短暂性动词，延续性动词和现在完成时
短暂性动词是指动作一旦发生就立即结束。它不能和一段时间连用。这类动词有：go, come, arrive, leave, begin, start, join, marry 等；短暂性动词的肯定式不能与表示一段时间的for或since或how long等状语连用。例如：
His father got ill. I have received his letter. 但是，不可以说：His father got ill for a week. I have received his letter for three days.
在否定句中，短暂性动词可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。例如：
We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time. I suppose something must have happened to her. 延续性动词是指动作发生后还可以延续一段时间或者相当长的一段时间。如：live, work, study, learn, sleep等，延续性动词可以和表示一段的时间状语连用。
值得注意的是，表示一段时间的状语除了“for+一段时间”外，还有since+n./从句（时间点），since+时间段+ago，疑问词how long，in the past+时间段，all these+时间段，from…to（时间点）以及till/until+n./句子等等。例如：
How long _______ your brother joined the army? A. has B. had C. is it since D. was there that 另外，动词的延续性与非延续性还体现在这两种句型中：
延续性动词的肯定式+till/ until 短暂性动词的否定式+till/ until
请看例句：
We waited until he came. I didn’t go to bed until my father came back home last night.
如果短暂性动词与表示一段时间的时间状语连用，必须将短暂性动词改为延续性动词。 除了用上面的转化形式之外，还可以用其他的表达形式：
A. It is/ has been+时间+since……（动词用过去式）
B. 主语+谓语（过去时）+时间+ago。 例如：
It’s five days since I received his letter. His father died three years ago.
看一个句子可以用以下几种说法：他离开上海已经3天了。
He left Shanghai three days ago.
He has been away from Shanghai for three days.
He has been away from Shanghai since three days ago.
It is/ has been three days since he left Shanghai.
Three days has passed since he left Shanghai.
几点注意事项:（1）have been(to) have gone( to) have been in的区别：
have been(to)表示“去过某地（现在已经回来了）”，可用于各人称；
have gone(to)表示“去某地了（说话时某人不在当地）”，可能在去的路上，可能已在某地，也可能在回来的路上，总之，人不在这里。常用第三人称作主语。前者可与once ,never, several times等连用，后者则不能。
He has gone to Amercia. （他到美国去了。 他不在这里）
He has been to Amercia. （他去过美国。 现已回来）
He has been in Shanghai. （他在上海呆过。 现在不在上海）
He has been in shanghai for years. （他在上海多年。 现在还在上海）
He has taught English. （他教过英语 现在不教了）
He has taught English for years. （他教英语多年了。 现在还在教）
（2）如单纯表示一段时间，或强调一段时间，虽有since一词，也不必用完成时。
如：It is two years since his father died.=His father has been dead for two years.
（3）终止性动词现在完成时的否定式，已变成一种可以延续的状态，因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。如：I haven't left here since 1997.
arrive→be here begin(start)→be on die →be dead come back→be back go—be away come—be here leave →be away (from) / （be not here） buy—have fall ill(sick, asleep)→be ill(sick, asleep) open →be open borrow—keep become—be get up→be up go out →be out finish →be over put on →wear 或be on open →be open join →be in或be a member of… move to → live in finish/end → be over close →be closed go to school→be a student come to → be in sit down → be seated catch(a cold)→ have(a cold) get to know →know begin to study→study lose——be lost等
归纳由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换：
arrive→be here begin(start)→be on die →be dead come back→be back go—be away come—be here leave →be away (from) / （be not here） buy—have fall ill(sick, asleep)→be ill(sick, asleep) open →be open borrow—keep become—be
get up→be up go (get)out →be out finish →be over put on →wear 或be on open →be open/ keep sth open join →be in+组织机构或be a member of+组织机构
move to → live in finish/end → be over close →be closed go to school→be a student come to → be in sit down → be seated catch(a cold)→ have(a cold)
get to know →know begin to study→study lose——be lost go there --- be there
become --- be, come back --- be back, fall asleep --- be asleep,
come/go/get to/ arrive/reach+地方 --- be (in), 等
Exercises: I. 句型转换：
1. Mr. Li began to teach English in this school in 1999.（同义句）
Mr. Li ______ _______ English in this school since 1999.
2. The factory opened ten years ago.（同义句）
The factory _______ _____ ______ for ten years.
3. John left Beijing three years ago. （同义句）
Three years _____ _____ ______ John _____ Beijing.
John_____ ______ ______ ______ Beijing _____ three years.
4. His company opened in 2003. （同义句）
His company _____ _____ _____ since 2003.
5. My father bought the car half a year ago. （同义句）
My father ______ ______ the car ____ half a year.
6. We got to know each other for about 15 years. （同义句）
We _____ _____ each other _____ about 15 years.
7. The film began ten minutes ago. （同义句） The film _____ _____ _____ for ten minutes.
8. I borrowed this book two weeks ago. （同义句） I _____ _____ this book for two weeks.
9. My father came back the day before yesterday. My father has ______ ______ for two days.
10.My uncle bought the new car two months ago.
My uncle has______ the new car ______two months ago.
11. We began to learn English three years ago.(改为同义句)
We ____ ____English ____three years
12. The old man _________ last year. He has _______ _______for a year. (die) 词填空）
13. Miss Gao left an hour ago. (同义句转换)
Miss Gao has _______ ________ ________ an hour ago.
选择题
1.When he arrived at the bus stop, the bus ________ for 20 minutes.
A. has left B. had left C. has been away D. had been away
2. I ______ the League for 5 years so far.
A. joined B. have joined C. have been in
3.The factory ________ since the February of 1988.
A . has been open B. has opened C. was open D. opened
4.Mary and Rose _______friends since they met in 2000.
A. have made B. have been C. made D. have become
5.You mustn't ________ until he comes back.
A. be away B. leave C. be left
6.The meeting _______ for a week now.
A. has finished B. has ended C. has been over
7.Miss Gao ______ this school for nearly 5 years.
A. has been in B. has come to C. has taught
8.Ben ______ a teacher for 4 years .
A. has been B. has become C. was D. became
9. I ______ home for a week.
A. have returned B. have been back C. returned
10. How long _______ he ________ ?
A. died B. has, died C. has, been dead
11. He ______ at eight yesterday afternoon.
A. slept B. was sleeping C. has sleep D. had slept
12.He ________ the car for a week.
A. bought B. has bought C. has had
13.-----How long _____ you _____ ill ? -----Two weeks.
A. did fall B. have, fell C. have, been （动
14.Since 2000, he _____ his hometown.
A. has left B. has moved away C. has been away from
15.I'll lend you the book , but you can only _____ it for 2 days.
A. borrow B. keep C. take
16.The bus ______ on the road for 2 hours so far.
A. has stopped B. stopped C. has been
17.Are you _____ the jacket these days?
A. wearing B. putting on C. dressing D. on
18.He ________ foe 2 hours.
A. got up B. has got up C. has been up
19. Tom is ill in hospital. He _______ a cold for several days.
A. is B. catches C. has caught D. has had
20.----- How long can I ______ the book? ------ Two weeks.
A. borrow B. lend C. get D. keep
1. I____ already ____ (see) the film. I ________ (see) it last week.
2. _____ he ____ (finish) his work today? Not yet.
3. My father ____ just ____ (come) back from work. He is tired now.
4. Where’s Li Ming ? He __________ (go) to the teacher’s office.
5. I __________ (work) here since I ______ (move) here in 1999.
6. So far I _______________(make) quite a few friends here.
7. How long ________ the Wangs ______________(stay) here ? For two weeks.
8. I ________ just ___________ (finish) my homework.
9. He ________ (go) to school on foot every day.
10.____ you ______ (find) your science book yet?
11. If it ____ (be) fine tomorrow, I'll go with you.
12. The students ____________ (read) English when the teacher came in.
13. Look! The monkey __________ (climb) the tree.
14. My mother __________ (come) to see me next Sunday.
15. I've lost my pen. _________ you ________ (see) it anywhere?
II. 用have been和have gone填空。
1. Mother isn’t here. She ______ to the barber’s.
2. ______ you ever ______ abroad before?
3. There you are at last! Where ______ you ______?
4. Tom and Mary have just come in. They ______ to a party.
5. Tom and Mary aren’t here. They ______ to a Party.
6. My father ______ to New York. He left this morning.
7. My mother ______ to the supermarket and she has taken my bag with her.
8. None of us ______ to England.
9. “I’ve come to see Tom.” “But he is not here. He ______ to your house to see you.”
10. I ______ never ______ to Shanghai.
11. The young man ______ to Beijing. He is working there now.
12. The students ______ to the cinema to see a film today. Now they are back.
13. Tom isn’t at home. He ______ to school.
14. Mr. and Mrs. Smith ______ to London now. They ______ there twice already.
15. Mr. Smith ______ to Britain and France this year. Now he is telling his students about his trip.
16. All the students ______ to the meeting to listen to a lecture.
17. Where is Jerry? He isn’t here now. He ______ to the library to borrow books.
18. Miss Li ______ never ______ to China before.
19. Where ______ you ______? The meeting has already begun.
20. Where ______ he ______? I can’t find him anywhere.
短暂性动词，延续性动词和现在完成时
短暂性动词是指动作一旦发生就立即结束。它不能和一段时间连用。这类动词有：go, come, arrive, leave, begin, start, join, marry 等；短暂性动词的肯定式不能与表示一段时间的for或since或how long等状语连用。例如：
His father got ill. I have received his letter. 但是，不可以说：His father got ill for a week. I have received his letter for three days.
在否定句中，短暂性动词可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。例如：
We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time. I suppose something must have happened to her. 延续性动词是指动作发生后还可以延续一段时间或者相当长的一段时间。如：live, work, study, learn, sleep等，延续性动词可以和表示一段的时间状语连用。
值得注意的是，表示一段时间的状语除了“for+一段时间”外，还有since+n./从句（时间点），since+时间段+ago，疑问词how long，in the past+时间段，all these+时间段，from…to（时间点）以及till/until+n./句子等等。例如：
How long _______ your brother joined the army? A. has B. had C. is it since D. was there that 另外，动词的延续性与非延续性还体现在这两种句型中：
延续性动词的肯定式+till/ until 短暂性动词的否定式+till/ until
请看例句：
We waited until he came. I didn’t go to bed until my father came back home last night.
如果短暂性动词与表示一段时间的时间状语连用，必须将短暂性动词改为延续性动词。 除了用上面的转化形式之外，还可以用其他的表达形式：
A. It is/ has been+时间+since……（动词用过去式）
B. 主语+谓语（过去时）+时间+ago。 例如：
It’s five days since I received his letter. His father died three years ago.
看一个句子可以用以下几种说法：他离开上海已经3天了。
He left Shanghai three days ago.
He has been away from Shanghai for three days.
He has been away from Shanghai since three days ago.
It is/ has been three days since he left Shanghai.
Three days has passed since he left Shanghai.
几点注意事项:（1）have been(to) have gone( to) have been in的区别：
have been(to)表示“去过某地（现在已经回来了）”，可用于各人称；
have gone(to)表示“去某地了（说话时某人不在当地）”，可能在去的路上，可能已在某地，也可能在回来的路上，总之，人不在这里。常用第三人称作主语。前者可与once ,never, several times等连用，后者则不能。
He has gone to Amercia. （他到美国去了。 他不在这里）
He has been to Amercia. （他去过美国。 现已回来）
He has been in Shanghai. （他在上海呆过。 现在不在上海）
He has been in shanghai for years. （他在上海多年。 现在还在上海）
He has taught English. （他教过英语 现在不教了）
He has taught English for years. （他教英语多年了。 现在还在教）
（2）如单纯表示一段时间，或强调一段时间，虽有since一词，也不必用完成时。
如：It is two years since his father died.=His father has been dead for two years.
（3）终止性动词现在完成时的否定式，已变成一种可以延续的状态，因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。如：I haven't left here since 1997.
arrive→be here begin(start)→be on die →be dead come back→be back go—be away come—be here leave →be away (from) / （be not here） buy—have fall ill(sick, asleep)→be ill(sick, asleep) open →be open borrow—keep become—be get up→be up go out →be out finish →be over put on →wear 或be on open →be open join →be in或be a member of… move to → live in finish/end → be over close →be closed go to school→be a student come to → be in sit down → be seated catch(a cold)→ have(a cold) get to know →know begin to study→study lose——be lost等
归纳由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换：
arrive→be here begin(start)→be on die →be dead come back→be back go—be away come—be here leave →be away (from) / （be not here） buy—have fall ill(sick, asleep)→be ill(sick, asleep) open →be open borrow—keep become—be
get up→be up go (get)out →be out finish →be over put on →wear 或be on open →be open/ keep sth open join →be in+组织机构或be a member of+组织机构
move to → live in finish/end → be over close →be closed go to school→be a student come to → be in sit down → be seated catch(a cold)→ have(a cold)
get to know →know begin to study→study lose——be lost go there --- be there
become --- be, come back --- be back, fall asleep --- be asleep,
come/go/get to/ arrive/reach+地方 --- be (in), 等
Exercises: I. 句型转换：
1. Mr. Li began to teach English in this school in 1999.（同义句）
Mr. Li ______ _______ English in this school since 1999.
2. The factory opened ten years ago.（同义句）
The factory _______ _____ ______ for ten years.
3. John left Beijing three years ago. （同义句）
Three years _____ _____ ______ John _____ Beijing.
John_____ ______ ______ ______ Beijing _____ three years.
4. His company opened in 2003. （同义句）
His company _____ _____ _____ since 2003.
5. My father bought the car half a year ago. （同义句）
My father ______ ______ the car ____ half a year.
6. We got to know each other for about 15 years. （同义句）
We _____ _____ each other _____ about 15 years.
7. The film began ten minutes ago. （同义句） The film _____ _____ _____ for ten minutes.
8. I borrowed this book two weeks ago. （同义句） I _____ _____ this book for two weeks.
9. My father came back the day before yesterday. My father has ______ ______ for two days.
10.My uncle bought the new car two months ago.
My uncle has______ the new car ______two months ago.
11. We began to learn English three years ago.(改为同义句)
We ____ ____English ____three years
12. The old man _________ last year. He has _______ _______for a year. (die) 词填空）
13. Miss Gao left an hour ago. (同义句转换)
Miss Gao has _______ ________ ________ an hour ago.
选择题
1.When he arrived at the bus stop, the bus ________ for 20 minutes.
A. has left B. had left C. has been away D. had been away
2. I ______ the League for 5 years so far.
A. joined B. have joined C. have been in
3.The factory ________ since the February of 1988.
A . has been open B. has opened C. was open D. opened
4.Mary and Rose _______friends since they met in 2000.
A. have made B. have been C. made D. have become
5.You mustn't ________ until he comes back.
A. be away B. leave C. be left
6.The meeting _______ for a week now.
A. has finished B. has ended C. has been over
7.Miss Gao ______ this school for nearly 5 years.
A. has been in B. has come to C. has taught
8.Ben ______ a teacher for 4 years .
A. has been B. has become C. was D. became
9. I ______ home for a week.
A. have returned B. have been back C. returned
10. How long _______ he ________ ?
A. died B. has, died C. has, been dead
11. He ______ at eight yesterday afternoon.
A. slept B. was sleeping C. has sleep D. had slept
12.He ________ the car for a week.
A. bought B. has bought C. has had
13.-----How long _____ you _____ ill ? -----Two weeks.
A. did fall B. have, fell C. have, been （动
14.Since 2000, he _____ his hometown.
A. has left B. has moved away C. has been away from
15.I'll lend you the book , but you can only _____ it for 2 days.
A. borrow B. keep C. take
16.The bus ______ on the road for 2 hours so far.
A. has stopped B. stopped C. has been
17.Are you _____ the jacket these days?
A. wearing B. putting on C. dressing D. on
18.He ________ foe 2 hours.
A. got up B. has got up C. has been up
19. Tom is ill in hospital. He _______ a cold for several days.
A. is B. catches C. has caught D. has had
20.----- How long can I ______ the book? ------ Two weeks.
A. borrow B. lend C. get D. keep
1. I____ already ____ (see) the film. I ________ (see) it last week.
2. _____ he ____ (finish) his work today? Not yet.
3. My father ____ just ____ (come) back from work. He is tired now.
4. Where’s Li Ming ? He __________ (go) to the teacher’s office.
5. I __________ (work) here since I ______ (move) here in 1999.
6. So far I _______________(make) quite a few friends here.
7. How long ________ the Wangs ______________(stay) here ? For two weeks.
8. I ________ just ___________ (finish) my homework.
9. He ________ (go) to school on foot every day.
10.____ you ______ (find) your science book yet?
11. If it ____ (be) fine tomorrow, I'll go with you.
12. The students ____________ (read) English when the teacher came in.
13. Look! The monkey __________ (climb) the tree.
14. My mother __________ (come) to see me next Sunday.
15. I've lost my pen. _________ you ________ (see) it anywhere?
II. 用have been和have gone填空。
1. Mother isn’t here. She ______ to the barber’s.
2. ______ you ever ______ abroad before?
3. There you are at last! Where ______ you ______?
4. Tom and Mary have just come in. They ______ to a party.
5. Tom and Mary aren’t here. They ______ to a Party.
6. My father ______ to New York. He left this morning.
7. My mother ______ to the supermarket and she has taken my bag with her.
8. None of us ______ to England.
9. “I’ve come to see Tom.” “But he is not here. He ______ to your house to see you.”
10. I ______ never ______ to Shanghai.
11. The young man ______ to Beijing. He is working there now.
12. The students ______ to the cinema to see a film today. Now they are back.
13. Tom isn’t at home. He ______ to school.
14. Mr. and Mrs. Smith ______ to London now. They ______ there twice already.
15. Mr. Smith ______ to Britain and France this year. Now he is telling his students about his trip.
16. All the students ______ to the meeting to listen to a lecture.
17. Where is Jerry? He isn’t here now. He ______ to the library to borrow books.
18. Miss Li ______ never ______ to China before.
19. Where ______ you ______? The meeting has already begun.
20. Where ______ he ______? I can’t find him anywhere.