定语从句
授课人：Prof. Wooden
Part 1 定语从句定义及概述
什么是定语从句？
(1)定语从句：在复合句中作定语修饰主句中某一名
词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
(2)先行词：被定语从句修饰的词，叫做先行词。
(3)关系词：分为关系代词和关系副词，在从句中担当一定成分。
that （关系词） 句）.
※定语从句两个必须
★先行词在从句中必须作一个成分；
★先行词所作的成分必须空缺。
Part 2 关系代词引导的定语从句
1. 关系代词that 的用法
用法：既可指人也可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时常可省略。
1)This is the factory that produces cars.(作主语, 指物)
2)The girl that spoke to me just now is my classmate. (作主语, 指人)
3)The film (that) we saw yesterday is interesting. (作宾语，指物)
※关系代词that 的特权和禁区
1. 特权：行使特权的条件：
（1）限定性定语从句（即从句前无逗号）；
（2）介词没有提前。
2. 禁区：
有两种情况下，关系代词不会用that, 指物时用which ；指人时用who/whom。
（1）非限定性定于从句（即从句前有逗号）；
（2）介词提前时。
2. 关系代词which 的用法
用法：指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时常可省略。 作主语) 作宾语) ※只用that 不用which 的情况：
(1)先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰。
(2)先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰。 (3)先行词是all, much, little, none, few 等不定代词或由some, any, every, no等词构成的复合代词时） (4)当先行词被the only, the very修饰时。
(5)先行词既有人又有物。 they are talking about?
(6)主句已有疑问词who/ which时。
(7)当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系词在从句中也作表语时。
※只用which 不用that 引导定语从句的情况：
(1)当关系代词前有介词时。 (2)引导非限制性定语从句时。
(3)一个句子中有两个定语从句时，为避免重复，一个用that ，另一个宜用which 。
(4)当先行词本身是that 时。
That which I had known about made them surprised.
3. 关系代词who 的用法
用法：指人，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时常可省略。
1)I know the man who spoke to you just now.(作主语)
2)She is not the girl who she was.(作表语)
4. 关系代词whom 的用法
用法：指人，who 的宾格，在定语从句中作宾语，常可省略，在口语中可用who 或that 代替。
1)Here is the man (whom ) you are looking for.
2)The woman (whom ) you saw just now is our English teacher.
※关系代词who 和whom 的选择 5. 关系代词whose 的用法
用法：可指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作定语。
1)This is the scientist whose name is known all over the world.(指人)
2)The room whose windows face the east is mine. (指物）
※关系代词whose 的选择 6. 关系代词as 的用法
用法：既可指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。它常用在the same …as …,such …as …,as …as …等句型中,as 不能省略。
1) Such teachers as know Tom think him bright.(指人，作主语)
2)I ’ll buy the same dictionary as you have.(指物，作宾语)
※关系代词as 的选择
(1)当先行词中有so, such等修饰语时； 如： ’t achieve.
(2)当定语从句置于句首时； 如：
(3)当先行词中有the same 修饰时，有时用that 也有时用as 来引导定语从句。二者意思稍有不同。 如： 这件衬衣和我昨天穿的那件一样。意思是说并不是同一件。) 这是我昨天穿的那件衣服。同一件衣服。)
※关系代词的省略
有两个条件：(1)限定性定语从句； (2)作宾语或表语。
E.g. Women _______ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those ________ don’t. （2006北京高考）
A. who ; 不填 B. 不填 ; who D. 不填; 不填
Part 3 关系副词引导的定语从句
※特别提醒：when, where既能引导限定性定语从句，也能引导非限定性定语从句，而why 通常引导限定性定语从句。如：
(1)表示时间的先行词除了time 之外，还有：day, morning, afternoon, evening, night, week, month, year等；
(2)表示地点的先行词除了place 之外，还可以是desk, table, spot, room, house, school, street, town, country等。
(3)表示原因的先行词一般只有reason 一个。
1. 关系副词使用的几种变化
1) 关系副词通常也可以用“that+介词后置”代替或省略；
2_在正式文体中，也可以使用“介词+which”的结构。
关系副词)
介词后置)
That is the river I used to swim in. (省略)
介词+which)
2. 介词+which结构中的介词选择问题
1) 介词与先行词之间的搭配关系；
2) 介词与从句中谓语动词的搭配关系。
(固定短语turn to sb. 向某人求助) 就不是固定短语。)
2. 抽象的先行词带来的关系副词的选择问题
It ’s helpful to put children in a situation___they can see themselves differently.
A. that B. when C. which I have reached a point in my life ______ I am supposed to make decisions of my own.
A. which C. how D. why
Life is like a long race_____we compete with others to go beyond ourselves.
A. why B. what C. that She ’ll never forget her stay there ____ she found her son who had gone missing two years before.
A. that B. which C. where Part 4限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句
1. 非限定性定语从句的由来
汤姆是我们班唯一一个已经被哈佛大学录取的学生。
校长发表了一个令人振奋的演讲，当时他就坐在我右边。
2. 限定性与非限定性定语从句的意义区别
The old man has two sons who serve in the army. 老人有两个当兵的儿子。
The old man has two sons, who serve in the army. 老人有两个儿子，都当兵。
※非限定性定语从句有时可以像一个并列句，例如：
He has a walk after dinner every evening, which is good for his health.
= He has a walk after dinner every evening, and this is good for his health.
He likes reading books, which I am delighted to hear.
= He likes reading books and I am delighted to hear that.
※非限定性定语从句还可以从意义上像一个状语从句，表示原因、目的、结果、条件、让步等。例如：
The new engineer, who has read the instructions, failed in the project.
※归纳总结
4. 非限定性定语从句的引导词的问题
一般来说，除了关系代词that 和关系副词why ，其他定语从句的引导词均可以引导非限定性定语从句。例如：
5.as 、which 引导的非限定性定语从句
as 和which 在引导非限定性定语从句时的相同点和区别：
1) 相同点：as 和which 都可以指代整个句子的内容。
The meeting was put off，which/as was exactly what we wanted.
这次会议延期了，这正是我们所希望的。
2) 不同点：as 引导的从句既可以位于主句前，也可位于主句后，主从句没有前后逻辑关系，常表示“正如……”；而which 引导的从句只能位于主句后，主从句常有一定的因果关系或前后顺序，常表示“这一点……”，相当于and this或and that。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。 As everyone knows，all that glitters is not gold. =All that glitters，as everyone knows，is not gold. =All that glitters is not gold， as everyone knows.
众所周知，并不是所有发光的东西都是金子。
Part 5 定语从句使用的注意事项
1. 分析成分的能力和意识
(1)如果空白后面紧跟着动词的，明显缺少的是主语。
Mr. Goodman has to be away on business on Feb. 8th, ________ happens to be his wife’s birthday. B. when C. that D. on which
(2) 及物动词后必然有宾语，即如果及物动词后面没有宾语，先行词就是作动词的宾语。 The Science Museum, ______ we visited during a recent trip to Britain, is one of London ’s tourist attractions. 【2008江苏高考】
B. what C. that D. where
(3) 不及物动词后没有宾语，在不缺少主语的情况下，先行词则通常作状语等成分。 --- Is that the small town you often refer to?
--- Right, just the one ______ you know I used to work for years.
A. that B. which D. what
(4)介词后面通常要跟宾语，如果介词后面没有宾语，则先行词通常作这个介词的宾语。 ---Do you have anything to say for yourselves?
---Yes ，there ’s one point ________ we must insist on
A ．why B ．where C ．how 2. 并列连词的陷阱
(简单的并列连词：and, but, so, or, yet)
3.way 意为“方式，方法”，作先行词时的关系词的选择问题
1) 用“介词+which”引导定语从句；例如：
I don’t like the way in which you speak to your mother.
2) 用that 引导定语从句；例如：
I don’t like the way that you speak to your mother.
3) 省略关系词；例如：
I don’t like the way you speak to your mother.
4. 介词+关系副词的问题
Look over there! some people are standing on the top of the building, ___ you can enjoy the view of the whole city.
A. where B. from which C. where he could see nothing but trees.
2)She climbed up to the top of the hill, she could have a good view of the whole town.
5. 先行词为“time ” 时，引导词的选择
1)time 意为“次数”时，定语从句常用that 引导。
)time 意为“时期，一段时间”时，定语从句常用when, during which, at which 等引导； It ’s the first time (that) I’ve been here.
I ’ll never forget the time when/ during which we played together.
6. 分隔式定语从句
定语从句有时不直接紧靠着先行词，中间由一个定语、状语或谓语隔开，此时找准先行词是关键。
The village has developed a lot we learned farming two years ago. （07福建卷）
A.when B. which C. that
定语从句
授课人：Prof. Wooden
Part 1 定语从句定义及概述
什么是定语从句？
(1)定语从句：在复合句中作定语修饰主句中某一名
词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
(2)先行词：被定语从句修饰的词，叫做先行词。
(3)关系词：分为关系代词和关系副词，在从句中担当一定成分。
that （关系词） 句）.
※定语从句两个必须
★先行词在从句中必须作一个成分；
★先行词所作的成分必须空缺。
Part 2 关系代词引导的定语从句
1. 关系代词that 的用法
用法：既可指人也可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时常可省略。
1)This is the factory that produces cars.(作主语, 指物)
2)The girl that spoke to me just now is my classmate. (作主语, 指人)
3)The film (that) we saw yesterday is interesting. (作宾语，指物)
※关系代词that 的特权和禁区
1. 特权：行使特权的条件：
（1）限定性定语从句（即从句前无逗号）；
（2）介词没有提前。
2. 禁区：
有两种情况下，关系代词不会用that, 指物时用which ；指人时用who/whom。
（1）非限定性定于从句（即从句前有逗号）；
（2）介词提前时。
2. 关系代词which 的用法
用法：指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时常可省略。 作主语) 作宾语) ※只用that 不用which 的情况：
(1)先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰。
(2)先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰。 (3)先行词是all, much, little, none, few 等不定代词或由some, any, every, no等词构成的复合代词时） (4)当先行词被the only, the very修饰时。
(5)先行词既有人又有物。 they are talking about?
(6)主句已有疑问词who/ which时。
(7)当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系词在从句中也作表语时。
※只用which 不用that 引导定语从句的情况：
(1)当关系代词前有介词时。 (2)引导非限制性定语从句时。
(3)一个句子中有两个定语从句时，为避免重复，一个用that ，另一个宜用which 。
(4)当先行词本身是that 时。
That which I had known about made them surprised.
3. 关系代词who 的用法
用法：指人，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时常可省略。
1)I know the man who spoke to you just now.(作主语)
2)She is not the girl who she was.(作表语)
4. 关系代词whom 的用法
用法：指人，who 的宾格，在定语从句中作宾语，常可省略，在口语中可用who 或that 代替。
1)Here is the man (whom ) you are looking for.
2)The woman (whom ) you saw just now is our English teacher.
※关系代词who 和whom 的选择 5. 关系代词whose 的用法
用法：可指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作定语。
1)This is the scientist whose name is known all over the world.(指人)
2)The room whose windows face the east is mine. (指物）
※关系代词whose 的选择 6. 关系代词as 的用法
用法：既可指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。它常用在the same …as …,such …as …,as …as …等句型中,as 不能省略。
1) Such teachers as know Tom think him bright.(指人，作主语)
2)I ’ll buy the same dictionary as you have.(指物，作宾语)
※关系代词as 的选择
(1)当先行词中有so, such等修饰语时； 如： ’t achieve.
(2)当定语从句置于句首时； 如：
(3)当先行词中有the same 修饰时，有时用that 也有时用as 来引导定语从句。二者意思稍有不同。 如： 这件衬衣和我昨天穿的那件一样。意思是说并不是同一件。) 这是我昨天穿的那件衣服。同一件衣服。)
※关系代词的省略
有两个条件：(1)限定性定语从句； (2)作宾语或表语。
E.g. Women _______ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those ________ don’t. （2006北京高考）
A. who ; 不填 B. 不填 ; who D. 不填; 不填
Part 3 关系副词引导的定语从句
※特别提醒：when, where既能引导限定性定语从句，也能引导非限定性定语从句，而why 通常引导限定性定语从句。如：
(1)表示时间的先行词除了time 之外，还有：day, morning, afternoon, evening, night, week, month, year等；
(2)表示地点的先行词除了place 之外，还可以是desk, table, spot, room, house, school, street, town, country等。
(3)表示原因的先行词一般只有reason 一个。
1. 关系副词使用的几种变化
1) 关系副词通常也可以用“that+介词后置”代替或省略；
2_在正式文体中，也可以使用“介词+which”的结构。
关系副词)
介词后置)
That is the river I used to swim in. (省略)
介词+which)
2. 介词+which结构中的介词选择问题
1) 介词与先行词之间的搭配关系；
2) 介词与从句中谓语动词的搭配关系。
(固定短语turn to sb. 向某人求助) 就不是固定短语。)
2. 抽象的先行词带来的关系副词的选择问题
It ’s helpful to put children in a situation___they can see themselves differently.
A. that B. when C. which I have reached a point in my life ______ I am supposed to make decisions of my own.
A. which C. how D. why
Life is like a long race_____we compete with others to go beyond ourselves.
A. why B. what C. that She ’ll never forget her stay there ____ she found her son who had gone missing two years before.
A. that B. which C. where Part 4限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句
1. 非限定性定语从句的由来
汤姆是我们班唯一一个已经被哈佛大学录取的学生。
校长发表了一个令人振奋的演讲，当时他就坐在我右边。
2. 限定性与非限定性定语从句的意义区别
The old man has two sons who serve in the army. 老人有两个当兵的儿子。
The old man has two sons, who serve in the army. 老人有两个儿子，都当兵。
※非限定性定语从句有时可以像一个并列句，例如：
He has a walk after dinner every evening, which is good for his health.
= He has a walk after dinner every evening, and this is good for his health.
He likes reading books, which I am delighted to hear.
= He likes reading books and I am delighted to hear that.
※非限定性定语从句还可以从意义上像一个状语从句，表示原因、目的、结果、条件、让步等。例如：
The new engineer, who has read the instructions, failed in the project.
※归纳总结
4. 非限定性定语从句的引导词的问题
一般来说，除了关系代词that 和关系副词why ，其他定语从句的引导词均可以引导非限定性定语从句。例如：
5.as 、which 引导的非限定性定语从句
as 和which 在引导非限定性定语从句时的相同点和区别：
1) 相同点：as 和which 都可以指代整个句子的内容。
The meeting was put off，which/as was exactly what we wanted.
这次会议延期了，这正是我们所希望的。
2) 不同点：as 引导的从句既可以位于主句前，也可位于主句后，主从句没有前后逻辑关系，常表示“正如……”；而which 引导的从句只能位于主句后，主从句常有一定的因果关系或前后顺序，常表示“这一点……”，相当于and this或and that。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。 As everyone knows，all that glitters is not gold. =All that glitters，as everyone knows，is not gold. =All that glitters is not gold， as everyone knows.
众所周知，并不是所有发光的东西都是金子。
Part 5 定语从句使用的注意事项
1. 分析成分的能力和意识
(1)如果空白后面紧跟着动词的，明显缺少的是主语。
Mr. Goodman has to be away on business on Feb. 8th, ________ happens to be his wife’s birthday. B. when C. that D. on which
(2) 及物动词后必然有宾语，即如果及物动词后面没有宾语，先行词就是作动词的宾语。 The Science Museum, ______ we visited during a recent trip to Britain, is one of London ’s tourist attractions. 【2008江苏高考】
B. what C. that D. where
(3) 不及物动词后没有宾语，在不缺少主语的情况下，先行词则通常作状语等成分。 --- Is that the small town you often refer to?
--- Right, just the one ______ you know I used to work for years.
A. that B. which D. what
(4)介词后面通常要跟宾语，如果介词后面没有宾语，则先行词通常作这个介词的宾语。 ---Do you have anything to say for yourselves?
---Yes ，there ’s one point ________ we must insist on
A ．why B ．where C ．how 2. 并列连词的陷阱
(简单的并列连词：and, but, so, or, yet)
3.way 意为“方式，方法”，作先行词时的关系词的选择问题
1) 用“介词+which”引导定语从句；例如：
I don’t like the way in which you speak to your mother.
2) 用that 引导定语从句；例如：
I don’t like the way that you speak to your mother.
3) 省略关系词；例如：
I don’t like the way you speak to your mother.
4. 介词+关系副词的问题
Look over there! some people are standing on the top of the building, ___ you can enjoy the view of the whole city.
A. where B. from which C. where he could see nothing but trees.
2)She climbed up to the top of the hill, she could have a good view of the whole town.
5. 先行词为“time ” 时，引导词的选择
1)time 意为“次数”时，定语从句常用that 引导。
)time 意为“时期，一段时间”时，定语从句常用when, during which, at which 等引导； It ’s the first time (that) I’ve been here.
I ’ll never forget the time when/ during which we played together.
6. 分隔式定语从句
定语从句有时不直接紧靠着先行词，中间由一个定语、状语或谓语隔开，此时找准先行词是关键。
The village has developed a lot we learned farming two years ago. （07福建卷）
A.when B. which C. that