一、尝试用“胸腔辅助送力---—口腔后部发声法”背诵念读26个英文字母，感觉学习标准发
音，直到感觉音准，流利，升降调式自如为止。
[ / b i: /si: /di: / i: /e f / / / / / e l /e m /e n / /pi://k/B: /e s /ti: / / v i: /dQ bl /e ks /w /zi:]
先观察以上字母的读音，然后，把含有共同元音因素的字母进行分类：
(1) [ei] ___[ ] ___[ ] ___[ ] ___[ ](2) [i:] ___[ ] ___[ ] ___
(3) [ai] ___[ ] ___[ ] (4) [Eu] ___[ ]
(5) [u:] ___[ ] ___[ ] ___[ ]
(6) [e] ___[ ] ___[ ] ___[ ] ___[ ] ___[ ] ___[ ] (7) [B:] ___[ ]
三、英语拼音怎么来拼读：(也就是单词的音标怎么读。/与我们汉语拼音很相似)
（拼读规则：以元音为中心划分音节，按音节来拼读。）
拼读口诀：元音为中心，划分音节、按音节拼读；多音节加重音、多音节一重多轻发音，轻音节怎么轻怎么发音。重开音节读长音，轻/闭音节读短音。例子：he[hi:], name [neim],
table[`teibl], bicycle[`baisikl], teacher[`ti:tFE], red, cap, and, thank, basket, yellow, 四、英文字母和常见字母组合的发音规则（或一般规律）：
1. 为什么要掌握字母和常见字母组合的一般发音规律？目的只有一个，让我们能够做到------见字读音、音义结合。记住词形、服务拼写。第二步就是要反过来，学会语音认字（类似我们的拼音认字），通过多加练习，逐步达到听音写字、音义结合的水平。第三步是形义结合，练习英语汉语意义对应翻译。
2. 英语26个字母和常见字母组合的一般发音规律：（要求熟记于心，脱口而出）
? 总口诀： 元音字母音多变，熟记规则也不难。辅音字母显易单，见面就把音来念。 字母组合固定音，千锤百炼习语感。遇见生词找规律，划分音节顺口连， 元音字母在中间，辅音字母两边站，字母组合算一个，熟能生巧难亦简。 ? 辅音字母发音小口诀：辅音字母显易单，见面就把音来念。
b 发[b ], c 发[k ], ci(y) ce 多发[s ]; d 发[d ], f [f ], g 发[g ] [dV ], [V ]少见; h [h ], j 发[dV ], k / l [k ] [l ]可分连; m [m ], n [n ][N ], p [p ] q [k ] r 发[r ];
s 最多[s ]和[z ], 趋唇[F ] [V ]也常见; sir, this, sit, is, his, who plea , F ], u lly[V ], x 发音剪头端，[ks ]多于[gz ]面； six, pencil-box, excuse, exercise; exam, (后接重读元音) t 发[t ], v 发[v ], w 辅音[w ]来念； teacher, it, very, voice, river, with, swim, wash, 最后一个字母z ，发好[z ]音才算完。zoo, zero, size, puzzle,
? 辅音字母一见发音表：
? 常见辅音字母组合的发音口诀： 字母组合固定音，千锤百炼习语感。
wh 发音 [h ] 和 [w ], th 常发 [W ] 和 [T ]；
ch/tch多发 [tF ], 有时发音 [F ] 或 [k ]；
sh [F ], ph [f ], gh 不发或发 [f ](词尾) ；
ge\dge 多发 [dV ], ck 发 [k], kn [n ];
ng 易发 [N ] [Ng ], qu 发音 [kw ] 和[k ]。
wr 发卷趋 [r ], 双写分节不分音。{ 动词或复数词尾s /es, 多发[s ][z ]/ 和[iz ]; ts [ts ] ds[dz ]}
； ---[ ] shoe, ship, sheep, fish, wash, ash ---[ ] photo, telephone, phrase ---[ ] right, light, daughter [ ] laugh, ] orange, page, bri , fri , porri 麦片粥，稀饭)
] black, kick, lock, back
---[ ] knife, know, knock, knee(膝盖), kneel(跪下), knit (编织), ---[ ] sing, song, long, wing [ ] English, hungry ---[ ] quick, quite(相当，十分), quiet (安静的，平静的), quarter, require,
---[ ] wrong, write, wrap(包，裹), wrist(手腕), wrest(拧，扭), mi a le, e so y, ye ow, umbre {双写元音字母：see, zoo, } ---[ ] its tail(它的尾巴), two baskets /boats(两个篮子/小船), my coats /shirts (我的上衣/衬衫), three hats(三顶帽子), five cats(五只猫), many streets(许多街道), two tea-pots (两个茶壶), some carrots (一些胡萝卜), this? a pen. sits, ] two birds, two hands, English words, their beds, their heads, 辅音连缀：pr ---[ ] practice, pr ai se, pr ay , press, price, pr ou d,
pl---[ ] pl ea se, pl ay , plane, plan, place, pl ai n, plenty (丰富, 大量), plod(沉重地走, 辛勤工作), plop (扑通落下), plum(李子), plug(插头, 插上),
br---[ ] brag(吹牛), brake (闸，刹车), br ai n, br ea k, bread, breed (使) 繁殖, 教养, 抚养), bl---[ ] black, bleed, blind, blouse, blood, blue,
cr-/kr---[ ] crab(螃蟹), cradle(摇篮), cream, crop, cricket([昆]蟋蟀, [运动]板球)
cl-/kl---[ ] class, claim((根据权利) 要求得到, 认领, 声称, 主张, 需要) clean, clear, gr---[ ] grade, grass, grape, graceful(优雅的，温文尔雅) ，green, great,
gl---[ ] glass, glad, gleam (发微光, 使闪烁), glide(滑行, 滑翔), globe(地球仪),
fr---[ ] France, French, free, fresh (新鲜的, 无经验的), frequent (频繁的), friend (朋友), fl---[ ] flat, flag, flame(火焰, 热情), flap (拍打, 鼓翼而飞, 飘动), flares (喇叭裤),
sl---[ ] slave (奴隶), slander (诽谤), slaughter (屠宰, 残杀, 屠杀), sleep (睡眠, 睡觉), sm---[ ] small (小的, 少的), smart (聪明的, 漂亮的, 灵巧地, 时髦地),
sn---[ ] snow, snake, snack (吃) 快餐/小吃)), snail (蜗牛), snap (猛咬),
sk---[ ] skate, skating, skirt, ski (=skee滑雪), skim (掠过, 滑过, 浏览),
sp---[ ] space (空间, 间隔, 距离, 空地, 余地), spade (铲, 铁锹), Spain (西班牙), st---[ ] stand, stamp (邮票, 跺(脚), 顿(足)), stage (舞台, 戏剧, 举行),
sw ---[ ] swab ([swCb ]n.拖把, 药签,vt. 拭抹, 擦洗), swag(摇晃, 水潭, 垂花饰), 突然袭击), sword(剑), swot(at../ for../up; vi. 用功读书vt. 用功学习n. 苦读的人, 辛苦的工作),
dw ---[ ] dwarf ([dwC:f]n.矮子, 侏儒v.(使) 变矮小), dwell(at../in...居住 停留于;
tw ---[ ] twelve, twelfth, twenty, twentieth, twain ([twein]n.两, 双, 二, 一对), twin(s), thr ---[ ] three, thread(线，细丝, 线索, 思路, 螺纹), threaten(恐吓, 威胁),
? ：音节开头发清音[l -], 音节末尾模糊音[- l ],
[l - ] lazy, like, look, long, lubber ([`lQbE ] adj. 粗笨的, 笨拙的n. 傻大个),
[- l ] girl[E:l], ball [C:l], small, school[u:l], well[el ], smell, level[(E)l], smile[ail ], hill[il ]
常见音节尾音总结：[i:l / il / el/ Al / Ql / El / E:l / C:l / Cl / u:l / ul / ail / eil / Ci l / iEl / uEl / aul / Eul / ]
[-pl / -bl / -tl / -dl / -kl / -gl / -fl / -vl / -sl / -zl / ]
[-pEl / -bEl / -tEl / -dEl / -kEl / -gEl / -fEl / -vEl / -sEl / -zEl ]
? 元音字母a e i(y) o u 的发音口诀： 元音字母音多变，熟记规则也不难。
重开音节多长音，[ei ][i:][ai ][Eu ][ju:/u:]来拼；重闭音节/轻音短，[A ][e ][i ][C ][Q ][u ][E ] a 接r /ss常发[B:/A], 还有[ei ][A ] [C/C:][i ] [E ]。e 的发音首数[e ]，空尾/重[i:]轻[i ][E ]。 重开音节i 发[ai ]，重闭/轻音短[i ][E ]。o 发长音[Eu ][C:][u:]，短音[Q ][C ][E ] one 殊。 u 字多发 [ju:]和[Q ]，忙碌busy(i ) 加[u:][u ]。y 头发[j ]重读[ai ]，轻音/结尾[i ]变来。 ay ,ey, o/uy，多发[ei ][i ],[Ci ][ai ]。r 前元音常卷舌，S 后弱音须强化。
相近发音不规则，省力顺口是关键。相近/强化加弱化，使得元音多变化。
例词：a--- [/ ei / B:/ A/ C:/ C/ E/ i / ] 强化音[ei ]，弱化音[E ]a 接r /ss常发[B:/A], 还有[ei ][A ] [C/C:][i ] [E ]。
n me [ei ], t [ei ], c [B:], p [B:], cl ss [B:], b [B:/A], s [A ], [A ], f the r [B:], [B:/E](然后, 后来), doll [E ],cp [A ], c [A ], gr [A/E],
ric [E ], lone, b [E /B:/E], wom [E ], w ter [C:], w [C ], wh t
[C ], w [C:], or nge [i ],
e--- [/ i:/ e/ i / E/ -*(词尾空音) / ] 强化音[i:]，弱化音[E/ i ]
h [i:], sh [i:], w [i:], m [i:], vening [i:], r d [e ], p ncil [e ], mpty [e ], d sk [e ],
umbr lla [e ], Fr [e ], bask t [i ], wom n [i ], pr [i ], th [E / i:], childr [E ], op n [E ], hundred [E / i:],
/ -*(词尾空音) /---- who se [z ], hou se [s], ni ce [s], fa ce [s], whi te [t], na me [m], gi ve
[v], si [d], wa [k], pri [z], fi [n], tu [b], oran [dV ], employ [i:] (职工, 雇员, 店员), ap ple [pl], ta ble [bl], lit tle [tl], mid dle [dl], bicy cle [kl], ea gle [gl](鹰),
i--- [ /ai / i:/ i / E / ] 强化音[ai/i:]，弱化音[E/ i]
right [ai ], bicycle [ai ], white [ai ], police [i:], this [i ], which [i ], his [i ],buld ng [i ], b
eaut ful [E ], hol day [E ],
o--- [ /Eu / / C:/u:/ u / E / wQ-] 强化音[Eu/ C:/u:]，弱化音[E ]
no [Eu ], cold [Eu ], those [Eu ], come [Q ], some [Q ], mother [Q ], brother [Q ], son [Q ], mont
h [Q ], dog [C ], not [C ], hot [C ], sorry [C ], shop [C ], locker [C ], box [C ], orange [C:], whos e [u:], who [u:], do [u:], to [u:], two [u:], woman [u ], policeman [E ], today [E ], on [E ](场合, 时机, 机会), aer [E ], // one [wQn ], once [wQns ], reservoir [`rezEvwB:],
u--- [ /ju:/ Q / u / u: /i / ] 强化音[ju:/u:]，弱化音[i ] use [ju:], usually [ju:], tube [ju:], music [ju:], pupil [ju:], rubber [Q ], umbrella [Q ], m
um [Q ], hungry [Q ], bus [Q ], just [Q ],cup [Q ],put [u ], full [u ], pull [u ], ruler [u:],Sue [u:],blue [u:],minte [i ], b [i ]
y--- [ /ai / j / i /] 强化音[ai ]，弱化音[i ] y 头发[j ]重读[ai ]，轻音/结尾[i ]变来。 your [j ], you [j ], yes [j ], yellow [j ], young [j ], my [ai ], why [ai ], tyre [ai ], style [ai ],
fry [ai ], cry [ai ], bicycle [i ], baby [i ], ready [i ], hungry [i ], very [i ], thirsty [i ], empt y [i ], busy [i ], body [i ], slowly [i ],
? 常见元音字母组合发音口诀： 字母组合固定音，常受影响发音变；千锤百炼习语感。 组合爱发长/双元(音(重读音节)) ；常受影响发音变；为了顺口图方便，近似发音相变换。 另有强化加弱化，多个字母省略念。外来/古语不规则(发音) ，熟读百遍字腔圆。
a--- ay [ei ] day, say, play, way, weekday, birthday, // [i ] Sunday, Monday, …
ar [B:] car, star, farm, are, park, garlic, // [E ] [pE`tikju:lE],
al [C:] all, ball, small, hall, walk, chalk, // [B:] half,
[C:l / Al / El ]非组合式的情况：although[C:l], alga [`AlgE ](藻类, 海藻), algal [`Alg El ](adj.海藻的), algebra [Al`dVibrE] (代数学), signal [lsigEl ](信号/发信号, 用信号通知),
au [C:] daughter, fault, audience, cause, August[`C:gEst] (八月), august [C:`gQst](令人敬畏的, 威严的),
[C ] because, [au ] kraut(泡菜), [B:] laugh,
air [ZE ] air, chair, hair, pair, fair,
ai [ei ] aid, aim, rain, afraid, wait, maid, straight, faith (信念, 宗教信仰, 忠实,), aw [C:] draw, law, saw, awful, raw,
e--- ea [i:] teacher, tea, eat, meat, read, clean, heal, [e ] bread, breakfast, head, [ei ] great, break, steak,
ee [i:] meet, teeth, see, three, green, week, freezing, queen,
ei [ei ] eight, weigh, weight, [i:] receive, ceiling, deceit (n.欺骗, 谎言), deceive(v. 欺
骗, 谎言), receipt (收条, 收据, 收到), perceive (v.察觉感知, 感到), conceit (原义;
自负, 幻想),
er [E:] her, herd(兽群, 牧群/放牧), emergency (紧急情况, 紧急突发事件, 非常时刻,), [E ]
teacher, sister, brother, farmer, worker, letter, over,
ear [iE ] ear, hear, near, year, fear, earwig (偷听者), [ZE ] pear, wear, swear(宣誓, 发誓),
[E:] early, earth, earn,
ere [iE ] here, sphere (球体), hemisphere (半球), [ZE ] there, ere (prep/conj. 前于...; 在... 以前),
eir [ZE ] their,
eer [iE ] beer, deer, cheer(欢呼/喝彩), sneer(冷笑, 讥笑), jeer(讥讽嘲弄), engineer, , ey [ei ] they, grey, hey,
ew [ju:] new, few, hew(砍), view(景色, 风景, 观点, 见解), ewe (母羊),
i--- ir [E:] girl, sir, thirsty, shirt, skirt, first, thirty, whirl((使) 旋转), stir (轰动, 激起, 搅动), ie [i:] piece, niece(侄女, 甥女), field, thief, believe, belief, achieve(完成, 达到), chief(首
领, 领袖, 酋长, 长官//主要的, 首要的, 首席的, 主任的), grief(悲痛, 伤心事, 不幸, 忧伤), relief((痛苦等的) 减轻),
ire [aiE ] tire(轮胎；使劳累), tired(累的，疲劳的), wire(金属丝, 电线),
igh [ai ] right, light, fight, might(也许, 或许; 可能), night, knight,
o--- or [C:] or, for, fork, morning, short, torch, more, [E:] work, worker, [E ] actor, doct
or, forget,
oa [Eu ] boat, coat, goat, goal,
oo [u:]school, food, too, room, tooth, spoon, moon, boot, root, wool, mood(心情, 情绪,
语气, 状态),
[u ] book, look, cook, good, football, foot [Q ] blood, flood,
ou [au ] house, blouse, trousers, mouse, mouth, south, ouch, out, our, hour, flour, sour, m ountain,
[Q ] young, touch, rough(粗糙的, 粗略的, 大致的, 粗野的), [u:] you, through, rouge [r u:V](擦口红/胭脂), [u ]would, could, should, [C:] cough,
ow [au ] brown, down, how, now, towel, tower, [Eu ] yellow, bowl, show, blow, snow, t hrow
oy/oi [Ci ] boy, toy, enjoy, employ, // noise, noisy, toilet, oil, boil,
our [au ] our, flour(面粉) [C:] your, four, course,
ore [C:] before, more, forehead, foresee,
oor [C:/ JE]/ door, floor, moor(荒野; 停泊, 系住),
u--- ur [E:] turn, Thursday, hurt, fur, urge, further, urban (城市的, 市内的), suburb, suburb ia (郊区居民),
ure picture, future[tFE ], // sure[FuE ], //pleasure, measure[VE ],
ua [JE ] usual, usually, February, graduate [`grAdJEt](大学) 毕业生, 研究生), 非组合发音： graduate [`grAdjJeit ] (v. (使)(大学) 毕业), [jJE ]January, uy [ai ] buy, guy,
五、音节、音节的结构和类型、音节划分、音节重音和拼读：
1. 音节就是英文单词字母(或发音) 的排列单位，一个单位算一节。连读起来轻重缓急，流
利有节奏，便于听说阅读。
2. 音节的结构、类型：口诀： 完全结构头中尾(音头/音中/音尾) ，元音字母占中央(包含组
合) ，缺头少尾有开闭(音节) ，e 尾/成音/r音节。
开音节/闭音节：以元音或不发音的e 结尾的叫开音节，以辅音结尾的是闭音节。
开音节(词) ：[以开音节结尾] a, area, tea, by, day, no, boy, buy, grey, ba*by, ru*ler, rub *ber, fa*ther, the, she, we, he, bee, ta*ble, ap*ple, name, bi*cy*cle, banana, orange, some, 闭音节(词) ：bas*ket, bag, cap, class, miss, cross, rain, ti*red, bed, red, yes, egg, sit, it, b egin(开始), hot, not, boat, boil(沸腾，煮沸，激动), cup, sun, cut, put, but, mutton(羊肉), meet, woman,
r 音节：元音字母(a e i o u) + r 构成的独立的音节，也可以前后加辅音字母共同构成音节。 例如：far(远的), arm, er (嗯~), her, tea*cher, ru*ler, sir, girl, stir(轰动, 激起), or, for(为了，对于，因为，适合), short, fur(毛皮), turn, // ar •ti •cle(文章), or •der (命令, 定购, 定制；次序, 顺序, 秩序), ur •gent (急迫的, 紧急的), ur •ban (城市的, 市内的),
成音节： 辅音字母(有时跟不发音/弱化音的元音字母) + l, m, n, (常常带有不发音的e) 可算作一个音节。
例如：la •bel ((贴) 标签), pu •pil, pen •cil [sl ], ta •ble, bi •cy •cle, lit •tle [tl ], ap •ple [pl ],
3. 划分音节口诀： 音节中心看母音，辅音要向两边站。中心之间辅音连，一靠后, 二分手；多个中间偏左右，字母组合算一个(音) 。多音节尾 -l -m –n(e)，前有辅音成音节。 例子：学会一眼识破音节数目，运用语音规则，做到见字读音。 闭音节：pen [pen ], cap [kAp ], bas*ket [`bB:skit], gr ee n [gri:n], b oo k [buk ], and [And ], [i:t], 开音节：he [hi:], she [Fi:], t ea [ti:],my [mai ], t ea •ch er [`ti:tFE], r ea •dy [`redi], Ju •ly [`dVu(:)lai],
ru •l [`ru:lE], h [hE:], 成音节： ta •ble [`teibl ], ap •ple [pl], bot •tle [tl], mid •dle [dl], bi •cy •cle [`baisikl], pen •cil [sl],
se •ven [`sevn], e •le •ven [i `lev(E)n],
不发音的e 尾：come [kQm ], pl ea se [pli:z], whose [hu:z], nice [nais ], name [neim ], giv e [giv ],（开音节的外形，多读长音。）
4. 单词重音（重音符号ˊ）：双音节和多音节词中常常重读一个音节，其它读轻音。遇到
生词，有音标当然省事，但在无音标的情况下，至于哪个音节要重读，由于英语词源、构词、例外情况等诸多因素限制，不可能将每个生词读的完全无误。只能掌握的一般规律： 重音口诀： 为了顺口有节奏，张口由大变到小(省气力) ，大口/长音多重读，还要保持身平衡(整个单词发音) ，特别写法长又多(特别是写法很长的多音节词) ，倒数第三多琢磨。(一般是) 前轻---中重----后又轻。哪儿平顺哪(儿) 读重。 一般具体做法是：① 单音节都重读；这类单词很多。例如：meet, and, class, which, hous e, bread
② 双音节词 ▲ (发长音或大口音重读, 这类单词很多，例如：`teacher [`ti:tFE], `ruler [`ru:lE], `basket [`bB:skit], `apple [`Apl], `table [`teibl],tired [`taiEd], `lazy [`leizi], `open [`EupE n ], // `sorry [`sCri ], Ju`ly, pre`fer, po`lice, to`day,
▲ (两音平(音长和张口大小接近的) 开头重读; 这类单词很多，例如：`rubber, `Sandy, `sandwich, `pencil, `brother, woman, `sister, `ready, `hungry, `very, `busy, `picture, `listen, `Betty, `empty, `pretty, clever [`klevE], letter [ `letE],
▲ (带前后缀多词根重读。例如：a`gain, a`loud, a`sleep, be`gin, be`fore, be`side, be`hind, /`quickly, `friendship, `boyish, `building,
④ 多音节词倒数第三个元音字母(音节) 重读。带前后缀多词根重读。
例如：`Italy,(I`talian), A`merican, `beautiful, natio`nality, `exercise, `chocolate, `newspaper, // suddenly, inter`national, `championship, `countable, `interesting, mechano`therapy (力学疗法),
③ 合成词保持开头单词的重音：例如：policeman, `pencil-box, `football, `ice-cream, `classroom, `schoolboy, `postman, `milkman, `tea-pot, `Jack-in-the-box, `hide-and-`seek, `snakes-and-`ladders,
一、尝试用“胸腔辅助送力---—口腔后部发声法”背诵念读26个英文字母，感觉学习标准发
音，直到感觉音准，流利，升降调式自如为止。
[ / b i: /si: /di: / i: /e f / / / / / e l /e m /e n / /pi://k/B: /e s /ti: / / v i: /dQ bl /e ks /w /zi:]
先观察以上字母的读音，然后，把含有共同元音因素的字母进行分类：
(1) [ei] ___[ ] ___[ ] ___[ ] ___[ ](2) [i:] ___[ ] ___[ ] ___
(3) [ai] ___[ ] ___[ ] (4) [Eu] ___[ ]
(5) [u:] ___[ ] ___[ ] ___[ ]
(6) [e] ___[ ] ___[ ] ___[ ] ___[ ] ___[ ] ___[ ] (7) [B:] ___[ ]
三、英语拼音怎么来拼读：(也就是单词的音标怎么读。/与我们汉语拼音很相似)
（拼读规则：以元音为中心划分音节，按音节来拼读。）
拼读口诀：元音为中心，划分音节、按音节拼读；多音节加重音、多音节一重多轻发音，轻音节怎么轻怎么发音。重开音节读长音，轻/闭音节读短音。例子：he[hi:], name [neim],
table[`teibl], bicycle[`baisikl], teacher[`ti:tFE], red, cap, and, thank, basket, yellow, 四、英文字母和常见字母组合的发音规则（或一般规律）：
1. 为什么要掌握字母和常见字母组合的一般发音规律？目的只有一个，让我们能够做到------见字读音、音义结合。记住词形、服务拼写。第二步就是要反过来，学会语音认字（类似我们的拼音认字），通过多加练习，逐步达到听音写字、音义结合的水平。第三步是形义结合，练习英语汉语意义对应翻译。
2. 英语26个字母和常见字母组合的一般发音规律：（要求熟记于心，脱口而出）
? 总口诀： 元音字母音多变，熟记规则也不难。辅音字母显易单，见面就把音来念。 字母组合固定音，千锤百炼习语感。遇见生词找规律，划分音节顺口连， 元音字母在中间，辅音字母两边站，字母组合算一个，熟能生巧难亦简。 ? 辅音字母发音小口诀：辅音字母显易单，见面就把音来念。
b 发[b ], c 发[k ], ci(y) ce 多发[s ]; d 发[d ], f [f ], g 发[g ] [dV ], [V ]少见; h [h ], j 发[dV ], k / l [k ] [l ]可分连; m [m ], n [n ][N ], p [p ] q [k ] r 发[r ];
s 最多[s ]和[z ], 趋唇[F ] [V ]也常见; sir, this, sit, is, his, who plea , F ], u lly[V ], x 发音剪头端，[ks ]多于[gz ]面； six, pencil-box, excuse, exercise; exam, (后接重读元音) t 发[t ], v 发[v ], w 辅音[w ]来念； teacher, it, very, voice, river, with, swim, wash, 最后一个字母z ，发好[z ]音才算完。zoo, zero, size, puzzle,
? 辅音字母一见发音表：
? 常见辅音字母组合的发音口诀： 字母组合固定音，千锤百炼习语感。
wh 发音 [h ] 和 [w ], th 常发 [W ] 和 [T ]；
ch/tch多发 [tF ], 有时发音 [F ] 或 [k ]；
sh [F ], ph [f ], gh 不发或发 [f ](词尾) ；
ge\dge 多发 [dV ], ck 发 [k], kn [n ];
ng 易发 [N ] [Ng ], qu 发音 [kw ] 和[k ]。
wr 发卷趋 [r ], 双写分节不分音。{ 动词或复数词尾s /es, 多发[s ][z ]/ 和[iz ]; ts [ts ] ds[dz ]}
； ---[ ] shoe, ship, sheep, fish, wash, ash ---[ ] photo, telephone, phrase ---[ ] right, light, daughter [ ] laugh, ] orange, page, bri , fri , porri 麦片粥，稀饭)
] black, kick, lock, back
---[ ] knife, know, knock, knee(膝盖), kneel(跪下), knit (编织), ---[ ] sing, song, long, wing [ ] English, hungry ---[ ] quick, quite(相当，十分), quiet (安静的，平静的), quarter, require,
---[ ] wrong, write, wrap(包，裹), wrist(手腕), wrest(拧，扭), mi a le, e so y, ye ow, umbre {双写元音字母：see, zoo, } ---[ ] its tail(它的尾巴), two baskets /boats(两个篮子/小船), my coats /shirts (我的上衣/衬衫), three hats(三顶帽子), five cats(五只猫), many streets(许多街道), two tea-pots (两个茶壶), some carrots (一些胡萝卜), this? a pen. sits, ] two birds, two hands, English words, their beds, their heads, 辅音连缀：pr ---[ ] practice, pr ai se, pr ay , press, price, pr ou d,
pl---[ ] pl ea se, pl ay , plane, plan, place, pl ai n, plenty (丰富, 大量), plod(沉重地走, 辛勤工作), plop (扑通落下), plum(李子), plug(插头, 插上),
br---[ ] brag(吹牛), brake (闸，刹车), br ai n, br ea k, bread, breed (使) 繁殖, 教养, 抚养), bl---[ ] black, bleed, blind, blouse, blood, blue,
cr-/kr---[ ] crab(螃蟹), cradle(摇篮), cream, crop, cricket([昆]蟋蟀, [运动]板球)
cl-/kl---[ ] class, claim((根据权利) 要求得到, 认领, 声称, 主张, 需要) clean, clear, gr---[ ] grade, grass, grape, graceful(优雅的，温文尔雅) ，green, great,
gl---[ ] glass, glad, gleam (发微光, 使闪烁), glide(滑行, 滑翔), globe(地球仪),
fr---[ ] France, French, free, fresh (新鲜的, 无经验的), frequent (频繁的), friend (朋友), fl---[ ] flat, flag, flame(火焰, 热情), flap (拍打, 鼓翼而飞, 飘动), flares (喇叭裤),
sl---[ ] slave (奴隶), slander (诽谤), slaughter (屠宰, 残杀, 屠杀), sleep (睡眠, 睡觉), sm---[ ] small (小的, 少的), smart (聪明的, 漂亮的, 灵巧地, 时髦地),
sn---[ ] snow, snake, snack (吃) 快餐/小吃)), snail (蜗牛), snap (猛咬),
sk---[ ] skate, skating, skirt, ski (=skee滑雪), skim (掠过, 滑过, 浏览),
sp---[ ] space (空间, 间隔, 距离, 空地, 余地), spade (铲, 铁锹), Spain (西班牙), st---[ ] stand, stamp (邮票, 跺(脚), 顿(足)), stage (舞台, 戏剧, 举行),
sw ---[ ] swab ([swCb ]n.拖把, 药签,vt. 拭抹, 擦洗), swag(摇晃, 水潭, 垂花饰), 突然袭击), sword(剑), swot(at../ for../up; vi. 用功读书vt. 用功学习n. 苦读的人, 辛苦的工作),
dw ---[ ] dwarf ([dwC:f]n.矮子, 侏儒v.(使) 变矮小), dwell(at../in...居住 停留于;
tw ---[ ] twelve, twelfth, twenty, twentieth, twain ([twein]n.两, 双, 二, 一对), twin(s), thr ---[ ] three, thread(线，细丝, 线索, 思路, 螺纹), threaten(恐吓, 威胁),
? ：音节开头发清音[l -], 音节末尾模糊音[- l ],
[l - ] lazy, like, look, long, lubber ([`lQbE ] adj. 粗笨的, 笨拙的n. 傻大个),
[- l ] girl[E:l], ball [C:l], small, school[u:l], well[el ], smell, level[(E)l], smile[ail ], hill[il ]
常见音节尾音总结：[i:l / il / el/ Al / Ql / El / E:l / C:l / Cl / u:l / ul / ail / eil / Ci l / iEl / uEl / aul / Eul / ]
[-pl / -bl / -tl / -dl / -kl / -gl / -fl / -vl / -sl / -zl / ]
[-pEl / -bEl / -tEl / -dEl / -kEl / -gEl / -fEl / -vEl / -sEl / -zEl ]
? 元音字母a e i(y) o u 的发音口诀： 元音字母音多变，熟记规则也不难。
重开音节多长音，[ei ][i:][ai ][Eu ][ju:/u:]来拼；重闭音节/轻音短，[A ][e ][i ][C ][Q ][u ][E ] a 接r /ss常发[B:/A], 还有[ei ][A ] [C/C:][i ] [E ]。e 的发音首数[e ]，空尾/重[i:]轻[i ][E ]。 重开音节i 发[ai ]，重闭/轻音短[i ][E ]。o 发长音[Eu ][C:][u:]，短音[Q ][C ][E ] one 殊。 u 字多发 [ju:]和[Q ]，忙碌busy(i ) 加[u:][u ]。y 头发[j ]重读[ai ]，轻音/结尾[i ]变来。 ay ,ey, o/uy，多发[ei ][i ],[Ci ][ai ]。r 前元音常卷舌，S 后弱音须强化。
相近发音不规则，省力顺口是关键。相近/强化加弱化，使得元音多变化。
例词：a--- [/ ei / B:/ A/ C:/ C/ E/ i / ] 强化音[ei ]，弱化音[E ]a 接r /ss常发[B:/A], 还有[ei ][A ] [C/C:][i ] [E ]。
n me [ei ], t [ei ], c [B:], p [B:], cl ss [B:], b [B:/A], s [A ], [A ], f the r [B:], [B:/E](然后, 后来), doll [E ],cp [A ], c [A ], gr [A/E],
ric [E ], lone, b [E /B:/E], wom [E ], w ter [C:], w [C ], wh t
[C ], w [C:], or nge [i ],
e--- [/ i:/ e/ i / E/ -*(词尾空音) / ] 强化音[i:]，弱化音[E/ i ]
h [i:], sh [i:], w [i:], m [i:], vening [i:], r d [e ], p ncil [e ], mpty [e ], d sk [e ],
umbr lla [e ], Fr [e ], bask t [i ], wom n [i ], pr [i ], th [E / i:], childr [E ], op n [E ], hundred [E / i:],
/ -*(词尾空音) /---- who se [z ], hou se [s], ni ce [s], fa ce [s], whi te [t], na me [m], gi ve
[v], si [d], wa [k], pri [z], fi [n], tu [b], oran [dV ], employ [i:] (职工, 雇员, 店员), ap ple [pl], ta ble [bl], lit tle [tl], mid dle [dl], bicy cle [kl], ea gle [gl](鹰),
i--- [ /ai / i:/ i / E / ] 强化音[ai/i:]，弱化音[E/ i]
right [ai ], bicycle [ai ], white [ai ], police [i:], this [i ], which [i ], his [i ],buld ng [i ], b
eaut ful [E ], hol day [E ],
o--- [ /Eu / / C:/u:/ u / E / wQ-] 强化音[Eu/ C:/u:]，弱化音[E ]
no [Eu ], cold [Eu ], those [Eu ], come [Q ], some [Q ], mother [Q ], brother [Q ], son [Q ], mont
h [Q ], dog [C ], not [C ], hot [C ], sorry [C ], shop [C ], locker [C ], box [C ], orange [C:], whos e [u:], who [u:], do [u:], to [u:], two [u:], woman [u ], policeman [E ], today [E ], on [E ](场合, 时机, 机会), aer [E ], // one [wQn ], once [wQns ], reservoir [`rezEvwB:],
u--- [ /ju:/ Q / u / u: /i / ] 强化音[ju:/u:]，弱化音[i ] use [ju:], usually [ju:], tube [ju:], music [ju:], pupil [ju:], rubber [Q ], umbrella [Q ], m
um [Q ], hungry [Q ], bus [Q ], just [Q ],cup [Q ],put [u ], full [u ], pull [u ], ruler [u:],Sue [u:],blue [u:],minte [i ], b [i ]
y--- [ /ai / j / i /] 强化音[ai ]，弱化音[i ] y 头发[j ]重读[ai ]，轻音/结尾[i ]变来。 your [j ], you [j ], yes [j ], yellow [j ], young [j ], my [ai ], why [ai ], tyre [ai ], style [ai ],
fry [ai ], cry [ai ], bicycle [i ], baby [i ], ready [i ], hungry [i ], very [i ], thirsty [i ], empt y [i ], busy [i ], body [i ], slowly [i ],
? 常见元音字母组合发音口诀： 字母组合固定音，常受影响发音变；千锤百炼习语感。 组合爱发长/双元(音(重读音节)) ；常受影响发音变；为了顺口图方便，近似发音相变换。 另有强化加弱化，多个字母省略念。外来/古语不规则(发音) ，熟读百遍字腔圆。
a--- ay [ei ] day, say, play, way, weekday, birthday, // [i ] Sunday, Monday, …
ar [B:] car, star, farm, are, park, garlic, // [E ] [pE`tikju:lE],
al [C:] all, ball, small, hall, walk, chalk, // [B:] half,
[C:l / Al / El ]非组合式的情况：although[C:l], alga [`AlgE ](藻类, 海藻), algal [`Alg El ](adj.海藻的), algebra [Al`dVibrE] (代数学), signal [lsigEl ](信号/发信号, 用信号通知),
au [C:] daughter, fault, audience, cause, August[`C:gEst] (八月), august [C:`gQst](令人敬畏的, 威严的),
[C ] because, [au ] kraut(泡菜), [B:] laugh,
air [ZE ] air, chair, hair, pair, fair,
ai [ei ] aid, aim, rain, afraid, wait, maid, straight, faith (信念, 宗教信仰, 忠实,), aw [C:] draw, law, saw, awful, raw,
e--- ea [i:] teacher, tea, eat, meat, read, clean, heal, [e ] bread, breakfast, head, [ei ] great, break, steak,
ee [i:] meet, teeth, see, three, green, week, freezing, queen,
ei [ei ] eight, weigh, weight, [i:] receive, ceiling, deceit (n.欺骗, 谎言), deceive(v. 欺
骗, 谎言), receipt (收条, 收据, 收到), perceive (v.察觉感知, 感到), conceit (原义;
自负, 幻想),
er [E:] her, herd(兽群, 牧群/放牧), emergency (紧急情况, 紧急突发事件, 非常时刻,), [E ]
teacher, sister, brother, farmer, worker, letter, over,
ear [iE ] ear, hear, near, year, fear, earwig (偷听者), [ZE ] pear, wear, swear(宣誓, 发誓),
[E:] early, earth, earn,
ere [iE ] here, sphere (球体), hemisphere (半球), [ZE ] there, ere (prep/conj. 前于...; 在... 以前),
eir [ZE ] their,
eer [iE ] beer, deer, cheer(欢呼/喝彩), sneer(冷笑, 讥笑), jeer(讥讽嘲弄), engineer, , ey [ei ] they, grey, hey,
ew [ju:] new, few, hew(砍), view(景色, 风景, 观点, 见解), ewe (母羊),
i--- ir [E:] girl, sir, thirsty, shirt, skirt, first, thirty, whirl((使) 旋转), stir (轰动, 激起, 搅动), ie [i:] piece, niece(侄女, 甥女), field, thief, believe, belief, achieve(完成, 达到), chief(首
领, 领袖, 酋长, 长官//主要的, 首要的, 首席的, 主任的), grief(悲痛, 伤心事, 不幸, 忧伤), relief((痛苦等的) 减轻),
ire [aiE ] tire(轮胎；使劳累), tired(累的，疲劳的), wire(金属丝, 电线),
igh [ai ] right, light, fight, might(也许, 或许; 可能), night, knight,
o--- or [C:] or, for, fork, morning, short, torch, more, [E:] work, worker, [E ] actor, doct
or, forget,
oa [Eu ] boat, coat, goat, goal,
oo [u:]school, food, too, room, tooth, spoon, moon, boot, root, wool, mood(心情, 情绪,
语气, 状态),
[u ] book, look, cook, good, football, foot [Q ] blood, flood,
ou [au ] house, blouse, trousers, mouse, mouth, south, ouch, out, our, hour, flour, sour, m ountain,
[Q ] young, touch, rough(粗糙的, 粗略的, 大致的, 粗野的), [u:] you, through, rouge [r u:V](擦口红/胭脂), [u ]would, could, should, [C:] cough,
ow [au ] brown, down, how, now, towel, tower, [Eu ] yellow, bowl, show, blow, snow, t hrow
oy/oi [Ci ] boy, toy, enjoy, employ, // noise, noisy, toilet, oil, boil,
our [au ] our, flour(面粉) [C:] your, four, course,
ore [C:] before, more, forehead, foresee,
oor [C:/ JE]/ door, floor, moor(荒野; 停泊, 系住),
u--- ur [E:] turn, Thursday, hurt, fur, urge, further, urban (城市的, 市内的), suburb, suburb ia (郊区居民),
ure picture, future[tFE ], // sure[FuE ], //pleasure, measure[VE ],
ua [JE ] usual, usually, February, graduate [`grAdJEt](大学) 毕业生, 研究生), 非组合发音： graduate [`grAdjJeit ] (v. (使)(大学) 毕业), [jJE ]January, uy [ai ] buy, guy,
五、音节、音节的结构和类型、音节划分、音节重音和拼读：
1. 音节就是英文单词字母(或发音) 的排列单位，一个单位算一节。连读起来轻重缓急，流
利有节奏，便于听说阅读。
2. 音节的结构、类型：口诀： 完全结构头中尾(音头/音中/音尾) ，元音字母占中央(包含组
合) ，缺头少尾有开闭(音节) ，e 尾/成音/r音节。
开音节/闭音节：以元音或不发音的e 结尾的叫开音节，以辅音结尾的是闭音节。
开音节(词) ：[以开音节结尾] a, area, tea, by, day, no, boy, buy, grey, ba*by, ru*ler, rub *ber, fa*ther, the, she, we, he, bee, ta*ble, ap*ple, name, bi*cy*cle, banana, orange, some, 闭音节(词) ：bas*ket, bag, cap, class, miss, cross, rain, ti*red, bed, red, yes, egg, sit, it, b egin(开始), hot, not, boat, boil(沸腾，煮沸，激动), cup, sun, cut, put, but, mutton(羊肉), meet, woman,
r 音节：元音字母(a e i o u) + r 构成的独立的音节，也可以前后加辅音字母共同构成音节。 例如：far(远的), arm, er (嗯~), her, tea*cher, ru*ler, sir, girl, stir(轰动, 激起), or, for(为了，对于，因为，适合), short, fur(毛皮), turn, // ar •ti •cle(文章), or •der (命令, 定购, 定制；次序, 顺序, 秩序), ur •gent (急迫的, 紧急的), ur •ban (城市的, 市内的),
成音节： 辅音字母(有时跟不发音/弱化音的元音字母) + l, m, n, (常常带有不发音的e) 可算作一个音节。
例如：la •bel ((贴) 标签), pu •pil, pen •cil [sl ], ta •ble, bi •cy •cle, lit •tle [tl ], ap •ple [pl ],
3. 划分音节口诀： 音节中心看母音，辅音要向两边站。中心之间辅音连，一靠后, 二分手；多个中间偏左右，字母组合算一个(音) 。多音节尾 -l -m –n(e)，前有辅音成音节。 例子：学会一眼识破音节数目，运用语音规则，做到见字读音。 闭音节：pen [pen ], cap [kAp ], bas*ket [`bB:skit], gr ee n [gri:n], b oo k [buk ], and [And ], [i:t], 开音节：he [hi:], she [Fi:], t ea [ti:],my [mai ], t ea •ch er [`ti:tFE], r ea •dy [`redi], Ju •ly [`dVu(:)lai],
ru •l [`ru:lE], h [hE:], 成音节： ta •ble [`teibl ], ap •ple [pl], bot •tle [tl], mid •dle [dl], bi •cy •cle [`baisikl], pen •cil [sl],
se •ven [`sevn], e •le •ven [i `lev(E)n],
不发音的e 尾：come [kQm ], pl ea se [pli:z], whose [hu:z], nice [nais ], name [neim ], giv e [giv ],（开音节的外形，多读长音。）
4. 单词重音（重音符号ˊ）：双音节和多音节词中常常重读一个音节，其它读轻音。遇到
生词，有音标当然省事，但在无音标的情况下，至于哪个音节要重读，由于英语词源、构词、例外情况等诸多因素限制，不可能将每个生词读的完全无误。只能掌握的一般规律： 重音口诀： 为了顺口有节奏，张口由大变到小(省气力) ，大口/长音多重读，还要保持身平衡(整个单词发音) ，特别写法长又多(特别是写法很长的多音节词) ，倒数第三多琢磨。(一般是) 前轻---中重----后又轻。哪儿平顺哪(儿) 读重。 一般具体做法是：① 单音节都重读；这类单词很多。例如：meet, and, class, which, hous e, bread
② 双音节词 ▲ (发长音或大口音重读, 这类单词很多，例如：`teacher [`ti:tFE], `ruler [`ru:lE], `basket [`bB:skit], `apple [`Apl], `table [`teibl],tired [`taiEd], `lazy [`leizi], `open [`EupE n ], // `sorry [`sCri ], Ju`ly, pre`fer, po`lice, to`day,
▲ (两音平(音长和张口大小接近的) 开头重读; 这类单词很多，例如：`rubber, `Sandy, `sandwich, `pencil, `brother, woman, `sister, `ready, `hungry, `very, `busy, `picture, `listen, `Betty, `empty, `pretty, clever [`klevE], letter [ `letE],
▲ (带前后缀多词根重读。例如：a`gain, a`loud, a`sleep, be`gin, be`fore, be`side, be`hind, /`quickly, `friendship, `boyish, `building,
④ 多音节词倒数第三个元音字母(音节) 重读。带前后缀多词根重读。
例如：`Italy,(I`talian), A`merican, `beautiful, natio`nality, `exercise, `chocolate, `newspaper, // suddenly, inter`national, `championship, `countable, `interesting, mechano`therapy (力学疗法),
③ 合成词保持开头单词的重音：例如：policeman, `pencil-box, `football, `ice-cream, `classroom, `schoolboy, `postman, `milkman, `tea-pot, `Jack-in-the-box, `hide-and-`seek, `snakes-and-`ladders,