星期 2 Tuesday All things in their being are good for something.天生我才必有用。 学习内 容 Text A Text B Text C Text D 题 材 行为研究类 社会工作类 经济现象类 日常生活类 词 数 394 413 446 454 建议时间 5.5 分钟 6.5 分钟 6 分钟 7 分钟 今日练习 Text A Thirty-two people watched Kitty Genovese being killed right beneath their windows. She was their neighbor. Yet none of the 32 helped her. Not one even called the police. Was this in gunman cruelty? Was it lack of feeling about one’s fellow man? “Not so,” say scientists John Barley and Bib Fatane. These men went beyond the headlines to probe the reasons why people didn’t act. They found that a person has to go through two steps before he can help. First he has to notice that is an emergency. Suppose you see a middle-aged man fall to the sidewalk. Is he having a heart attack? Is he in a coma from diabetes? Or is he about to sleep off a drunk? Is the smoke coming into the room from a leak in the air conditioning? Is it “steam pipes”? Or is it really smoke from a fire? It’s not always easy to tell if you are faced with a real emergency. Second, and more important, the person faced with an emergency must feel personally responsible. He must feel that he must help, or the person won’t get the help he needs. The researchers found that a lot depends on how many people are around. They had college students in to be “tested.” Some came alone. Some came with one or two others. And some came in large groups. The receptionist started them off on the “tests”. Then she went into the next room. A curtain divided the “testing room” and the room into which she went. Soon the students heard a scream, the noise of file cabinets falling and a cry for help. All of this had been pre-recorded on a tape-recorder. Eight out of ten of the students taking the test alone acted to help. Of the students in pairs, only two out of ten helped. Of the students in groups, none helped. In other words, in a group, Americans often fail to act. They feel that others will act. They, themselves, needn’t. They do not feel any direct responsibility. Are people bothered by situations where people are in trouble? Yes. Scientists found that the people were emotional, they sweated, and they had trembling hands. They felt the other person’s trouble. But they did not act. They were in a group. Their actions were shaped by the actions of those they were with. 1. Kitty Genovese is cited as an example to [A] show that the gunman is so cruel. [B] illustrate that people lack sympathy. [C] state how people feel in emergencies. [D] explain why people fail to act in emergencies. 2. Which of the following is NOT true? [A] A person with a heart attack has the most need of help. [B] When a person tries to help others, he must be clear that there is a real emergency. 错误统计 /5 /5 /5 /5 做题备忘[C] When a person tries to help others, he should know whether they are worth his help. [D] A person must take responsibility for the safety of those in emergencies if he wants to help. 3. The researchers’ experiment suggest that people are more likely to act in emergencies when [A] they are in pairs. [B] they are in groups. [C] they are alone. [D] they are with their friend. 4. Why do people fail to act when they stay together? [A] They are afraid of emergencies. [B] Others will act if they themselves hesitate. [C] They are not prepared to get themselves involved. [D] They do not feel they have any direct responsibility. 5. We can learn from the passage that [A] a person must feel guilty if he fails to help. [B] we shouldn’t blame a person if he fails to act in emergencies. [C] people should be responsible for themselves in emergencies. [D] when we are in trouble, people will help us anyway. Text B Opinion polls are now beginning to show an unwilling general agreement that, whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probably here to stay. This means we shall have to find ways of sharing the available employment more widely. But we need to go further. We must ask some fundamental questions about the future of work. Should we continue to treat employment as the norm? Should we not rather encourage many other ways of self-respecting people to work? Should we not create conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves, rather than for an employment? Should we not aim to revive the household and the neighborhood, as well as the factory and the office, as centers of production and work? The industrial age has been the only period of human history in which most people’s work has taken the form of jobs. The industrial age may now be coming to an end, and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed. This seems a discouraging thought. But, in fact, it could offer the prospect of a better future for work. Universal employment, as its history shows, has not meant economic freedom. Employment became widespread when the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves. Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from people’s home. Later, as transport improved, first by rail and then by road, people traveled longer distances to their places of employment until, eventually, many people’s work lost all connection with their home lives and the places in which they lived. Meanwhile, employment put woman at a disadvantage. It became customary for the husband to go out to paid employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and family to his wife. It was not only women whose work status suffered. As employment became the dominant form of work, young people and old people were excluded — a problem now, as more teenagers become frustrated at school and more retired people want to lead active lives. All this may now have to change. The time has certainly come to switch some effort and resources away from the impractical goal of creating jobs for all, to the urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without full-time job. 6. We can see from recent opinion polls that[A] available employment should be restricted to a small percentage of the population. [B] new jobs must be created in order to rectify high unemployment figures. [C] jobs available must be distributed among more people. [D] the present high unemployment figures are a fact of life. 7. Which is the author’s suggestion about the future employment？ [A] We should be prepared to admit that being employed is not the only kind of work. [B] We should create more factories in order to increase our productivity. [C] Smaller private enterprises should be set up so that we in turn can employ others. [D] The household and the neighborhood should be substituted as only work centers. 8. What happened during the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries？ [A] People were forced to live in the factories rather than on the farm. [B] People were forced to look elsewhere for means of supporting themselves. [C] People were not adequately compensated for the loss of their land. [D] People’s work lost all connection with their home lives because of factory systems. 9. Which statement is NOT true about the conditions of industrial age according to the author? [A] Most people’s work has taken the form of jobs in the industrial age. [B] Young and old people are unwanted components of society. [C] The arrival of industrial age changed patterns of work fundamentally. [D] The work status of those who are not in paid employment is disadvantageous. 10. In the last paragraph the author recommends that [A] the industrial age should come to an end. [B] employment should be treated as an urgent task. [C] we should create jobs for all the people. [D] we should make some efforts to help more people cope with unemployment problems. Text C The term “mass-production” conjures up visions of some enormous factory, with innumerable conveyor belts, each attended by an army of ant-like workers. We see various parts being fed to those belts and hastily fitted together by breathless operators. The article grows in size and complexity. Finally, it rolls off the belt a completely finished object. This is the sort of thing that was so effectively satirized by Charlie Chaplin in his film Modern Times. It’s true, indeed, that mass-production can only take place in large factories. It divides up into small stages all the various operations that a complete object requires. Conveyor belts are necessary and operators must work to a strict timetable. But, if the whole process is designed and timed carefully and good materials are used, the finished object can certainly be adequate and reliable. It may even be rare and exquisite. The advantages of mass-production are thus obvious. It can produce articles in enormous quantities. In these days of large populations and rising standards of living, this in itself is a far from contemptible achievement. By producing articles in large numbers, both cost and time are greatly reduced. One hand-made article may cost fifty dollars and require a man’s labor for ten hours. A thousand similar articles, mass-produced, may be sold at five dollars each. They may be made from start to finish an hour each and may require the labor of fifty men for a minute each. On the other hand, there are inescapable disadvantages. Though a mass-produced article may be quite good and may even have a certain aesthetic value, it’s unlikely to reach the highest levels of craftsmanship and of beauty. All articles so produced will be identical; there will bestandardization. There will also be a lack of variety and individuality. In short, a world full of mass-produced articles would be very monotonous. There’s no desire to keep or cherish such articles. Perhaps the greatest disadvantage of mass-production is its effect upon the worker himself. In modern factories, the worker merely does one tiny part of a total process, such as screwing on a nut, or punching a hole. The unspeakable monotony of repeating this operation a thousand times a day has grave psychological consequences. The workman loses sight of the whole process. He misses the sense of achievement that comes from carrying out a plan from beginning to end. He feels himself a cog in a vast machine. His work becomes a torment rather than a pleasure. And all this, applied to millions of workers over a generation or two, leads to social unrest and to moral deterioration. These effects must certainly be included in the drawbacks of mass-production. 11. At the beginning of the passage, the author indicates that [A] the number of workers decreases because of mass-production. [B] the production process is made more complex by conveyor belts. [C] small factories are preferable so far as mass-production is concerned. [D] workers must work very hard on the conveyor belts and are very tired. 12. What’s the main advantage of mass-production? [A] Low cost. [B] Saving time. [C] The high rate of production. [D] Providing more job opportunity. 13. One of the disadvantages of the mass-produced articles is that [A] they are usually not as exquisite as the man-made ones. [B] they cannot bring great profits for the producer. [C] large numbers of conveyor belts cost too much. [D] they cost too much and they are time-consuming. 14. Which of the following is NOT true about the worker? [A] He may become angry at the society if he works on the belt for too long. [B] He hates his work so much that he won’t buy the products he himself has produced. [C] He may develop some psychological problems in the process of working. [D] He does not feel proud of himself when he sees the completed product. 15. The main purpose of this passage is to [A] state the advantages and disadvantages of mass-production. [B] suggest ways of solving the present problems with mass-production. [C] show dissatisfaction towards the low efficiency of the modern factories. [D] compare the advantages and disadvantages of mass-produced and man-made articles. Text D Rice wine has a history of more than 2,000 years as China’s favorite liquor and has been credited with having enhanced the health, among others, of the late Deng Xiaoping. But now native rice wine finds itself competing for market share with western style fruit wine. Both foreign traders and local producers have in recent months observed a spectacular rise in the popularity of wine in China, at least in the country’s more prosperous and cosmopolitan cities and coastal regions. There are several reasons for this. One has been a sustained effort by the Chinese government to limit the use of staple grains for things as frivolous as spirits or beer.Another has been a lot of reports filtering out via Hong Kong and Taiwan, citing scientific findings about red wine’s good effects on health in general and manliness in particular. Mr. St. Pierre, who imports western wines to China, says that his red wines outsell his whites by 20 to 1, leading him to conclude that Chinese drinkers are indeed choosing their beverages with good health in mind. Mr. St. Pierre is toasting increases in sales of 25% a month. Carl Crook, another importer, recalls that, when he began selling wine in China four years ago, his clients were mainly “well-heeled and desperate expatriates”. His company, Montrose, now sells more than 1,000 cases a month and expects sales to double this year, despite taxes and duties which add 121% to the price of imported wines. Its catalogue ranges from cheap Californian wines selling wholesale for 69 Yuan per bottle, to Châ teau Lafitte Rothschild. Domestic producers are also cottoning on to the joys of the grape. A few Chinese wineries are increasingly successful, in both international competitions and the domestic market. China’s largest wine producer, Dynasty, has overcome quality control problems to produce a well-received 1995 chardonnay. The Huadong Winery in Qingdao (a city still more famous for its beer) has also yielded a successful chardonnay. Local bottling of foreign wines, local production, and if they materialize, long rumored cuts in tariff duties may soon help bring the joys of wine to greater numbers of Chinese. For the country’s growing class of the newly rich, however, a ridiculously high price tag is all part of the package. In recent years, China’s conspicuous consumers have made the purchase of overpriced wines one of their favorite ways of showing off wealth, in some cases buying bottles priced at several hundred dollars only to smash them on the floor. There is now a new trend that may strike the world’s wine merchants as an even greater outrage. Some Chinese wine drinkers have decided that a good claret or chardonnay goes down more smoothly when mixed with Sprite. 16. Grape wines become more popular than the traditional rice wine in China for all the following reasons EXCEPT that [A] rice wine consumes so many grains that its production has been discouraged. [B] it is believed that grape wine does more good to health than rice wine. [C] drinking grape wine is a symbol of wealth and therefore is a fashion for some people.. [D] grape wines are often less expensive and so more people can afford them. 17. The word “frivolous” in Para. 2 probably means [A] significant. [B] precious. [C] authoritative. [D] unimportant. 18. Mr. St. Pierre and Mr. Carl Crook are cited as examples to show [A] market share of importing grape wines is increasing in China. [B] well-heeled and desperate expatriates like to drink grape wines. [C] Chinese drinkers choose their company’s wine because of their boast. [D] domestic producers also realize the joys of the grape wines. 19. Which of the following is an opinion of the author’s? [A] Domestic producers do not like their foreign counterparts. [B] Local bottling of foreign wines is not encouraged by local government in China. [C] The extremely high tariff duties on wine importing still affect the more popular consumption of foreign wines. [D] Most people are satisfied with the prices of foreign wines.20. The author sounds [A] tolerant [B] indignant [C] impatient [D] conspicuousin the last paragraph.词汇难句 语境词汇 Text A 1. go beyond 超过 2. emergency n.紧急情况，突然事件 3. coma n.昏迷 4. diabetes n.糖尿病 5. be faced with 面对，面临 6. start off 开始做；动身，启程 7. file cabinet 文件柜，档案柜 Text B 1. opinion poll 民意测验，民意调查 2. revive v.(使)复兴；(使)苏醒 3. reverse v.反转 n.相反；反面 a.颠倒的 4. enclosure n.圈地，围栏；装入物；包围 5. cottage industry 家庭手工业 Text C 1. conjure up 使呈现于脑际（或眼帘） ，想起；用魔法（或魔术）使出现 2. conveyor belt 传送带 3. satirize vt.讽刺或讥讽 4. exquisite a.精美的，精致的 5. contemptible a.可轻蔑的 6. aesthetic a.美学的，审美的 7. monotonous a.单调的，无变化的 8. cog n.（齿轮的）轮齿；不重要但有不可少的人（或物） 9. deterioration n.恶化，堕落 Text D 1. cosmopolitan a.世界性的；世界主义的 2. staple a.主要的，标准的 n.主要产品；主要内容；订书钉 v.用订书钉订住 3. frivolous a.不重要的；轻浮的 4. manliness n.男子气概 5. expatriate n.移居国外者，侨民 vt.使移居国外 6. cotton on (to sth) 明白，认识到 7. tariff duty 关税 8. price tag 价格标签 9. conspicuous a.炫耀的，摆阔气的；显著的；引人注目的 10. outrage n.义愤；暴行 v.激起„的义愤；违背 难句突破Text A 1. A curtain divided the “testing room” and the room into which she went. 【分析】复合句。主句主干是 a curtain divided…and…，这里有一个单词 into 容易迷惑人， 因为同学们往往会想到词组 divide into“把„分成” 。实际上这里的 into 是和定语从句的关 系代词 which 连用的，该从句就是 she went into the room 的意思。 【译文】一个帘子把测试室和她刚进去的隔壁的那个房间隔开了。 2. Their actions were shaped by the actions of those they were with. 【分析】复合句。主句主干是 actions were shaped。they were with 是一个省略关系代词的定 语从句，修饰先行词 those。 【译文】他们的行为已经被周围人的行为深深地影响。 Text B 1. The industrial age may now be coming to an end, and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed. 【分析】并列复合句。and 引导并列复合句，句子构成为：简单句+and+复合句。在复合句 中，which 引导定语从句修饰 work patterns。定语从句中的 it 指代 the industrial age。 【译文】 工业时代现在可能就要结束了， 而它所带来的一些劳动形式上的改变也要被扭转过 来了。 2. It became customary for the husband to go out to paid employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and family to his wife. 【分析】 简单句。 作形式主语， it 真正的主语为 to go…wife， 主语中的现在分词结构 leaving… 作伴随状语，修饰 go。 【译文】 都是丈夫外出做一些有偿的工作， 而没有报酬的家务和照顾家庭的工作都留给妻子 来做，这已经成为一种习惯。 Text C 1. The term “mass-production” conjures up visions of some enormous factory, with innumerable conveyor belts, each attended by an army of ant-like workers. 【分析】简单句。句子主干是 term conjures up visions。with 短语作后置定语修饰 factory。 each 是 conveyor belts 的同位语，被过去分词短语 attended by…修饰。 【译文】 “批量生产”这个词让我们联想到这样的景象：在某个大工厂，里头有无数的传送 带，每一条传送带都有像蚂蚁大军一样的工人们忙碌着。 2. It divides up into small stages all the various operations that a complete object requires. 【分析】复合句。主句主干是 it divides up operations。需要注意的是因为句子的宾语较长， 所以把宾语放于宾语补足语 into small stages 的后面。that 引导定语从句修饰 operations。 【译文】它将一个完整物品需要进行的所有的不同操作分为很多小的步骤。 Text D 1. Rice wine has a history of more than 2,000 years as China’s favorite liquor and has been credited with having enhanced the health, among others, of the late Deng Xiaoping. 【分析】简单句。句子主干为 Rice wine has a history and has been credited with…。第一个 of 短语作定语修饰 history；第二个 of 短语作定语修饰 the health，among others 为插入语。 【译文】米酒——作为中国人最喜欢的酒，已经有两千多年的历史了。人们认为它有促进身 体健康的功能，这其中就有中国前领导人邓小平。 2. Carl Crook, another importer, recalls that, when he began selling wine in China four years ago, his clients were mainly “well-heeled and desperate expatriates”. 【分析】 复合句。 another importer 作 Carl Crook 的同位语， 将主语与谓语分隔。 引导 recalls that的宾语从句，其中包含 when 引导的时间状语从句。 【译文】另一位进口商卡尔·克鲁克回忆道，四年前他刚开始在中国卖葡萄酒时，他的顾客 主要是那些“富有、绝望的外籍人士” 。 答疑解惑 Text A 【结构剖析】 本文是一篇现象解释型文章， 解释了在紧急情况下人们不会采取行动救助他人 这一现象的原因。 第一段通过一个例子引出本文要说明的话题， 接下来的第二至七段通过介 绍一个实验分析了人们为什么不采取行动的原因，原因是在他们施助之前要经历两大步骤。 第一，他们要判断事情是否真的紧急，第二，他们是否能感到对于施助的个人责任。 【答案解析】 1. 选[D]。推理判断题。本文第一段举了 Kitty Genovese 的实例，以引出话题，第二段第二 句就阐明了文章的主旨，即调查人们遇到紧急情况不采取行动的原因，所以[D]正确。[A]、 [B]是在第一段例子后的推测， 第二段紧接着给予否定， 因此排除； [C]也不是举 Kitty Genovese 做例子的目的。 2. 选[A]。推理判断题。原文第二、第四段提到人们施助之前要经历两大步骤：第一、他们 要判断事情是否真的紧急；第二、他们是否能感到对于施助的个人责任。由此可见[B]、[C]、 [D]的内容在原文都有提及。文中第三段举的例子是为了说明当遇到紧急情况时我们很难判 断，不能推断出[A]，故[A]为本题答案。 3. 选[C]。事实细节题。文章倒数第二段公布了调查结果，通过三组试验表明，只有独自一 人时，才有大部分的人对紧急情况采取行动，因此本题答案为[C]。 4. 选[D]。事实细节题。根据题干关键词 fail to act、stay together 可将答案定位于文章末段， [B]、[D]在末段均出现，不过[B]表述不准确，与原文有出入的地方是 if 引导的条件句，文 中并未提到这样的条件，因此[D]为本题答案。[A]、[C]在文中没有提到。 5. 选[B]。推理判断题。通读全文，作者只是分析了人们在何种情况下会提供帮助，并未提 出一个立场鲜明的解决方案，要求人们应该怎么做，[B]潜含在字里行间，为正确选项。[A] 在文中没有提及；[C]和[D]均与作者本意不符。 【全文翻译】 32 个人在他们的窗户下看着他们的邻居凯蒂·吉诺维斯被杀，然而没有一个人帮她， 甚至没人报警。这是出于持枪人的残暴，还是缺乏对同胞的同情？ “不，不是这样的” ，科学家约翰·大麦和比勃·法塔纳说。[1]他们在这项头版新闻之 外调查了人们不采取行动的原因。他们发现人们在施助之前要经历两个步骤。[2]首先，他 们不得不注意到这是一个紧急情况。 设想一个中年男士跌倒在人行道上， 他是心脏病突发？还是糖尿病昏迷？还是酒醉后要 睡觉？这烟是从空调缝隙进入到房间的还是从排气管道， 或者是真的着火时冒出的？当我们 真正遇到紧急情况的时候总是很难判断。 [2]第二，也是更重要的一点，当人面对紧急情况时一定要感到个人有责任，他要感到 他必须帮助别人,或者那人不能得到所需要的帮助。 调查者发现，这很大程度上取决于周围有多少人。他们让大学生接受测试，一些学生单 独来，一些学生有一两个同伴，还有一群学生一起来。接待员让他们开始测试，然后接待员 进到隔壁房间，一个帘子把测试室和她刚进去的那个房间隔开了。很快，学生们听到了尖叫 声，有文件柜倒塌的嘈杂声和呼救声。这些声音都是事先录在磁带上的。 [3]十个单独参加测试的学生当中，有八个实施了救助；而那些成对来的学生当中，十 个中只有两个人实施了救助；成组来的学生当中一个都没有。换句话说， 成组的美国人通常不会采取行动。 他们认为其他人会做的。 他们自己不需要。 [4]他们不认为有任何直接的责任感。在有人身处困境时，难道那些人没有受到影响吗？答 案是否定的，他们肯定会受到影响。科学家发现，他们情绪激动，出汗，双手颤抖。他们感 到其他人有麻烦，但是没有采取行动。他们是成组的，他们的行为已经被周围人的行为深深 地影响。 Text B 【结构剖析】本文是一篇问题解决型文章，探讨了工业社会中劳动就业上存在的问题。第一 段作者通过一项民意测验指出高失业率现在已经是一个不争的事实； 第二段作者提出针对这 一问题我们应该换一种思考方式，不要把就业当成惟一的劳动形式；第三、四段追溯工业时 代的发展， 说明了劳动是如何一步一步几乎完全演变为就业的； 第五段阐述的是就业变为劳 动的主要形式使得一些做无偿工作的人们劳动地位受损，如妇女、老人等；最后一段作者呼 吁人们转变思维，适应没有全职工作的生活。 【答案解析】 6. 选[D]。事实细节题。文章首段首句说最近的民意调查表明人们普遍同意高失业率可能会 继续存在，也就是说现在高失业率是一个事实，所以答案为[D]。[A]与文章首段尾句矛盾； 文章没有提到创造新工作这一解决高失业率的途径，故[B]错误；[C]是作者的观点，并不是 民意调查所直接表明的。 7. 选[A]。事实细节题。第二段作者提出要重新审视劳动，对我们是否应该继续将就业作为 标准提出疑问。 根据后文可知作者是不同意工业社会剥夺家庭式劳动， 把就业作为惟一的工 作形式的做法，所以该题答案为[A]。作者并没有建议多建工厂，而是建议使家庭成为像工 厂一样的生产和工作中心，更没有建议多建立小私企，故排除[B]、[C]；[D]是对第二段尾 句的错误理解。 8. 选[B]。事实细节题。由题干关键词 enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries，答案定位于 文章第四段首句。 首句讲到 17 世纪末和 18 世纪的圈地运动剥夺了很多人的土地使用权， 使 得他们不得不依赖有偿工作支持生计，所以答案为[B]。至于圈地运动后人们在哪居住，是 否得到足够补偿文章没有提及，[A]、[C]可排除；[D]本身说法不正确，不能构成因果关系。 9. 选[B]。推理判断题。根据文章第三段首句“工业时代是人类历史上惟一一段大多数人的 劳动以就业的形式呈现的时期”可知[A]、[C]正确；文章倒数第二段提到妇女因为在家做没 有报酬的工作，使得劳动地位受损，[D]表述正确；文章除了提到妇女劳动地位受损外，还 提到在校的年轻人和退休的老人，即年轻人和老人在就业方面受到排斥，而不是[B]所表述 的内容，故[B]为本题答案。 10. 选[D]。事实细节题。文章末段作者呼吁人们转变思维，适应没有全职工作的生活，[D] 正确地表达了此意，为本题答案。文章末段没有提到工业时代应该结束；为所有人创造工作 在作者看来是不切实际的； 作者认为帮助人们适应没有全职工作的生活是紧急任务， 因此其 余三项都可排除。 【全文翻译】 [6]民意测验开始表明了一个人们不得不普遍接受的结论，即不管是谁的错，也不管从 现在开始会发生什么， 高失业率很可能要继续存在。 这就意味着我们要想方设法在更广泛的 范围内共享可得到的岗位。 但是我们还需要进一步深入。[7]关于劳动的未来我们还必须问一些基本的问题。我们 还应该继续以就业作为标准吗？我们难道不应该鼓励那些自尊自重的人们以很多其他的方 式劳动吗？我们难道不应该创造一些条件使我们能够为自己劳动而不是为老板工作？我们 难道不应该致力于使家里和邻里重新成为像工厂和办公室一样的生产和工作中心？ 工业时代是人类历史上惟一一段大多数人的劳动以就业的形式呈现的时期。 工业时代现在可能就要结束了， 而它所带来的一些劳动形式上的改变也要被扭转过来了。 这看起来是一 种令人沮丧的想法，但实际上它却能为劳动提供一个更好的前景。历史已经表明，普遍就业 并不意味着经济的自由。 [8]17 世纪末期和 18 世纪的圈地运动剥夺了很多人的土地使用权， 也就剥夺了他们支持 自给自足生活方式的办法，使得他们不得不依赖有偿工作，从而使就业普及。然后工厂制度 摧毁了家庭手工业，消除了家庭式劳动。后来，随着交通的进步，人们最初经由铁路再后来 经由公路到更远的地方去参加工作， 直到最后， 很多人的工作已经和他们的家庭生活及居住 地失去了一切联系。 [9]同时，就业使妇女处于很不利的地位。都是丈夫外出做一些有偿工作，而没有报酬 的家务和照顾家庭的工作都留给妻子来做， 这已经成为一种习惯。 劳动地位受到损害的不光 是妇女。随着就业变为劳动的主要形式，年轻人和老人们受到了排斥。这也是现在的一个问 题，因为更多的青少年在学校变得灰心丧气，而更多退休的人希望过上积极活跃的生活。 所有这些也许都要改变。[10]已经是时候将精力和资源从不切实际的目标转向实际且紧 急的任务，即从为所有的人创造工作转向帮助人们适应没有全职工作的生活。 Text C 【结构剖析】本文是一篇信息传播型文章，阐述了批量生产的优缺点。第一段作者由描述批 量生产的景象引出话题；第二段作者指出批量生产具有的优点；第三、四段作者指出批量生 产的缺点，最重要的是其对工人的负面作用，并最终导致社会不安定和道德恶化。 【答案解析】 11. 选[D]。事实细节题。根据文章第一句中的 an army of ant-like workers 可知[A]表述不正 确；文章第一段末尾处表明在一定条件下，利用传送带产生的效益，故[B]错误；由文章第 一段第六句 mass-production can only take place in large factories 可知[Ｃ]表述不正确；由第一 段第二句中的 breathless operators 可知[D]表述正确，故答案为[D]。 12. 选[C]。 事实细节题。 文章第二段谈论批量生产的优点， [C]是第二句 It can produce articles in enormous quantities.的同义转述，故答案为[C]。批量生产的低成本与用时少与高生产率相 关，主要的优点还是可以生产大量的物品，排除[A]、[B]；[D]是对段尾处手工制品与批量 生产出来的物品进行成本比较时的过度推断。 13. 选[A]。事实细节题。文章第三段开始谈论批量生产的缺点，由段首可知[A]“它们通常 不如手工产品精致”是缺点,为答案。第二段描述批量生产的优点，由此可知[B]、[D]说法 错误；文中并未提及传送带的价格问题，排除[C]。 14. 选[B]。 推理判断题。 文章最后一段谈到批量生产对工人产生的不利影响， social unrest， 由 grave psychological consequences，misses the sense of achievement 等可知[A]、[C]和[D]均符 合本段描述。只有[B]在文中未提及，为本题答案。 15. 选[A]。主旨大意题。通读全文不难发现文章主要是探讨现代批量生产的优缺点问题， 所以正确答案为[A]。 全文第二段将手工制品与批量生产做比较也是为说明批量生产的优点， 所以[D]错误；[B]“提出解决批量生产之问题的方法” 、[C]“为了表明对现代化工厂低效率 的不满”均未提及。 【全文翻译】 “批量生产”这个词让我们联想到这样的景象：在某个大工厂，里头有无数的传送带， 每一条传送带都有像蚂蚁大军一样的工人们忙碌着。[11]我们看到那些气喘吁吁的工人们把 各种零件送到传送带上，然后急匆匆地把它们组装起来。物件逐渐变大变复杂。最后，它从 传送带上滚下来成为一个完整的物品。这类事情在卓别林的电影《摩登时代》里被有力地讽 刺过。实际上，大批量生产只能在大工厂里进行。它将一个完整物品需要进行的所有的不同 操作分为很多小的步骤。传送带是必须要有的，而操作者必须严格按时间表工作。但是如果全过程进行了认真设计和时间规划并且用好原料， 最后的成品肯定会令人满意， 而且也比较 可靠，甚至可能会很稀有而且精致。 [12]批量生产有很多如此明显的优点。可以生产大量的物品。在这个人口众多、生活水 平不断提高的年代，这本身就是一个决不可小瞧的成就。因为生产批量大，其成本和所耗费 的时间大大降低了。一件手工制品的成本可能是五十美元，需要一个人十个小时的劳动。而 一千件类似的批量生产出来的物品， 可能只卖五美元一个。 它们的生产从头到尾每个只需一 小时，每个只需要五十个人一分钟的劳动。 另一方面，它也有一些不可避免的缺点。[13]尽管批量生产出来的物品可能会很不错， 而且甚至可能会具有一定的审美价值， 但是却不可能达到最高层次的工艺和美感。 所有这样 生产出来的物品完全一样，是标准化的。因此也就缺乏多样性和个性。简而言之，一个充斥 着批量生产出来的物品的世界会非常单调。人们不会渴望保留、珍藏这样的东西。 也许批量生产的最大缺点是它对工人产生的作用。 在现代化工厂， 一个工人只负责整个 生产过程中的一个微小的部分，比如将螺母拧上，或是钻上一个孔。[14]每天重复上千次这 种操作所产生的难以形容的单调会造成很严重的心理问题。 工人看不到全过程， 也不会有将 一个计划从头到尾完成所带来的成就感。他感觉自己只是一部巨大机器上的一个小小的齿 轮。工作折磨他，而不是给他带来快乐。而所有这些，如果一代或是两代以上的工人们都经 历了，就会导致社会不安定和道德的恶化。这些影响必须算作是批量生产的缺点之一。 Text D 【结构剖析】本文是一篇关于葡萄酒的信息传播型文章。第一段讲有 2000 多年历史的中国 米酒现在却要和西方葡萄酒争市场； 第二段和第三段讲葡萄酒的销量在中国越来越大； 第四 段讲国内葡萄酒生产商在国内和国际市场的竞争中都取得了成功； 最后一段指出了少数暴富 的中国人为了炫耀财富买高价葡萄酒糟蹋的恶劣行为。 【答案解析】 16. 选[D]。事实细节题。根据题干关键词 popular，答案定位于第二段段首。接下来就讲到 葡萄酒受欢迎程度提高的原因，[A]对应原文中给出的第一条原因，[B]对应第二条原因。由 文章末段可推导出[C]。[D]“葡萄酒通常更便宜些，因此更多的人能够买得起” ，文章并未 比较米酒和葡萄酒的价格，所以[D]不能成为理由，为本题答案。 17. 选[D]。语义理解题。第二段提到，中国政府一贯努力限制将作为主要粮食的谷物用于 那些用途，如酿造烈酒或啤酒。既然限制作为主要粮食的谷物用来酿造烈酒或啤酒，可以推 断，酿造烈酒或啤酒并不是谷物的主要用途，也就是酿造烈酒或啤酒并不是重要的，因此， 答案选[D]。 18. 选[A]。推理判断题。Mr. St. Pierre and Mr. Carl Crook 是在第二段和第三段中提到的，根 据第二段最后一句和第三段第二句可知他俩都是葡萄酒进口商。第三段首句说 Mr. St. Pierre 要举杯庆贺销售量每月上涨 20%，接下来说到 Mr. Carl Crook 每月卖出一千箱，而且有望翻 一番。因此答案应该为[A]。[B]虽然说的是事实，但是不是以他俩做例子的目的，故排除； [C]明显错误；[D]表述虽正确，但答非所问。 19. 选[C]。推理判断题。文章没有提到国内生产商与他们的国外同行的关系，排除[A]；[B] 是对第四段末句中“如果洋酒在当地装瓶”的过度推断；第四段末句说：如果由来已久的关 于降低关税的传言实现了， 将很快有更多的中国人会体验到葡萄酒所带来的乐趣。 言外之意 就是目前的高关税使得很多的中国人无法消费葡萄酒，因而[C]是作者观点；[D]明显错误。 20. 选[B]。观点态度题。末段提到少数暴富的中国人为了炫耀财富买高价葡萄酒糟蹋的恶 劣行为以及一种可能让全世界的葡萄酒商们更加愤怒的流行趋势——那就是有些中国饮酒 者在喝上好的干红葡萄酒或是夏多内白葡萄酒时掺上雪碧， 他们觉得这样更爽口。 从作者的 用词可以推断作者对此的态度为[B]“愤慨的” 。【全文翻译】 米酒——作为中国人最喜欢的酒， 已经有两千多年的历史了。 人们认为它有促进身体健 康的功能， 这其中就有中国已故领导人邓小平。 但是本土的米酒发现自己现在正在和西方的 水果类酒竞争市场份额。 外国商人和本地生产商在近几个月都注意到了在中国， 至少是在中国较富裕的世界性大 都市和沿海地区， 葡萄酒的受欢迎程度有了显著的提高。 [17]这种提高有几点原因可以解释。 一个原因就是中国政府一贯努力限制将作为主要粮食的谷物用于那些不重要的用途， 如酿造 烈酒或啤酒。另一个原因就是经由香港和台湾传出的大量报道，引证各种科学发现，称红酒 对于人的总体健康尤其是对增强男子气概有很好的效果。将西方葡萄酒进口到中国的酒商 圣·皮埃尔先生说，他的红酒与白酒的销量比例是 20：1，这使他得出结论说中国喝酒的人 们在选饮料时是将健康考虑在内的。 [18]圣·皮埃尔先生的酒的销量每月都上升 25%，对此他可要举杯庆祝了。另一位进口 商卡尔·克鲁克回忆道，四年前他刚开始在中国卖葡萄酒时，他的顾客主要是那些“富有、 绝望的外籍人士” 。[18]他的公司， “蒙特罗斯” ，现在的销量每月都超过 1,000 箱，而且预 计今年销量会翻一番，尽管税金使得进口酒价格增加了 121%。它所销售的酒的品种从便宜 的批发价每瓶 69 元的加利福尼亚葡萄酒到昂贵的拉菲葡萄酒。 国内生产商也开始认识到葡萄酒所带来的乐趣。 一些中国的葡萄酿酒厂在国际竞争中和 国内市场上都取得了越来越大的成功。 王朝葡萄酿酒有限公司是中国最大的酒生产商， 它已 经克服了质量控制问题， 生产出了深受人们喜欢的 1995 夏多内白葡萄酒。 位于青岛(仍更以 啤酒出名的城市)的华东葡萄酿酒有限公司也成功地生产出了一种夏多内白葡萄酒。[19]如 果洋酒在当地装瓶、 在当地生产且如果由来已久的关于降低关税的传言实现了， 将很快有更 多的中国人会体验到葡萄酒所带来的乐趣。 然而， 对于这个国家不断增多的暴富者们而言， 昂贵到了荒唐程度的价格标签就是包装 的全部。 近些年来， 中国一些摆阔气的消费者最喜欢的一种炫耀财富的方法就是买那些过分 昂贵的酒，有的时候买那些价格为好几百美元一瓶的酒就是为了将它们在地板上砸碎糟蹋。 [20]现在出现了一种可能让全世界的葡萄酒商们更加愤怒的流行趋势。那就是有些中国饮酒 者在喝上好的干红葡萄酒或是夏多内白葡萄酒时掺上雪碧，他们觉得这样更爽口。
星期 2 Tuesday All things in their being are good for something.天生我才必有用。 学习内 容 Text A Text B Text C Text D 题 材 行为研究类 社会工作类 经济现象类 日常生活类 词 数 394 413 446 454 建议时间 5.5 分钟 6.5 分钟 6 分钟 7 分钟 今日练习 Text A Thirty-two people watched Kitty Genovese being killed right beneath their windows. She was their neighbor. Yet none of the 32 helped her. Not one even called the police. Was this in gunman cruelty? Was it lack of feeling about one’s fellow man? “Not so,” say scientists John Barley and Bib Fatane. These men went beyond the headlines to probe the reasons why people didn’t act. They found that a person has to go through two steps before he can help. First he has to notice that is an emergency. Suppose you see a middle-aged man fall to the sidewalk. Is he having a heart attack? Is he in a coma from diabetes? Or is he about to sleep off a drunk? Is the smoke coming into the room from a leak in the air conditioning? Is it “steam pipes”? Or is it really smoke from a fire? It’s not always easy to tell if you are faced with a real emergency. Second, and more important, the person faced with an emergency must feel personally responsible. He must feel that he must help, or the person won’t get the help he needs. The researchers found that a lot depends on how many people are around. They had college students in to be “tested.” Some came alone. Some came with one or two others. And some came in large groups. The receptionist started them off on the “tests”. Then she went into the next room. A curtain divided the “testing room” and the room into which she went. Soon the students heard a scream, the noise of file cabinets falling and a cry for help. All of this had been pre-recorded on a tape-recorder. Eight out of ten of the students taking the test alone acted to help. Of the students in pairs, only two out of ten helped. Of the students in groups, none helped. In other words, in a group, Americans often fail to act. They feel that others will act. They, themselves, needn’t. They do not feel any direct responsibility. Are people bothered by situations where people are in trouble? Yes. Scientists found that the people were emotional, they sweated, and they had trembling hands. They felt the other person’s trouble. But they did not act. They were in a group. Their actions were shaped by the actions of those they were with. 1. Kitty Genovese is cited as an example to [A] show that the gunman is so cruel. [B] illustrate that people lack sympathy. [C] state how people feel in emergencies. [D] explain why people fail to act in emergencies. 2. Which of the following is NOT true? [A] A person with a heart attack has the most need of help. [B] When a person tries to help others, he must be clear that there is a real emergency. 错误统计 /5 /5 /5 /5 做题备忘[C] When a person tries to help others, he should know whether they are worth his help. [D] A person must take responsibility for the safety of those in emergencies if he wants to help. 3. The researchers’ experiment suggest that people are more likely to act in emergencies when [A] they are in pairs. [B] they are in groups. [C] they are alone. [D] they are with their friend. 4. Why do people fail to act when they stay together? [A] They are afraid of emergencies. [B] Others will act if they themselves hesitate. [C] They are not prepared to get themselves involved. [D] They do not feel they have any direct responsibility. 5. We can learn from the passage that [A] a person must feel guilty if he fails to help. [B] we shouldn’t blame a person if he fails to act in emergencies. [C] people should be responsible for themselves in emergencies. [D] when we are in trouble, people will help us anyway. Text B Opinion polls are now beginning to show an unwilling general agreement that, whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probably here to stay. This means we shall have to find ways of sharing the available employment more widely. But we need to go further. We must ask some fundamental questions about the future of work. Should we continue to treat employment as the norm? Should we not rather encourage many other ways of self-respecting people to work? Should we not create conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves, rather than for an employment? Should we not aim to revive the household and the neighborhood, as well as the factory and the office, as centers of production and work? The industrial age has been the only period of human history in which most people’s work has taken the form of jobs. The industrial age may now be coming to an end, and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed. This seems a discouraging thought. But, in fact, it could offer the prospect of a better future for work. Universal employment, as its history shows, has not meant economic freedom. Employment became widespread when the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves. Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from people’s home. Later, as transport improved, first by rail and then by road, people traveled longer distances to their places of employment until, eventually, many people’s work lost all connection with their home lives and the places in which they lived. Meanwhile, employment put woman at a disadvantage. It became customary for the husband to go out to paid employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and family to his wife. It was not only women whose work status suffered. As employment became the dominant form of work, young people and old people were excluded — a problem now, as more teenagers become frustrated at school and more retired people want to lead active lives. All this may now have to change. The time has certainly come to switch some effort and resources away from the impractical goal of creating jobs for all, to the urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without full-time job. 6. We can see from recent opinion polls that[A] available employment should be restricted to a small percentage of the population. [B] new jobs must be created in order to rectify high unemployment figures. [C] jobs available must be distributed among more people. [D] the present high unemployment figures are a fact of life. 7. Which is the author’s suggestion about the future employment？ [A] We should be prepared to admit that being employed is not the only kind of work. [B] We should create more factories in order to increase our productivity. [C] Smaller private enterprises should be set up so that we in turn can employ others. [D] The household and the neighborhood should be substituted as only work centers. 8. What happened during the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries？ [A] People were forced to live in the factories rather than on the farm. [B] People were forced to look elsewhere for means of supporting themselves. [C] People were not adequately compensated for the loss of their land. [D] People’s work lost all connection with their home lives because of factory systems. 9. Which statement is NOT true about the conditions of industrial age according to the author? [A] Most people’s work has taken the form of jobs in the industrial age. [B] Young and old people are unwanted components of society. [C] The arrival of industrial age changed patterns of work fundamentally. [D] The work status of those who are not in paid employment is disadvantageous. 10. In the last paragraph the author recommends that [A] the industrial age should come to an end. [B] employment should be treated as an urgent task. [C] we should create jobs for all the people. [D] we should make some efforts to help more people cope with unemployment problems. Text C The term “mass-production” conjures up visions of some enormous factory, with innumerable conveyor belts, each attended by an army of ant-like workers. We see various parts being fed to those belts and hastily fitted together by breathless operators. The article grows in size and complexity. Finally, it rolls off the belt a completely finished object. This is the sort of thing that was so effectively satirized by Charlie Chaplin in his film Modern Times. It’s true, indeed, that mass-production can only take place in large factories. It divides up into small stages all the various operations that a complete object requires. Conveyor belts are necessary and operators must work to a strict timetable. But, if the whole process is designed and timed carefully and good materials are used, the finished object can certainly be adequate and reliable. It may even be rare and exquisite. The advantages of mass-production are thus obvious. It can produce articles in enormous quantities. In these days of large populations and rising standards of living, this in itself is a far from contemptible achievement. By producing articles in large numbers, both cost and time are greatly reduced. One hand-made article may cost fifty dollars and require a man’s labor for ten hours. A thousand similar articles, mass-produced, may be sold at five dollars each. They may be made from start to finish an hour each and may require the labor of fifty men for a minute each. On the other hand, there are inescapable disadvantages. Though a mass-produced article may be quite good and may even have a certain aesthetic value, it’s unlikely to reach the highest levels of craftsmanship and of beauty. All articles so produced will be identical; there will bestandardization. There will also be a lack of variety and individuality. In short, a world full of mass-produced articles would be very monotonous. There’s no desire to keep or cherish such articles. Perhaps the greatest disadvantage of mass-production is its effect upon the worker himself. In modern factories, the worker merely does one tiny part of a total process, such as screwing on a nut, or punching a hole. The unspeakable monotony of repeating this operation a thousand times a day has grave psychological consequences. The workman loses sight of the whole process. He misses the sense of achievement that comes from carrying out a plan from beginning to end. He feels himself a cog in a vast machine. His work becomes a torment rather than a pleasure. And all this, applied to millions of workers over a generation or two, leads to social unrest and to moral deterioration. These effects must certainly be included in the drawbacks of mass-production. 11. At the beginning of the passage, the author indicates that [A] the number of workers decreases because of mass-production. [B] the production process is made more complex by conveyor belts. [C] small factories are preferable so far as mass-production is concerned. [D] workers must work very hard on the conveyor belts and are very tired. 12. What’s the main advantage of mass-production? [A] Low cost. [B] Saving time. [C] The high rate of production. [D] Providing more job opportunity. 13. One of the disadvantages of the mass-produced articles is that [A] they are usually not as exquisite as the man-made ones. [B] they cannot bring great profits for the producer. [C] large numbers of conveyor belts cost too much. [D] they cost too much and they are time-consuming. 14. Which of the following is NOT true about the worker? [A] He may become angry at the society if he works on the belt for too long. [B] He hates his work so much that he won’t buy the products he himself has produced. [C] He may develop some psychological problems in the process of working. [D] He does not feel proud of himself when he sees the completed product. 15. The main purpose of this passage is to [A] state the advantages and disadvantages of mass-production. [B] suggest ways of solving the present problems with mass-production. [C] show dissatisfaction towards the low efficiency of the modern factories. [D] compare the advantages and disadvantages of mass-produced and man-made articles. Text D Rice wine has a history of more than 2,000 years as China’s favorite liquor and has been credited with having enhanced the health, among others, of the late Deng Xiaoping. But now native rice wine finds itself competing for market share with western style fruit wine. Both foreign traders and local producers have in recent months observed a spectacular rise in the popularity of wine in China, at least in the country’s more prosperous and cosmopolitan cities and coastal regions. There are several reasons for this. One has been a sustained effort by the Chinese government to limit the use of staple grains for things as frivolous as spirits or beer.Another has been a lot of reports filtering out via Hong Kong and Taiwan, citing scientific findings about red wine’s good effects on health in general and manliness in particular. Mr. St. Pierre, who imports western wines to China, says that his red wines outsell his whites by 20 to 1, leading him to conclude that Chinese drinkers are indeed choosing their beverages with good health in mind. Mr. St. Pierre is toasting increases in sales of 25% a month. Carl Crook, another importer, recalls that, when he began selling wine in China four years ago, his clients were mainly “well-heeled and desperate expatriates”. His company, Montrose, now sells more than 1,000 cases a month and expects sales to double this year, despite taxes and duties which add 121% to the price of imported wines. Its catalogue ranges from cheap Californian wines selling wholesale for 69 Yuan per bottle, to Châ teau Lafitte Rothschild. Domestic producers are also cottoning on to the joys of the grape. A few Chinese wineries are increasingly successful, in both international competitions and the domestic market. China’s largest wine producer, Dynasty, has overcome quality control problems to produce a well-received 1995 chardonnay. The Huadong Winery in Qingdao (a city still more famous for its beer) has also yielded a successful chardonnay. Local bottling of foreign wines, local production, and if they materialize, long rumored cuts in tariff duties may soon help bring the joys of wine to greater numbers of Chinese. For the country’s growing class of the newly rich, however, a ridiculously high price tag is all part of the package. In recent years, China’s conspicuous consumers have made the purchase of overpriced wines one of their favorite ways of showing off wealth, in some cases buying bottles priced at several hundred dollars only to smash them on the floor. There is now a new trend that may strike the world’s wine merchants as an even greater outrage. Some Chinese wine drinkers have decided that a good claret or chardonnay goes down more smoothly when mixed with Sprite. 16. Grape wines become more popular than the traditional rice wine in China for all the following reasons EXCEPT that [A] rice wine consumes so many grains that its production has been discouraged. [B] it is believed that grape wine does more good to health than rice wine. [C] drinking grape wine is a symbol of wealth and therefore is a fashion for some people.. [D] grape wines are often less expensive and so more people can afford them. 17. The word “frivolous” in Para. 2 probably means [A] significant. [B] precious. [C] authoritative. [D] unimportant. 18. Mr. St. Pierre and Mr. Carl Crook are cited as examples to show [A] market share of importing grape wines is increasing in China. [B] well-heeled and desperate expatriates like to drink grape wines. [C] Chinese drinkers choose their company’s wine because of their boast. [D] domestic producers also realize the joys of the grape wines. 19. Which of the following is an opinion of the author’s? [A] Domestic producers do not like their foreign counterparts. [B] Local bottling of foreign wines is not encouraged by local government in China. [C] The extremely high tariff duties on wine importing still affect the more popular consumption of foreign wines. [D] Most people are satisfied with the prices of foreign wines.20. The author sounds [A] tolerant [B] indignant [C] impatient [D] conspicuousin the last paragraph.词汇难句 语境词汇 Text A 1. go beyond 超过 2. emergency n.紧急情况，突然事件 3. coma n.昏迷 4. diabetes n.糖尿病 5. be faced with 面对，面临 6. start off 开始做；动身，启程 7. file cabinet 文件柜，档案柜 Text B 1. opinion poll 民意测验，民意调查 2. revive v.(使)复兴；(使)苏醒 3. reverse v.反转 n.相反；反面 a.颠倒的 4. enclosure n.圈地，围栏；装入物；包围 5. cottage industry 家庭手工业 Text C 1. conjure up 使呈现于脑际（或眼帘） ，想起；用魔法（或魔术）使出现 2. conveyor belt 传送带 3. satirize vt.讽刺或讥讽 4. exquisite a.精美的，精致的 5. contemptible a.可轻蔑的 6. aesthetic a.美学的，审美的 7. monotonous a.单调的，无变化的 8. cog n.（齿轮的）轮齿；不重要但有不可少的人（或物） 9. deterioration n.恶化，堕落 Text D 1. cosmopolitan a.世界性的；世界主义的 2. staple a.主要的，标准的 n.主要产品；主要内容；订书钉 v.用订书钉订住 3. frivolous a.不重要的；轻浮的 4. manliness n.男子气概 5. expatriate n.移居国外者，侨民 vt.使移居国外 6. cotton on (to sth) 明白，认识到 7. tariff duty 关税 8. price tag 价格标签 9. conspicuous a.炫耀的，摆阔气的；显著的；引人注目的 10. outrage n.义愤；暴行 v.激起„的义愤；违背 难句突破Text A 1. A curtain divided the “testing room” and the room into which she went. 【分析】复合句。主句主干是 a curtain divided…and…，这里有一个单词 into 容易迷惑人， 因为同学们往往会想到词组 divide into“把„分成” 。实际上这里的 into 是和定语从句的关 系代词 which 连用的，该从句就是 she went into the room 的意思。 【译文】一个帘子把测试室和她刚进去的隔壁的那个房间隔开了。 2. Their actions were shaped by the actions of those they were with. 【分析】复合句。主句主干是 actions were shaped。they were with 是一个省略关系代词的定 语从句，修饰先行词 those。 【译文】他们的行为已经被周围人的行为深深地影响。 Text B 1. The industrial age may now be coming to an end, and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed. 【分析】并列复合句。and 引导并列复合句，句子构成为：简单句+and+复合句。在复合句 中，which 引导定语从句修饰 work patterns。定语从句中的 it 指代 the industrial age。 【译文】 工业时代现在可能就要结束了， 而它所带来的一些劳动形式上的改变也要被扭转过 来了。 2. It became customary for the husband to go out to paid employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and family to his wife. 【分析】 简单句。 作形式主语， it 真正的主语为 to go…wife， 主语中的现在分词结构 leaving… 作伴随状语，修饰 go。 【译文】 都是丈夫外出做一些有偿的工作， 而没有报酬的家务和照顾家庭的工作都留给妻子 来做，这已经成为一种习惯。 Text C 1. The term “mass-production” conjures up visions of some enormous factory, with innumerable conveyor belts, each attended by an army of ant-like workers. 【分析】简单句。句子主干是 term conjures up visions。with 短语作后置定语修饰 factory。 each 是 conveyor belts 的同位语，被过去分词短语 attended by…修饰。 【译文】 “批量生产”这个词让我们联想到这样的景象：在某个大工厂，里头有无数的传送 带，每一条传送带都有像蚂蚁大军一样的工人们忙碌着。 2. It divides up into small stages all the various operations that a complete object requires. 【分析】复合句。主句主干是 it divides up operations。需要注意的是因为句子的宾语较长， 所以把宾语放于宾语补足语 into small stages 的后面。that 引导定语从句修饰 operations。 【译文】它将一个完整物品需要进行的所有的不同操作分为很多小的步骤。 Text D 1. Rice wine has a history of more than 2,000 years as China’s favorite liquor and has been credited with having enhanced the health, among others, of the late Deng Xiaoping. 【分析】简单句。句子主干为 Rice wine has a history and has been credited with…。第一个 of 短语作定语修饰 history；第二个 of 短语作定语修饰 the health，among others 为插入语。 【译文】米酒——作为中国人最喜欢的酒，已经有两千多年的历史了。人们认为它有促进身 体健康的功能，这其中就有中国前领导人邓小平。 2. Carl Crook, another importer, recalls that, when he began selling wine in China four years ago, his clients were mainly “well-heeled and desperate expatriates”. 【分析】 复合句。 another importer 作 Carl Crook 的同位语， 将主语与谓语分隔。 引导 recalls that的宾语从句，其中包含 when 引导的时间状语从句。 【译文】另一位进口商卡尔·克鲁克回忆道，四年前他刚开始在中国卖葡萄酒时，他的顾客 主要是那些“富有、绝望的外籍人士” 。 答疑解惑 Text A 【结构剖析】 本文是一篇现象解释型文章， 解释了在紧急情况下人们不会采取行动救助他人 这一现象的原因。 第一段通过一个例子引出本文要说明的话题， 接下来的第二至七段通过介 绍一个实验分析了人们为什么不采取行动的原因，原因是在他们施助之前要经历两大步骤。 第一，他们要判断事情是否真的紧急，第二，他们是否能感到对于施助的个人责任。 【答案解析】 1. 选[D]。推理判断题。本文第一段举了 Kitty Genovese 的实例，以引出话题，第二段第二 句就阐明了文章的主旨，即调查人们遇到紧急情况不采取行动的原因，所以[D]正确。[A]、 [B]是在第一段例子后的推测， 第二段紧接着给予否定， 因此排除； [C]也不是举 Kitty Genovese 做例子的目的。 2. 选[A]。推理判断题。原文第二、第四段提到人们施助之前要经历两大步骤：第一、他们 要判断事情是否真的紧急；第二、他们是否能感到对于施助的个人责任。由此可见[B]、[C]、 [D]的内容在原文都有提及。文中第三段举的例子是为了说明当遇到紧急情况时我们很难判 断，不能推断出[A]，故[A]为本题答案。 3. 选[C]。事实细节题。文章倒数第二段公布了调查结果，通过三组试验表明，只有独自一 人时，才有大部分的人对紧急情况采取行动，因此本题答案为[C]。 4. 选[D]。事实细节题。根据题干关键词 fail to act、stay together 可将答案定位于文章末段， [B]、[D]在末段均出现，不过[B]表述不准确，与原文有出入的地方是 if 引导的条件句，文 中并未提到这样的条件，因此[D]为本题答案。[A]、[C]在文中没有提到。 5. 选[B]。推理判断题。通读全文，作者只是分析了人们在何种情况下会提供帮助，并未提 出一个立场鲜明的解决方案，要求人们应该怎么做，[B]潜含在字里行间，为正确选项。[A] 在文中没有提及；[C]和[D]均与作者本意不符。 【全文翻译】 32 个人在他们的窗户下看着他们的邻居凯蒂·吉诺维斯被杀，然而没有一个人帮她， 甚至没人报警。这是出于持枪人的残暴，还是缺乏对同胞的同情？ “不，不是这样的” ，科学家约翰·大麦和比勃·法塔纳说。[1]他们在这项头版新闻之 外调查了人们不采取行动的原因。他们发现人们在施助之前要经历两个步骤。[2]首先，他 们不得不注意到这是一个紧急情况。 设想一个中年男士跌倒在人行道上， 他是心脏病突发？还是糖尿病昏迷？还是酒醉后要 睡觉？这烟是从空调缝隙进入到房间的还是从排气管道， 或者是真的着火时冒出的？当我们 真正遇到紧急情况的时候总是很难判断。 [2]第二，也是更重要的一点，当人面对紧急情况时一定要感到个人有责任，他要感到 他必须帮助别人,或者那人不能得到所需要的帮助。 调查者发现，这很大程度上取决于周围有多少人。他们让大学生接受测试，一些学生单 独来，一些学生有一两个同伴，还有一群学生一起来。接待员让他们开始测试，然后接待员 进到隔壁房间，一个帘子把测试室和她刚进去的那个房间隔开了。很快，学生们听到了尖叫 声，有文件柜倒塌的嘈杂声和呼救声。这些声音都是事先录在磁带上的。 [3]十个单独参加测试的学生当中，有八个实施了救助；而那些成对来的学生当中，十 个中只有两个人实施了救助；成组来的学生当中一个都没有。换句话说， 成组的美国人通常不会采取行动。 他们认为其他人会做的。 他们自己不需要。 [4]他们不认为有任何直接的责任感。在有人身处困境时，难道那些人没有受到影响吗？答 案是否定的，他们肯定会受到影响。科学家发现，他们情绪激动，出汗，双手颤抖。他们感 到其他人有麻烦，但是没有采取行动。他们是成组的，他们的行为已经被周围人的行为深深 地影响。 Text B 【结构剖析】本文是一篇问题解决型文章，探讨了工业社会中劳动就业上存在的问题。第一 段作者通过一项民意测验指出高失业率现在已经是一个不争的事实； 第二段作者提出针对这 一问题我们应该换一种思考方式，不要把就业当成惟一的劳动形式；第三、四段追溯工业时 代的发展， 说明了劳动是如何一步一步几乎完全演变为就业的； 第五段阐述的是就业变为劳 动的主要形式使得一些做无偿工作的人们劳动地位受损，如妇女、老人等；最后一段作者呼 吁人们转变思维，适应没有全职工作的生活。 【答案解析】 6. 选[D]。事实细节题。文章首段首句说最近的民意调查表明人们普遍同意高失业率可能会 继续存在，也就是说现在高失业率是一个事实，所以答案为[D]。[A]与文章首段尾句矛盾； 文章没有提到创造新工作这一解决高失业率的途径，故[B]错误；[C]是作者的观点，并不是 民意调查所直接表明的。 7. 选[A]。事实细节题。第二段作者提出要重新审视劳动，对我们是否应该继续将就业作为 标准提出疑问。 根据后文可知作者是不同意工业社会剥夺家庭式劳动， 把就业作为惟一的工 作形式的做法，所以该题答案为[A]。作者并没有建议多建工厂，而是建议使家庭成为像工 厂一样的生产和工作中心，更没有建议多建立小私企，故排除[B]、[C]；[D]是对第二段尾 句的错误理解。 8. 选[B]。事实细节题。由题干关键词 enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries，答案定位于 文章第四段首句。 首句讲到 17 世纪末和 18 世纪的圈地运动剥夺了很多人的土地使用权， 使 得他们不得不依赖有偿工作支持生计，所以答案为[B]。至于圈地运动后人们在哪居住，是 否得到足够补偿文章没有提及，[A]、[C]可排除；[D]本身说法不正确，不能构成因果关系。 9. 选[B]。推理判断题。根据文章第三段首句“工业时代是人类历史上惟一一段大多数人的 劳动以就业的形式呈现的时期”可知[A]、[C]正确；文章倒数第二段提到妇女因为在家做没 有报酬的工作，使得劳动地位受损，[D]表述正确；文章除了提到妇女劳动地位受损外，还 提到在校的年轻人和退休的老人，即年轻人和老人在就业方面受到排斥，而不是[B]所表述 的内容，故[B]为本题答案。 10. 选[D]。事实细节题。文章末段作者呼吁人们转变思维，适应没有全职工作的生活，[D] 正确地表达了此意，为本题答案。文章末段没有提到工业时代应该结束；为所有人创造工作 在作者看来是不切实际的； 作者认为帮助人们适应没有全职工作的生活是紧急任务， 因此其 余三项都可排除。 【全文翻译】 [6]民意测验开始表明了一个人们不得不普遍接受的结论，即不管是谁的错，也不管从 现在开始会发生什么， 高失业率很可能要继续存在。 这就意味着我们要想方设法在更广泛的 范围内共享可得到的岗位。 但是我们还需要进一步深入。[7]关于劳动的未来我们还必须问一些基本的问题。我们 还应该继续以就业作为标准吗？我们难道不应该鼓励那些自尊自重的人们以很多其他的方 式劳动吗？我们难道不应该创造一些条件使我们能够为自己劳动而不是为老板工作？我们 难道不应该致力于使家里和邻里重新成为像工厂和办公室一样的生产和工作中心？ 工业时代是人类历史上惟一一段大多数人的劳动以就业的形式呈现的时期。 工业时代现在可能就要结束了， 而它所带来的一些劳动形式上的改变也要被扭转过来了。 这看起来是一 种令人沮丧的想法，但实际上它却能为劳动提供一个更好的前景。历史已经表明，普遍就业 并不意味着经济的自由。 [8]17 世纪末期和 18 世纪的圈地运动剥夺了很多人的土地使用权， 也就剥夺了他们支持 自给自足生活方式的办法，使得他们不得不依赖有偿工作，从而使就业普及。然后工厂制度 摧毁了家庭手工业，消除了家庭式劳动。后来，随着交通的进步，人们最初经由铁路再后来 经由公路到更远的地方去参加工作， 直到最后， 很多人的工作已经和他们的家庭生活及居住 地失去了一切联系。 [9]同时，就业使妇女处于很不利的地位。都是丈夫外出做一些有偿工作，而没有报酬 的家务和照顾家庭的工作都留给妻子来做， 这已经成为一种习惯。 劳动地位受到损害的不光 是妇女。随着就业变为劳动的主要形式，年轻人和老人们受到了排斥。这也是现在的一个问 题，因为更多的青少年在学校变得灰心丧气，而更多退休的人希望过上积极活跃的生活。 所有这些也许都要改变。[10]已经是时候将精力和资源从不切实际的目标转向实际且紧 急的任务，即从为所有的人创造工作转向帮助人们适应没有全职工作的生活。 Text C 【结构剖析】本文是一篇信息传播型文章，阐述了批量生产的优缺点。第一段作者由描述批 量生产的景象引出话题；第二段作者指出批量生产具有的优点；第三、四段作者指出批量生 产的缺点，最重要的是其对工人的负面作用，并最终导致社会不安定和道德恶化。 【答案解析】 11. 选[D]。事实细节题。根据文章第一句中的 an army of ant-like workers 可知[A]表述不正 确；文章第一段末尾处表明在一定条件下，利用传送带产生的效益，故[B]错误；由文章第 一段第六句 mass-production can only take place in large factories 可知[Ｃ]表述不正确；由第一 段第二句中的 breathless operators 可知[D]表述正确，故答案为[D]。 12. 选[C]。 事实细节题。 文章第二段谈论批量生产的优点， [C]是第二句 It can produce articles in enormous quantities.的同义转述，故答案为[C]。批量生产的低成本与用时少与高生产率相 关，主要的优点还是可以生产大量的物品，排除[A]、[B]；[D]是对段尾处手工制品与批量 生产出来的物品进行成本比较时的过度推断。 13. 选[A]。事实细节题。文章第三段开始谈论批量生产的缺点，由段首可知[A]“它们通常 不如手工产品精致”是缺点,为答案。第二段描述批量生产的优点，由此可知[B]、[D]说法 错误；文中并未提及传送带的价格问题，排除[C]。 14. 选[B]。 推理判断题。 文章最后一段谈到批量生产对工人产生的不利影响， social unrest， 由 grave psychological consequences，misses the sense of achievement 等可知[A]、[C]和[D]均符 合本段描述。只有[B]在文中未提及，为本题答案。 15. 选[A]。主旨大意题。通读全文不难发现文章主要是探讨现代批量生产的优缺点问题， 所以正确答案为[A]。 全文第二段将手工制品与批量生产做比较也是为说明批量生产的优点， 所以[D]错误；[B]“提出解决批量生产之问题的方法” 、[C]“为了表明对现代化工厂低效率 的不满”均未提及。 【全文翻译】 “批量生产”这个词让我们联想到这样的景象：在某个大工厂，里头有无数的传送带， 每一条传送带都有像蚂蚁大军一样的工人们忙碌着。[11]我们看到那些气喘吁吁的工人们把 各种零件送到传送带上，然后急匆匆地把它们组装起来。物件逐渐变大变复杂。最后，它从 传送带上滚下来成为一个完整的物品。这类事情在卓别林的电影《摩登时代》里被有力地讽 刺过。实际上，大批量生产只能在大工厂里进行。它将一个完整物品需要进行的所有的不同 操作分为很多小的步骤。传送带是必须要有的，而操作者必须严格按时间表工作。但是如果全过程进行了认真设计和时间规划并且用好原料， 最后的成品肯定会令人满意， 而且也比较 可靠，甚至可能会很稀有而且精致。 [12]批量生产有很多如此明显的优点。可以生产大量的物品。在这个人口众多、生活水 平不断提高的年代，这本身就是一个决不可小瞧的成就。因为生产批量大，其成本和所耗费 的时间大大降低了。一件手工制品的成本可能是五十美元，需要一个人十个小时的劳动。而 一千件类似的批量生产出来的物品， 可能只卖五美元一个。 它们的生产从头到尾每个只需一 小时，每个只需要五十个人一分钟的劳动。 另一方面，它也有一些不可避免的缺点。[13]尽管批量生产出来的物品可能会很不错， 而且甚至可能会具有一定的审美价值， 但是却不可能达到最高层次的工艺和美感。 所有这样 生产出来的物品完全一样，是标准化的。因此也就缺乏多样性和个性。简而言之，一个充斥 着批量生产出来的物品的世界会非常单调。人们不会渴望保留、珍藏这样的东西。 也许批量生产的最大缺点是它对工人产生的作用。 在现代化工厂， 一个工人只负责整个 生产过程中的一个微小的部分，比如将螺母拧上，或是钻上一个孔。[14]每天重复上千次这 种操作所产生的难以形容的单调会造成很严重的心理问题。 工人看不到全过程， 也不会有将 一个计划从头到尾完成所带来的成就感。他感觉自己只是一部巨大机器上的一个小小的齿 轮。工作折磨他，而不是给他带来快乐。而所有这些，如果一代或是两代以上的工人们都经 历了，就会导致社会不安定和道德的恶化。这些影响必须算作是批量生产的缺点之一。 Text D 【结构剖析】本文是一篇关于葡萄酒的信息传播型文章。第一段讲有 2000 多年历史的中国 米酒现在却要和西方葡萄酒争市场； 第二段和第三段讲葡萄酒的销量在中国越来越大； 第四 段讲国内葡萄酒生产商在国内和国际市场的竞争中都取得了成功； 最后一段指出了少数暴富 的中国人为了炫耀财富买高价葡萄酒糟蹋的恶劣行为。 【答案解析】 16. 选[D]。事实细节题。根据题干关键词 popular，答案定位于第二段段首。接下来就讲到 葡萄酒受欢迎程度提高的原因，[A]对应原文中给出的第一条原因，[B]对应第二条原因。由 文章末段可推导出[C]。[D]“葡萄酒通常更便宜些，因此更多的人能够买得起” ，文章并未 比较米酒和葡萄酒的价格，所以[D]不能成为理由，为本题答案。 17. 选[D]。语义理解题。第二段提到，中国政府一贯努力限制将作为主要粮食的谷物用于 那些用途，如酿造烈酒或啤酒。既然限制作为主要粮食的谷物用来酿造烈酒或啤酒，可以推 断，酿造烈酒或啤酒并不是谷物的主要用途，也就是酿造烈酒或啤酒并不是重要的，因此， 答案选[D]。 18. 选[A]。推理判断题。Mr. St. Pierre and Mr. Carl Crook 是在第二段和第三段中提到的，根 据第二段最后一句和第三段第二句可知他俩都是葡萄酒进口商。第三段首句说 Mr. St. Pierre 要举杯庆贺销售量每月上涨 20%，接下来说到 Mr. Carl Crook 每月卖出一千箱，而且有望翻 一番。因此答案应该为[A]。[B]虽然说的是事实，但是不是以他俩做例子的目的，故排除； [C]明显错误；[D]表述虽正确，但答非所问。 19. 选[C]。推理判断题。文章没有提到国内生产商与他们的国外同行的关系，排除[A]；[B] 是对第四段末句中“如果洋酒在当地装瓶”的过度推断；第四段末句说：如果由来已久的关 于降低关税的传言实现了， 将很快有更多的中国人会体验到葡萄酒所带来的乐趣。 言外之意 就是目前的高关税使得很多的中国人无法消费葡萄酒，因而[C]是作者观点；[D]明显错误。 20. 选[B]。观点态度题。末段提到少数暴富的中国人为了炫耀财富买高价葡萄酒糟蹋的恶 劣行为以及一种可能让全世界的葡萄酒商们更加愤怒的流行趋势——那就是有些中国饮酒 者在喝上好的干红葡萄酒或是夏多内白葡萄酒时掺上雪碧， 他们觉得这样更爽口。 从作者的 用词可以推断作者对此的态度为[B]“愤慨的” 。【全文翻译】 米酒——作为中国人最喜欢的酒， 已经有两千多年的历史了。 人们认为它有促进身体健 康的功能， 这其中就有中国已故领导人邓小平。 但是本土的米酒发现自己现在正在和西方的 水果类酒竞争市场份额。 外国商人和本地生产商在近几个月都注意到了在中国， 至少是在中国较富裕的世界性大 都市和沿海地区， 葡萄酒的受欢迎程度有了显著的提高。 [17]这种提高有几点原因可以解释。 一个原因就是中国政府一贯努力限制将作为主要粮食的谷物用于那些不重要的用途， 如酿造 烈酒或啤酒。另一个原因就是经由香港和台湾传出的大量报道，引证各种科学发现，称红酒 对于人的总体健康尤其是对增强男子气概有很好的效果。将西方葡萄酒进口到中国的酒商 圣·皮埃尔先生说，他的红酒与白酒的销量比例是 20：1，这使他得出结论说中国喝酒的人 们在选饮料时是将健康考虑在内的。 [18]圣·皮埃尔先生的酒的销量每月都上升 25%，对此他可要举杯庆祝了。另一位进口 商卡尔·克鲁克回忆道，四年前他刚开始在中国卖葡萄酒时，他的顾客主要是那些“富有、 绝望的外籍人士” 。[18]他的公司， “蒙特罗斯” ，现在的销量每月都超过 1,000 箱，而且预 计今年销量会翻一番，尽管税金使得进口酒价格增加了 121%。它所销售的酒的品种从便宜 的批发价每瓶 69 元的加利福尼亚葡萄酒到昂贵的拉菲葡萄酒。 国内生产商也开始认识到葡萄酒所带来的乐趣。 一些中国的葡萄酿酒厂在国际竞争中和 国内市场上都取得了越来越大的成功。 王朝葡萄酿酒有限公司是中国最大的酒生产商， 它已 经克服了质量控制问题， 生产出了深受人们喜欢的 1995 夏多内白葡萄酒。 位于青岛(仍更以 啤酒出名的城市)的华东葡萄酿酒有限公司也成功地生产出了一种夏多内白葡萄酒。[19]如 果洋酒在当地装瓶、 在当地生产且如果由来已久的关于降低关税的传言实现了， 将很快有更 多的中国人会体验到葡萄酒所带来的乐趣。 然而， 对于这个国家不断增多的暴富者们而言， 昂贵到了荒唐程度的价格标签就是包装 的全部。 近些年来， 中国一些摆阔气的消费者最喜欢的一种炫耀财富的方法就是买那些过分 昂贵的酒，有的时候买那些价格为好几百美元一瓶的酒就是为了将它们在地板上砸碎糟蹋。 [20]现在出现了一种可能让全世界的葡萄酒商们更加愤怒的流行趋势。那就是有些中国饮酒 者在喝上好的干红葡萄酒或是夏多内白葡萄酒时掺上雪碧，他们觉得这样更爽口。