2012卷
北二外：
1. Byronic hero
Byronic hero is a character-type found in Byron’s celebrated narrative poem Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, his verse drama Manfred, and other works. He is a boldly defiant but bitterly self-tormenting outcast, proudly contemptuous of social norms but suffering for some unnamed sin.
2. West humor
West humor is the type of humor in the tall tales. West humor is not only of witty remark mocking at small things or of farcial elements making people laugh, but a kind of artistic style used to criticize the social injustic. West humor is best represented in Mark Twain’s short stories, such as Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County.
南开大学：
1. the five-act structure of Shakespeare’s plays
Most of his plays are in the format of 5 acts. Act 1 is the exposition, in which the dramatis personae are presented, and time and place are established. We learn about the antecedents of the story. Act 2 is the complications in which the course of action becomes mre complicated, the “tying of knots” takes place. Act 3 is the climax of action in which the development of conflict reaches its high point. Act 4 reversals where the consequences of Act 3 play out, momentum slows, and tension is heighted by false hopes or fears. Act 5 is the catastrophe in which the conflict is resolved, whether through a catastrophe, the downfall of the hero, or through his victory and transfiguration. The format of five-act play is familiar from Shakespeare’s plays, and is grounded in the concepts of unity in Aristotle’s Poetics.
2. denotation and connotation
Denotation and connotation are two principal methods of describing the meanings of words. Denotation of a word is the thing in the real world the word is linked to, and it is the precise, literal definition of a word. Connotation of a word refers to the emotional meaning or associated meaning that a word may carry.
3. gothic novels
Gothic novel is a genre or mode of literature that combines elements of both horror and romance. Its origin is attributed to English author Horace Walpole, and his novel The Castle of Otranto. The gothic novels always include the following elements: the setting in a castle, an atmosphere of mystery and suspense, an ancient prophecy, omens, portents, supernatural or otherwise inexplicable events, high, even overwrought emotion, women in distress or threatened by a powerful, impulsive, tyrannical male, and the metonymy of gloom and horror. The gothic novels have influenced the novel, the short story, poetry and even film making up to the present day.
4. Ralph Waldo Emerson and his works
Emerson was an American essayist, lecturer, and poet, who led the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century. He is acclaimed as one of the major writers of the mid-19th century, one of the most stimulating American minds. His writing falls into two types: essays and poetry, and his fame comes mainly from his essays. Among his best are Nature, The American Scholar and Self-Reliance. Nature has been called “the manifesto of American transcendentalism”; The American Scholar has been regarded as “America’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence”.
厦门大学：
1. allegory
Allegory is a story with second distinct meaning partially hidden behind its literal meaning. The principal technique of allegory is personification, whereby abstract qualities are given human shape. An allegory may be conceived as a metaphor that is extended into a structured system, as it involves a continuous parallel between two levels of meaning in a story.
2. avant-garde-先锋派
3. ballad
Ballad is a folk song or orally transmitted poem telling in a direct and dramatic manner. Some ballad stories usually derived from a tragic incident in local history or legend. These stories are told simply, impersonally, and often with vivid dialogues. Appearing in many parts of Europe in the late Middle Age, ballads flourished particularly strongly in Scotland from the 15th century onward.
4. Black mountain poets
The Black mountain poets, sometimes called projectivist poets, were a group of mid-20th century American avant-garde or postmodern poets centered on Black Mountain College. Turning away from the poetic tradition espoused by T.S.Eliot, these poets emulated the free style of William Carlos Williams. Charles Olson’s essay Projective Verse became their manifesto. Olson emphasized the creative process, in which the poet’s energy is transferred through the poem to the reader. Inherent in this new poetry was the reliance upon decidedly American conversational language.
5. Bloomsbury Group
It is a loose coterie of writers linked by friendship to the homes of Vanessa Stephen and his sister Virginia in Bloomsbury from 1906 to the late 1930s. It had no doctrine or aim, despite a shared admiration for the moral philosophy of G.E.Moore, but the group had some importance as a centre of modernizing liberal opinion in the 1920s.
6. Eco-criticism
It is the study of literature and environment from an interdisciplinary point of view, where all sciences come together to analyze the environment, and brainstorm possible solutions for the correction of the contemporary environmental situation.
Eco-criticism borrows methodologies and theorectically informs approaches liberally from other fields of literary, social and scientific study.
A) Pecola Breedlove-from The Bluest Eye
B) Frederic Henry-from A Farewell to Arms
meets the beautiful Catherine Barkley
C) Emma Woodhouse
D) Pip-from Great Expectation
E) Yoaasrian-from Catch-22
He is the protagonist of the novel. He is a captain in the Air Force and a lead bombardier in his squadron, but he hates the war. His powerful desire to live has led him to the conclusion that millions of people are trying to kill him. This insistence on self-preservation creates a conflict for him. Even though he is determined to save his own life at all costs, he nonetheless cares for the other members of his squadron and is traumatized by their deaths.
F) Quentin Compson-from The Sound and the Fury
He is the oldest one in the Compsons. He feels an inordinate burden of responsibility to live up to the family’s past greatness and prestige. He is a very intelligent and sensitive young man, but is paralyzed by his obsession with Caddy and his preoccupation with a very traditional Southern code of conduct and morality. When he found his own family members have disregarded the Southern code, he was driven to despondency and eventually suicided.
A) th1) It is under the influence of the Enlightenment, the guiding principle of which is ration, natural right and equality. So the Neo-classicism not only reflects principles and concerns of the literature of ancient Greece and Rome, but also emphasizes the simple form, restrained emotion and balanced, orderly rationality.
2) Pope’s poems fully express the essential features of English Neo-classicism, such as the control of emotion, worship of reason and adherence to the styles and aesthetic principles of ancient Greek and Roman classical art. His philosophical essays, his keen satiric and moral sensibility and his mastering of the heroic couplet make him outshoot his age and win him the position of one of the greatest poets and satirists. Above all, Pope and his works best exemplify the Neo-classicism, so the first half of the 18th century is called the Age of Pope.
B) 1) Lewis is well-known for his masterpiece Main Street, which is a bitter criticism of
the dullness, hypocrisy, prejudice and oppression of life in a Milddle Western village. I believe he deserves the honor for the following reasons:
①Lewis works hard to capture characteristic details. The pretensions of a small-town society, the thinness of the characters in his novel are portrayed in such a great detail that they produce photographic verisimilitude. 逼真
②He is the master of satire. In this novel, Lewis displays his ability to reveal the ludicrousness 滑稽of a character or the absurdity of a situation, and touched them up in exaggeration, thus turning them into effective satire.
③When Lewis is satirizing the smug provincial complacency, he not only emphasizes on the comic and ridiculous, but also wants to reform the America he pictured by skillfully arousing his readers’ sympathies for the non-conformists in a conformist society.`
北京航空航天大学：
1. Symbol
Symbol, in literary use, is a specially evocative kind of image, that is, a word or phrase referring to a concrete object, scene, or action which also has some further significance associated with it. The white whale in Melville’s Moby Dick is a symbol.
2. Tradegy
Tradegy is a serious play or by extension a novel that represents the disastrous downfall of a central character. Shakespeare’s King Lear and Macbeth are tragedies.
3. Ambiguity
Ambiguiy is the openness to different interpretations, or an instance in which some use of language may be understood in diverse ways. The simplest kind of ambiguity is achieved by the use of pun.
4. Paradox
Paradox is a statement or experience so surprisingly self-contradictory as to provoke us into seeking another sense or context in which it would be true. Shakespeare’s “the truest poetry is the most feigning” is a notable literary example of paradox.
1. Hamlet delayed in killing Claudius when he saw Claudius praying as he passed by the King’s chamber. If he killed Claudius when he was praying for his guilt, then he would help Claudius to enter the heaven. I think he delays because of his social and political ideal. Because Hamlet engages himself in a personal revenge and at the same time attempts to set the right “time” that is “out of joint”. He is an idealist and what he wants is not a secret revenge but an open punishment to the killer.
2. The Englightenment is the movement of intellectual liberation that developed in Western Europe from the late 17th century to the late 18th century. It central idea is the
need for human reason to clear away ancient superstition, prejudice, dogma and injustic. I think the Enlightenment spirit encourages rational inquiry, humanitatian tolerance and the idea of universal human right. This spirit is found in the poems of Alexander Pope, such as Essays of Criticism and Essays on Man that upholds the principles of rationality, morality, balance, unity and order. It is also found in Henry Fielding’s The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, which gives a realistic presentation of life of the common people with flaws.
国际关系学院
1. tragic flaw of a character
Taking Shakespeare’s tragedy Othello as an example, the flaw of Othello, such as jealousy, credulity and difference, lead to the tragic killing of this play. Othello is the play’s protagonist, although he is not a native of Venice but rather a Moor, he is the highly respected general of Venice. His marrying with Desdemona is spite of the disapproval of her father is a beginning of the tragedy, but the fraility of Othello’s character is the main cause. First, Othello lacks self-confidence as he always considers himself as an outsider and not polished enough, we can see this from saying “I am black, and have not those soft parts of conservation that chamberers出入闺房者 have, and maybe a little old.” This weakness is taken by Iago, who makes mischief and tells Othello that Cassio had affairs with Desdemona. Though Othello is warned against jealous “O, beware, my lord, of jealousy; It is the green-ey’d monster, which doth mock the meat it feeds on”, he is quite credulous and overwhelmed by jealousy, and finally he killed his wife tragically. So we can see that Othello’s tragic suffering mainly stems from the frailties in his character.
2. What the omniscient point of view is with reference to one novel
Omniscience point of view refers to the narrator of the fiction who has a full knowledge of the story, the motives and unspoken thoughts of the characters. The omniscient narrator is also capable of describing events happening stimultaneously in different places. In Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, although the narration typically stays with Elizabeth, it occassionally offers us information that Elizabeth isn’t aware of something, such as Charoltte’s pursuit of Mr. Collins. This third omniscient point of view leads a cold dimension to the novel, which helps the readers to find neutrally the wrong judgments and flaws of both the protagonists, thus the readers can better understand how the protagonists overcome their pride and prejudice and achieve their happy marriage.
3, Describe the characteristics of “the Lost Generation” with references to writers and literary works.
It was applied to th disillusioned intellectuals and aesthetes of the years following the First World War, who rebelled against former ideals and values, but replaced them only by despair and a cynical hedonism. The simple language and the tendency of spoken language are the characters of the lost generation. The simple style is pushed to the extreme in Hemingway works, such as his A Farewell to Arms and The Old
Man and the Sea. The lost generation cut themselves from the old values and lost in disillusionment and existential voids. The hollowness and hedonism in Fitzgerald’s fiction The Great Gatsby best exemplify this characteristic. The lost generation writers all gained prominence in 20th century literature. Their innovations challenged assumptions about writing and expression.
武汉大学2012
1.
Though the defintion of “the frontier” has developed over time to include not only the “vast and howling wilderness” of the Puritans, but also the far reaches of cyber space, the essential notion of unexplored territory-of fresh starts and wide open spaces-has always occupied a central place in the American cultural and literary imagination. James Cooper depicted the world of the American frontier in his Leatherstocking Tales, in which he creates Natty Bumppo as a western hero who lives in a mysterious wild country and has a legendary career. Natty Bumppo is a typical frontier man. He is honest, simple, innocent and generous. His chief strength is adaptability. He adapts to the difficulties of the frontier and bridges the divide between white and Indian cultures.
Howevever, idealize, mythologize, the level of eoic, a froniter myth. prosaic and normal lives of men and women on the frontier are transformed into the idea that two worlds are in sharp collision. Two very different traditions are locked in conflict over the possession of the land, one primitive and the other civilized.
Frontier a myth about the conquest to the wilderness, the tale of survival, persistence or even cruel destiny in the fighting with the wildness. Jack London’s famous short story To Build a Fire centers on the wilderness in a more realistic way. about an unnamed man’s disasterous trek across the Yukon Territory near Alaska. uses repetition and precise description to emphasize the brutal coldness and unforgiving landscape of the Northland, against which the inexperienced protagonist, accompanied only by a dog, struggles unsuccessfully to save himself from freezing to death after a series of mishaps.
Cooper romanticist at the beginning of the 19th century, Jack London belongs to the realistic era toward the end of the same century. according to their respective philosophies of art and life, and show us completely different works.
2012卷
北二外：
1. Byronic hero
Byronic hero is a character-type found in Byron’s celebrated narrative poem Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, his verse drama Manfred, and other works. He is a boldly defiant but bitterly self-tormenting outcast, proudly contemptuous of social norms but suffering for some unnamed sin.
2. West humor
West humor is the type of humor in the tall tales. West humor is not only of witty remark mocking at small things or of farcial elements making people laugh, but a kind of artistic style used to criticize the social injustic. West humor is best represented in Mark Twain’s short stories, such as Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County.
南开大学：
1. the five-act structure of Shakespeare’s plays
Most of his plays are in the format of 5 acts. Act 1 is the exposition, in which the dramatis personae are presented, and time and place are established. We learn about the antecedents of the story. Act 2 is the complications in which the course of action becomes mre complicated, the “tying of knots” takes place. Act 3 is the climax of action in which the development of conflict reaches its high point. Act 4 reversals where the consequences of Act 3 play out, momentum slows, and tension is heighted by false hopes or fears. Act 5 is the catastrophe in which the conflict is resolved, whether through a catastrophe, the downfall of the hero, or through his victory and transfiguration. The format of five-act play is familiar from Shakespeare’s plays, and is grounded in the concepts of unity in Aristotle’s Poetics.
2. denotation and connotation
Denotation and connotation are two principal methods of describing the meanings of words. Denotation of a word is the thing in the real world the word is linked to, and it is the precise, literal definition of a word. Connotation of a word refers to the emotional meaning or associated meaning that a word may carry.
3. gothic novels
Gothic novel is a genre or mode of literature that combines elements of both horror and romance. Its origin is attributed to English author Horace Walpole, and his novel The Castle of Otranto. The gothic novels always include the following elements: the setting in a castle, an atmosphere of mystery and suspense, an ancient prophecy, omens, portents, supernatural or otherwise inexplicable events, high, even overwrought emotion, women in distress or threatened by a powerful, impulsive, tyrannical male, and the metonymy of gloom and horror. The gothic novels have influenced the novel, the short story, poetry and even film making up to the present day.
4. Ralph Waldo Emerson and his works
Emerson was an American essayist, lecturer, and poet, who led the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century. He is acclaimed as one of the major writers of the mid-19th century, one of the most stimulating American minds. His writing falls into two types: essays and poetry, and his fame comes mainly from his essays. Among his best are Nature, The American Scholar and Self-Reliance. Nature has been called “the manifesto of American transcendentalism”; The American Scholar has been regarded as “America’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence”.
厦门大学：
1. allegory
Allegory is a story with second distinct meaning partially hidden behind its literal meaning. The principal technique of allegory is personification, whereby abstract qualities are given human shape. An allegory may be conceived as a metaphor that is extended into a structured system, as it involves a continuous parallel between two levels of meaning in a story.
2. avant-garde-先锋派
3. ballad
Ballad is a folk song or orally transmitted poem telling in a direct and dramatic manner. Some ballad stories usually derived from a tragic incident in local history or legend. These stories are told simply, impersonally, and often with vivid dialogues. Appearing in many parts of Europe in the late Middle Age, ballads flourished particularly strongly in Scotland from the 15th century onward.
4. Black mountain poets
The Black mountain poets, sometimes called projectivist poets, were a group of mid-20th century American avant-garde or postmodern poets centered on Black Mountain College. Turning away from the poetic tradition espoused by T.S.Eliot, these poets emulated the free style of William Carlos Williams. Charles Olson’s essay Projective Verse became their manifesto. Olson emphasized the creative process, in which the poet’s energy is transferred through the poem to the reader. Inherent in this new poetry was the reliance upon decidedly American conversational language.
5. Bloomsbury Group
It is a loose coterie of writers linked by friendship to the homes of Vanessa Stephen and his sister Virginia in Bloomsbury from 1906 to the late 1930s. It had no doctrine or aim, despite a shared admiration for the moral philosophy of G.E.Moore, but the group had some importance as a centre of modernizing liberal opinion in the 1920s.
6. Eco-criticism
It is the study of literature and environment from an interdisciplinary point of view, where all sciences come together to analyze the environment, and brainstorm possible solutions for the correction of the contemporary environmental situation.
Eco-criticism borrows methodologies and theorectically informs approaches liberally from other fields of literary, social and scientific study.
A) Pecola Breedlove-from The Bluest Eye
B) Frederic Henry-from A Farewell to Arms
meets the beautiful Catherine Barkley
C) Emma Woodhouse
D) Pip-from Great Expectation
E) Yoaasrian-from Catch-22
He is the protagonist of the novel. He is a captain in the Air Force and a lead bombardier in his squadron, but he hates the war. His powerful desire to live has led him to the conclusion that millions of people are trying to kill him. This insistence on self-preservation creates a conflict for him. Even though he is determined to save his own life at all costs, he nonetheless cares for the other members of his squadron and is traumatized by their deaths.
F) Quentin Compson-from The Sound and the Fury
He is the oldest one in the Compsons. He feels an inordinate burden of responsibility to live up to the family’s past greatness and prestige. He is a very intelligent and sensitive young man, but is paralyzed by his obsession with Caddy and his preoccupation with a very traditional Southern code of conduct and morality. When he found his own family members have disregarded the Southern code, he was driven to despondency and eventually suicided.
A) th1) It is under the influence of the Enlightenment, the guiding principle of which is ration, natural right and equality. So the Neo-classicism not only reflects principles and concerns of the literature of ancient Greece and Rome, but also emphasizes the simple form, restrained emotion and balanced, orderly rationality.
2) Pope’s poems fully express the essential features of English Neo-classicism, such as the control of emotion, worship of reason and adherence to the styles and aesthetic principles of ancient Greek and Roman classical art. His philosophical essays, his keen satiric and moral sensibility and his mastering of the heroic couplet make him outshoot his age and win him the position of one of the greatest poets and satirists. Above all, Pope and his works best exemplify the Neo-classicism, so the first half of the 18th century is called the Age of Pope.
B) 1) Lewis is well-known for his masterpiece Main Street, which is a bitter criticism of
the dullness, hypocrisy, prejudice and oppression of life in a Milddle Western village. I believe he deserves the honor for the following reasons:
①Lewis works hard to capture characteristic details. The pretensions of a small-town society, the thinness of the characters in his novel are portrayed in such a great detail that they produce photographic verisimilitude. 逼真
②He is the master of satire. In this novel, Lewis displays his ability to reveal the ludicrousness 滑稽of a character or the absurdity of a situation, and touched them up in exaggeration, thus turning them into effective satire.
③When Lewis is satirizing the smug provincial complacency, he not only emphasizes on the comic and ridiculous, but also wants to reform the America he pictured by skillfully arousing his readers’ sympathies for the non-conformists in a conformist society.`
北京航空航天大学：
1. Symbol
Symbol, in literary use, is a specially evocative kind of image, that is, a word or phrase referring to a concrete object, scene, or action which also has some further significance associated with it. The white whale in Melville’s Moby Dick is a symbol.
2. Tradegy
Tradegy is a serious play or by extension a novel that represents the disastrous downfall of a central character. Shakespeare’s King Lear and Macbeth are tragedies.
3. Ambiguity
Ambiguiy is the openness to different interpretations, or an instance in which some use of language may be understood in diverse ways. The simplest kind of ambiguity is achieved by the use of pun.
4. Paradox
Paradox is a statement or experience so surprisingly self-contradictory as to provoke us into seeking another sense or context in which it would be true. Shakespeare’s “the truest poetry is the most feigning” is a notable literary example of paradox.
1. Hamlet delayed in killing Claudius when he saw Claudius praying as he passed by the King’s chamber. If he killed Claudius when he was praying for his guilt, then he would help Claudius to enter the heaven. I think he delays because of his social and political ideal. Because Hamlet engages himself in a personal revenge and at the same time attempts to set the right “time” that is “out of joint”. He is an idealist and what he wants is not a secret revenge but an open punishment to the killer.
2. The Englightenment is the movement of intellectual liberation that developed in Western Europe from the late 17th century to the late 18th century. It central idea is the
need for human reason to clear away ancient superstition, prejudice, dogma and injustic. I think the Enlightenment spirit encourages rational inquiry, humanitatian tolerance and the idea of universal human right. This spirit is found in the poems of Alexander Pope, such as Essays of Criticism and Essays on Man that upholds the principles of rationality, morality, balance, unity and order. It is also found in Henry Fielding’s The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, which gives a realistic presentation of life of the common people with flaws.
国际关系学院
1. tragic flaw of a character
Taking Shakespeare’s tragedy Othello as an example, the flaw of Othello, such as jealousy, credulity and difference, lead to the tragic killing of this play. Othello is the play’s protagonist, although he is not a native of Venice but rather a Moor, he is the highly respected general of Venice. His marrying with Desdemona is spite of the disapproval of her father is a beginning of the tragedy, but the fraility of Othello’s character is the main cause. First, Othello lacks self-confidence as he always considers himself as an outsider and not polished enough, we can see this from saying “I am black, and have not those soft parts of conservation that chamberers出入闺房者 have, and maybe a little old.” This weakness is taken by Iago, who makes mischief and tells Othello that Cassio had affairs with Desdemona. Though Othello is warned against jealous “O, beware, my lord, of jealousy; It is the green-ey’d monster, which doth mock the meat it feeds on”, he is quite credulous and overwhelmed by jealousy, and finally he killed his wife tragically. So we can see that Othello’s tragic suffering mainly stems from the frailties in his character.
2. What the omniscient point of view is with reference to one novel
Omniscience point of view refers to the narrator of the fiction who has a full knowledge of the story, the motives and unspoken thoughts of the characters. The omniscient narrator is also capable of describing events happening stimultaneously in different places. In Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, although the narration typically stays with Elizabeth, it occassionally offers us information that Elizabeth isn’t aware of something, such as Charoltte’s pursuit of Mr. Collins. This third omniscient point of view leads a cold dimension to the novel, which helps the readers to find neutrally the wrong judgments and flaws of both the protagonists, thus the readers can better understand how the protagonists overcome their pride and prejudice and achieve their happy marriage.
3, Describe the characteristics of “the Lost Generation” with references to writers and literary works.
It was applied to th disillusioned intellectuals and aesthetes of the years following the First World War, who rebelled against former ideals and values, but replaced them only by despair and a cynical hedonism. The simple language and the tendency of spoken language are the characters of the lost generation. The simple style is pushed to the extreme in Hemingway works, such as his A Farewell to Arms and The Old
Man and the Sea. The lost generation cut themselves from the old values and lost in disillusionment and existential voids. The hollowness and hedonism in Fitzgerald’s fiction The Great Gatsby best exemplify this characteristic. The lost generation writers all gained prominence in 20th century literature. Their innovations challenged assumptions about writing and expression.
武汉大学2012
1.
Though the defintion of “the frontier” has developed over time to include not only the “vast and howling wilderness” of the Puritans, but also the far reaches of cyber space, the essential notion of unexplored territory-of fresh starts and wide open spaces-has always occupied a central place in the American cultural and literary imagination. James Cooper depicted the world of the American frontier in his Leatherstocking Tales, in which he creates Natty Bumppo as a western hero who lives in a mysterious wild country and has a legendary career. Natty Bumppo is a typical frontier man. He is honest, simple, innocent and generous. His chief strength is adaptability. He adapts to the difficulties of the frontier and bridges the divide between white and Indian cultures.
Howevever, idealize, mythologize, the level of eoic, a froniter myth. prosaic and normal lives of men and women on the frontier are transformed into the idea that two worlds are in sharp collision. Two very different traditions are locked in conflict over the possession of the land, one primitive and the other civilized.
Frontier a myth about the conquest to the wilderness, the tale of survival, persistence or even cruel destiny in the fighting with the wildness. Jack London’s famous short story To Build a Fire centers on the wilderness in a more realistic way. about an unnamed man’s disasterous trek across the Yukon Territory near Alaska. uses repetition and precise description to emphasize the brutal coldness and unforgiving landscape of the Northland, against which the inexperienced protagonist, accompanied only by a dog, struggles unsuccessfully to save himself from freezing to death after a series of mishaps.
Cooper romanticist at the beginning of the 19th century, Jack London belongs to the realistic era toward the end of the same century. according to their respective philosophies of art and life, and show us completely different works.