高考复合句专项讲解
从属连词这种连词是用以引导名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句的. 由从属连词所引导的句子叫从句,而含有从句的句子叫作复合句。
从属连词有哪些
大致可分为三大类：
1、that （无词义，不做成分） if，whether （表达是否的意义，但不做句子成分） 2、连接代词：who，whom，whose，what，which，whatever, whoever, whichever（有词
义，在句子中可作主语、表语、宾语）
3、连接副词：when，where，why，how，how many，how long，how far，however，whenever，wherever
（有词义，作从句的状语）
1.定语从句
一.定义：
1.定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词
关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等；
关系副词有where, when, why等。
关系词常有3个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，代替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。
3结构：先行词+关系词+从句
二.关系代词引导的定语从句
A. who指人，在从句中做主语Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.
B. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，可省略。Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.
注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。
C. which指物，做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.
D. that指人时，相当于who 或者whom；指物时，相当于which。做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。
Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?
E. whose通常指人，也可指物，做定语I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.
whose指物时，常用限定词 名词+of which或 of which+ 限定词 名词结构来代替
The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
三.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词+关系代词引导
注意：
1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等
This is the watch which/that I am looking for.
2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that，不可以省略；指物时用which，不能用that，不可以省略；关系代词是所有格时用whose
The man with whom you talked is my friend.
3.“介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词
There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.
四.限制性定语从句只能用that 的几种情况
1．当先行词是some (something 除外),anything, everything, nothing,/ few, little,/all, none, 等代词时，或者是由some, any, every, no,/ few, little,/ all, much /the very, the only，one of等修饰时
This is the very dictionary that I want to buy,
注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who
Any man that/.who has a sense of duty won't do such a thing.
2. 当先行词被序数词修饰或本身是序数词
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰或本身是形容词最高级
This is the best film that I have seen.
4. 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时
Who is the man that is standing there?
Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?
5. 当先行词既有人，也有物时
Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?
6. 在There be句型中
7. 先行词在主句中做表语，或关系代词在从句中做表语。
五．只用which，不用that的情况：
①关系代词前有介词，先行词指物时只用which。This is the college in which I am studying.
②引导非限制性定语从句时只用which。Football，which is a very interesting game，is played all over the world.
六、As的用法
1.as一般放在句首或句中，which置于句中。
As we know，the earth is round.正如我们所知，地球是圆的。
The sun heats the earth，which is very important to us.太阳使地球暖起来这对我们人类很重要。
2．as可引导非限制性从句，常常有“正如”之意；which可以表示主从句之间的因果关系。
As we know，smoking is harmful to one's health.如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。
He was always late，which made his teacher very angry.他经常迟到使他的老师很生气。
3．当先行词被as，so，such，the same修饰时，关系代词常用as。
That's as good a place as I can find.这是我能找到的好地方。
I've never heard such stories as he tells.我从未听说过像他讲的这种故事。
注意区别：
This is the same pen as I used yesterday.这支钢笔和我昨天用的那支一样。(as表示同样的钢笔)
This is the same pen that I used yesterday.这就是我昨天用的那支钢笔。(that意为同一支钢笔)
whose是一个表示所属关系的词，在定语从句中作定语。of which可以代替whose指物，词序一般是“名词＋of which”或“of which＋名词”。of whom可以代替whose指人，词序是“名词＋of whom”。
He lives in a room whose window faces south. 他住在窗户朝南的房子里。
＝He lives in a room the_window_of_which (或of_which_the_window)faces south.
七、1.“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句时，介词的宾语只能用which或whom。
She still remembered the day on which she won the prize.她仍然记得她获奖的那天。
The man with whom she entered the hall was her husband.和她一起走进大厅的那位男子是她的丈夫。
2 “名词/不定代词/数词＋of which/whom”引导的定语从句。
I read some books，the_cover_of_which are old.我读了一些书，它们的封面是旧的。
There are forty students in our class in all，most_of_whom are from big cities.
我们班上共有40名学生，其中大多数来自大城市。
八、关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。
1．关系副词when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。
I remember the day when(＝on which)I first met her.我记得第一次遇见她的那天。
2．关系副词where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。
Beijing is the place where(in which)I was born.北京是我出生的地方。
3．关系副词why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。
Is this the reason why(for which)he refused our offer?这是他拒绝我们帮助的理由吗？
九、where在定语从句中引导的地点模糊化即抽象类先行词
1．where定语从句修饰抽象名词point
You reach a point where medicine can’t help. 你已到了药物无法治疗的地步。
The crisis has reached a point where the receiver will have to be called in.
危机已达到非把破产管理人叫来不可的地步。
We have reached a point where a change is needed. 我们到了必须改一改的地步。
注：有时point也可以是具体的地点：
Let the point where AB cuts CD be called E. 设AB线与CD线的相交点为E。
The accident happened at the point where the A15 joins the M1. 事故发生在A15与M1交叉的十字路口
2、where定语从句修饰抽象名词case
There are cases where the word “mighty” is used as an adverb. 在一些情况下，mighty一词可用作副词。 Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases where beginners of English fail to use the language properly. 今天，我们将讨论一些英语初学者对英语使用不当的问题。
3、where定语从句修饰抽象名词activity
Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity where sight matters more than hearing.
那些失聪的成功舞蹈演员们认为，舞蹈是一种让人看胜过让人听的活动。
4、where定语从句修饰抽象名词situation
He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong. 他陷入一种难以分辨是非的局面。 If you risk something important, you cause it to be in a dangerous situation where you might lose it.
你如果拿重要的东西去冒险，那你就是将它置于一种可能会失去它的危险境地。
5、where定语从句修饰抽象名词position
It’s put me in a position where I can’t afford to take the job. 这使我陷入一种不能接受此工作的境地。
6、where定语从句修饰抽象名词job
She wants a job where her management skills can be put to good use.
她想找一份能将她的管理技能派上用场的工作。
7、where引导定语从句的某些抽象先行词，这类词常见的还有 business，circumstance， state，stage等。
2.主语从句
1.主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether, if和连接代词what, who, which, whatever, whoever以及连接副词how, when, where, why等引导。
That he suddenly fell ill made us surprised.他突然病倒使我们挺吃惊的。
2．what与that在引导主语从句时的区别。
what引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语、宾语、表语，而that引导从句，不充当成分。 What you said yesterday is right.你昨天说的是对的。(what引导主语从句，作said的宾语)
That she is still alive is a consolation.她还活着真是一件令人慰藉的事情。
(that引导主语从句，不作任何成分，但不可省略)
3．主语从句若含有“是否”意义，其引导词只能用whether，不能用if。
Whether he will be able to come tomorrow remains a question.他明天是否能来仍然是个问题。
4．有时为了避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。
It is a shame that we should have lost such an important customer.真遗憾我们失去了一位如此重要的客户。
3宾语从句
在复合句中充当谓语动词宾语或介词宾语的名词性从句称为宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句、表语从句的关联词大致一样。
1．由关联词that引导的宾语从句。
由关联词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如果从句是并列句时，第二个分句前的that不可省。
He said(that)he liked rain very much and that he wouldn't use an umbrella when it was raining.
2．由who, whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。
I want to know what he has told you.我想知道他告诉了你什么。
3．由whether或if引导的宾语从句，要保持陈述句语序。此外，whether与if在作“是否”讲时，一般可以换用，但在下列情况下一般只能用whether, 不用if。
①引导的从句作介词宾语时。Everything depends on whether we have enough money.
②从句后有or not时。I wonder whether he will come or not.我想知道他来还是不来。
③后接动词不定式时。Can you tell me whether to go or to stay?你能否告诉我是去还是留？
4.表语从句
在复合句中放在系动词之后，作表语的从句称为表语从句。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。
1．表语从句的引导词主要有：that(不可省略)，whether(不能换成if), what, who, which, how, why, when, where, whoever, wherever等。
The reason is that he missed the early bus.原因是他错过了早班车。
The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.
问题是我们是否可以在如此短的时间内做好准备。
That's just what I want.那正是我想要的。
2．as if/as though, because, why引导表语从句。
It looks as if it is going to rain.看上去天要下雨了。
This is why we missed the early bus.这就是为什么我们错过了早班车。
5. 同位语从句
在复合句中，同位语从句说明其前面名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导(that不能省略)，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice, demand, doubt, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, order, problem, promise, question, request, suggestion, truth，wish, word等。
The news that we won the game is exciting.我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。
温馨提示：同位语从句与定语从句的区别。
在限制性定语从句中，关系代词that充当主语或宾语，作宾语时，可省略。同位语从句中的that是连词，不充当句子成分，没有任何意义，但不可省略。
The news(that)we heard on the radio was not true.(定语从句)
我们在广播上听到的那个消息不是真的。
The news that our football team won the match was encouraging.(同位语从句)
我们足球队赢得比赛的消息令人振奋。
6.时间状语从句
1.when, while和as的用法
①when既可引导一个持续动作，也可引导一个短暂性动作，可用于主句和从句动作同时发生或从句动作先于主句动作发生。
When I lived there, I used to go to the seashore on Sundays.我住在那里时，星期天常到海滨去。
②while引导的动作必须是持续性的，侧重主句动作和从句动作相对比。
Please don't talk so loud while others are working.别人在工作时，别高声谈话。
③as引导一个持续性动作，多用于主句和从句动作同时发生。
John sings as he works.约翰一边工作，一边唱歌。
2．as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute, no sooner ... than ..., hardly/scarcely ... when ... 的用法 这些从属连词引导的从句都表示从句的动作一发生，主句的动作随即就发生，常译为“一……就……”，从句中用一般时态代替将来时态。
The moment she arrives, we can start.她一到，我们就可以开始。
No sooner had we arrived at the station than the train left.我们一到车站火车就出发了。
The boy burst into tears immediately he saw his mother.男孩一看到他的母亲就哭了。
3．till, until和not ... until的用法
①在肯定句中，主句谓语动词必须是延续性动词，意为“某动作一直延续到某点才停止”。
You may stay here till/until the rain stops.你得在这里呆到雨停。
②在否定句中，主句谓语动词必须是非延续性动词，从句为肯定式，意为“某动作直到某时间才开始”。 He won't go to bed till(until)she returns.直到她回来他才睡。
③not ... until句型中的强调和倒装说法。
It was not until you told me that I had any idea of it.(强调句型)
Not until you told me did I have any idea of it.(not until置于句首，主句要倒装)
4．before和since的用法
①连词before表示“还未……就……”，“不到……就……”，“……才……”，“趁还没来得及时”。
Before they reached the station, the train had gone.他们(还没)到火车站前，火车已经开走了。
We hadn't run a mile before he felt tired.我们跑了还不到一英里他就累了。
②before的句型：It will be＋时间段＋before从句，表示“多久之后才……”。
It will be half a year before I come back.半年后我才回来。
③since的句型：it is/has been＋时间段＋since从句。若从句谓语为非延续性动词，表示“自从……有多久”；若从句的谓语为延续性动词，表示“自从结束/完成……起有多久”。
It is three years since the war broke out.战争爆发以来，有三年了。
5．every time, each time, next time, the first time, any time, all the time的用法
这些短语用来引导时间状语，表示“每当……”，“每次……；下次……”等。
Every time I meet her I always forget her name.每次我见到她时，我总忘了她的名字。
7. 地点状语从句：
1． 地点状语从句可用where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere等引导。
2． 地点状语从句可用于主句之前或之后。
You are free to go wherever you like.
你愿意去哪里就去哪里。
Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者事竟成。
2．注意区分引导的定语从句与状语从句。
You'd better make a mark where you have any questions.(状语从句)
You'd better make a mark at the place where you have any questions.(定语从句)
8.原因状语从句：
1．引导原因状语从句的从属连词有：because, as, since, now that, seeing that, considering that等，每个连词的含义不尽相同。
Why are you absent from the meeting？Because I am ill.你为什么没开会？因为我病了。
As it is raining, we shall not go to the park.因为天在下雨，我们将不去公园。
Now that/since everybody is here, let's begin our meeting.既然大家都到了，我们就开始我们的会议。
2．其他表示原因的方式
除了状语从句外，一些介词短语可以表示原因，这样的短语有：because of, thanks to, due to, owing to等。 Because of the weather, we had to put off the sports meeting.由于天气，我们不得不推迟会议。
9.目的状语从句：
引导目的状语从句的从属连词有：so that, in order that, for fear that, in case, lest等。
1．in order that与so that
两个连词都意为“以便……，为了……”，引导的状语从句中需用情态动词；in order that比so that正式，引导的状语从句可置于主句之前或之后，而so that引导的从句只能置于主句之后。
I'll speak slowly so that you can understand me.我将说慢点以便你能理解我。
2．for fear that, in case与lest这些从属连词本身带有否定意义，意为“以免，以防”，相当于so that ... not ... 或in order that ... not ...。
Take your raincoat in case/lest it should rain.带上雨伞，以防下雨。
10.结果状语从句：
1．引导结果状语从句的从属连词有：so that, so ... that ..., such ... that ...。其结构形式为：
Mike is so honest a worker that we all believe him.＝Mike is such an honest worker that we all believe him.迈克是一位如此诚实的工人以至于我们都信任他。
2．除结果状语从句外，too ... to ..., enough to ..., so ... as to等不定式结构同样可以表示结果。
He didn't get up early enough to catch the bus.＝He got up too late to catch the bus.＝He got up so late as to miss the bus.他起得太晚了以至于没赶上公共汽车。
区别so...that和such...that的用法
名前such，形、副so，that从句跟在后；
多多少少必用so，特别注意是little；
“小”用such，“少”用so。
11.条件状语从句：
引导条件状语从句的从属连词有：if, unless, once, so(as)long as, in case, on condition that, suppose/supposing, provided that等。
You'll fail the exam unless you study hard.除非你努力学习，否则你会考试不及格。
As long as you don't lose heart, you will succeed.只要你不灰心，你就会成功。
Suppose/supposing(that)they refuse us, who else can we turn to for help?
如果他们拒绝了我们，我们能向谁求助呢？
12.方式状语从句：
引导方式状语从句的从属连词有：as, as if, as though等。
方式状语从句应放在主句之后。其中as if或as though引导的从句一般用虚拟语气，但如果从句中所陈述的情况很可能实现，也可用陈述语气
Do as you are told to, or you'll be fired.按照被告诉的方式去做，否则你会被解雇的。
The old lady treats the boy as if he were her own son.
老妇人对待那个男孩就像是对待自己的孩子。
13，让步状语从句：
1．although/though, even though/if引导让步状语从句
although与though两者意思相同，一般可以互换，都可以与yet, still或nevertheless连用，但不和but连用。 He is unhappy though/although he has a lot of money.尽管他很有钱，但是他不幸福。
Even though/if it is raining, we'll go there.即使天在下雨，我们也会去那儿。
2．as引导让步状语从句as用于异常语序结构时，表示让步关系，意为“尽管”，通常
用于以下几种结构：
(1)adj./adv.＋as＋主语＋谓语。
①Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone who's as capable as John.
虽然我已经去过很多地方，但我从未见过像约翰这么能干的人。
②Hard as he tried, he didn't pass the driving test.
虽然他很努力，但他没有能够通过驾驶员考试。
(2)可数名词单数＋as＋主语＋谓语。
Child as he is, he knows a lot.
尽管他还是一个孩子，但他却懂很多。
(3)实义动词＋as＋主语＋助动词(do的适当形式)或情态动词。
Try as he might, he never succeeds.
尽管他很努力，但从未成功过。
这种结构可以转换为由though或although引导的正常语序的让步状语从句。
as从句一般放在主句之前，用倒装语序。从句中的表语或状语或动词原形置于句首。若表语是名词，前置时要省略冠词。
Child as he is, he knows a lot.
尽管他是孩子，他却懂得很多。
Much as I like it I won't buy it, for it's too expensive.
虽然我很喜欢，但我不会买的，因为它太贵了。
Try as he might, he could not find a job.
不管他怎样努力，他还是找不到工作。
3．疑问词＋ever, no matter＋疑问词与whether ... or ...引导让步状语从句
Whether you believe it or not, it is true.
无论你信不信，它是真的。
Whatever(＝no matter what)you say, he won't believe you.无论你说什么，他不会信你。
Whoever you are(＝no matter who you are), you must obey the rules.无论你是谁，你必须服从这些规则。
14.比较状语从句：
比较状语从句常用than, so(as) ... as, the more ... the more等引导。
The film was not so(as)good as I had expected.这部电影比我期望的差。
高考复合句专项讲解
从属连词这种连词是用以引导名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句的. 由从属连词所引导的句子叫从句,而含有从句的句子叫作复合句。
从属连词有哪些
大致可分为三大类：
1、that （无词义，不做成分） if，whether （表达是否的意义，但不做句子成分） 2、连接代词：who，whom，whose，what，which，whatever, whoever, whichever（有词
义，在句子中可作主语、表语、宾语）
3、连接副词：when，where，why，how，how many，how long，how far，however，whenever，wherever
（有词义，作从句的状语）
1.定语从句
一.定义：
1.定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词
关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等；
关系副词有where, when, why等。
关系词常有3个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，代替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。
3结构：先行词+关系词+从句
二.关系代词引导的定语从句
A. who指人，在从句中做主语Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.
B. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，可省略。Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.
注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。
C. which指物，做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.
D. that指人时，相当于who 或者whom；指物时，相当于which。做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。
Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?
E. whose通常指人，也可指物，做定语I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.
whose指物时，常用限定词 名词+of which或 of which+ 限定词 名词结构来代替
The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
三.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词+关系代词引导
注意：
1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等
This is the watch which/that I am looking for.
2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that，不可以省略；指物时用which，不能用that，不可以省略；关系代词是所有格时用whose
The man with whom you talked is my friend.
3.“介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词
There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.
四.限制性定语从句只能用that 的几种情况
1．当先行词是some (something 除外),anything, everything, nothing,/ few, little,/all, none, 等代词时，或者是由some, any, every, no,/ few, little,/ all, much /the very, the only，one of等修饰时
This is the very dictionary that I want to buy,
注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who
Any man that/.who has a sense of duty won't do such a thing.
2. 当先行词被序数词修饰或本身是序数词
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰或本身是形容词最高级
This is the best film that I have seen.
4. 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时
Who is the man that is standing there?
Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?
5. 当先行词既有人，也有物时
Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?
6. 在There be句型中
7. 先行词在主句中做表语，或关系代词在从句中做表语。
五．只用which，不用that的情况：
①关系代词前有介词，先行词指物时只用which。This is the college in which I am studying.
②引导非限制性定语从句时只用which。Football，which is a very interesting game，is played all over the world.
六、As的用法
1.as一般放在句首或句中，which置于句中。
As we know，the earth is round.正如我们所知，地球是圆的。
The sun heats the earth，which is very important to us.太阳使地球暖起来这对我们人类很重要。
2．as可引导非限制性从句，常常有“正如”之意；which可以表示主从句之间的因果关系。
As we know，smoking is harmful to one's health.如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。
He was always late，which made his teacher very angry.他经常迟到使他的老师很生气。
3．当先行词被as，so，such，the same修饰时，关系代词常用as。
That's as good a place as I can find.这是我能找到的好地方。
I've never heard such stories as he tells.我从未听说过像他讲的这种故事。
注意区别：
This is the same pen as I used yesterday.这支钢笔和我昨天用的那支一样。(as表示同样的钢笔)
This is the same pen that I used yesterday.这就是我昨天用的那支钢笔。(that意为同一支钢笔)
whose是一个表示所属关系的词，在定语从句中作定语。of which可以代替whose指物，词序一般是“名词＋of which”或“of which＋名词”。of whom可以代替whose指人，词序是“名词＋of whom”。
He lives in a room whose window faces south. 他住在窗户朝南的房子里。
＝He lives in a room the_window_of_which (或of_which_the_window)faces south.
七、1.“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句时，介词的宾语只能用which或whom。
She still remembered the day on which she won the prize.她仍然记得她获奖的那天。
The man with whom she entered the hall was her husband.和她一起走进大厅的那位男子是她的丈夫。
2 “名词/不定代词/数词＋of which/whom”引导的定语从句。
I read some books，the_cover_of_which are old.我读了一些书，它们的封面是旧的。
There are forty students in our class in all，most_of_whom are from big cities.
我们班上共有40名学生，其中大多数来自大城市。
八、关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。
1．关系副词when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。
I remember the day when(＝on which)I first met her.我记得第一次遇见她的那天。
2．关系副词where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。
Beijing is the place where(in which)I was born.北京是我出生的地方。
3．关系副词why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。
Is this the reason why(for which)he refused our offer?这是他拒绝我们帮助的理由吗？
九、where在定语从句中引导的地点模糊化即抽象类先行词
1．where定语从句修饰抽象名词point
You reach a point where medicine can’t help. 你已到了药物无法治疗的地步。
The crisis has reached a point where the receiver will have to be called in.
危机已达到非把破产管理人叫来不可的地步。
We have reached a point where a change is needed. 我们到了必须改一改的地步。
注：有时point也可以是具体的地点：
Let the point where AB cuts CD be called E. 设AB线与CD线的相交点为E。
The accident happened at the point where the A15 joins the M1. 事故发生在A15与M1交叉的十字路口
2、where定语从句修饰抽象名词case
There are cases where the word “mighty” is used as an adverb. 在一些情况下，mighty一词可用作副词。 Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases where beginners of English fail to use the language properly. 今天，我们将讨论一些英语初学者对英语使用不当的问题。
3、where定语从句修饰抽象名词activity
Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity where sight matters more than hearing.
那些失聪的成功舞蹈演员们认为，舞蹈是一种让人看胜过让人听的活动。
4、where定语从句修饰抽象名词situation
He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong. 他陷入一种难以分辨是非的局面。 If you risk something important, you cause it to be in a dangerous situation where you might lose it.
你如果拿重要的东西去冒险，那你就是将它置于一种可能会失去它的危险境地。
5、where定语从句修饰抽象名词position
It’s put me in a position where I can’t afford to take the job. 这使我陷入一种不能接受此工作的境地。
6、where定语从句修饰抽象名词job
She wants a job where her management skills can be put to good use.
她想找一份能将她的管理技能派上用场的工作。
7、where引导定语从句的某些抽象先行词，这类词常见的还有 business，circumstance， state，stage等。
2.主语从句
1.主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether, if和连接代词what, who, which, whatever, whoever以及连接副词how, when, where, why等引导。
That he suddenly fell ill made us surprised.他突然病倒使我们挺吃惊的。
2．what与that在引导主语从句时的区别。
what引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语、宾语、表语，而that引导从句，不充当成分。 What you said yesterday is right.你昨天说的是对的。(what引导主语从句，作said的宾语)
That she is still alive is a consolation.她还活着真是一件令人慰藉的事情。
(that引导主语从句，不作任何成分，但不可省略)
3．主语从句若含有“是否”意义，其引导词只能用whether，不能用if。
Whether he will be able to come tomorrow remains a question.他明天是否能来仍然是个问题。
4．有时为了避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。
It is a shame that we should have lost such an important customer.真遗憾我们失去了一位如此重要的客户。
3宾语从句
在复合句中充当谓语动词宾语或介词宾语的名词性从句称为宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句、表语从句的关联词大致一样。
1．由关联词that引导的宾语从句。
由关联词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如果从句是并列句时，第二个分句前的that不可省。
He said(that)he liked rain very much and that he wouldn't use an umbrella when it was raining.
2．由who, whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。
I want to know what he has told you.我想知道他告诉了你什么。
3．由whether或if引导的宾语从句，要保持陈述句语序。此外，whether与if在作“是否”讲时，一般可以换用，但在下列情况下一般只能用whether, 不用if。
①引导的从句作介词宾语时。Everything depends on whether we have enough money.
②从句后有or not时。I wonder whether he will come or not.我想知道他来还是不来。
③后接动词不定式时。Can you tell me whether to go or to stay?你能否告诉我是去还是留？
4.表语从句
在复合句中放在系动词之后，作表语的从句称为表语从句。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。
1．表语从句的引导词主要有：that(不可省略)，whether(不能换成if), what, who, which, how, why, when, where, whoever, wherever等。
The reason is that he missed the early bus.原因是他错过了早班车。
The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.
问题是我们是否可以在如此短的时间内做好准备。
That's just what I want.那正是我想要的。
2．as if/as though, because, why引导表语从句。
It looks as if it is going to rain.看上去天要下雨了。
This is why we missed the early bus.这就是为什么我们错过了早班车。
5. 同位语从句
在复合句中，同位语从句说明其前面名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导(that不能省略)，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice, demand, doubt, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, order, problem, promise, question, request, suggestion, truth，wish, word等。
The news that we won the game is exciting.我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。
温馨提示：同位语从句与定语从句的区别。
在限制性定语从句中，关系代词that充当主语或宾语，作宾语时，可省略。同位语从句中的that是连词，不充当句子成分，没有任何意义，但不可省略。
The news(that)we heard on the radio was not true.(定语从句)
我们在广播上听到的那个消息不是真的。
The news that our football team won the match was encouraging.(同位语从句)
我们足球队赢得比赛的消息令人振奋。
6.时间状语从句
1.when, while和as的用法
①when既可引导一个持续动作，也可引导一个短暂性动作，可用于主句和从句动作同时发生或从句动作先于主句动作发生。
When I lived there, I used to go to the seashore on Sundays.我住在那里时，星期天常到海滨去。
②while引导的动作必须是持续性的，侧重主句动作和从句动作相对比。
Please don't talk so loud while others are working.别人在工作时，别高声谈话。
③as引导一个持续性动作，多用于主句和从句动作同时发生。
John sings as he works.约翰一边工作，一边唱歌。
2．as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute, no sooner ... than ..., hardly/scarcely ... when ... 的用法 这些从属连词引导的从句都表示从句的动作一发生，主句的动作随即就发生，常译为“一……就……”，从句中用一般时态代替将来时态。
The moment she arrives, we can start.她一到，我们就可以开始。
No sooner had we arrived at the station than the train left.我们一到车站火车就出发了。
The boy burst into tears immediately he saw his mother.男孩一看到他的母亲就哭了。
3．till, until和not ... until的用法
①在肯定句中，主句谓语动词必须是延续性动词，意为“某动作一直延续到某点才停止”。
You may stay here till/until the rain stops.你得在这里呆到雨停。
②在否定句中，主句谓语动词必须是非延续性动词，从句为肯定式，意为“某动作直到某时间才开始”。 He won't go to bed till(until)she returns.直到她回来他才睡。
③not ... until句型中的强调和倒装说法。
It was not until you told me that I had any idea of it.(强调句型)
Not until you told me did I have any idea of it.(not until置于句首，主句要倒装)
4．before和since的用法
①连词before表示“还未……就……”，“不到……就……”，“……才……”，“趁还没来得及时”。
Before they reached the station, the train had gone.他们(还没)到火车站前，火车已经开走了。
We hadn't run a mile before he felt tired.我们跑了还不到一英里他就累了。
②before的句型：It will be＋时间段＋before从句，表示“多久之后才……”。
It will be half a year before I come back.半年后我才回来。
③since的句型：it is/has been＋时间段＋since从句。若从句谓语为非延续性动词，表示“自从……有多久”；若从句的谓语为延续性动词，表示“自从结束/完成……起有多久”。
It is three years since the war broke out.战争爆发以来，有三年了。
5．every time, each time, next time, the first time, any time, all the time的用法
这些短语用来引导时间状语，表示“每当……”，“每次……；下次……”等。
Every time I meet her I always forget her name.每次我见到她时，我总忘了她的名字。
7. 地点状语从句：
1． 地点状语从句可用where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere等引导。
2． 地点状语从句可用于主句之前或之后。
You are free to go wherever you like.
你愿意去哪里就去哪里。
Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者事竟成。
2．注意区分引导的定语从句与状语从句。
You'd better make a mark where you have any questions.(状语从句)
You'd better make a mark at the place where you have any questions.(定语从句)
8.原因状语从句：
1．引导原因状语从句的从属连词有：because, as, since, now that, seeing that, considering that等，每个连词的含义不尽相同。
Why are you absent from the meeting？Because I am ill.你为什么没开会？因为我病了。
As it is raining, we shall not go to the park.因为天在下雨，我们将不去公园。
Now that/since everybody is here, let's begin our meeting.既然大家都到了，我们就开始我们的会议。
2．其他表示原因的方式
除了状语从句外，一些介词短语可以表示原因，这样的短语有：because of, thanks to, due to, owing to等。 Because of the weather, we had to put off the sports meeting.由于天气，我们不得不推迟会议。
9.目的状语从句：
引导目的状语从句的从属连词有：so that, in order that, for fear that, in case, lest等。
1．in order that与so that
两个连词都意为“以便……，为了……”，引导的状语从句中需用情态动词；in order that比so that正式，引导的状语从句可置于主句之前或之后，而so that引导的从句只能置于主句之后。
I'll speak slowly so that you can understand me.我将说慢点以便你能理解我。
2．for fear that, in case与lest这些从属连词本身带有否定意义，意为“以免，以防”，相当于so that ... not ... 或in order that ... not ...。
Take your raincoat in case/lest it should rain.带上雨伞，以防下雨。
10.结果状语从句：
1．引导结果状语从句的从属连词有：so that, so ... that ..., such ... that ...。其结构形式为：
Mike is so honest a worker that we all believe him.＝Mike is such an honest worker that we all believe him.迈克是一位如此诚实的工人以至于我们都信任他。
2．除结果状语从句外，too ... to ..., enough to ..., so ... as to等不定式结构同样可以表示结果。
He didn't get up early enough to catch the bus.＝He got up too late to catch the bus.＝He got up so late as to miss the bus.他起得太晚了以至于没赶上公共汽车。
区别so...that和such...that的用法
名前such，形、副so，that从句跟在后；
多多少少必用so，特别注意是little；
“小”用such，“少”用so。
11.条件状语从句：
引导条件状语从句的从属连词有：if, unless, once, so(as)long as, in case, on condition that, suppose/supposing, provided that等。
You'll fail the exam unless you study hard.除非你努力学习，否则你会考试不及格。
As long as you don't lose heart, you will succeed.只要你不灰心，你就会成功。
Suppose/supposing(that)they refuse us, who else can we turn to for help?
如果他们拒绝了我们，我们能向谁求助呢？
12.方式状语从句：
引导方式状语从句的从属连词有：as, as if, as though等。
方式状语从句应放在主句之后。其中as if或as though引导的从句一般用虚拟语气，但如果从句中所陈述的情况很可能实现，也可用陈述语气
Do as you are told to, or you'll be fired.按照被告诉的方式去做，否则你会被解雇的。
The old lady treats the boy as if he were her own son.
老妇人对待那个男孩就像是对待自己的孩子。
13，让步状语从句：
1．although/though, even though/if引导让步状语从句
although与though两者意思相同，一般可以互换，都可以与yet, still或nevertheless连用，但不和but连用。 He is unhappy though/although he has a lot of money.尽管他很有钱，但是他不幸福。
Even though/if it is raining, we'll go there.即使天在下雨，我们也会去那儿。
2．as引导让步状语从句as用于异常语序结构时，表示让步关系，意为“尽管”，通常
用于以下几种结构：
(1)adj./adv.＋as＋主语＋谓语。
①Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone who's as capable as John.
虽然我已经去过很多地方，但我从未见过像约翰这么能干的人。
②Hard as he tried, he didn't pass the driving test.
虽然他很努力，但他没有能够通过驾驶员考试。
(2)可数名词单数＋as＋主语＋谓语。
Child as he is, he knows a lot.
尽管他还是一个孩子，但他却懂很多。
(3)实义动词＋as＋主语＋助动词(do的适当形式)或情态动词。
Try as he might, he never succeeds.
尽管他很努力，但从未成功过。
这种结构可以转换为由though或although引导的正常语序的让步状语从句。
as从句一般放在主句之前，用倒装语序。从句中的表语或状语或动词原形置于句首。若表语是名词，前置时要省略冠词。
Child as he is, he knows a lot.
尽管他是孩子，他却懂得很多。
Much as I like it I won't buy it, for it's too expensive.
虽然我很喜欢，但我不会买的，因为它太贵了。
Try as he might, he could not find a job.
不管他怎样努力，他还是找不到工作。
3．疑问词＋ever, no matter＋疑问词与whether ... or ...引导让步状语从句
Whether you believe it or not, it is true.
无论你信不信，它是真的。
Whatever(＝no matter what)you say, he won't believe you.无论你说什么，他不会信你。
Whoever you are(＝no matter who you are), you must obey the rules.无论你是谁，你必须服从这些规则。
14.比较状语从句：
比较状语从句常用than, so(as) ... as, the more ... the more等引导。
The film was not so(as)good as I had expected.这部电影比我期望的差。