Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)COPD is defined by its characteristically low airflow on lung function tests. In contrast to asthma, this limitation is poorly reversible and usually gets progressively worse over time.
Upper respiratory tract infections are the illnesses caused by an acute infection which involves the upper respiratory tract: nose, sinuses, pharynx or larynx.
Pneumonia Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the alveoli, pulmonary interstitialand final airway. It is typically caused by an infection but there are a number of other causes such as immune injury, allergy, drugs and so on.
Chronic bronchitisChronic bronchitis is a chronic inflammation of the mucosa of the trachea, bronchi and their around tissues. It is defined clinically as a persistent cough with or not with sputum and mucus, for at least three months per year in two consecutive years without any indication of other lung and heart diseases.
Corpulmonale is changes of the structure or function of the right ventricle of the heart as a response to increased resistance or high blood pressure in the lungs which is caused by pulmonary vascular disease, chest deformity and bronchus-lung diseases. （chronic pulmonary heart disease 在which is caused by后面加慢性病变）
Horner's syndrome is the combination of drooping of the eyelid (ptosis) and constriction of the pupil (miosis), sometimes accompanied by decreased sweating of the face on the same side; redness of the conjunctiva of the eye is often also present. It indicates a problem with the sympathetic nervous system, a part of the autonomic nervous system.
Respiratory failure , in medicine, is used to describe inadequate gas exchange and/or pulmonary ventilation by the respiratory system, with the result that arterial oxygen and/or carbon dioxide levels cannot be maintained within their normal ranges.
Heart failureis generally defined as the inability of the heart to supply sufficient blood flow or ventricular filling caused by various diseases in cardiac structure and/or function. The blood flow can ’t meet the needs of the body due to the disorder of the ventricular systole. It can caused congestion in pulmonary circulation and/or systemic circulation. Sometimes the disorder of ventricular diastole function can also congestion in pulmonary circulation.
Cardiac arrhythmia 是指心脏冲动的频率（rate ）、节律（rhythm ）、起源部位（primary pacemaker）、传导速度（speed of the conduction）或激动次序的异常。
Sick sinus syndrome , also called sinus node dysfunction, is a group of abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) presumably caused by a malfunction of the sinus node, the heart's primary pacemaker.
Bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome is a variant of sick sinus syndrome in which slow arrhythmias and fast arrhythmias alternate.
Preexcitation syndromeWolff–Parkinson –White syndrome (WPW) is a disorder of the heart in which the ventricles of the heart contract prematurely due to an accessory pathway which ismainly the bundle of Kent. This accessory pathway is an abnormal electrical communication from the atria to the ventricles.
Primary hypertension is the form of hypertension that by definition, has no identifiable cause.Systolic
pressure(140) and Diastolic pressure(90)
coronary heart diseaserefers to the failure of coronary circulation to supply adequate circulation to cardiac muscle and surrounding tissue resulting in necrosis or inadequate oxygen and blood of the cardiac muscle. It is often caused by stenosis of the coronary artery resulted from coronary atherosclerosis and/or coronary vasospasm.
Stable angina pectoris this refers to the more common understanding of temporarychest discomfort and associated symptoms precipitated bysome activity (running, walking, etc.) caused by myocardial ischemia and hypoxia due to based on the stenosis of the coronary.
Myocardial infarction It isresults from the continual interruption of blood supply to a part of the heart, causing heart cells to die. This is most commonly due to stenosis or completely blockage of a coronary artery.
Infective endocarditis it is the infection of the endocardium, commonly its valves, caused by
microorganism with the excrescence. Infective endocarditis has been clinically divided into acute and subacute.
Cardiomyopathy 伴有心肌功能障碍的心肌疾病，分为扩张性心肌病（dilated cardiomyopathy, 单侧或双侧心腔（chamber of the heart）扩大，心肌收缩期（systole, systolic）功能减退，伴有或不伴有充血性心力衰竭）、肥厚型心肌病（hypertrophic cardiomyopathy,左心室或右心室肥厚为特征，常为不对称肥厚并累及室间隔
（interventricular septum），左心室血液充盈受阻、舒张期（diastole ）顺应性（compliance ）下降）、限制型心肌病(restrictive cardiomyopathy, 单侧或双侧心室充盈受限和舒张容量下降为特征，收缩功能和室壁厚度正常或接近正常) 及致心律失常型心肌病(arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy)。
Myocarditis is inflammation of heart muscle，which can be caused by Infections and non infection.
Gastritis is the inflammation of the mucosa cause by any reason commonly with damage and regeneration of the epithelial cell in stomach.it can be divided into the acute type and the chronic type. Gastropathy （有损伤和再生而炎症缺如或很轻）
peptic ulcer is a common chronic ulcer of an area of the gastrointestinal tract that is usually acidic. The mucosal erosion equals to or greater thanmuscularis mucosa.
Cirrhosis is a consequence of chronic liver disease characterized by replacement of liver tissue by fibrosis, pseudolobuliand regenerative nodules,leading to loss of liver function even the portal hypertension.
Hepatic encephalopathy is the occurrence of confusion, altered level of consciousness and coma as a result of severe liver disease. There is also a disorder of metabolism and central nervous system function in it.
portosystemic encephalopathy门体分流性脑病 强调portal hypertension，肝门静脉hepatic portal vein与腔静脉Vena cava 之间有侧支循环collateral circulation 存在，从而使大量门静脉血液饶过肝脏流向人体循环，是脑病发生的主要机制。
Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhageit refers to hemorrhage in the upper gastrointestinal tract. The
anatomic cut-off for upper GI bleeding is the ligament of Treitz, which connects the fourth portion of the duodenum to the diaphragm near the splenic flexure of the colon
Acute glomerulonephritis以急性肾炎综合症为临床表现的一组疾病，患者出现血尿hematuria 、蛋白尿
albuminuria 、高血压和水肿edema ，并可伴有一过性的氮质血症azotemia 。多见于链球菌感染streptococcal infection 后。
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, RPGN 是以急性肾炎综合症、肾功能急剧恶化、多在早期出现少尿urine 性急性肾衰竭为临床特征，病理类型为新月体型肾小球肾炎crescentic glomerulonephritis的一组疾病。
Chronic glomerulonephritis 指蛋白尿albuminuria 、血尿albuminuria
hematuria 、高血压、水肿为基本临床表现，起病方式各有不同，病情迁延，病变缓慢发展，可有不同程度的肾功能减退，最终将发展为慢性肾衰竭的一组肾小球疾病。
Asymptomatic hematuria and/or proteinuria 系指无水肿、高血压及肾功能损害而仅表现为肾小球renal glomerulus 源性血尿或和蛋白尿的一组肾小球疾病。
Nephrotic syndrome 尿蛋白大于3.5g/d，血浆白蛋白albumin 低于30g/L，水肿，血脂升高，前两项必有。
Urinary tract infection 是指各种病原微生物在尿路中生长、繁殖而引起的尿路感染性疾病。多见于育龄期妇女、老年人、免疫力地下及尿路畸形者。
Chronic kidney diseases 各种原因引起的慢性肾脏结构和功能障碍（肾脏损伤病史>3月），包括GFR 正常和不正常的病理损伤、血液或尿液成分异常，及影像学检查异常，或不明原因的GFR 下降（GFR
Chronic renal failure 指慢性肾脏病引起的肾小球滤过率下降及于此相关的代谢紊乱和临床症状组成的综合症，简称慢性肾衰。
Anemia 人体外周血红细胞容量减少，低于正常范围下限的一种常见的临床症状，由于红细胞容量测定比较复杂，临床上以血红蛋白hemoglobin 浓度来代替。海平面地区男Hb
Leukemia it is a cancer of hemopoietic(造血) stem cell. Because of the disorder of self-renew,
proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis in the leukemic cell, it stays in any step of the cell development.Theleukemiccell proliferate severely in the bone marrow and other hemopoietic tissue resulted in inhibition of the proliferation of the normal cell.
“洋葱皮样病变” 即小动脉周围有显著向心性纤维增生，明显表现于脾中央动脉，以及心瓣膜的结缔组织反复发生纤维蛋白样变性，而形成赘生物。此外，心包、心肌、肺、神经系统等亦可出现上述基本病理变化。
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)COPD is defined by its characteristically low airflow on lung function tests. In contrast to asthma, this limitation is poorly reversible and usually gets progressively worse over time.
Upper respiratory tract infections are the illnesses caused by an acute infection which involves the upper respiratory tract: nose, sinuses, pharynx or larynx.
Pneumonia Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the alveoli, pulmonary interstitialand final airway. It is typically caused by an infection but there are a number of other causes such as immune injury, allergy, drugs and so on.
Chronic bronchitisChronic bronchitis is a chronic inflammation of the mucosa of the trachea, bronchi and their around tissues. It is defined clinically as a persistent cough with or not with sputum and mucus, for at least three months per year in two consecutive years without any indication of other lung and heart diseases.
Corpulmonale is changes of the structure or function of the right ventricle of the heart as a response to increased resistance or high blood pressure in the lungs which is caused by pulmonary vascular disease, chest deformity and bronchus-lung diseases. （chronic pulmonary heart disease 在which is caused by后面加慢性病变）
Horner's syndrome is the combination of drooping of the eyelid (ptosis) and constriction of the pupil (miosis), sometimes accompanied by decreased sweating of the face on the same side; redness of the conjunctiva of the eye is often also present. It indicates a problem with the sympathetic nervous system, a part of the autonomic nervous system.
Respiratory failure , in medicine, is used to describe inadequate gas exchange and/or pulmonary ventilation by the respiratory system, with the result that arterial oxygen and/or carbon dioxide levels cannot be maintained within their normal ranges.
Heart failureis generally defined as the inability of the heart to supply sufficient blood flow or ventricular filling caused by various diseases in cardiac structure and/or function. The blood flow can ’t meet the needs of the body due to the disorder of the ventricular systole. It can caused congestion in pulmonary circulation and/or systemic circulation. Sometimes the disorder of ventricular diastole function can also congestion in pulmonary circulation.
Cardiac arrhythmia 是指心脏冲动的频率（rate ）、节律（rhythm ）、起源部位（primary pacemaker）、传导速度（speed of the conduction）或激动次序的异常。
Sick sinus syndrome , also called sinus node dysfunction, is a group of abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) presumably caused by a malfunction of the sinus node, the heart's primary pacemaker.
Bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome is a variant of sick sinus syndrome in which slow arrhythmias and fast arrhythmias alternate.
Preexcitation syndromeWolff–Parkinson –White syndrome (WPW) is a disorder of the heart in which the ventricles of the heart contract prematurely due to an accessory pathway which ismainly the bundle of Kent. This accessory pathway is an abnormal electrical communication from the atria to the ventricles.
Primary hypertension is the form of hypertension that by definition, has no identifiable cause.Systolic
pressure(140) and Diastolic pressure(90)
coronary heart diseaserefers to the failure of coronary circulation to supply adequate circulation to cardiac muscle and surrounding tissue resulting in necrosis or inadequate oxygen and blood of the cardiac muscle. It is often caused by stenosis of the coronary artery resulted from coronary atherosclerosis and/or coronary vasospasm.
Stable angina pectoris this refers to the more common understanding of temporarychest discomfort and associated symptoms precipitated bysome activity (running, walking, etc.) caused by myocardial ischemia and hypoxia due to based on the stenosis of the coronary.
Myocardial infarction It isresults from the continual interruption of blood supply to a part of the heart, causing heart cells to die. This is most commonly due to stenosis or completely blockage of a coronary artery.
Infective endocarditis it is the infection of the endocardium, commonly its valves, caused by
microorganism with the excrescence. Infective endocarditis has been clinically divided into acute and subacute.
Cardiomyopathy 伴有心肌功能障碍的心肌疾病，分为扩张性心肌病（dilated cardiomyopathy, 单侧或双侧心腔（chamber of the heart）扩大，心肌收缩期（systole, systolic）功能减退，伴有或不伴有充血性心力衰竭）、肥厚型心肌病（hypertrophic cardiomyopathy,左心室或右心室肥厚为特征，常为不对称肥厚并累及室间隔
（interventricular septum），左心室血液充盈受阻、舒张期（diastole ）顺应性（compliance ）下降）、限制型心肌病(restrictive cardiomyopathy, 单侧或双侧心室充盈受限和舒张容量下降为特征，收缩功能和室壁厚度正常或接近正常) 及致心律失常型心肌病(arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy)。
Myocarditis is inflammation of heart muscle，which can be caused by Infections and non infection.
Gastritis is the inflammation of the mucosa cause by any reason commonly with damage and regeneration of the epithelial cell in stomach.it can be divided into the acute type and the chronic type. Gastropathy （有损伤和再生而炎症缺如或很轻）
peptic ulcer is a common chronic ulcer of an area of the gastrointestinal tract that is usually acidic. The mucosal erosion equals to or greater thanmuscularis mucosa.
Cirrhosis is a consequence of chronic liver disease characterized by replacement of liver tissue by fibrosis, pseudolobuliand regenerative nodules,leading to loss of liver function even the portal hypertension.
Hepatic encephalopathy is the occurrence of confusion, altered level of consciousness and coma as a result of severe liver disease. There is also a disorder of metabolism and central nervous system function in it.
portosystemic encephalopathy门体分流性脑病 强调portal hypertension，肝门静脉hepatic portal vein与腔静脉Vena cava 之间有侧支循环collateral circulation 存在，从而使大量门静脉血液饶过肝脏流向人体循环，是脑病发生的主要机制。
Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhageit refers to hemorrhage in the upper gastrointestinal tract. The
anatomic cut-off for upper GI bleeding is the ligament of Treitz, which connects the fourth portion of the duodenum to the diaphragm near the splenic flexure of the colon
Acute glomerulonephritis以急性肾炎综合症为临床表现的一组疾病，患者出现血尿hematuria 、蛋白尿
albuminuria 、高血压和水肿edema ，并可伴有一过性的氮质血症azotemia 。多见于链球菌感染streptococcal infection 后。
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, RPGN 是以急性肾炎综合症、肾功能急剧恶化、多在早期出现少尿urine 性急性肾衰竭为临床特征，病理类型为新月体型肾小球肾炎crescentic glomerulonephritis的一组疾病。
Chronic glomerulonephritis 指蛋白尿albuminuria 、血尿albuminuria
hematuria 、高血压、水肿为基本临床表现，起病方式各有不同，病情迁延，病变缓慢发展，可有不同程度的肾功能减退，最终将发展为慢性肾衰竭的一组肾小球疾病。
Asymptomatic hematuria and/or proteinuria 系指无水肿、高血压及肾功能损害而仅表现为肾小球renal glomerulus 源性血尿或和蛋白尿的一组肾小球疾病。
Nephrotic syndrome 尿蛋白大于3.5g/d，血浆白蛋白albumin 低于30g/L，水肿，血脂升高，前两项必有。
Urinary tract infection 是指各种病原微生物在尿路中生长、繁殖而引起的尿路感染性疾病。多见于育龄期妇女、老年人、免疫力地下及尿路畸形者。
Chronic kidney diseases 各种原因引起的慢性肾脏结构和功能障碍（肾脏损伤病史>3月），包括GFR 正常和不正常的病理损伤、血液或尿液成分异常，及影像学检查异常，或不明原因的GFR 下降（GFR
Chronic renal failure 指慢性肾脏病引起的肾小球滤过率下降及于此相关的代谢紊乱和临床症状组成的综合症，简称慢性肾衰。
Anemia 人体外周血红细胞容量减少，低于正常范围下限的一种常见的临床症状，由于红细胞容量测定比较复杂，临床上以血红蛋白hemoglobin 浓度来代替。海平面地区男Hb
Leukemia it is a cancer of hemopoietic(造血) stem cell. Because of the disorder of self-renew,
proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis in the leukemic cell, it stays in any step of the cell development.Theleukemiccell proliferate severely in the bone marrow and other hemopoietic tissue resulted in inhibition of the proliferation of the normal cell.
“洋葱皮样病变” 即小动脉周围有显著向心性纤维增生，明显表现于脾中央动脉，以及心瓣膜的结缔组织反复发生纤维蛋白样变性，而形成赘生物。此外，心包、心肌、肺、神经系统等亦可出现上述基本病理变化。