国外各种标准型不定期干货船设计特点
一、经济性、多用途性
现代不定期标准型干货船由于需要量多，造船厂能够使用流水线成批生产。用船部门对这类运输低运价的货物也主要从运输成本最经济的角度着眼，不要求过高的航速和复杂的设备。设计特点主要是简单、可靠、经济，不仅造价低、建造快，而且营运费用和维护费用也低。这种干货船的造价比相同吨位的定期干货船低一半左右。而且具有无需特别的沿岸和港口设施就能够达到具有多用途的目的。客运输包装及散装干货、煤、矿石、车辆、木材，但仍各有侧重。有些川还具备重型吊杆，以供特殊需求。
二、船型、尺度和航速
标准船型的演变：很久以来，人们所熟悉的不定期货船都是三岛式船型，只是在四十年代以后欧美海运国家制定的标准货船才改变为凭甲板或遮蔽甲板，当时日本造的船型多数还是三岛式。五十年代开始这类三岛式船型才基本不再建造，多数代之以开闭式遮蔽甲板。近年来新建的标准型货船大多数属于全实尺寸的封闭式甲板船，即其构件尺寸合乎船舶建造规范的要求，并以最上层全长甲板作为干舷甲板，也有成为最小干舷船型的，一般不再人为的设置吨位开口，这样初增加船舶安全型外，第二层甲板舱口装置可以简化，也便于装卸和达到多用途的目的。但也有少数国家设计成开闭式遮蔽甲板船型。
干货船的机舱位置也是近二十年来主要演变之一。近来大都将机舱布置在艉部，并且已经成为一个基本倾向。在五十年代以前设计的大型货船的机舱都设在中央部分。只是在五十年代开始机舱设计在艉部的货船才被引起了主意。当时桥楼还是在前面而机舱在艉部，以后逐渐形成把上层建筑和机舱都放在艉部。
标准船型的多样化：近年来设计的标准型常常可以根据需要而变型。如西德Blohm&Voss船厂设计的“Pioneer”型，有四种大小不同的长度，而船宽、船深和肋骨艰巨等都保持不变。其载重量的变化也是很大，如吃水9.6米的“I”型，载重量是13600吨，而同样吃水的“IV”型，载重量则达到20809吨。“Pioneer”型的船艏、船艉和上层建筑大致相仿，平行中体形状各异。因此一种标准型就能够需要选择多种不同航速和载重量的变型。“Pioneer”型的另一个特点是多面体船壳，即折角线性的平板船体，而没有曲线，除螺旋桨轴套和求必装置外，均采用平板，取消了复杂的弯板加工，从而减低了结构加工费。据称，船体构建在加工时比一般省25%，并可提高材料利用率。有些船型为了适应集装箱运输的发展，还设计从不定期干货船到集装箱船的集中变型。
船体尺度变化：不定期干货船的载重量一般不太大，吃谁也有限制。六十年代以来设计和建造这类船型的国家和公司很多，其主机不同、船型各异，设计也是各有特点，但船体尺度和载重量的差别并不弱其他船舶大。从这类船舶建造的历史看，虽然先进技术发展很快，船体尺度的变化确是缓慢的。早在四十年代以来就是以载重量一万吨、航速十节为标准，因而当时有“十里海船”之称。第二次大战的“自由轮”可以作为四十年代不定期干货船的标准船型，除工艺改用先进的电焊结构外，基本与四十年代以前相同；六十年代以来根据加拿大Campbell公司提供的“自由轮”更新性最佳尺寸，认为：载重量13600吨，吃水8.61米，两
垂柱间长134米最经济。实际载重量一般为13，000——19，000吨，重载吃水一般不超过
9.14米。
近年来在船体主要尺度比的选用方面，根据日本日立造船公司的试验和经验介绍，认为货船的L/B在过去一般采用7——8，目前采用6.5——7.0，B/T目前一般采用2.2——2.4。日本“Freedom”型选用的AlgonquinMark II型，L/B=6.769，B/T目前采用2.297，Cb=0.768，这种船型原来只用于大型油船或散装货船。据介绍海上试验表明“Freedom”型于采用常规船型的类似船只相比，使用功率可减少3%（满载）和11%（空载）而航速不变。
航速：国外对不定期干货船航速的选定，主要着重于经济性堆燃欧成本、航程远近、装卸速度、机型选择等各方面加以分析考虑。为美国由于长期来为了侵朝侵越战争运输的需要和船价及经营效用高而燃油较廉等原因，早在五十年代建造的四种标准型货船的航速，除其中“Island”型外，均达到18节，当时这种航速在经济上是难于其他海运国家建造的货船竞争的。最近美国公布的1970——1982年标准型多用途船亦以将航速改定为16节左右。六十年代以来不定期货船的航速又逐渐提高的趋势，但亦在15节左右，一般不超过18节。
球鼻艏：为提高船舶的航速，近年来新建油船和货船大都采用球鼻艏，一般可提高航速约0.5节，但也不是所有情况都是要安装球鼻艏。根据日立造船公司的经验介绍，船舶有球鼻艏，也就是高速货船带有球鼻艏，可减少兴波阻力，他们认为船舶航速在30节以上，佛氏数为0.5，采用球鼻艏，主机功率可节省7%；船舶航速为22节左右，佛氏数为0.3，采用球鼻艏，主机功率可节省2%——3%；中速船舶采用球鼻艏所能节约的功率很小，还认为设计油船的球鼻艏比设计货船的球鼻艏要容易些。
三、结构、设计特点
结构形式：现代部定期干货船一般均设有两层固定全长甲板。朱家搬上一般无舷弧，中间甲板和内底板都是水平的，既无舷弧也没有梁拱，以适应舱内产车作业和简化建造工程；货舱横舱壁也有些采用槽型舱壁；双层底及诸家办多数是纵骨架式，两侧为横骨架式；船中部有很长的平行中体，并由菲曼的货舱；壳板平顺、曲线部分少一边与建造和装货；由于或船厂可能空载返港，在中部都设有深藏祸利用中部货舱兼做深舱用，以保证在任何装载集装箱等地艉倾问题。
拍击载荷对于习惯上通称的U、V型船艏船底形状的影响在过去意见很不一致，根据最近国际船舶机构会议提出的报告中认为V型船在拍击时候能够使艏底部钢板的变型最小，当遇到不良海况时能保持比U型船型要高的航速。
大功率船舶尾部振动问题是常引起的一个问题，过去已经设计了各种船尾形式已减少螺旋桨引起的震动。目前船尾较多采用V型方艉，据说产生螺旋桨技法的船体震动要比一般通常所用的尾框（即单桨而具有艉框架者）为小，航向稳定性及操纵性能也良好。
货舱、舱口、舱盖：标准型不定期干货船的货舱属一般设4——6个不等，个个舱口的容量大小及装载货物的能力分配，在设计是一般保持最大的平衡性。有些船型为了适应长货和重件，也有为了适应比重大的货船如矿砂等的需要，而将货舱设计成长短货舱交叉搭配或其他方式的。货舱内有的设置了机械与自然通风以防止货物受潮。为了提高货物的装卸速度，舱口越大越好，但这会使船体强度减弱。近代造船标准舱口的宽度一般在0.4——0.6之间。有些船型设计成双排舱口，其目的是为了使货物装卸加速和便利，可以增加在一个货舱内同
时容安二个吊杆继二组卸货人员一起工作的安全性，双排舱口还使舱盖尺寸减小、重量减轻、启闭方便。舱口大小一般还要考虑标准集装箱的排列，有些船型的舱口正好满足在长度能布置三排，在宽度能布置三列集装箱。舱口长度与强度无关，在不妨碍其货物的安置及堆放时，一般都造的长些，并将舱口的围板做成连续既增加总纵强度。舱口该都是钢质的并用机械操作，其式样不一。
起重设备和吊杆：干货船的种类变化很大，其中设备的选用很重要，其中量一般是5吨至20吨。根据需要也有安装40至5吨不等的重型吊杆。吊货杆因为它的结构简单、成本低、运动惯性小，仍得到广泛使用。新设计得掉或为都不用固定支锁，使驾驶台视线少受阻碍。旋转吊车在高速和定期或传中有较大发展，它主要的优点是：能单独操作，吊杆位置灵活，不许绳索牵引和经常调整位置。但由于成本高、结构较复杂等原因，在不定期标准型干货船中，还不多见。
改善装载的一些措施：新设计标准型干货船还经常对一些细小的但对改善装卸过程能起相当作用的重要措施。如果写船型的横肋骨与内底板交接取消了舭肘板，这样就取消了舭板与货物及装卸工具碰撞造成损坏的事故。
四、机和电台
标准行不定期干货船住积极性的选择，以往除美国等国家在一些船舶上采用燃气轮机和汽轮机之外，一般采用燃重油的增压低速柴油机直接传动螺旋桨，仅少量采用中速柴油机通过减速齿轮箱传动。
在船电方面基本上都采用交流，以降低成本与重量。有些船型还采用主机带动发电机，航行时值徐有主机运转就可以带动发电机供应全部电源和利用废弃供应辅锅炉，取得了良好的经济效果。
The design characteristic of each kind of standard type dry cargo ships in the overseas
First, efficiency, multipurpose
The modern non-periodical standard type does the freighter because therequired quantity are many, the shipyard can use the assembly linemass production. Transports the low transportation charges with theship department to this kind the cargo also mainly to focus from thetransportation cost most economical angle, has not requested the highspeed and the complex equipment. The design characteristic mainly issimple, reliable, the economy, not only the construction cost low,constructs quickly, moreover the operating expenses and themaintenance cost are also low. This kind does the freighter theconstruction cost regularly to do the freighter the same tonnage to belower than one about the half. Moreover the operating expenses and the maintenance cost are also low.This kind does the freighter the construction cost regularly to do thefreighter the same tonnage to be lower than one about the half.Moreover has does not need the special coast and the port facilitiescan achieve has the multipurpose goal. The guest transports thepacking and the bulk solid stuff, the coal, the ore, the vehicles, thelumber, but still respectively had the stress. Some Sichuan also hasthe heavy suspension bar, supplies the special demand.
Second, the type of the ships, criterion and speed Standard
The type of the ships evolution: Since very long time, the people arefamiliar with the ocean tramp all is a three island ship, only will belater the European and American marine transportation countryformulation standard freighter only then changes in the 40's serves asevidence the deck or the shelter deck, at that time Japan made the type of the ships are most or three islands The 50's only then basically start this kind of three island ship nolonger to construct, most generation of the close type shelter deck. In recentyears the newly built standard type freighter majority belonged to theentire solid size the enclosed deck ship, namely its component sizeconformed with the ships construction standard the request, and tookthe freeboard deck by the uppermost layer span deck, also had into theminimum freeboard the type of the ships, generally no longer artificial establishmenttonnage aperture, Like this initially increases the ships to be safe outside, the seconddeck hatchway equipment may simplify, also is advantageous for loadsand unloads and achieves the multipurpose goal. But also has somecountries to design the close type the shelter deck the type of the ships The type of the ships.
Does the freighter the engine room position also is one of near for 20year main evolutions. Recently mostly engine room arrangement in the stern of ship,and already became a basic tendency. In 50's before designs thelarge-scale freighter engine room all is located in the central part.Only was starts the engine room design in the 50's only then to causein in the stern of ship a
freighter the idea. At that time the bridge house or in frontbut the engine room in in the stern of ship, later gradually will form the overtopstructure and the engine room all puts on the stern of ship.
Theseshortcomings designed in the recent years have taken some measures toperform to overcome. Also has minority the type of the ship, like SD-14 and so on, Still was located in the engine room in front of the final cargo hold.
Standard the ship of the ship diversification: In recent years designed the standardtype
frequently was allowed according to need to change form. If WestGerman Blohm& Voss shipyard design "Pioneer", some four kind ofsizes different length, but the beam, the ship depth and the rib arearduous and so on all to maintain invariablely. Its load-carryingcapacity change also is very big, like the drinking water 9.6 meters"I", the load-carrying capacity is 13,600 tons, But the same
drinking water "IV", the load-carrying capacity amountsto 20,809 tons. "Pioneer" the ship the bow of the ship, the ship in the stern and the super struction approximately is similar, the propell shaperespectively different. Therefore one kind of standard type can needto choose the many
kinds of different speeds and the load-carryingcapacity aberration. "Pioneer" another characteristic is the polyhedron hull, namely 折角linear plate hull, but does not have the curve, and asks
besides thepropeller axle sleeve to have to install, uses the plate, hascancelled the complex angle iron processing, thus decreased thestructure to add the labor cost. It is said that, the hull
constructswhen the processing compared to is ordinary province 25%, and mayraise the material use factor. Some the type of he ship in order to adapt thecontainerized traffic development, but also designs fromnon-periodically does the freighter to the container centralismaberration. Some the type of the ship in order to adapt the containerized traffic development,but also designs from non-periodically does the freighter to thecontainer centralism aberration.
Hull criterion change: Non-periodically does the freighter theload-carrying capacity not too to be generally big, who eats also tohave the limit. Since the 60's have designed and construct this kindof the type of the ship country and the company very many, its main enginedifferent, the type of the ship respectively different, the design also respectivelyhave the characteristic, but the hull criterion and the load-carryingcapacity difference not weak other ships are certainly big.
Thehistory constructs which from this kind of ships looked, although theadvanced technological development is very quick, the hull criterionchange really is slow. Since as early as in the 40's has been take the load-carrying capacity10,000 ton, speed ten as the standard, at that time thus had "tenmiles sea boats" the name. Second World War "Freedom" may take the40's non-periodically do the freighter the standard type of the ship, change tothe advanced electric welding structure besides the craft, basic and40's before are same; Since the 60's have provided "Freedom"
therenewal best size according to Canadian Campbell Corporation, Thought: The load-carrying capacity 13,600 tons, the drinking water8.61 meters, two hang between the column the length 134 meters to bemost economical. The actual load-carrying capacity generally is 13,000 - 19, 000 tons, the load draft generally does not surpass 9.14meters.
freighter the idea. At that time the bridge house or in frontbut the engine room in in the stern of ship, later gradually will form the overtopstructure and the engine room all puts on the stern of ship.
Theseshortcomings designed in the recent years have taken some measures toperform to overcome. Also has minority the type of the ship, like SD-14 and so on, Still was located in the engine room in front of the final cargo hold.
Standard the ship of the ship diversification: In recent years designed the standardtype
frequently was allowed according to need to change form. If WestGerman Blohm& Voss shipyard design "Pioneer", some four kind ofsizes different length, but the beam, the ship depth and the rib arearduous and so on all to maintain invariablely. Its load-carryingcapacity change also is very big, like the drinking water 9.6 meters"I", the load-carrying capacity is 13,600 tons, But the same
drinking water "IV", the load-carrying capacity amountsto 20,809 tons. "Pioneer" the ship the bow of the ship, the ship in the stern and the super struction approximately is similar, the propell shaperespectively different. Therefore one kind of standard type can needto choose the many
kinds of different speeds and the load-carryingcapacity aberration. "Pioneer" another characteristic is the polyhedron hull, namely 折角linear plate hull, but does not have the curve, and asks
besides thepropeller axle sleeve to have to install, uses the plate, hascancelled the complex angle iron processing, thus decreased thestructure to add the labor cost. It is said that, the hull
constructswhen the processing compared to is ordinary province 25%, and mayraise the material use factor. Some the type of he ship in order to adapt thecontainerized traffic development, but also designs fromnon-periodically does the freighter to the container centralismaberration. Some the type of the ship in order to adapt the containerized traffic development,but also designs from non-periodically does the freighter to thecontainer centralism aberration.
Hull criterion change: Non-periodically does the freighter theload-carrying capacity not too to be generally big, who eats also tohave the limit. Since the 60's have designed and construct this kindof the type of the ship country and the company very many, its main enginedifferent, the type of the ship respectively different, the design also respectivelyhave the characteristic, but the hull criterion and the load-carryingcapacity difference not weak other ships are certainly big.
Thehistory constructs which from this kind of ships looked, although theadvanced technological development is very quick, the hull criterionchange really is slow. Since as early as in the 40's has been take the load-carrying capacity10,000 ton, speed ten as the standard, at that time thus had "tenmiles sea boats" the name. Second World War "Freedom" may take the40's non-periodically do the freighter the standard type of the ship, change tothe advanced electric welding structure besides the craft, basic and40's before are same; Since the 60's have provided "Freedom"
therenewal best size according to Canadian Campbell Corporation, Thought: The load-carrying capacity 13,600 tons, the drinking water8.61 meters, two hang between the column the length 134 meters to bemost economical. The actual load-carrying capacity generally is 13,000 - 19, 000 tons, the load draft generally does not surpass 9.14meters.
In recent years in hull main criterion compared to selects the aspect,introduced according to the Japanese Hitachi shipping business'sexperiment and the experience, thought the freighter L/B generallyused 7 in the past - 8, at present uses 6.5 - 7.0, B/T at presentgenerally uses 2.2 - 2.4. Japan "Freedom" selects AlgonquinMark II,L/B=6.769, B/T at present uses 2.297, Cb=0.768, this kind type of the ship originally only uses in the large-scale oil tanker or the bulkfreighter. It is reported the marine experiment indicated "Freedom" to uses theconventional type of ship similar ships to compare, the use power may reduce3% (full load) and 11% (idling) but the speed is invariable.
Speed: Overseas to non-periodically does the freighter speed thedesignation, mainly
emphatically piles to the efficiency burns theEuropean cost, the range far and near, the loading and unloadingspeed, the type choice and so on various aspects performs to analyzethe consideration. For US because comes for a long time in order toinvade the dynasty to invade war transportation need high but the fueloil is more inexpensive with the passage fee and managementeffectiveness and so on the reason, as early as in the 50'sconstructions four kind of standard types freighter speed, besidesamong "Island", achieves 18, At that time this kind of speed in the economy was difficulty withother marine transportation country constructions freightercompetitions. Recently US announced 1970 - 1982 the standard typemultipurpose ship also by changed the speed decides as about 16. Sincethe 60's the ocean tramp speed has gradually enhanced tendency, butalso about 15, generally does not surpass 18.
Bulb bow: In order to enhance the ships the speed, in recentyears the newly built oil tanker and the freighter mostly used the bulb bow, generally might enhance speed approximately 0.5, butwas not all situations all is must install the bulb bow.Introduced according to the Hitachi
shipping business's experiencethat, the ships have the bulb bow, also is the high speedfreighter has the bulb bow may reduce the wave-make esistance, they thought the ships speed above 30,
Buddha counts is0.5, uses the bulb bow, the main engine power may save 7%; Theships speed is about 22, Buddha counts is 0.3, uses the bulb bow,the main engine power may save 2% - 3%; The medium-speed ships use thepower which the bulb bow can save very slightly, but also
thoughtdesigns the oil tanker the bulb bow to design the freighter the bulb bow to want to be easier than.
Third, structure, design characteristic
Structural style: The modern age department regularly does thefreighter generally to be equipped with two fixed spans decks. On ZhuJiaban generally does not have shear, the between decks and theinfrabasal plate all are horizontal, also does not have shear alsodoes not have the camber of beam, adapts in the cabin to produce thevehicle work and the simplification
construction project; The cargohold cross bulkhead also somewhat uses the trough bulkhead; Thedouble-decked bottom and Zhu Jiaban are most is longitudinally framed the posture, Two sides are fream; Middle the ship has very longparallel middle body, and by Philippine graceful cargo hold; One side thehousing plate smooth, the curve partial are few and the constructionand
the loading; Because or the shipyard possible idling to return theport, all is equipped with middle the deep Tibet calamity use inmiddle the cargo hold concurrently to make the deep cabin to use,guaranteed in places such as any loading container sten leans thequestion.
Struck against the load U, V ship bow ship's bottom shape influencewhich was generally called regarding the custom in is veryinconsistent in the past opinion, proposed in the report according torecently the international ships organization conference to think Vship in struck against the time could cause bow the base steel plateaberration to be smallest, when met not the good sea condition couldmaintain compared to U type of the ships wants the high speed.
The high efficiency ships rear part vibrates a question which thequestion is often causes, in the past already designed each kind ofstern form to reduce the vibration which the propeller caused. Atpresent the stern comparatively uses V side stern, it is said producesthe propeller technique hull to vibrate must compared to the tailframe which generally usually uses (namely Shan Jianger have stern frame) is small, the directional stability and the handling qualityare also good.
Cargo hold, hatchway, access panel: The standard type dry cargo ships to be generally
supposes 4 - 6 to bedifferent, each one hatchway capacity size and the loading cargoability
assignment, generally maintains the biggest balanced state inthe design. Some type of the ships for adapt the economic future and heavy, alsopromising adaption compared to significant freighter like ore and soon need, but grows the short cargo hold the cargo hold designalternately to match or other ways. In the cargo hold has the establishment machinery with natrue well ventilated had prevented the cargo is affected with damp. In order to enhance thecargo the loading and unloading speed, the hatchway is more greatlybetter, but this can cause the hull intensity to weaken.
Modernshipbuilding standard hatchway width generally between 0.4 - 0.6. Some type of the ships designs double platoon the hatchway, its goal is for cause the cargohandling to accelerate and to facilitate, may increase in a cargo holdsimultaneously allows the peaceful two suspension bars to continue twogroups to unload cargo the security which the personnel workstogether, double platoon the hatchway also causes access panel minification,the weight to reduce, to open shuts conveniently. The hatchway size generally also needs to consider the standardcontainer the
arrangement, some type of the ships hatchways look satisfy canarrange three rows in the length, can arrange three rows containers inthe width. The hatchway size generally also needs to consider the standardcontainer the arrangement, some type of the ships hatchways happen to satisfy inthe length can arrange three rows, can arrange three rows containersin the width. The hatchway length has nothing to do with with theintensity, when does not hinder its cargo the placement and piles up,generally all makes long, and make the hatchway brattice continuouslyalready increases longitudinal strength. The hatchway this all is the steeland uses the mechanical operation, its model not one.
Hoisting equipment and suspension bar: Does the freighter the typechange to be very big, equipment selects very importantly, quantitygenerally is 5 tons to 20 tons. According to needs also
to haveinstalls 40 to 5 ton different heavy suspension bars. Hangs thegoods pole because its structure simple, the cost low, the movementinertia is small, still obtained the widespread use. Newly designsfalls or for all does not use the fixed lock, causes the bridge lineof sight to be short is hindered. The rotary crane in is high speed and regular or passes on has abigger development, its main merit is: Can alone operate, thesuspension bar position is flexible, does not have the rope to towwith the frequent positioning. But because the cost high, thestructure is more complex and so on the reason, does in the freighterin the non-periodical standard type, but also not sees.
Improvement loading some measures: The new design standard type doesthe freighter
frequently to some to be also tiny but to improves theimportant measure which the loading and unloading process can playquite role. If writes the type of the ships the horizontal rib and the infrabasalplate connected with has cancelled bilge the wrist plate, has like this cancelled bilge the board and the cargo and the handling toolcollision creates the damage the accident.
Fourth, main engine and broadcasting station The standard line non-periodically does the freighter to livethe enthusiastic choice, formerly except country and so on the US usedoutside the gas turbine and the steam turbine on some ships, generallyused burns the heavy oil the
turbo-charged low speed diesel enginethrough drive propeller, only few used the medium-speed diesel enginethrough to decelerate the gear box transmission.
Basically in the ship electricity aspect all uses the exchange,reduces the cost and the weight. Some The type of the ships also uses the main engineimpetus generator, when the navigation value Xu has the main engine torevolve may drive the generator to supply the complete power
sourceand the use abandons supplies the auxiliary boiler, has obtained thegood economic effect.
国外各种标准型不定期干货船设计特点
一、经济性、多用途性
现代不定期标准型干货船由于需要量多，造船厂能够使用流水线成批生产。用船部门对这类运输低运价的货物也主要从运输成本最经济的角度着眼，不要求过高的航速和复杂的设备。设计特点主要是简单、可靠、经济，不仅造价低、建造快，而且营运费用和维护费用也低。这种干货船的造价比相同吨位的定期干货船低一半左右。而且具有无需特别的沿岸和港口设施就能够达到具有多用途的目的。客运输包装及散装干货、煤、矿石、车辆、木材，但仍各有侧重。有些川还具备重型吊杆，以供特殊需求。
二、船型、尺度和航速
标准船型的演变：很久以来，人们所熟悉的不定期货船都是三岛式船型，只是在四十年代以后欧美海运国家制定的标准货船才改变为凭甲板或遮蔽甲板，当时日本造的船型多数还是三岛式。五十年代开始这类三岛式船型才基本不再建造，多数代之以开闭式遮蔽甲板。近年来新建的标准型货船大多数属于全实尺寸的封闭式甲板船，即其构件尺寸合乎船舶建造规范的要求，并以最上层全长甲板作为干舷甲板，也有成为最小干舷船型的，一般不再人为的设置吨位开口，这样初增加船舶安全型外，第二层甲板舱口装置可以简化，也便于装卸和达到多用途的目的。但也有少数国家设计成开闭式遮蔽甲板船型。
干货船的机舱位置也是近二十年来主要演变之一。近来大都将机舱布置在艉部，并且已经成为一个基本倾向。在五十年代以前设计的大型货船的机舱都设在中央部分。只是在五十年代开始机舱设计在艉部的货船才被引起了主意。当时桥楼还是在前面而机舱在艉部，以后逐渐形成把上层建筑和机舱都放在艉部。
标准船型的多样化：近年来设计的标准型常常可以根据需要而变型。如西德Blohm&Voss船厂设计的“Pioneer”型，有四种大小不同的长度，而船宽、船深和肋骨艰巨等都保持不变。其载重量的变化也是很大，如吃水9.6米的“I”型，载重量是13600吨，而同样吃水的“IV”型，载重量则达到20809吨。“Pioneer”型的船艏、船艉和上层建筑大致相仿，平行中体形状各异。因此一种标准型就能够需要选择多种不同航速和载重量的变型。“Pioneer”型的另一个特点是多面体船壳，即折角线性的平板船体，而没有曲线，除螺旋桨轴套和求必装置外，均采用平板，取消了复杂的弯板加工，从而减低了结构加工费。据称，船体构建在加工时比一般省25%，并可提高材料利用率。有些船型为了适应集装箱运输的发展，还设计从不定期干货船到集装箱船的集中变型。
船体尺度变化：不定期干货船的载重量一般不太大，吃谁也有限制。六十年代以来设计和建造这类船型的国家和公司很多，其主机不同、船型各异，设计也是各有特点，但船体尺度和载重量的差别并不弱其他船舶大。从这类船舶建造的历史看，虽然先进技术发展很快，船体尺度的变化确是缓慢的。早在四十年代以来就是以载重量一万吨、航速十节为标准，因而当时有“十里海船”之称。第二次大战的“自由轮”可以作为四十年代不定期干货船的标准船型，除工艺改用先进的电焊结构外，基本与四十年代以前相同；六十年代以来根据加拿大Campbell公司提供的“自由轮”更新性最佳尺寸，认为：载重量13600吨，吃水8.61米，两
垂柱间长134米最经济。实际载重量一般为13，000——19，000吨，重载吃水一般不超过
9.14米。
近年来在船体主要尺度比的选用方面，根据日本日立造船公司的试验和经验介绍，认为货船的L/B在过去一般采用7——8，目前采用6.5——7.0，B/T目前一般采用2.2——2.4。日本“Freedom”型选用的AlgonquinMark II型，L/B=6.769，B/T目前采用2.297，Cb=0.768，这种船型原来只用于大型油船或散装货船。据介绍海上试验表明“Freedom”型于采用常规船型的类似船只相比，使用功率可减少3%（满载）和11%（空载）而航速不变。
航速：国外对不定期干货船航速的选定，主要着重于经济性堆燃欧成本、航程远近、装卸速度、机型选择等各方面加以分析考虑。为美国由于长期来为了侵朝侵越战争运输的需要和船价及经营效用高而燃油较廉等原因，早在五十年代建造的四种标准型货船的航速，除其中“Island”型外，均达到18节，当时这种航速在经济上是难于其他海运国家建造的货船竞争的。最近美国公布的1970——1982年标准型多用途船亦以将航速改定为16节左右。六十年代以来不定期货船的航速又逐渐提高的趋势，但亦在15节左右，一般不超过18节。
球鼻艏：为提高船舶的航速，近年来新建油船和货船大都采用球鼻艏，一般可提高航速约0.5节，但也不是所有情况都是要安装球鼻艏。根据日立造船公司的经验介绍，船舶有球鼻艏，也就是高速货船带有球鼻艏，可减少兴波阻力，他们认为船舶航速在30节以上，佛氏数为0.5，采用球鼻艏，主机功率可节省7%；船舶航速为22节左右，佛氏数为0.3，采用球鼻艏，主机功率可节省2%——3%；中速船舶采用球鼻艏所能节约的功率很小，还认为设计油船的球鼻艏比设计货船的球鼻艏要容易些。
三、结构、设计特点
结构形式：现代部定期干货船一般均设有两层固定全长甲板。朱家搬上一般无舷弧，中间甲板和内底板都是水平的，既无舷弧也没有梁拱，以适应舱内产车作业和简化建造工程；货舱横舱壁也有些采用槽型舱壁；双层底及诸家办多数是纵骨架式，两侧为横骨架式；船中部有很长的平行中体，并由菲曼的货舱；壳板平顺、曲线部分少一边与建造和装货；由于或船厂可能空载返港，在中部都设有深藏祸利用中部货舱兼做深舱用，以保证在任何装载集装箱等地艉倾问题。
拍击载荷对于习惯上通称的U、V型船艏船底形状的影响在过去意见很不一致，根据最近国际船舶机构会议提出的报告中认为V型船在拍击时候能够使艏底部钢板的变型最小，当遇到不良海况时能保持比U型船型要高的航速。
大功率船舶尾部振动问题是常引起的一个问题，过去已经设计了各种船尾形式已减少螺旋桨引起的震动。目前船尾较多采用V型方艉，据说产生螺旋桨技法的船体震动要比一般通常所用的尾框（即单桨而具有艉框架者）为小，航向稳定性及操纵性能也良好。
货舱、舱口、舱盖：标准型不定期干货船的货舱属一般设4——6个不等，个个舱口的容量大小及装载货物的能力分配，在设计是一般保持最大的平衡性。有些船型为了适应长货和重件，也有为了适应比重大的货船如矿砂等的需要，而将货舱设计成长短货舱交叉搭配或其他方式的。货舱内有的设置了机械与自然通风以防止货物受潮。为了提高货物的装卸速度，舱口越大越好，但这会使船体强度减弱。近代造船标准舱口的宽度一般在0.4——0.6之间。有些船型设计成双排舱口，其目的是为了使货物装卸加速和便利，可以增加在一个货舱内同
时容安二个吊杆继二组卸货人员一起工作的安全性，双排舱口还使舱盖尺寸减小、重量减轻、启闭方便。舱口大小一般还要考虑标准集装箱的排列，有些船型的舱口正好满足在长度能布置三排，在宽度能布置三列集装箱。舱口长度与强度无关，在不妨碍其货物的安置及堆放时，一般都造的长些，并将舱口的围板做成连续既增加总纵强度。舱口该都是钢质的并用机械操作，其式样不一。
起重设备和吊杆：干货船的种类变化很大，其中设备的选用很重要，其中量一般是5吨至20吨。根据需要也有安装40至5吨不等的重型吊杆。吊货杆因为它的结构简单、成本低、运动惯性小，仍得到广泛使用。新设计得掉或为都不用固定支锁，使驾驶台视线少受阻碍。旋转吊车在高速和定期或传中有较大发展，它主要的优点是：能单独操作，吊杆位置灵活，不许绳索牵引和经常调整位置。但由于成本高、结构较复杂等原因，在不定期标准型干货船中，还不多见。
改善装载的一些措施：新设计标准型干货船还经常对一些细小的但对改善装卸过程能起相当作用的重要措施。如果写船型的横肋骨与内底板交接取消了舭肘板，这样就取消了舭板与货物及装卸工具碰撞造成损坏的事故。
四、机和电台
标准行不定期干货船住积极性的选择，以往除美国等国家在一些船舶上采用燃气轮机和汽轮机之外，一般采用燃重油的增压低速柴油机直接传动螺旋桨，仅少量采用中速柴油机通过减速齿轮箱传动。
在船电方面基本上都采用交流，以降低成本与重量。有些船型还采用主机带动发电机，航行时值徐有主机运转就可以带动发电机供应全部电源和利用废弃供应辅锅炉，取得了良好的经济效果。
The design characteristic of each kind of standard type dry cargo ships in the overseas
First, efficiency, multipurpose
The modern non-periodical standard type does the freighter because therequired quantity are many, the shipyard can use the assembly linemass production. Transports the low transportation charges with theship department to this kind the cargo also mainly to focus from thetransportation cost most economical angle, has not requested the highspeed and the complex equipment. The design characteristic mainly issimple, reliable, the economy, not only the construction cost low,constructs quickly, moreover the operating expenses and themaintenance cost are also low. This kind does the freighter theconstruction cost regularly to do the freighter the same tonnage to belower than one about the half. Moreover the operating expenses and the maintenance cost are also low.This kind does the freighter the construction cost regularly to do thefreighter the same tonnage to be lower than one about the half.Moreover has does not need the special coast and the port facilitiescan achieve has the multipurpose goal. The guest transports thepacking and the bulk solid stuff, the coal, the ore, the vehicles, thelumber, but still respectively had the stress. Some Sichuan also hasthe heavy suspension bar, supplies the special demand.
Second, the type of the ships, criterion and speed Standard
The type of the ships evolution: Since very long time, the people arefamiliar with the ocean tramp all is a three island ship, only will belater the European and American marine transportation countryformulation standard freighter only then changes in the 40's serves asevidence the deck or the shelter deck, at that time Japan made the type of the ships are most or three islands The 50's only then basically start this kind of three island ship nolonger to construct, most generation of the close type shelter deck. In recentyears the newly built standard type freighter majority belonged to theentire solid size the enclosed deck ship, namely its component sizeconformed with the ships construction standard the request, and tookthe freeboard deck by the uppermost layer span deck, also had into theminimum freeboard the type of the ships, generally no longer artificial establishmenttonnage aperture, Like this initially increases the ships to be safe outside, the seconddeck hatchway equipment may simplify, also is advantageous for loadsand unloads and achieves the multipurpose goal. But also has somecountries to design the close type the shelter deck the type of the ships The type of the ships.
Does the freighter the engine room position also is one of near for 20year main evolutions. Recently mostly engine room arrangement in the stern of ship,and already became a basic tendency. In 50's before designs thelarge-scale freighter engine room all is located in the central part.Only was starts the engine room design in the 50's only then to causein in the stern of ship a
freighter the idea. At that time the bridge house or in frontbut the engine room in in the stern of ship, later gradually will form the overtopstructure and the engine room all puts on the stern of ship.
Theseshortcomings designed in the recent years have taken some measures toperform to overcome. Also has minority the type of the ship, like SD-14 and so on, Still was located in the engine room in front of the final cargo hold.
Standard the ship of the ship diversification: In recent years designed the standardtype
frequently was allowed according to need to change form. If WestGerman Blohm& Voss shipyard design "Pioneer", some four kind ofsizes different length, but the beam, the ship depth and the rib arearduous and so on all to maintain invariablely. Its load-carryingcapacity change also is very big, like the drinking water 9.6 meters"I", the load-carrying capacity is 13,600 tons, But the same
drinking water "IV", the load-carrying capacity amountsto 20,809 tons. "Pioneer" the ship the bow of the ship, the ship in the stern and the super struction approximately is similar, the propell shaperespectively different. Therefore one kind of standard type can needto choose the many
kinds of different speeds and the load-carryingcapacity aberration. "Pioneer" another characteristic is the polyhedron hull, namely 折角linear plate hull, but does not have the curve, and asks
besides thepropeller axle sleeve to have to install, uses the plate, hascancelled the complex angle iron processing, thus decreased thestructure to add the labor cost. It is said that, the hull
constructswhen the processing compared to is ordinary province 25%, and mayraise the material use factor. Some the type of he ship in order to adapt thecontainerized traffic development, but also designs fromnon-periodically does the freighter to the container centralismaberration. Some the type of the ship in order to adapt the containerized traffic development,but also designs from non-periodically does the freighter to thecontainer centralism aberration.
Hull criterion change: Non-periodically does the freighter theload-carrying capacity not too to be generally big, who eats also tohave the limit. Since the 60's have designed and construct this kindof the type of the ship country and the company very many, its main enginedifferent, the type of the ship respectively different, the design also respectivelyhave the characteristic, but the hull criterion and the load-carryingcapacity difference not weak other ships are certainly big.
Thehistory constructs which from this kind of ships looked, although theadvanced technological development is very quick, the hull criterionchange really is slow. Since as early as in the 40's has been take the load-carrying capacity10,000 ton, speed ten as the standard, at that time thus had "tenmiles sea boats" the name. Second World War "Freedom" may take the40's non-periodically do the freighter the standard type of the ship, change tothe advanced electric welding structure besides the craft, basic and40's before are same; Since the 60's have provided "Freedom"
therenewal best size according to Canadian Campbell Corporation, Thought: The load-carrying capacity 13,600 tons, the drinking water8.61 meters, two hang between the column the length 134 meters to bemost economical. The actual load-carrying capacity generally is 13,000 - 19, 000 tons, the load draft generally does not surpass 9.14meters.
freighter the idea. At that time the bridge house or in frontbut the engine room in in the stern of ship, later gradually will form the overtopstructure and the engine room all puts on the stern of ship.
Theseshortcomings designed in the recent years have taken some measures toperform to overcome. Also has minority the type of the ship, like SD-14 and so on, Still was located in the engine room in front of the final cargo hold.
Standard the ship of the ship diversification: In recent years designed the standardtype
frequently was allowed according to need to change form. If WestGerman Blohm& Voss shipyard design "Pioneer", some four kind ofsizes different length, but the beam, the ship depth and the rib arearduous and so on all to maintain invariablely. Its load-carryingcapacity change also is very big, like the drinking water 9.6 meters"I", the load-carrying capacity is 13,600 tons, But the same
drinking water "IV", the load-carrying capacity amountsto 20,809 tons. "Pioneer" the ship the bow of the ship, the ship in the stern and the super struction approximately is similar, the propell shaperespectively different. Therefore one kind of standard type can needto choose the many
kinds of different speeds and the load-carryingcapacity aberration. "Pioneer" another characteristic is the polyhedron hull, namely 折角linear plate hull, but does not have the curve, and asks
besides thepropeller axle sleeve to have to install, uses the plate, hascancelled the complex angle iron processing, thus decreased thestructure to add the labor cost. It is said that, the hull
constructswhen the processing compared to is ordinary province 25%, and mayraise the material use factor. Some the type of he ship in order to adapt thecontainerized traffic development, but also designs fromnon-periodically does the freighter to the container centralismaberration. Some the type of the ship in order to adapt the containerized traffic development,but also designs from non-periodically does the freighter to thecontainer centralism aberration.
Hull criterion change: Non-periodically does the freighter theload-carrying capacity not too to be generally big, who eats also tohave the limit. Since the 60's have designed and construct this kindof the type of the ship country and the company very many, its main enginedifferent, the type of the ship respectively different, the design also respectivelyhave the characteristic, but the hull criterion and the load-carryingcapacity difference not weak other ships are certainly big.
Thehistory constructs which from this kind of ships looked, although theadvanced technological development is very quick, the hull criterionchange really is slow. Since as early as in the 40's has been take the load-carrying capacity10,000 ton, speed ten as the standard, at that time thus had "tenmiles sea boats" the name. Second World War "Freedom" may take the40's non-periodically do the freighter the standard type of the ship, change tothe advanced electric welding structure besides the craft, basic and40's before are same; Since the 60's have provided "Freedom"
therenewal best size according to Canadian Campbell Corporation, Thought: The load-carrying capacity 13,600 tons, the drinking water8.61 meters, two hang between the column the length 134 meters to bemost economical. The actual load-carrying capacity generally is 13,000 - 19, 000 tons, the load draft generally does not surpass 9.14meters.
In recent years in hull main criterion compared to selects the aspect,introduced according to the Japanese Hitachi shipping business'sexperiment and the experience, thought the freighter L/B generallyused 7 in the past - 8, at present uses 6.5 - 7.0, B/T at presentgenerally uses 2.2 - 2.4. Japan "Freedom" selects AlgonquinMark II,L/B=6.769, B/T at present uses 2.297, Cb=0.768, this kind type of the ship originally only uses in the large-scale oil tanker or the bulkfreighter. It is reported the marine experiment indicated "Freedom" to uses theconventional type of ship similar ships to compare, the use power may reduce3% (full load) and 11% (idling) but the speed is invariable.
Speed: Overseas to non-periodically does the freighter speed thedesignation, mainly
emphatically piles to the efficiency burns theEuropean cost, the range far and near, the loading and unloadingspeed, the type choice and so on various aspects performs to analyzethe consideration. For US because comes for a long time in order toinvade the dynasty to invade war transportation need high but the fueloil is more inexpensive with the passage fee and managementeffectiveness and so on the reason, as early as in the 50'sconstructions four kind of standard types freighter speed, besidesamong "Island", achieves 18, At that time this kind of speed in the economy was difficulty withother marine transportation country constructions freightercompetitions. Recently US announced 1970 - 1982 the standard typemultipurpose ship also by changed the speed decides as about 16. Sincethe 60's the ocean tramp speed has gradually enhanced tendency, butalso about 15, generally does not surpass 18.
Bulb bow: In order to enhance the ships the speed, in recentyears the newly built oil tanker and the freighter mostly used the bulb bow, generally might enhance speed approximately 0.5, butwas not all situations all is must install the bulb bow.Introduced according to the Hitachi
shipping business's experiencethat, the ships have the bulb bow, also is the high speedfreighter has the bulb bow may reduce the wave-make esistance, they thought the ships speed above 30,
Buddha counts is0.5, uses the bulb bow, the main engine power may save 7%; Theships speed is about 22, Buddha counts is 0.3, uses the bulb bow,the main engine power may save 2% - 3%; The medium-speed ships use thepower which the bulb bow can save very slightly, but also
thoughtdesigns the oil tanker the bulb bow to design the freighter the bulb bow to want to be easier than.
Third, structure, design characteristic
Structural style: The modern age department regularly does thefreighter generally to be equipped with two fixed spans decks. On ZhuJiaban generally does not have shear, the between decks and theinfrabasal plate all are horizontal, also does not have shear alsodoes not have the camber of beam, adapts in the cabin to produce thevehicle work and the simplification
construction project; The cargohold cross bulkhead also somewhat uses the trough bulkhead; Thedouble-decked bottom and Zhu Jiaban are most is longitudinally framed the posture, Two sides are fream; Middle the ship has very longparallel middle body, and by Philippine graceful cargo hold; One side thehousing plate smooth, the curve partial are few and the constructionand
the loading; Because or the shipyard possible idling to return theport, all is equipped with middle the deep Tibet calamity use inmiddle the cargo hold concurrently to make the deep cabin to use,guaranteed in places such as any loading container sten leans thequestion.
Struck against the load U, V ship bow ship's bottom shape influencewhich was generally called regarding the custom in is veryinconsistent in the past opinion, proposed in the report according torecently the international ships organization conference to think Vship in struck against the time could cause bow the base steel plateaberration to be smallest, when met not the good sea condition couldmaintain compared to U type of the ships wants the high speed.
The high efficiency ships rear part vibrates a question which thequestion is often causes, in the past already designed each kind ofstern form to reduce the vibration which the propeller caused. Atpresent the stern comparatively uses V side stern, it is said producesthe propeller technique hull to vibrate must compared to the tailframe which generally usually uses (namely Shan Jianger have stern frame) is small, the directional stability and the handling qualityare also good.
Cargo hold, hatchway, access panel: The standard type dry cargo ships to be generally
supposes 4 - 6 to bedifferent, each one hatchway capacity size and the loading cargoability
assignment, generally maintains the biggest balanced state inthe design. Some type of the ships for adapt the economic future and heavy, alsopromising adaption compared to significant freighter like ore and soon need, but grows the short cargo hold the cargo hold designalternately to match or other ways. In the cargo hold has the establishment machinery with natrue well ventilated had prevented the cargo is affected with damp. In order to enhance thecargo the loading and unloading speed, the hatchway is more greatlybetter, but this can cause the hull intensity to weaken.
Modernshipbuilding standard hatchway width generally between 0.4 - 0.6. Some type of the ships designs double platoon the hatchway, its goal is for cause the cargohandling to accelerate and to facilitate, may increase in a cargo holdsimultaneously allows the peaceful two suspension bars to continue twogroups to unload cargo the security which the personnel workstogether, double platoon the hatchway also causes access panel minification,the weight to reduce, to open shuts conveniently. The hatchway size generally also needs to consider the standardcontainer the
arrangement, some type of the ships hatchways look satisfy canarrange three rows in the length, can arrange three rows containers inthe width. The hatchway size generally also needs to consider the standardcontainer the arrangement, some type of the ships hatchways happen to satisfy inthe length can arrange three rows, can arrange three rows containersin the width. The hatchway length has nothing to do with with theintensity, when does not hinder its cargo the placement and piles up,generally all makes long, and make the hatchway brattice continuouslyalready increases longitudinal strength. The hatchway this all is the steeland uses the mechanical operation, its model not one.
Hoisting equipment and suspension bar: Does the freighter the typechange to be very big, equipment selects very importantly, quantitygenerally is 5 tons to 20 tons. According to needs also
to haveinstalls 40 to 5 ton different heavy suspension bars. Hangs thegoods pole because its structure simple, the cost low, the movementinertia is small, still obtained the widespread use. Newly designsfalls or for all does not use the fixed lock, causes the bridge lineof sight to be short is hindered. The rotary crane in is high speed and regular or passes on has abigger development, its main merit is: Can alone operate, thesuspension bar position is flexible, does not have the rope to towwith the frequent positioning. But because the cost high, thestructure is more complex and so on the reason, does in the freighterin the non-periodical standard type, but also not sees.
Improvement loading some measures: The new design standard type doesthe freighter
frequently to some to be also tiny but to improves theimportant measure which the loading and unloading process can playquite role. If writes the type of the ships the horizontal rib and the infrabasalplate connected with has cancelled bilge the wrist plate, has like this cancelled bilge the board and the cargo and the handling toolcollision creates the damage the accident.
Fourth, main engine and broadcasting station The standard line non-periodically does the freighter to livethe enthusiastic choice, formerly except country and so on the US usedoutside the gas turbine and the steam turbine on some ships, generallyused burns the heavy oil the
turbo-charged low speed diesel enginethrough drive propeller, only few used the medium-speed diesel enginethrough to decelerate the gear box transmission.
Basically in the ship electricity aspect all uses the exchange,reduces the cost and the weight. Some The type of the ships also uses the main engineimpetus generator, when the navigation value Xu has the main engine torevolve may drive the generator to supply the complete power
sourceand the use abandons supplies the auxiliary boiler, has obtained thegood economic effect.