主动表被动的动词
某些动词的主动形式表被动含义 英语中有很多动词如act，break，catch，cut，clean，cook, drive，draw， let，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash，wear等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，其主动形式常用来表达被动含义。另外，像 owe (There are still ten dollars owing. )，beat，cook，bake(The cake baked too long.)，print，build，make等，有时可以用主动形式表达被动含义。如： This kind of radio doesn't sell well．这种收音机不太畅销。 The shop opens at eight o'clock．这个商店八点开门。 The pipe does not draw well．这烟斗不太通畅。 These plays act wonderfully．这些剧演得好。 Kate's book reads like an interesting novel．凯特的这本书读起来像本有趣的小说。 注意：主动表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。如： The door won't lock．门锁不上。（指门本身有毛病） The door won't be locked．门不会被锁上。（指不会有人来锁门） His novels sell easily．他的小说销路好。（指小说本身内容好） His novels are sold easily．他的小说容易销售。（主要强调外界对小说的需求量大）
现在完成时的标志小结
1. already, yet, for, since, just these days, ever, never, today, this week (month), lately, recently, in the past few days, during/in the last/past/recent two weeks…, since yesterday, since two days ago, since 2002, for a long time, for a month, so far, up to now, till (until) now, often, once, twice, three times…
2.
1）It has been/is about five months since I heard from him.
It _____ _____ /_____ about five months since I had heard from him.
2) We have both changed since we parted.
We _____ both _____ since we had parted.
3）It/this is the first/second/last… time that I have visited the city.
It/This_____ the first/second/last… time that I had visited the city.
4）主语+be+形容词最高级+名词+that 从句（现在完成时态）
He is the tallest man that I have ever seen in my life.
=I have never seen such a tall man in my life .
3.请大家体会一下下列句子中的完成时态
I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it.
If you have done the experiment, you will realize the theory better.
Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.
是啊，在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。
4. 解读英语动词不定式的完成体
一、动词不定式的完成体
（一）如果不定式表示的动作是瞬间动作时，它表示一个在现在或过去某时之前已经完成的动作；如果是延续性动词，它表示一个一直持续到现在或过去某时的动作。
A.常见的可接不定式的完成体的有：happen，see，appear，prove，pretend，seem等。例如：
They seem to have experi
enced a destructive earthquake.
他们似乎已经历了一场毁灭性的地震。(表示事情已经发生)
My grandmother appeared to have lived a happy life.
我奶奶似乎一直过得很幸福。(她的幸福生活一直持续到现在)
B.常见的可用于“主语 + be said + to have done/been”，相当于主动句“People say that ...”，类似的结构有：be reported /thought/supposed/expected/believed/considered/known等。例如：
Her husband is said to have given up smoking.
据说她丈夫已经戒烟了。(戒烟发生在“据说”之前)
The young girl is reported to have served the club for five years.
据说那个小姑娘已经在这个俱乐部服役五年了。(不定式表示谓语动作所处的状态)
C.常见的可以接不定式完成体的形容词有：glad，happy，sad，disappointed，satisfied，sorry，surprised等。例如：
I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble.
对不起，给您添了那么多的麻烦。
We are disappointed to have known that our team lost the game.
知道了我们队输了这场比赛，我们很失望。
试比较下面不定式的一般式和完成式的区别：
I’m happy to have seen you.
见到你很高兴。(分手时说的话)
I’m happy to see you.
见到你很高兴。 (见面时说的话)
I’m sorry to keep you waiting for a moment.
对不起，要请你等一会。(说话时还未等)
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting for a long time.
对不起，让你等久了。(说话时已经等了很久了)
(二)
1> would love/like to have done
would rather have done
2> hoped , wished, expected, promised, thought, supposed, wanted, planed, agreed, meant, tried…to have done (注：这种意义也可用这类动词的“过去完成时态+不定式的一般式”表达。
请大家变通一下
I must admit I had expected her to help us.
I must admit I _____ her to _____ _____ us.
请欣赏
I pormised to have done him a favor several days ago.
I had pormised to do him a favor several days ago.
I hoped to have finished by 12.
I had hoped to finish by 12.
We wished to have put out the fire in thirty minutes.
We had wished to put out the fire in thirty minutes.)
我们本打算半小时就把火扑灭的。(结果没有)
3> was/were to have done
请欣赏
You were to have arrived there early that day.
那天你们应该早点儿到那。(但你们晚到了。)
I was to have helped him then，but I was too busy.
那时我本想帮他的忙，可我太忙了。(未帮他的忙)。
是啊，上述三种句式均表示过去想做而未做成的事情。
二、动词不定式的完成进行体
动词不定式的完成进行体表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，并一直在进行着。其结构与不定式的完成体类似。如：
He is said to have bee
n translating Lu Xun’s works into English.
据说他一直在把鲁迅的作品译成英文。(现仍然在译)
He seems to have been teaching in that school for ten years.
他似乎已经在那所学校教了十年书了。(强调继续教)
The kind-hearted millionaire is very happy to have been helping the disabled.
那位善良的富翁一直在帮助残疾人，并为此感到非常高兴。(仍在帮助)
We supposed to have been living here till our children grew up.
我们原以为可以在这一直呆下去，直到我们的孩子长大。(但我们家搬了)
三、动词不定时完成体的被动式
当主语与不定式的动词有被动关系，且不定式所表示的动作又先于谓语动词动作发生时，动词不定式就要用完成体的被动式。例如：
The book is said to have been translated into many languages.
据说那本书已被译成了多种语言。
The oranges were thought to have all been sold out.
人们认为桔子已经全部卖光了。
He is very sad to have lost four relatives in the earthquake.
他为这次地震中失去了四位亲人而感到十分痛心。
一些特殊句型中的过去完成时:
1〕"It/This/That was the first /only(second/third…)time+that从句（过去完成时）"
2〕"It/This/That was the +最高级… + that从句（过去完成时）"
3〕by( the end of )+过去时间,句中谓语用过去完成时
①We had learnt 3,000 words by the end of last term.
②By 8:00a.m. yesterday, we had arrived the park.
想一想，若by( the end of )+将来时间，从句中用什么时 态呢？
是用下列时态呀：
will have done/will have been done 或 would have done/would have been done
4〕by the time+一般过去式,主句中谓语用过去完成时
By the time he came back, we had repaired the machine.
5〕No sooner + had+主语+p.p. +than +一般过去
时/Hardly/ Scarcely/ Barely + had+主语+p.p. + when +一般过去时
①No sooner had he gone to the garden than his son went to play with his classmates.
②Hardly had he heard the news when he cried.
主动表被动的动词
某些动词的主动形式表被动含义 英语中有很多动词如act，break，catch，cut，clean，cook, drive，draw， let，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash，wear等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，其主动形式常用来表达被动含义。另外，像 owe (There are still ten dollars owing. )，beat，cook，bake(The cake baked too long.)，print，build，make等，有时可以用主动形式表达被动含义。如： This kind of radio doesn't sell well．这种收音机不太畅销。 The shop opens at eight o'clock．这个商店八点开门。 The pipe does not draw well．这烟斗不太通畅。 These plays act wonderfully．这些剧演得好。 Kate's book reads like an interesting novel．凯特的这本书读起来像本有趣的小说。 注意：主动表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。如： The door won't lock．门锁不上。（指门本身有毛病） The door won't be locked．门不会被锁上。（指不会有人来锁门） His novels sell easily．他的小说销路好。（指小说本身内容好） His novels are sold easily．他的小说容易销售。（主要强调外界对小说的需求量大）
现在完成时的标志小结
1. already, yet, for, since, just these days, ever, never, today, this week (month), lately, recently, in the past few days, during/in the last/past/recent two weeks…, since yesterday, since two days ago, since 2002, for a long time, for a month, so far, up to now, till (until) now, often, once, twice, three times…
2.
1）It has been/is about five months since I heard from him.
It _____ _____ /_____ about five months since I had heard from him.
2) We have both changed since we parted.
We _____ both _____ since we had parted.
3）It/this is the first/second/last… time that I have visited the city.
It/This_____ the first/second/last… time that I had visited the city.
4）主语+be+形容词最高级+名词+that 从句（现在完成时态）
He is the tallest man that I have ever seen in my life.
=I have never seen such a tall man in my life .
3.请大家体会一下下列句子中的完成时态
I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it.
If you have done the experiment, you will realize the theory better.
Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.
是啊，在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。
4. 解读英语动词不定式的完成体
一、动词不定式的完成体
（一）如果不定式表示的动作是瞬间动作时，它表示一个在现在或过去某时之前已经完成的动作；如果是延续性动词，它表示一个一直持续到现在或过去某时的动作。
A.常见的可接不定式的完成体的有：happen，see，appear，prove，pretend，seem等。例如：
They seem to have experi
enced a destructive earthquake.
他们似乎已经历了一场毁灭性的地震。(表示事情已经发生)
My grandmother appeared to have lived a happy life.
我奶奶似乎一直过得很幸福。(她的幸福生活一直持续到现在)
B.常见的可用于“主语 + be said + to have done/been”，相当于主动句“People say that ...”，类似的结构有：be reported /thought/supposed/expected/believed/considered/known等。例如：
Her husband is said to have given up smoking.
据说她丈夫已经戒烟了。(戒烟发生在“据说”之前)
The young girl is reported to have served the club for five years.
据说那个小姑娘已经在这个俱乐部服役五年了。(不定式表示谓语动作所处的状态)
C.常见的可以接不定式完成体的形容词有：glad，happy，sad，disappointed，satisfied，sorry，surprised等。例如：
I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble.
对不起，给您添了那么多的麻烦。
We are disappointed to have known that our team lost the game.
知道了我们队输了这场比赛，我们很失望。
试比较下面不定式的一般式和完成式的区别：
I’m happy to have seen you.
见到你很高兴。(分手时说的话)
I’m happy to see you.
见到你很高兴。 (见面时说的话)
I’m sorry to keep you waiting for a moment.
对不起，要请你等一会。(说话时还未等)
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting for a long time.
对不起，让你等久了。(说话时已经等了很久了)
(二)
1> would love/like to have done
would rather have done
2> hoped , wished, expected, promised, thought, supposed, wanted, planed, agreed, meant, tried…to have done (注：这种意义也可用这类动词的“过去完成时态+不定式的一般式”表达。
请大家变通一下
I must admit I had expected her to help us.
I must admit I _____ her to _____ _____ us.
请欣赏
I pormised to have done him a favor several days ago.
I had pormised to do him a favor several days ago.
I hoped to have finished by 12.
I had hoped to finish by 12.
We wished to have put out the fire in thirty minutes.
We had wished to put out the fire in thirty minutes.)
我们本打算半小时就把火扑灭的。(结果没有)
3> was/were to have done
请欣赏
You were to have arrived there early that day.
那天你们应该早点儿到那。(但你们晚到了。)
I was to have helped him then，but I was too busy.
那时我本想帮他的忙，可我太忙了。(未帮他的忙)。
是啊，上述三种句式均表示过去想做而未做成的事情。
二、动词不定式的完成进行体
动词不定式的完成进行体表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，并一直在进行着。其结构与不定式的完成体类似。如：
He is said to have bee
n translating Lu Xun’s works into English.
据说他一直在把鲁迅的作品译成英文。(现仍然在译)
He seems to have been teaching in that school for ten years.
他似乎已经在那所学校教了十年书了。(强调继续教)
The kind-hearted millionaire is very happy to have been helping the disabled.
那位善良的富翁一直在帮助残疾人，并为此感到非常高兴。(仍在帮助)
We supposed to have been living here till our children grew up.
我们原以为可以在这一直呆下去，直到我们的孩子长大。(但我们家搬了)
三、动词不定时完成体的被动式
当主语与不定式的动词有被动关系，且不定式所表示的动作又先于谓语动词动作发生时，动词不定式就要用完成体的被动式。例如：
The book is said to have been translated into many languages.
据说那本书已被译成了多种语言。
The oranges were thought to have all been sold out.
人们认为桔子已经全部卖光了。
He is very sad to have lost four relatives in the earthquake.
他为这次地震中失去了四位亲人而感到十分痛心。
一些特殊句型中的过去完成时:
1〕"It/This/That was the first /only(second/third…)time+that从句（过去完成时）"
2〕"It/This/That was the +最高级… + that从句（过去完成时）"
3〕by( the end of )+过去时间,句中谓语用过去完成时
①We had learnt 3,000 words by the end of last term.
②By 8:00a.m. yesterday, we had arrived the park.
想一想，若by( the end of )+将来时间，从句中用什么时 态呢？
是用下列时态呀：
will have done/will have been done 或 would have done/would have been done
4〕by the time+一般过去式,主句中谓语用过去完成时
By the time he came back, we had repaired the machine.
5〕No sooner + had+主语+p.p. +than +一般过去
时/Hardly/ Scarcely/ Barely + had+主语+p.p. + when +一般过去时
①No sooner had he gone to the garden than his son went to play with his classmates.
②Hardly had he heard the news when he cried.