: It was founded on
TEXT（课文）
JOE HILL
You may know the song about Joe Hill. But do you know that the song was written about a real person?
Here is the story of Joe Hill.
He was born in Sweden in 1879. When he was in his twenties he went to the United States and became a worker. At that time, things were hard for the 积极参加) the workers’ struggles for better
pay and better conditions. He helped to form trade unions. He spoke at meetings and organized strikes.
Joe was a good musician and at the meetings he sang and played the piano. 号召)(从事斗争).
Joe Hill was a tall, thin, good-looking man. He had fair hair and blue eyes. His comrades liked him, but the bosses hated him, because they were afraid of his work among the workers and afraid of his songs. He was a fearless fighter for the working class.
In 1915 Joe Hill led a strike in Salt Lake City. The bosses knew that Joe was 除掉，去掉) him. They need an excuse and they soon found one. One day a man was murdered. The bosses then (提供，推出) a man who said that Joe was the murderer. Joe was tried and sentenced to death. He was shot on November 19, 1915. 坚持；不使斗志等低落) the workers’ fight. Just before he was killed, he sent a message to his comrades all over the country. These were his last words: “Don’t waste time mourning. Organize.”
On the day he was killed, a speaker at a big meeting said: “Joe Hill isn’t dead! He will never die!” 直到今天) his name is remembered by fighting workers in the United States.
GRAMMAR（语法）
被动语态 (The Passive Voice) (Ⅱ)
5、一般过去时被动语态的肯定式、否定式和疑问式（以动词ask为例）
另一个不动。一般是主动结构的间接宾语变为被动结构的主语。例如：
→
(间接宾语)（直接宾语）
were given some advice (by the pianist).
was given to the pupils (by the pianist)
LESSON 3
DRILLS（句型练习）
1
A: You’re just back from your home town, aren’t you?
B: Yes.
A: How are things there?
in my home town
A: Has been
B: Yes, it was
last week.
A: Will it be again?
’t know.)
TEXT（课文）
DUSTMEN ON STRIKE
It is Thursday morning. No dustmen come to the Turners’ road. They are still on strike. And the rubbish has not been collected for weeks.
The Turners are sitting at the breakfast table. Mr Turner is reading the newspaper. It is time for Robert to go to school.
Robert: I’d better be going. ’Bye.
Mrs Turner: Oh, Robert, take the bag of rubbish out to the dustbin, please. Robert: But where can I put it? The dustbin is full, Mum.
Mrs Turner: Hasn’t it been emptied yet? Well, just put it near the dustbin,
then.
Robert: All right. ’Bye.
Mrs Turner: This really is too bad. The dustbins haven’t been emptied for
three weeks.
Mr Turner: Hm?
Mrs Turner: All the dustbins are full, and there are bags of rubbish everywhere.
The whole street has been turned into one big rubbish dump. It
smells terrible.
Mr Turner: And it can bring more trouble.
Mrs Turner: More trouble?
Mr Turner: Yes, we’ve been warned to be careful of rats.
Mrs Turner: Aren’t the dustmen going back to work yet?
Mr Turner: No, they aren’t. Look, there’s a report here in the newspaper, with
pictures. I’ll read it to you.
(reads)
STRIKE GOES ON
Things are getting worse. No rubbish has been collected since the dustmen went on strike three weeks ago. Dustbins are full, and plastic bags full of rubbish have been piled in the streets. The smell is terrible. In some places rats have even been seen, and people have been warned to be careful.
The public wants to know: why hasn’t anything been done to end the strike? The dustmen say they are badly paid and they want more money. They are not going back to work until they get it. But that is not all. They want to make it clear to the public that they do an important and necessary job.
Mrs Turner: That’s true. Their job is important and necessary to us all. Mr Turner: Something must be done to end the strike.
GRAMMAR（语法）
被动语态 (The Passive Voice) (Ⅲ)
7、一般将来时和现在完成时的被动语态
1）一般将来时 2）现在完成时
I will (shall) I have
You You He will He has been asked …
She be asked … She
We
You You They will They
8、短语动词的被动语态
一般来说，只有及物动词才有被动语态，因为只有及物动词才可能有动
作的承受者。但有许多由不及物动词加介词构成的短语动词，相当于及物动词，可以有宾语，因而也可以有被动语态。但应注意：短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，在变为被动语态时，不可丢掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。例如：
a) The workers have put up a big building in my home town. →
A big building has been put up in my home town.
b) They took good care of the children. →
The children were taken good care of.
LESSON 4
DRILLS（句型练习）
A: Can be here?
B: Yes, it can be
A: When must
B: It must be handed in
be handed in? TEXT（课文）
WATER, STEAM AND ICE
We have all played with snow and ice. When a piece of ice is taken into a warm room, it becomes smaller and smaller, until in the end it disappears completely. Where has it gone? It has been turned into water by the heat.
In winter, when clothes are washed, they don’t dry easily. They are often hung up near a fire. Soon steam can be seen rising from the wet clothes. The water in them is being turned into vapour, and they get drier and drier. When no more steam comes out, they must be taken away from the heat of the fire, or they might get burnt.
If you hold a mirror close in front of your mouth and blow on it, you will find the glass covered at once with little drops of water. The warm water vapour in your breath has been changed into water on the cold glass. Now stop blowing, and soon you will find the glass clear again – the little drops of water have disappeared because they have again been turned into vapour by the warm air around them.
Leave a basin of water outside in freezing weather, and it will soon be covered with ice. If it is not taken inside the room, sooner or later the whole basin of water may be turned into a block of ice.
Most matter has three states: solid, liquid and gas. Solids can usually be turned into liquids and liquids into gases if we raise their temperatures high enough. On the other hand, gases can often be turned into liquids and liquids into solids if they are made cold enough.
This change of state is a physical change and not a chemical one. If a piece of wood is heated to a high temperature, it begins to burn. Light and heat are sent out, together with heavy smoke, and soon only black charcoal is left. That is
called a chemical change.
GRAMMAR（语法）
被动语态 (The Passive Voice) (Ⅳ)
9、现在进行时的被动语态
现在进行时的被动语态由“助动词be + being + 及物动词的过去分词”
构成。例如：
The water is being turned into vapour.
10、含有情态动词的被动语态
含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词 + be + 及物动词的过去分词”
构成。例如：
A) This lock can be repaired in two days.
B) The composition must be handed in after class.
C) A basin of water may be turned into a block of ice in freezing weather.
TEXT（课文）
COMPUTERS
The computer is a wonderful machine. It is the most important invention in many years. Today it is used a great deal in many ways. By the year 2,000 the computer will probably touch the lives of everyone, even people in faraway villages.
The oldest kind of computer is the abacus, used in China centuries ago. In the seventeenth century an adding machine was invented, but the first large, modern computer was built in 1946. A computer then could do 5,000 adding problems in one second. Now computers can work millions of times faster.
Today most computers have a memory. That means information can be stored in them and be taken out anytime needed. Computers are getting smaller and smaller, and computing faster and faster. Even in a large computer, the part that does the computing is now only about as big as the end of a finger.
Computers can do many kinds of work. For example, when someone buys something in a big shop, information about the sale is put into a computer. During the night the computer works on the information from all the sales that day. The next morning, the manager has a report on everything that was sold and also on everything that will soon be sold out.
In research about the moon, a lot of information is put into computers. A scientist can then “ask” the computer questions, and the computer “answer” on the screen. It is almost like talking to another scientist.
Another computer programme has information about different illnesses. A doctor can talk to the computer and explain what is wrong with a person. The computer will then tell what to do. If the doctor asks why, the computer goes through its memory and gives the reason.
In some large factories there are very few people. Robots do most of the work. For example, in a car factory, when a different type of car comes along the line, the robot changes its work, just as a human would do. How does the robot know this? A computer “tells” it what to do.
In the last few years there have been great changes in computers. They now can do most of the things people can do, though most scientists agree that computers cannot completely take the place of humans. Who knows what the computers of tomorrow will be like? Will they make life better, or will they bring suffering to people? The students of today will have to decide how to use the computers of tomorrow.
DRILLS（句型练习）
1
A: Have you seen Zhao Hai today?
B: Yes, I have.
B: He told me he had
B: No, I really don’t know
TEXT（课文）
A LESSON FROM NATURE
Not many years ago, some farmers were worried because hawks were taking many of their chickens. The farmers did not know what to do. Finally they went to the officials and asked for help.
“Kill the hawks,” the officials said. “We’ll even pay you for them.” So the farmers began to think of ways to kill hawks.
The farmers killed many hawks. Before long they didn’t have to worry about their chickens. Btu they now had a new worry. Field mice were eating up a lot of the farmers’ grain.
How did this happen?
Hawks eat not only chickens but also field mice. They eat more field mice than chickens. But the farmers did not know this. When they killed a lot of hawks, they changed the balance of nature.
When people move into a new place, they often destroy many wild plants. Many of these plants are food for the animals. If the animals cannot find enough plants to eat, they will starve or have to leave the place.
In one part of the United States, for example, the deer there like to eat a certain kind of wild rose. The mountain lions there eat the deer. The number of deer, mountain lions, and wild roses does not change much if people leave things as they are.
But people killed many mountain lions in order to protect the deer. Soon there were so many deer that they ate up all the wild roses. Then the deer began to eat the green leaves of young trees. These trees were important to the farmers. So the farmers thought of ways to protect their trees. Now the deer had nothing to eat, and many of them died. This was another lesson from nature.
It is important for us to keep the balance of nature. This is the lesson we
should remember.
GRAMMAR（语法）
动词不定式 (The Infinitive) (Ⅱ)
1、动词不定式（或短语）的用法（续）
动词不定式（或短语）具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，因此，在句子
中可以做主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。在第三册第13课已归纳过动词不定式作宾语、宾语补足语和状语的用法，本册继续归纳动词不定式作定语、主语和表语的用法。
1）作定语
A) He said he had an important meeting to attend.
B) Do you have anything to say for yourself?
C) The fisherman had nothing to take home that morning.
D) The farmers thought of ways to protect their trees.
E) Dr Bethune had no time to think about rest.
It 的用法（The Use of “It”）
1、代词it可用来指除人以外的一切生物和事物。例如：
a) Where’s the dog? It’s in front of the house.
b) Is this jacket yours? Yes, it is.
2、代词it在某种情况下也可以指人。例如：
a) Who is it? It’s me.
b) “I’m sorry,” the guard said to Lenin. “I didn’t’ know it was you.”
3、代词it有时不特指某件东西，而代表前面提到的整个事情。例如：
Don’t read in the sun. It’s too bright. It’s bad for your eyes.
4、代词it可以指时间、距离和自然现象，在句子中作主语。例如：
a) What time is it? It’s six o’clock.（指时间）
b) It’s September, and we’re back at school.（指时间）
c) It’s not far from here to the bus stop.（指距离）
d) It’s cold today, isn’t it?（指自然现象）
e) I hope it will be fine tomorrow.（指自然现象）
f) It was raining when I got to school yesterday.（指自然现象）
g) It did not snow much last winter.（指自然现象）
LESSON 8
DRILLS（句型练习）
1
A: Do you get up early in the morning?
B: Why, yes!
B: I do It’s good
B: It’s good manners
B: It’s bad manners
TEXT（课文）
GOOD MANNERS
Manners are important to happy relations among people. Everyone likes a person with good manners. No one likes a person with bad manners. But what are good manners? How does one know what to do and what not to do?
Well, here are some examples.
A person with good manners never laughs at people when they are in trouble. Instead, he tries to help them. He is always kind to others. When people are waiting for a bus, he takes his turn. He does not push to the front of the line. On the bus he gives his seat to an older person or a person with a very young child. If he knocks into someone, or gets in his way, he says “Excuse me” or “I’m sorry”.
He says “Please” when he asks for something and “Thank you” when he receives something. He stands up when he is speaking to an older person, and he does not sit down until the other person takes his seat. He does not interrupt other people when they are talking. He does not talk too much. He does not talk loudly or laugh loudly in public. When he is eating he does not speak with his mouth full of food. He uses a handkerchief when he sneezes or coughs. He does not spit in public.
As a student, it is bad manners to come late to class. If you are late you should make an apology to the teacher either at the time or after class. It is also bad manners to keep silent when the teacher asks you a question. If you do not know the answer, say so immediately. If you do know, answer in a loud enough
voice so that all the class may hear. It is polite for the students to help the teacher. Sometimes students can help their teachers to clean the blackboard, to close or open the door or windows. Sometimes there are papers to collect or to hand out. This kind of help is always appreciated.
Ideas of what are good manners are not always the same in different countries. But in all countries it is important to be kind and helpful.
GRAMMAR（语法）
动词不定式 (The Infinitive) (Ⅲ)
1、动词不定式（或短语）的用法（续）
2）作主语
To learn a foreign language is not easy.
在现代英语中，更为普遍的是用it来开始一个句子，作形式主语，而
把真正的主语动词不定式（或短语）放在后面。例如：
a) It’s not easy to learn a foreign language.
b) It’s good to see all my teachers and friends again.
c) It took me more than a year to learn to draw a beautiful horse in five
minutes.
3）作表语
a) His wish was to become a scientist.
b) To the doctor, the most important thing was to save lives.
2、动词不定式的否定形式
由not +动词不定式构成
a) Tell him not to be late.
b) I’ll try not to read in bed.
c) The policeman told the boys not to play in the street.
3、动词不定式和疑问词连用
动词不定式可以和疑问词what，which，how，where，when等连用，构
成动词不定式短语，在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成份。
a) How to use the computer is the question.（主语）
b) A computer tells the robot what to do.（宾语）
c) The question is where to get a computer.（表语）
LESSON 9
TEXT（课文）
LOOK CAREFULLY AND LEARN
My friend Carl will never forget a certain professor. This professor taught him chemistry at the university. He was an ordinary-looking little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting. And the lessons he taught were not easily forgotten.
Carl remembers one of his first lessons from this professor. After the students were all in the chemistry lab, the professor brought out three bottles. One was filled with kerosene(煤油), one with castor oil, and one with vinegar. “Now watch carefully,” said the professor. “Pay attention to everything that I do.”
He then filled a cup with some of the kerosene, some of the castor oil and some of the vinegar. As the students watched with fascination, he mixed the three together. After that, he held up one of his fingers and showed it to the class. He then dipped it into the cup. After a few seconds he took his finger out. “Now watch,” he said. “Remember, you must do everything that I do.”
He put a finger in his mouth and sucked it. He nodded with a smile. Then he handed the cup around the class of students. Each student dipped a finger into the mixture and sucked it. Each immediately made a face. The mixture tasted horrible.
When the cup was at last returned to the professor, he shook his head sadly. “I’m sorry,” he said to the class, “but none of you watched carefully enough. Yes, I sucked a finger, but the finger I put into my mouth was not the one I had dipped into the cup.”
It was their first important lesson as students of chemistry and they never forgot it.