翻译工作坊讲稿

One characteristic of Western culture is the emphasis on individual contribution. Perhaps there may be some historical or religious reasons, but the mainstay(主要的依靠) of Western culture is the individual. This trait is manifested in the making of individual heroes in Western culture and creativity. The individual’s contributions are placed above collective effort. The advantage of this is that it can spur people on to greater heights. The flaw is that it results in self-centered individualism, which affects creativity indirectly.

西方文化的一个特点是强调个人的贡献,或许这里有些许历史与宗教方面的原因。以个人为主的西方传统风格,(演变到今日)表现在西方文化和创造发明中往往是制造个人英雄,并将其个人贡献置于集体之上。其好处是激发人的进取心, 弊端是导致以个人为中心, 间接影响创新。

Up to some level, creativity requires the coordination of all sides. Eastern culture can play a positive role in this. The traditional Eastern education system stresses building a solid foundation, and then builds up the basic knowledge step by step. However, Eastern tradition places too much emphasis on foundations. The insistence on rote learning affects the initiative to make bold hypotheses and argumentation about new situations and new problems.

创新,到达一定程度之后需要各方面的配合。东方文化则在这方面会起积极作用。东方传统教育强调脚踏实地打基础,再将基础知识一步一步建立起来。然而东方传统过于重视基础,强调死记硬背, 影响了对新现象、新问题的大胆设想、论证。

Passage 2

进入21世纪,发达国家所面临的共同问题,不是缺资金,而是缺人才;不

是缺最新的资讯,而是缺最新的知识。

“知识”1的关键因素。把相关的知识有系统地运用到经济活动中,现在泛称为“知识经济”2。唯有通过外在的教育与学习,浩瀚的资讯才可能变成系统的知识3。

“知识”像土地和劳动一样,是个古老的生产因素。但因为现代知识成长迅速,变化巨大,又加以与经济、产业、科技、创新等结合,促成了“知识经济”的独领风骚4。

Entering the 21st century, the developed countries are facing a common problem: shortage of talent, not funds, and lack of latest knowledge, rather than up-to-date information.

Knowledge has become a crucial factor in the progress of a country. makes what we now generally call “knowledge-based economy”. Only through education and training, can the huge volume of information be turned into systematic knowledge.

Knowledge as a factor in production is as old as land and labor. Yet, because of the fast growth and drastic changes of modern knowledge in its integration with economy, industries, science, technology and innovation, “knowledge-based economy” has evolved with overall impacts.

• 时文翻译

第一节 时文翻译的时代性和准确性

随着中国与世界各国的交往愈加频繁,时文翻译变得越来越重要。时文的内涵丰富,包括政治、经济、外交文件、新闻报道等。随着我国经济的

飞速发展,新生事物层出不穷,新的方针政策相继产生,新词语的大量涌现,所有这些都会给时文翻译提出新的挑战。

如何以地道、纯正的英语来翻译具有中国特色的政治、经济、外交等方面的文章,不仅要求译者具有深刻的英文功底,还要求译者能紧跟时代步伐,深入了解国内外重大事件的背景知识,方能准确、严谨地传译各种文章。 • 一、时文翻译第一要求是准确性

时文翻译要以最清晰明快的英文准确表达原文的精神实质。即把“信”放在首位。不能拘泥于原文字句,机械地从字面上“对号入座”。

[例] 使中央委员会领导干部年轻化

[初译] make the Central Committee leaders younger

[分析]所谓年轻化,是指把年轻一些的同志选入中央委员会。

[改译] bring younger comrades to the leading posts of the Central Committee • 准确性

[例]中国的富强和发展不会对任何国家构成威胁。

[初译] The strength, prosperity and development of China will pose no threat to any countries.

[析] 机械对译,拘泥原文。

[改译] A strong, prosperous and developed China will pose no threat to any countries. • 二、时文翻译要仔细斟酌汉语的组句形式,

[例]轻纺工业产品的花样品种增多,质量持续提高。

[初译] The designs and variety of light industrial and textile products have increased and their quality has continued to improve.

[析] 词类、词序完全按照中文排定,有中式英文特征。

[改译] Light industry and textile products are now available in better designs and quality and also in richer variety.

[析]打乱原文句型结构,按英文句法重新组织句子。

• 三、时文翻译需要适当增减文字

[例] 必须始终不渝地坚持两手抓,两手都要硬的方针,加强精神文明建设。

[译文] We must unswervingly give equal importance to [分析] “两手抓,两手硬”是国内的时政习语,直译会令外文读者感到莫名其妙。译文译为“不偏不倚地同样重视”,并增加了原文所缺的“一方面抓经济建设”的内容,更准确的表达了原文意思。

• 第二节 时文翻译典型错误透析

翻译艺术至少包含四个层次:一是熟悉翻译理论;二是具备双语的扎实功底和丰富的语言知识;三是翻译实践中的创造性劳动;四是尽量多地掌握并善于模仿译入语的惯用法。

就汉译英来说,熟悉和模仿英语的习惯表达法是一个极为重要的环节。

本节的时文翻译包含了各种汉译英中常见的典型错误,冀希同学们从中得到某些技巧方面的启示,亦可在自己的翻译实践中引以为鉴。

• [例1] 工人们省吃俭用,希望为国家多积累资金。

[初译] Workers save food and expenses to accumulate more funds for the country.

[分析] 机械对译。“save food”是“把食物放起来”,应挖掘“省吃俭用”的深层含义生活节俭。

[改译] Workers live frugally to accumulate more funds for the state.

• [例2]我国艰巨的社会主义建设事业,需要尽可能多的知识分子为它服务。

[初译]The colossal cause of our country’s socialist construction needs as many intellectuals as possible to serve it.

[分析]主语没有用对。如译文不能使主语和谓语动词相互搭配,就应设法改变主语或谓语动词,不能参照汉语句式进行直线硬译。

[改译1]China (our country)needs the services of as many intellectuals as possible for the colossal task of building socialism.

[改译2] The services of as many intellectuals as possible are needed for the colossal task of building socialism in our country.

• [例3]任何新生事物的成长都要经过艰难曲折。

[初译] The growth of any new thing always has to experience difficulties and setbacks.

[分析] 主语的落脚点没选准。

[改译]New things always have to experience difficulties and setbacks as they grow. Dear students, you are expected to read and study each passage intensively, focusing on the key words, phrases and sentence patterns, style. Only when you have acquired a thorough comprehension of the original in terms of both the content and the style, can you be said to be well prepared enough to translate it. When you have produced a version, you are supposed to check your own version against the original to correct any grammatical errors or logical mistakes in the version. Moreover, you are expected to read and revise your own version several times, at last, until you believe that you have done your best and that you are satisfied with it. Then, you can look at the given version provided immediately after the original. You are supposed to

make a comparative study of the given version and your own version. If you find the provided version is better, study it further to find out its strong points and improve your own version again.

Translation is a matter of practice. Only by doing plenty of practice, can we enhance our language competence and raise our translation ability.

英、汉两种语言之间存在着多种差异, 许多情况下成了英汉互译的极大障碍。 所谓译事之难,难就难在处理语言差异上,难就难在寻觅译文的近似值表达上。

法律、合同、政论文体等的译文强调准确性,所以在完整传达原文信息的前提下,译文多采用直译法,力求尽量贴近原文的语言形式。

于直译法。

的要求。要译内涵、译趣味、译神韵,更要追求内在本质的东西(“神似”

英译汉时许多情况下应把英语的静态语势转化为汉语的动态语势,而汉译英时则应设法把汉语的动态语势译为英语的静态语势。

汉语常用范畴词,而英语却极少用范畴词。汉译英时要尽可能地省略那些原文习惯上需要但在译文中却没有实际意义的范畴词。英译汉时……

[1] 他是在我不知道的情况下拿走了那些东西的。

He took it away without my knowledge

(3) 省略汉语中的有关形容词

[1]他能力强,人品好,显然会步步高升的。

In the light of ______________________, he will surely be promoted soon.

[2]这里景色秀美,气候宜人,吸引了大批的游客。

This scenic spot attracts large numbers of tourists for __________________. Or: Drawn by __________________, a large number of tourists pour in. (2) 省略中文必要但英文不必要的名词

[例] 建立办事高效、运转协调、行为规范的政府行政管理体系是当前政府

机构重组的目标。

The current government restructure establishing a ____________, ______________ and ___________ administrative management system.

第五章 汉译英语篇重组

一、汉译英的句法变化

二、语篇修琢

三、段落调整

一、汉译英的句法变化

1、 句型要多样化

无论是汉语还是英语,如果一段文字或一篇文章中的句法都是千篇一律,缺少变化,那么读者读上去会觉得平淡呆板,从而失去兴趣。英语对句型变化的要求更为突出。所以要注意使用多样化的句型。

陈述、强调、倒装、疑问句式相交替等等,可以使译文具有节奏感。

2、如一段文字中连续使用某一个主语,则应尽量减少它出现的频率而变换另外的说法。

二、语篇修琢

主要包括:删节意义重复或累赘的词句;增设有利于英语读者理解的解释;对某些过分的修饰语作“降调”处理;灵活安排句式。

[例1] 他是一个伟大的、英明的、正直的政治家。心胸宽广,具有远见卓识,待人真诚,深 受人们爱戴。

[译] He is a genuine statesman who is much beloved and esteemed . 三、段落调整

汉、英两种语言在段落组织上有细微差别。英语的一个段落通常只讲一个中心内容,重点突出,分段细致。而汉语则可将几个内容包括在一段之中。鉴于这种差别,汉译英时一定要注意进行段落调整。

) 英语组句时重“形合”,借重词形变化、虚词(例如冠词、介词、连接词)、非谓语动词(不定式、分词)、从句以及独立主格来表示各种语法关系,逻辑性强,外形完整。称为“树型结构”(干上有枝,枝上有节,节外生枝)。

汉语组句时重“意合”,主要以“话题”的自由形式铺展。它没有词形变化,没有非谓语动词、定语从句、独立主格和冠词,在多数情况下省略虚词,虽然外形上互不连接,但内含逻辑关系,注重以神摄形。称为“竹节结构”——像竹杆一样明快简洁。

例:人非圣贤,孰能无过?

三人行,必有我师。

1许多词可以用汉语的动词来转换;

2连接词许多情况下可以省略不译,越是使用连接词少的句子越符合汉语表达习惯;

3介词短语、定语从句和独立主格在多数情况下都可译为短语或分句(短句)。 汉译英时,

一、注意把汉语句子内涵的逻辑关系(特别是因果关系、连接关系、转折关系、递进关系等)用英语的连接词表达出来; 二、善于把汉语的流水句译成相互照应的单句

三、善于把汉语的众多动词分清顺序或分清主次编排成英语的习惯表达,许多情况下要把一些表目的、原因、条件等关联词组译为非谓语动词或者名词、介词等。

一、选用适当的词汇

Note :英汉两种语言,除了一些专用名词、科技术语以外,绝对等值的词语很少。

1、英汉词汇都有一词多类、一词多义的现象;

2、英汉词汇都有褒贬、色彩之分;

3、英汉词汇各自都有言外之义。

英汉互译须谨慎选词、用词,不能仅仅依靠词典上的释义。翻译一个词,必须先从它在上下文中所处的地位以及与其他词的搭配关系去理解,去选择适当的翻译表达。

策。

无论是英译汉还是汉译英,使用频率很高的一个技巧就是适当地增词或减词。运用增词或减词的手法,主要宗旨是使译入语表达得自然、顺畅。

必须遵守的原则:增减要适度,做到增词而不增意,减词而不减意。

句子从正面译不通,就应考虑从反面译;从肯定译不通,就要从否定的角度来译;从被动译不通,就从主动的角度来译。

,方法要灵活。

One characteristic of Western culture is the emphasis on individual contribution. Perhaps there may be some historical or religious reasons, but the mainstay(主要的依靠) of Western culture is the individual. This trait is manifested in the making of individual heroes in Western culture and creativity. The individual’s contributions are placed above collective effort. The advantage of this is that it can spur people on to greater heights. The flaw is that it results in self-centered individualism, which affects creativity indirectly.

西方文化的一个特点是强调个人的贡献,或许这里有些许历史与宗教方面的原因。以个人为主的西方传统风格,(演变到今日)表现在西方文化和创造发明中往往是制造个人英雄,并将其个人贡献置于集体之上。其好处是激发人的进取心, 弊端是导致以个人为中心, 间接影响创新。

Up to some level, creativity requires the coordination of all sides. Eastern culture can play a positive role in this. The traditional Eastern education system stresses building a solid foundation, and then builds up the basic knowledge step by step. However, Eastern tradition places too much emphasis on foundations. The insistence on rote learning affects the initiative to make bold hypotheses and argumentation about new situations and new problems.

创新,到达一定程度之后需要各方面的配合。东方文化则在这方面会起积极作用。东方传统教育强调脚踏实地打基础,再将基础知识一步一步建立起来。然而东方传统过于重视基础,强调死记硬背, 影响了对新现象、新问题的大胆设想、论证。

Passage 2

进入21世纪,发达国家所面临的共同问题,不是缺资金,而是缺人才;不

是缺最新的资讯,而是缺最新的知识。

“知识”1的关键因素。把相关的知识有系统地运用到经济活动中,现在泛称为“知识经济”2。唯有通过外在的教育与学习,浩瀚的资讯才可能变成系统的知识3。

“知识”像土地和劳动一样,是个古老的生产因素。但因为现代知识成长迅速,变化巨大,又加以与经济、产业、科技、创新等结合,促成了“知识经济”的独领风骚4。

Entering the 21st century, the developed countries are facing a common problem: shortage of talent, not funds, and lack of latest knowledge, rather than up-to-date information.

Knowledge has become a crucial factor in the progress of a country. makes what we now generally call “knowledge-based economy”. Only through education and training, can the huge volume of information be turned into systematic knowledge.

Knowledge as a factor in production is as old as land and labor. Yet, because of the fast growth and drastic changes of modern knowledge in its integration with economy, industries, science, technology and innovation, “knowledge-based economy” has evolved with overall impacts.

• 时文翻译

第一节 时文翻译的时代性和准确性

随着中国与世界各国的交往愈加频繁,时文翻译变得越来越重要。时文的内涵丰富,包括政治、经济、外交文件、新闻报道等。随着我国经济的

飞速发展,新生事物层出不穷,新的方针政策相继产生,新词语的大量涌现,所有这些都会给时文翻译提出新的挑战。

如何以地道、纯正的英语来翻译具有中国特色的政治、经济、外交等方面的文章,不仅要求译者具有深刻的英文功底,还要求译者能紧跟时代步伐,深入了解国内外重大事件的背景知识,方能准确、严谨地传译各种文章。 • 一、时文翻译第一要求是准确性

时文翻译要以最清晰明快的英文准确表达原文的精神实质。即把“信”放在首位。不能拘泥于原文字句,机械地从字面上“对号入座”。

[例] 使中央委员会领导干部年轻化

[初译] make the Central Committee leaders younger

[分析]所谓年轻化,是指把年轻一些的同志选入中央委员会。

[改译] bring younger comrades to the leading posts of the Central Committee • 准确性

[例]中国的富强和发展不会对任何国家构成威胁。

[初译] The strength, prosperity and development of China will pose no threat to any countries.

[析] 机械对译,拘泥原文。

[改译] A strong, prosperous and developed China will pose no threat to any countries. • 二、时文翻译要仔细斟酌汉语的组句形式,

[例]轻纺工业产品的花样品种增多,质量持续提高。

[初译] The designs and variety of light industrial and textile products have increased and their quality has continued to improve.

[析] 词类、词序完全按照中文排定,有中式英文特征。

[改译] Light industry and textile products are now available in better designs and quality and also in richer variety.

[析]打乱原文句型结构,按英文句法重新组织句子。

• 三、时文翻译需要适当增减文字

[例] 必须始终不渝地坚持两手抓,两手都要硬的方针,加强精神文明建设。

[译文] We must unswervingly give equal importance to [分析] “两手抓,两手硬”是国内的时政习语,直译会令外文读者感到莫名其妙。译文译为“不偏不倚地同样重视”,并增加了原文所缺的“一方面抓经济建设”的内容,更准确的表达了原文意思。

• 第二节 时文翻译典型错误透析

翻译艺术至少包含四个层次:一是熟悉翻译理论;二是具备双语的扎实功底和丰富的语言知识;三是翻译实践中的创造性劳动;四是尽量多地掌握并善于模仿译入语的惯用法。

就汉译英来说,熟悉和模仿英语的习惯表达法是一个极为重要的环节。

本节的时文翻译包含了各种汉译英中常见的典型错误,冀希同学们从中得到某些技巧方面的启示,亦可在自己的翻译实践中引以为鉴。

• [例1] 工人们省吃俭用,希望为国家多积累资金。

[初译] Workers save food and expenses to accumulate more funds for the country.

[分析] 机械对译。“save food”是“把食物放起来”,应挖掘“省吃俭用”的深层含义生活节俭。

[改译] Workers live frugally to accumulate more funds for the state.

• [例2]我国艰巨的社会主义建设事业,需要尽可能多的知识分子为它服务。

[初译]The colossal cause of our country’s socialist construction needs as many intellectuals as possible to serve it.

[分析]主语没有用对。如译文不能使主语和谓语动词相互搭配,就应设法改变主语或谓语动词,不能参照汉语句式进行直线硬译。

[改译1]China (our country)needs the services of as many intellectuals as possible for the colossal task of building socialism.

[改译2] The services of as many intellectuals as possible are needed for the colossal task of building socialism in our country.

• [例3]任何新生事物的成长都要经过艰难曲折。

[初译] The growth of any new thing always has to experience difficulties and setbacks.

[分析] 主语的落脚点没选准。

[改译]New things always have to experience difficulties and setbacks as they grow. Dear students, you are expected to read and study each passage intensively, focusing on the key words, phrases and sentence patterns, style. Only when you have acquired a thorough comprehension of the original in terms of both the content and the style, can you be said to be well prepared enough to translate it. When you have produced a version, you are supposed to check your own version against the original to correct any grammatical errors or logical mistakes in the version. Moreover, you are expected to read and revise your own version several times, at last, until you believe that you have done your best and that you are satisfied with it. Then, you can look at the given version provided immediately after the original. You are supposed to

make a comparative study of the given version and your own version. If you find the provided version is better, study it further to find out its strong points and improve your own version again.

Translation is a matter of practice. Only by doing plenty of practice, can we enhance our language competence and raise our translation ability.

英、汉两种语言之间存在着多种差异, 许多情况下成了英汉互译的极大障碍。 所谓译事之难,难就难在处理语言差异上,难就难在寻觅译文的近似值表达上。

法律、合同、政论文体等的译文强调准确性,所以在完整传达原文信息的前提下,译文多采用直译法,力求尽量贴近原文的语言形式。

于直译法。

的要求。要译内涵、译趣味、译神韵,更要追求内在本质的东西(“神似”

英译汉时许多情况下应把英语的静态语势转化为汉语的动态语势,而汉译英时则应设法把汉语的动态语势译为英语的静态语势。

汉语常用范畴词,而英语却极少用范畴词。汉译英时要尽可能地省略那些原文习惯上需要但在译文中却没有实际意义的范畴词。英译汉时……

[1] 他是在我不知道的情况下拿走了那些东西的。

He took it away without my knowledge

(3) 省略汉语中的有关形容词

[1]他能力强,人品好,显然会步步高升的。

In the light of ______________________, he will surely be promoted soon.

[2]这里景色秀美,气候宜人,吸引了大批的游客。

This scenic spot attracts large numbers of tourists for __________________. Or: Drawn by __________________, a large number of tourists pour in. (2) 省略中文必要但英文不必要的名词

[例] 建立办事高效、运转协调、行为规范的政府行政管理体系是当前政府

机构重组的目标。

The current government restructure establishing a ____________, ______________ and ___________ administrative management system.

第五章 汉译英语篇重组

一、汉译英的句法变化

二、语篇修琢

三、段落调整

一、汉译英的句法变化

1、 句型要多样化

无论是汉语还是英语,如果一段文字或一篇文章中的句法都是千篇一律,缺少变化,那么读者读上去会觉得平淡呆板,从而失去兴趣。英语对句型变化的要求更为突出。所以要注意使用多样化的句型。

陈述、强调、倒装、疑问句式相交替等等,可以使译文具有节奏感。

2、如一段文字中连续使用某一个主语,则应尽量减少它出现的频率而变换另外的说法。

二、语篇修琢

主要包括:删节意义重复或累赘的词句;增设有利于英语读者理解的解释;对某些过分的修饰语作“降调”处理;灵活安排句式。

[例1] 他是一个伟大的、英明的、正直的政治家。心胸宽广,具有远见卓识,待人真诚,深 受人们爱戴。

[译] He is a genuine statesman who is much beloved and esteemed . 三、段落调整

汉、英两种语言在段落组织上有细微差别。英语的一个段落通常只讲一个中心内容,重点突出,分段细致。而汉语则可将几个内容包括在一段之中。鉴于这种差别,汉译英时一定要注意进行段落调整。

) 英语组句时重“形合”,借重词形变化、虚词(例如冠词、介词、连接词)、非谓语动词(不定式、分词)、从句以及独立主格来表示各种语法关系,逻辑性强,外形完整。称为“树型结构”(干上有枝,枝上有节,节外生枝)。

汉语组句时重“意合”,主要以“话题”的自由形式铺展。它没有词形变化,没有非谓语动词、定语从句、独立主格和冠词,在多数情况下省略虚词,虽然外形上互不连接,但内含逻辑关系,注重以神摄形。称为“竹节结构”——像竹杆一样明快简洁。

例:人非圣贤,孰能无过?

三人行,必有我师。

1许多词可以用汉语的动词来转换;

2连接词许多情况下可以省略不译,越是使用连接词少的句子越符合汉语表达习惯;

3介词短语、定语从句和独立主格在多数情况下都可译为短语或分句(短句)。 汉译英时,

一、注意把汉语句子内涵的逻辑关系(特别是因果关系、连接关系、转折关系、递进关系等)用英语的连接词表达出来; 二、善于把汉语的流水句译成相互照应的单句

三、善于把汉语的众多动词分清顺序或分清主次编排成英语的习惯表达,许多情况下要把一些表目的、原因、条件等关联词组译为非谓语动词或者名词、介词等。

一、选用适当的词汇

Note :英汉两种语言,除了一些专用名词、科技术语以外,绝对等值的词语很少。

1、英汉词汇都有一词多类、一词多义的现象;

2、英汉词汇都有褒贬、色彩之分;

3、英汉词汇各自都有言外之义。

英汉互译须谨慎选词、用词,不能仅仅依靠词典上的释义。翻译一个词,必须先从它在上下文中所处的地位以及与其他词的搭配关系去理解,去选择适当的翻译表达。

策。

无论是英译汉还是汉译英,使用频率很高的一个技巧就是适当地增词或减词。运用增词或减词的手法,主要宗旨是使译入语表达得自然、顺畅。

必须遵守的原则:增减要适度,做到增词而不增意,减词而不减意。

句子从正面译不通,就应考虑从反面译;从肯定译不通,就要从否定的角度来译;从被动译不通,就从主动的角度来译。

,方法要灵活。


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