一、现在完成时：
（一）.现在完成时的简介。
1.肯定式
主语＋助动词have ／has ＋过去分词＋其它
2.否定式
主语＋助动词have ／has＋not＋过去分词＋其它
3.一般疑问式
助动词Have ／Has ＋主语＋过去分词＋其它 ？
（二）现在完成时的使用例句。
1.肯定式
（1）I've just copied all the new words ．我刚抄写了所有的生词。 (表示不要再抄了)
（2）She has lost her books ．她丢失了她的书。 （表示到目前为止还没有找到） （如果用过去时：She lost her books . 则强调书是过去丢的这一动作，而不知现在有没有找到）
（3）We've just cleaned the classroom ．我们刚好打扫了教室。（表明现在教室是干净的）
2.否定式
（1）I haven't finished my homework yet．我还没有完成我的作业。
（2）She hasn't travelled on a train ．她没有坐火车旅行过。
（3）We have never spoken to a foreigner．我们从来没有和外国人说过话。 注：有时not可以用never代替，表示“从来没有”的意思。又如：
（4）I have never seen him before．以前我从来没有见过他。
3.一般疑问式
（1）—Have you ever made dumplings ？你曾经做过饺子吗？
—Yes ，I have ．是的，我做过。
（2）—Has she ever been abroad ？她曾经出过国吗？
—No，never．不，从来没有。
（3）—Have they found the lost books yet ？他们已经找到了丢失的书吗？
—Yes ，they have．是的，他们找到了。
二、现在完成时的用法
（一）现在完成时的用法1：表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。此时，常与时间副词already（已经） ，yet（还、已经） ，just(刚刚、仅仅) ，ever（曾经） ，never（从不） ，before（以前）等连用。
（二）现在完成时用法二2——持续性用法（肯定句，疑问句中谓语动词必须是延续性动词）：表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。此时常与“for ＋一段时间或“since＋过去的点时间或从句（从句用一般过去时）以及so far（到目前为止）等时间状语连用。
for + 段时间
since +点时间
三、have been to ,have gone to, have been in区别
1. have (has) been to意为“曾经去过某地”，表示现在已经不在那里了。可与just, ever, never等连用。如： I’ve just been to the post office. 我刚才去邮局了。 Have you ever been to Hangzhou? 你曾经去过杭州吗？
Mary has never been to the Great Wall. 玛丽从未去过长城。
have (has) been to 后面可接次数，表示去过某地几次。
I’ve been to Beijing three times. 我去过北京三次。
They have been to that village several times. 他们去过那个村庄好几次了。
2. have (has) gone to 意为“到某地去了”，表示到了某地或正在去某地的途中。总之，说话时该人不在现场，一般不用第一、第二人称代词作句子的主语。如： - Where is Tom? 汤姆在哪里？
- He has gone to the bookshop.他到书店去了。
◇同步练习
A. 用所给动词的适当形式填空：
1. My sister __________(have) this dictionary for about five years.
2. We ____________ (know) each other for about two years.
3. He ___________(live) in Nanjing since he was a child.
4. How many English words _____ your sister _____ (learn) in the past two years?
5. _______ you ________ (travel) to Shanghai before?
6. Linda_______________ (not finish) reading the book yet.
7. I ___________ (not hear) from him recently.
8. The train ______ already _________. (leave)
9. We __________(be) there many times in the last three years.
10. He ____________(not read) the book before.
11. ----____ you ______(see) the film yet? ----Yes. We saw it yesterday.
12. ----________he ever__________(visit) England? ----Never.
B. 句型转换
1. My mother has already finished her housework.（否、疑）
2、Tom has read newspapers for two hours.（对划线部分提问）
3. He has studied English since 2005. （对划线部分提问）
4、 My father has given me a new pen. （对划线部分提问）
现在完成时中的“延续性”问题
英语中有些动词表示的是一种短暂的动作，没有持续性，即“一发生就结束”的动作，这类动词一般称为“非延续性动词”(亦叫点动词或瞬间动词或终止性动词)，在现在完成时中，不能同表示一段时间的状语或How long连用。常见的这类动词有：go, come, leave, arrive, lose, join, borrow, die, begin. 这些动词如果要 一段时间连用，必须改成相应的具有延续性的词。 (课本P32)
使用注意事项：
a) 非延续性动词可用于现在完成时，但不能与表示一段时间的时间状语连用；The train has arrived.火车到了。
The train has been here for two hours. 火车到这里已经两个小时了。
The boy has left. 那个男孩走了。
The boy has been away for two days. 那个男孩离开已经两天了。
b) 表示一段时间的时间状语一般为：①How long…? ②for +一段时间；③since+一点时间。
A. 用所给的时间状语改写句子：
1. He left Nanjing three days ago. (for three days)
2. The poor man has died. (for many years)
3. We have bought this house. (for a long time)
4. The Greens have come to China. (since 1998)
5.Sally borrowed this book two weeks ago. (for two weeks)
B. 翻译句子：
1. 这台电脑我已经买了很长时间了。
2. 这本杂志他已经借了几乎一个星期了。
3. 自上个周五以来这些游客一直呆在南京。
4. 那位老人去世已经有相当一段时间了。
5. 电影开始多久了？
6. Kitty离开已经两天了吗？
7. Sandy加入这个俱乐部已经三年了。
单项选择：
( ) 1. ----Did you borrow the comic book from the library?
----Yes. I _____ it for three days. I’ll return it this afternoon.
A. borrowed B. kept C. have borrowed D. have kept
( ) 2. Look, Peter is still reading in the library. He _ here for two hours.
A. has come B. has been C. was D. came
( ) 3. ----So far, how long ______ you _______ the city? (09泰州)
----For two years.
A. have; been in B. did; come to C. have; gone to D. will; go to
( ) 4. The teachers __ the office for a few minutes when we arrived.
We didn’t meet them.
A. had been away from B. had left
C. have been away from D. have left
( ) 5. ----______ did the important meeting_______? （08宿迁）
---- For about two hours.
A. When; begin B. How long; begin
C. When; last D. How long; last
( ) 6. ----How long have Mr and Mrs Smith________? (08无锡)
----For more than twenty years.
A. married B. had married C. got married D. been married
( ) 7. ----_______ did your uncle leave his hometown? (08扬州)
----He ________ for nearly twenty years.
A. When; has left B. When; has been away
C. How long; has left D. How long; has been away
( ) 8. ----Betty, did your son get married in the year 2000?
----Yes, he ________ for about eight years.
A. has married B. has been married
C. has got married D. was married
现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
◇现在完成时和一般过去时都表示一个在过去完成的动作，但现在完成时强调的是与现在的关系，如对现在产生的结果或影响等，属于现在时范围，谈论的是现在的情况。而一般过去时只表示动作在过去某一时刻发生，不表示和现在的关系，现在情况可能已发生变化。
Who opened the door? (“谁开的门？”只强调过去开门这一动作，门现在可能已关上。)
Who has opened the door? (“谁把门开了？”强调门现在依然还开着。)
◇现在完成时不能与明确的过去时间状语连用，如：three days ago, last year, yesterday, last Sunday, in 2008等等。如句中有以上这些明确的过去时间状语，应用一般过去时。再有，过去发生的一个动作，如现在情况已经发生的变化，也应用一般过去时。
☆特别提醒：如果这些过去时间状语前有since，表示“自过去某一时间一直延续到现在”，应用现在完成时。
He finished reading the book the day before yesterday.
I put my ruler in my pencil-box, but I can’t find it now.
My cousin has been in Nanjing since 2009.
◇现在完成时不与when引导的特殊疑问句连用，when后只用一般过去时表示已发生的动作。但现在完成时可与where, why等疑问词连用。如：Where have you been? (你去过哪里了？)----The train has left. ----When did the train leave?
◇since引导的时间状语从句后面用一般过去时，只有前面的主句才用现在完成时。
We have known each other since we came to the school two years ago.
◇同步练习；动词填空：
1. I ___________(see) Tom last Friday.
2. ________you ________(go) to the Great Wall last summer?
3. When ______ you _______(start) to live in China?
4. ----The train ____________ (leave) already.
----When ________ the train _________(leave)?
5. It is five years since I ____met____(meet) you last.
6. I ______ (lose) my pen in the bedroom. I have to write with a pencil.
单项选择：
( ) 1. My father ________ here since he _______ to this school.
A. taught; came B. has taught; came
C. taught; has come D. has taught; has come
( ) 2. I am sorry you’ve missed the train. It _______ 10 minutes ago.
A. left B. has left C. has been left D. had left
( ) 3. Hi! Jim! Nice to meet you again! It’s one year since I last ________ you.
A. saw B. see C. seeing D. have seen
( ) 4. ---- Have you visited the Dinosaur World, Elsa? （宁波）
---- Yes, I _____ it yesterday.
A. have visited B. had visited C. visited D. visit
( ) 5. ---- Nice to see you. I _______ you for a long time.
---- I ______ in Bejing. I’ve just come back.
A. hadn’t seen; am B. haven’t seen; was
C. didn’t see; will be D. haven’t seen; shall be
( ) 6. When _____you _______ your dictionary?
A. did; lose B. has; lost C. will; lose D. does; lose
( ) 7. There ______ many great changes in my hometown since ten years ago.
A. were B. have C. are D. have been
( ) 8. ----My father ______ Shanghai with my grandparents.
----Really? ________ will they come back?
A. has been to; How soon B. has gone to; How soon
C. has been to; How long D. has gone to; How long
( ) 9. ----How long have Mr and Mrs Smith________? (08无锡)
----For more than twenty years.
A. married B. had married C. got married D. been married
( ) 10. ----_______ did your uncle leave his hometown? (08扬州)
----He ________ for nearly twenty years.
A. When; has left B. When; has been away
C. How long; has left D. How long; has been away
( ) 11. ----Betty, did your son get married in the year 2000?
----Yes, he ________ for about eight years.
A. has married B. has been married
C. has got married D. was married
( ) 12. ----Hello! Can I speak to Mr White? (09无锡)
----Sorry, he isn’t here right now. He _______ to the theme park.
A. will go B. was going C. has gone D. has been
( ) 13. Look, Peter is still reading in the library. He _______ here for two hours.
A. has come B. has been C. was D. came
( ) 14. ----Where is John? I have something important to tell him.
----He’s ill. He _______ in hospital since last Monday.
A. has gone B. is C. was D. has been
( ) 15. ----So far, how long ______ you _______ the city?
----For two years.
A. have; been in B. did; come to C. have; gone to D. will; go to
( ) 16.----I hear Sam has gone to Qingdao for his holiday.
----Oh, how nice! Do you know when he ___________?
A. left B. was leaving C. has left D. had left
( ) 17. ----Did you borrow the comic book from the library?
----Yes. I _____ it for three days. I’ll return it this afternoon.
A. borrowed B. kept C. have borrowed D. have kept
( ) 20. Eric’s never seen a three-D movie at the cinema, ________?
A. hasn’t he B. has he C. isn’t he D. is he
( ) 21. ----You have a nice watch. (2010扬州)
----Thank you. I _______ it since I got married.
A. had B. bought C. have had D. have bought
( ) 22. ----_____ have you stayed in this school? ----For three years.
A. How far B. How long C. How often D. How many
( ) 23. Mr. Li _____ Britain several times. Tomorrow he will give us a talk about British culture.
A. has gone to B. have gone to C. has been to D. have been to
( ) 24. ----We can hear many kinds of birds singing around us.
----Oh, our government ____ action to improve the environment in the past few years.
A. will take B. has taken C. took D. takes
( ) 25. ----The Summer Place is wonderful. Have you ever visited any other interesting places?
----Yes. Also, we _______ to the Great Wall.
A. have gone B. have been C. had gone D. had been
( ) 26. Tom ______ the USA. He ______ back in two months.
A. has gone to; comes B. has gone to; will be
C. has been to; comes D. has been to; will be
动词填空：
1. Many changes __(take) place in our daily life since the invention of the computer.
2. ----Are Daniel and Millie still living in Nanjing?
----No, they ___________(move) to Beijing.
3. Hangzhou Bay(湾) Bridge ___________(be) in service for more than a month.
4. You __(keep) the book for two weeks, and you'd better return it to the library now.
5. No country ________(make) such great progress as China in the past thirty years.
6. Good news! Our class _______(break) two school records so far!
10. ----What a pity! The film ________(be) on for one hour.
----It doesn’t matter. We can see it next time.
12. My sister _________(be) a singer since she left the school.
13. Since last August, the old lady __(have) bad headaches three to four times a month.
一、现在完成时：
（一）.现在完成时的简介。
1.肯定式
主语＋助动词have ／has ＋过去分词＋其它
2.否定式
主语＋助动词have ／has＋not＋过去分词＋其它
3.一般疑问式
助动词Have ／Has ＋主语＋过去分词＋其它 ？
（二）现在完成时的使用例句。
1.肯定式
（1）I've just copied all the new words ．我刚抄写了所有的生词。 (表示不要再抄了)
（2）She has lost her books ．她丢失了她的书。 （表示到目前为止还没有找到） （如果用过去时：She lost her books . 则强调书是过去丢的这一动作，而不知现在有没有找到）
（3）We've just cleaned the classroom ．我们刚好打扫了教室。（表明现在教室是干净的）
2.否定式
（1）I haven't finished my homework yet．我还没有完成我的作业。
（2）She hasn't travelled on a train ．她没有坐火车旅行过。
（3）We have never spoken to a foreigner．我们从来没有和外国人说过话。 注：有时not可以用never代替，表示“从来没有”的意思。又如：
（4）I have never seen him before．以前我从来没有见过他。
3.一般疑问式
（1）—Have you ever made dumplings ？你曾经做过饺子吗？
—Yes ，I have ．是的，我做过。
（2）—Has she ever been abroad ？她曾经出过国吗？
—No，never．不，从来没有。
（3）—Have they found the lost books yet ？他们已经找到了丢失的书吗？
—Yes ，they have．是的，他们找到了。
二、现在完成时的用法
（一）现在完成时的用法1：表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。此时，常与时间副词already（已经） ，yet（还、已经） ，just(刚刚、仅仅) ，ever（曾经） ，never（从不） ，before（以前）等连用。
（二）现在完成时用法二2——持续性用法（肯定句，疑问句中谓语动词必须是延续性动词）：表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。此时常与“for ＋一段时间或“since＋过去的点时间或从句（从句用一般过去时）以及so far（到目前为止）等时间状语连用。
for + 段时间
since +点时间
三、have been to ,have gone to, have been in区别
1. have (has) been to意为“曾经去过某地”，表示现在已经不在那里了。可与just, ever, never等连用。如： I’ve just been to the post office. 我刚才去邮局了。 Have you ever been to Hangzhou? 你曾经去过杭州吗？
Mary has never been to the Great Wall. 玛丽从未去过长城。
have (has) been to 后面可接次数，表示去过某地几次。
I’ve been to Beijing three times. 我去过北京三次。
They have been to that village several times. 他们去过那个村庄好几次了。
2. have (has) gone to 意为“到某地去了”，表示到了某地或正在去某地的途中。总之，说话时该人不在现场，一般不用第一、第二人称代词作句子的主语。如： - Where is Tom? 汤姆在哪里？
- He has gone to the bookshop.他到书店去了。
◇同步练习
A. 用所给动词的适当形式填空：
1. My sister __________(have) this dictionary for about five years.
2. We ____________ (know) each other for about two years.
3. He ___________(live) in Nanjing since he was a child.
4. How many English words _____ your sister _____ (learn) in the past two years?
5. _______ you ________ (travel) to Shanghai before?
6. Linda_______________ (not finish) reading the book yet.
7. I ___________ (not hear) from him recently.
8. The train ______ already _________. (leave)
9. We __________(be) there many times in the last three years.
10. He ____________(not read) the book before.
11. ----____ you ______(see) the film yet? ----Yes. We saw it yesterday.
12. ----________he ever__________(visit) England? ----Never.
B. 句型转换
1. My mother has already finished her housework.（否、疑）
2、Tom has read newspapers for two hours.（对划线部分提问）
3. He has studied English since 2005. （对划线部分提问）
4、 My father has given me a new pen. （对划线部分提问）
现在完成时中的“延续性”问题
英语中有些动词表示的是一种短暂的动作，没有持续性，即“一发生就结束”的动作，这类动词一般称为“非延续性动词”(亦叫点动词或瞬间动词或终止性动词)，在现在完成时中，不能同表示一段时间的状语或How long连用。常见的这类动词有：go, come, leave, arrive, lose, join, borrow, die, begin. 这些动词如果要 一段时间连用，必须改成相应的具有延续性的词。 (课本P32)
使用注意事项：
a) 非延续性动词可用于现在完成时，但不能与表示一段时间的时间状语连用；The train has arrived.火车到了。
The train has been here for two hours. 火车到这里已经两个小时了。
The boy has left. 那个男孩走了。
The boy has been away for two days. 那个男孩离开已经两天了。
b) 表示一段时间的时间状语一般为：①How long…? ②for +一段时间；③since+一点时间。
A. 用所给的时间状语改写句子：
1. He left Nanjing three days ago. (for three days)
2. The poor man has died. (for many years)
3. We have bought this house. (for a long time)
4. The Greens have come to China. (since 1998)
5.Sally borrowed this book two weeks ago. (for two weeks)
B. 翻译句子：
1. 这台电脑我已经买了很长时间了。
2. 这本杂志他已经借了几乎一个星期了。
3. 自上个周五以来这些游客一直呆在南京。
4. 那位老人去世已经有相当一段时间了。
5. 电影开始多久了？
6. Kitty离开已经两天了吗？
7. Sandy加入这个俱乐部已经三年了。
单项选择：
( ) 1. ----Did you borrow the comic book from the library?
----Yes. I _____ it for three days. I’ll return it this afternoon.
A. borrowed B. kept C. have borrowed D. have kept
( ) 2. Look, Peter is still reading in the library. He _ here for two hours.
A. has come B. has been C. was D. came
( ) 3. ----So far, how long ______ you _______ the city? (09泰州)
----For two years.
A. have; been in B. did; come to C. have; gone to D. will; go to
( ) 4. The teachers __ the office for a few minutes when we arrived.
We didn’t meet them.
A. had been away from B. had left
C. have been away from D. have left
( ) 5. ----______ did the important meeting_______? （08宿迁）
---- For about two hours.
A. When; begin B. How long; begin
C. When; last D. How long; last
( ) 6. ----How long have Mr and Mrs Smith________? (08无锡)
----For more than twenty years.
A. married B. had married C. got married D. been married
( ) 7. ----_______ did your uncle leave his hometown? (08扬州)
----He ________ for nearly twenty years.
A. When; has left B. When; has been away
C. How long; has left D. How long; has been away
( ) 8. ----Betty, did your son get married in the year 2000?
----Yes, he ________ for about eight years.
A. has married B. has been married
C. has got married D. was married
现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
◇现在完成时和一般过去时都表示一个在过去完成的动作，但现在完成时强调的是与现在的关系，如对现在产生的结果或影响等，属于现在时范围，谈论的是现在的情况。而一般过去时只表示动作在过去某一时刻发生，不表示和现在的关系，现在情况可能已发生变化。
Who opened the door? (“谁开的门？”只强调过去开门这一动作，门现在可能已关上。)
Who has opened the door? (“谁把门开了？”强调门现在依然还开着。)
◇现在完成时不能与明确的过去时间状语连用，如：three days ago, last year, yesterday, last Sunday, in 2008等等。如句中有以上这些明确的过去时间状语，应用一般过去时。再有，过去发生的一个动作，如现在情况已经发生的变化，也应用一般过去时。
☆特别提醒：如果这些过去时间状语前有since，表示“自过去某一时间一直延续到现在”，应用现在完成时。
He finished reading the book the day before yesterday.
I put my ruler in my pencil-box, but I can’t find it now.
My cousin has been in Nanjing since 2009.
◇现在完成时不与when引导的特殊疑问句连用，when后只用一般过去时表示已发生的动作。但现在完成时可与where, why等疑问词连用。如：Where have you been? (你去过哪里了？)----The train has left. ----When did the train leave?
◇since引导的时间状语从句后面用一般过去时，只有前面的主句才用现在完成时。
We have known each other since we came to the school two years ago.
◇同步练习；动词填空：
1. I ___________(see) Tom last Friday.
2. ________you ________(go) to the Great Wall last summer?
3. When ______ you _______(start) to live in China?
4. ----The train ____________ (leave) already.
----When ________ the train _________(leave)?
5. It is five years since I ____met____(meet) you last.
6. I ______ (lose) my pen in the bedroom. I have to write with a pencil.
单项选择：
( ) 1. My father ________ here since he _______ to this school.
A. taught; came B. has taught; came
C. taught; has come D. has taught; has come
( ) 2. I am sorry you’ve missed the train. It _______ 10 minutes ago.
A. left B. has left C. has been left D. had left
( ) 3. Hi! Jim! Nice to meet you again! It’s one year since I last ________ you.
A. saw B. see C. seeing D. have seen
( ) 4. ---- Have you visited the Dinosaur World, Elsa? （宁波）
---- Yes, I _____ it yesterday.
A. have visited B. had visited C. visited D. visit
( ) 5. ---- Nice to see you. I _______ you for a long time.
---- I ______ in Bejing. I’ve just come back.
A. hadn’t seen; am B. haven’t seen; was
C. didn’t see; will be D. haven’t seen; shall be
( ) 6. When _____you _______ your dictionary?
A. did; lose B. has; lost C. will; lose D. does; lose
( ) 7. There ______ many great changes in my hometown since ten years ago.
A. were B. have C. are D. have been
( ) 8. ----My father ______ Shanghai with my grandparents.
----Really? ________ will they come back?
A. has been to; How soon B. has gone to; How soon
C. has been to; How long D. has gone to; How long
( ) 9. ----How long have Mr and Mrs Smith________? (08无锡)
----For more than twenty years.
A. married B. had married C. got married D. been married
( ) 10. ----_______ did your uncle leave his hometown? (08扬州)
----He ________ for nearly twenty years.
A. When; has left B. When; has been away
C. How long; has left D. How long; has been away
( ) 11. ----Betty, did your son get married in the year 2000?
----Yes, he ________ for about eight years.
A. has married B. has been married
C. has got married D. was married
( ) 12. ----Hello! Can I speak to Mr White? (09无锡)
----Sorry, he isn’t here right now. He _______ to the theme park.
A. will go B. was going C. has gone D. has been
( ) 13. Look, Peter is still reading in the library. He _______ here for two hours.
A. has come B. has been C. was D. came
( ) 14. ----Where is John? I have something important to tell him.
----He’s ill. He _______ in hospital since last Monday.
A. has gone B. is C. was D. has been
( ) 15. ----So far, how long ______ you _______ the city?
----For two years.
A. have; been in B. did; come to C. have; gone to D. will; go to
( ) 16.----I hear Sam has gone to Qingdao for his holiday.
----Oh, how nice! Do you know when he ___________?
A. left B. was leaving C. has left D. had left
( ) 17. ----Did you borrow the comic book from the library?
----Yes. I _____ it for three days. I’ll return it this afternoon.
A. borrowed B. kept C. have borrowed D. have kept
( ) 20. Eric’s never seen a three-D movie at the cinema, ________?
A. hasn’t he B. has he C. isn’t he D. is he
( ) 21. ----You have a nice watch. (2010扬州)
----Thank you. I _______ it since I got married.
A. had B. bought C. have had D. have bought
( ) 22. ----_____ have you stayed in this school? ----For three years.
A. How far B. How long C. How often D. How many
( ) 23. Mr. Li _____ Britain several times. Tomorrow he will give us a talk about British culture.
A. has gone to B. have gone to C. has been to D. have been to
( ) 24. ----We can hear many kinds of birds singing around us.
----Oh, our government ____ action to improve the environment in the past few years.
A. will take B. has taken C. took D. takes
( ) 25. ----The Summer Place is wonderful. Have you ever visited any other interesting places?
----Yes. Also, we _______ to the Great Wall.
A. have gone B. have been C. had gone D. had been
( ) 26. Tom ______ the USA. He ______ back in two months.
A. has gone to; comes B. has gone to; will be
C. has been to; comes D. has been to; will be
动词填空：
1. Many changes __(take) place in our daily life since the invention of the computer.
2. ----Are Daniel and Millie still living in Nanjing?
----No, they ___________(move) to Beijing.
3. Hangzhou Bay(湾) Bridge ___________(be) in service for more than a month.
4. You __(keep) the book for two weeks, and you'd better return it to the library now.
5. No country ________(make) such great progress as China in the past thirty years.
6. Good news! Our class _______(break) two school records so far!
10. ----What a pity! The film ________(be) on for one hour.
----It doesn’t matter. We can see it next time.
12. My sister _________(be) a singer since she left the school.
13. Since last August, the old lady __(have) bad headaches three to four times a month.