I 分词独立结构
讲解要点
（1） 分词独立结构在句中作状语。
当分词短语作状语时，它逻辑上的主语一般须与句子的主语保持一致。如果不一致，分词短语前需带其逻辑主语（名词或代词），构成分词独立结构。它作用同分词短语作状语基本相同，表示伴随的动作或情况，表示时间、原因或条件等。在分词独立结构中，逻辑主语与现在分词为主动关系，与过去分词为被动关系，两者已形成完整概念。因此，不必像分词短语作状语时那样考虑和句子主语的逻辑关系。
例句
1) He remained in the hospital for three months, the company paying all his expenses.
他在医院住了三个月，所有费用都由公司负担。（补充说明）
2) The child rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat.
这孩子满脸是汗地跑进屋来。（伴随情况）
3) The students having done all the exercises, the teacher went on to explain the text. 等学生做完所有练习后，老师开始讲解课文。（完成式独立结构表示时间）
4) So many people being absent, we decided to put the meeting off.
这么多人缺席，我们决定会议延期举行。（原因）
5)All things considered, his article is of greater value than yours.
从各方面考虑，他的文章比你的更有价值。（条件）
（2）独立主格结构有时也可以用with 或without 引导。
当with 引起分词独立结构时，with 本身只起引导作用，表示某种状态。分词则根据引出的名词或代词进行选择。用法与普通分词独立结构相同，不过很少出现分词的完成式。with 带不定式复合结构，一般用于表示将来的概念。 例句
1) With her taking care of him, you have nothing to worry about.
2) With all factors considered, this plan may be better than all others.
3) With five minutes to go before the train left, we arrived at the station.
1) Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper it closely.
(CET 4:1989.1)
A. followed B. following
C. to follow D. being followed
选B 。该选择为现在分词做独立主格结构，主动语态，表示伴随。
2) All flights because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train. (CET4: 1999.1)
A. had been canceled B. have been canceled
C. were canceled D. having been canceled
选D 。该选择为现在分词做独立主格结构, 表示原因。
3) All things A. considered B. be considered
C. considering D. having considered
选A 。该选择为过去分词做独立主格结构, 表示条件。
4) The decision A. been made B. has been made
C. having been made D. having been making
选C 。该选择为现在分词被动式做独立主格结构，表示时间。
5) Maggie ran back to the kitchen, eggs A. to be held B. held
C. were held D. holding
选B 。该选择为过去分词做独立主格结构, 表示伴随。
4 分词用作宾语补语的用法
讲解要点
现在分词多在下列两类动词之后作宾补：
①感觉动词：see, hear, watch, observe, notice, feel, find, glance 等，以及look at, listen to等短语动词。
②使役动词：have, get, catch, leave, keep, start, send等。
例句
1) Suddenly he heard someone knocking gently on the window.
2) Once I caught him dozing off in class.
过去分词作宾补常跟在下列动词之后：
hear, see, ask, wish, like, serve ,expect, want, make, watch, consider, keep ,get ,order。
例题
1) His remarks left me about his real purpose.
A. wondered B. wonder
C. to wonder D. wondering
选D 。使役动词leave 要求现在分词wondering 作其宾补，wondering 与宾语me 形成主谓关系。
2) When I caught him I stopped buying things there and started dealing with
another shop.
A. cheating B. cheat
C. to cheat D. to be cheating
选A 。使役动词catch 要求现在分词cheating 作其宾补，cheating 与宾语him 为主谓关系。
3) Don’t get your schedule A. to change B. changing
C. changed D. change
选C 。使役动词get 在本句中要求过去分词changed 作其宾补，changed 与宾语schedule 是动宾关系。
4) In the United States, the Chinese make their influence in science.
A. feeling B. felt
C. feel D. to be felt
选B 。使役动词make 在本句中要求过去分词felt 作其宾补，felt 与宾influence 为动宾关系。
5) He promised to keep me well of how our business was going on.
A. to be informed B. on informing
C. informing D. informed
选D 。使役动词keep 在句中要求过去分词informed 作其宾补，informed 与宾语me 为动宾关系。
II 在cannot but, do nothing but(except), had better, rather than, would rather…than , 和would sooner …than等结构后要求不带to 的动词不定式。
例题
1) The ability to speak several languages enables him a good job.
A. to get B. getting
C. to have got D. having got
选A 。动词enable 要求用不定式作宾语补语。
2) He had his sister his paper for him.
A. to type B. to have typed
C. typing D. type
选D 。动词have 要求用省略to 的不定式作宾语补语。
3) Tim cannot but his classmates to help him solve some math problems.
A. to ask B. ask
C. asking D. asked
选B 。在cannot but后面用动词原形。
4) He was made the truth at last.
A. to tell B. telling
C. being told D. having told
选A 。当动词make 用于被动语态时，后面的动词不定式则必须带to 。
III 某些动词和动词短语要求动名词作宾语
admit 承认 include 包含 risk 冒险
acknowledge 承认 fancy 想象 anticipate 预期
confess 坦白，承认 imagine 想象 finish 完成
deny 否认 delay 耽搁 enjoy 享受
suggest 建议 postpone 推迟 mind 介意
advise 劝告 excuse 原谅 practice 练习
avoid 避免 pardon 原谅 justify 证明正当
miss 错过…机会 resent 怨恨 dislike 讨厌
escape 逃脱 appreciate 感激 advocate 提倡
involve 包含 consider 考虑 resist 抵御
feel like 想要
put off 推迟 give up 放弃 object to going on holiday this weekend反对 resort to求助于 devote to献身于 look forward to期待
be used to 习惯于 be opposed to反对 be accustomed to习惯于
例题
1) Mark often attempts to escape whenever he breaks traffic regulations.
A. having been fined
B. to have been fined
C. to be fined
D. being fined
选。动词escape 要求后面只跟动名词，本句不能用完成式。
2) My wife said in her letter that she would appreciate----- from you sometime.
A. to have heard
B. to hear
C. for hearing
D. hearing
选D 。动词appreciate 要求后面只跟动名词
3) They are considering -------before the prices go up.
A. Of buying the house
B. with buying the house
C. buying the house
D. to buy the house
选C 。动词consider 要求后面只跟动名词，不能使用任何介词。
4) A. writing B. to write
C. write D. having written
选A 。动词词组feel like后面要求用动名词作宾语。
5) Would you mind quiet for a moment? I am trying a form.
A. keeping; filling out B. to keep; to fill out
C. keeping; to fill out D. to keep; filling out
选C 。动词mind 要接动名词；try 后面的宾语用不定式。
IV 动名词的一些用法
（1） 有时在形容词后面也要求用动名词，例如：busy, worth等。
He is busy working now.
This question is worth discussing.
（2）在point, trouble, difficulty, a hard time等名词后，应加介词in+动名词。in 可以省略。例如:
There is no point (in) thinking about it any more.
再想那件事没有意义。
I had difficulty (in) understanding this theory.
我很难理解这一理论。
（3）在it’s no use, it’s no sense, it’s no good, it’s not much use后要求用in+动名词, in 可以省略。但是在it is of no use后则要用动词不定式。例如：
It’s no use (in)discussing about it any more.
It’s no good(in) writing to him; he never answers letters.
It’s of no use to cry over spilt milk.
（4） 有些动词mean, remember, forget, regret, try, stop后跟不定式或动名词意思不同。
mean to do 想要 remember to do 记住（要做某事） mean doing 意味着 remember doing 记得（做过某事） try to do 努力（做某事） forget to do 忘记（要做的事）
try doing 试着（做某事） forget doing 忘记（已做的事）
stop to do 停下来做另一件事 regret to do（对将要做的某事）遗憾 stop doing 停止做某事 regret doing （对做过的事）后悔 例句
1) We must try to solve this problem.
我们必须设法解决这个问题。
2) We can try solving this problem in other ways.
我们可以试用另一些方法解决这一问题。
3) You must remember to pay her for the ticket.
你一定要记住把电影票的钱给她。
4) I remember seeing you before.
我记得以前见过你。
（5）demand, deserve, need, require, want, ask等词既可以要求动名词作宾语，也可以要求动词不定式的被动式作宾语。例如；
1) John’s house in the country wants painting.
2) John’s house in the country wants to be painted.
（6） 动名词可以作介词的宾语，介词后的动名词可以有自己的逻辑主语。
1) I apologize for not having kept my promise.
2) We have often heard of him studying hard.
例题
1) I am thinking about whether this problem is worth .
A. to be discussed B. being discussed
C. discussing D. to discuss
选C 。形容词worth 要求动名词作宾语，且其主动形式表示被动。
2）There is no point arguing about this trifle.
A. in B. for
C. with D. of
选A 。There is no point后应加介词in+动名词。
3) It’s no use our any longer. He may come by any train.
A. to wait B. waiting
C. to have waited D. having waited
选B 。在it’s no use后要求用in+动名词, in可以省略。
4) I forgot her that my coat buttons need to be sewn on.
A. reminding B. having reminded
C. to remind D. to have reminded
选C 。动词forget 后跟不定式表示忘记要做的事。
5) The man in the corner confessed to a lie to the manager.
A. have told B. be told
C. being told D. having told
选D 。动词confess+介词to 后要跟动名词作宾语。本句不是被动语态。
6) We are surprised at the exam.
A. him not pass B. in order not pass
C. his not passing D. him not to pass
选C 。动名词作介词宾语用，其否定形式为在其前加not 。
I 分词独立结构
讲解要点
（1） 分词独立结构在句中作状语。
当分词短语作状语时，它逻辑上的主语一般须与句子的主语保持一致。如果不一致，分词短语前需带其逻辑主语（名词或代词），构成分词独立结构。它作用同分词短语作状语基本相同，表示伴随的动作或情况，表示时间、原因或条件等。在分词独立结构中，逻辑主语与现在分词为主动关系，与过去分词为被动关系，两者已形成完整概念。因此，不必像分词短语作状语时那样考虑和句子主语的逻辑关系。
例句
1) He remained in the hospital for three months, the company paying all his expenses.
他在医院住了三个月，所有费用都由公司负担。（补充说明）
2) The child rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat.
这孩子满脸是汗地跑进屋来。（伴随情况）
3) The students having done all the exercises, the teacher went on to explain the text. 等学生做完所有练习后，老师开始讲解课文。（完成式独立结构表示时间）
4) So many people being absent, we decided to put the meeting off.
这么多人缺席，我们决定会议延期举行。（原因）
5)All things considered, his article is of greater value than yours.
从各方面考虑，他的文章比你的更有价值。（条件）
（2）独立主格结构有时也可以用with 或without 引导。
当with 引起分词独立结构时，with 本身只起引导作用，表示某种状态。分词则根据引出的名词或代词进行选择。用法与普通分词独立结构相同，不过很少出现分词的完成式。with 带不定式复合结构，一般用于表示将来的概念。 例句
1) With her taking care of him, you have nothing to worry about.
2) With all factors considered, this plan may be better than all others.
3) With five minutes to go before the train left, we arrived at the station.
1) Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper it closely.
(CET 4:1989.1)
A. followed B. following
C. to follow D. being followed
选B 。该选择为现在分词做独立主格结构，主动语态，表示伴随。
2) All flights because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train. (CET4: 1999.1)
A. had been canceled B. have been canceled
C. were canceled D. having been canceled
选D 。该选择为现在分词做独立主格结构, 表示原因。
3) All things A. considered B. be considered
C. considering D. having considered
选A 。该选择为过去分词做独立主格结构, 表示条件。
4) The decision A. been made B. has been made
C. having been made D. having been making
选C 。该选择为现在分词被动式做独立主格结构，表示时间。
5) Maggie ran back to the kitchen, eggs A. to be held B. held
C. were held D. holding
选B 。该选择为过去分词做独立主格结构, 表示伴随。
4 分词用作宾语补语的用法
讲解要点
现在分词多在下列两类动词之后作宾补：
①感觉动词：see, hear, watch, observe, notice, feel, find, glance 等，以及look at, listen to等短语动词。
②使役动词：have, get, catch, leave, keep, start, send等。
例句
1) Suddenly he heard someone knocking gently on the window.
2) Once I caught him dozing off in class.
过去分词作宾补常跟在下列动词之后：
hear, see, ask, wish, like, serve ,expect, want, make, watch, consider, keep ,get ,order。
例题
1) His remarks left me about his real purpose.
A. wondered B. wonder
C. to wonder D. wondering
选D 。使役动词leave 要求现在分词wondering 作其宾补，wondering 与宾语me 形成主谓关系。
2) When I caught him I stopped buying things there and started dealing with
another shop.
A. cheating B. cheat
C. to cheat D. to be cheating
选A 。使役动词catch 要求现在分词cheating 作其宾补，cheating 与宾语him 为主谓关系。
3) Don’t get your schedule A. to change B. changing
C. changed D. change
选C 。使役动词get 在本句中要求过去分词changed 作其宾补，changed 与宾语schedule 是动宾关系。
4) In the United States, the Chinese make their influence in science.
A. feeling B. felt
C. feel D. to be felt
选B 。使役动词make 在本句中要求过去分词felt 作其宾补，felt 与宾influence 为动宾关系。
5) He promised to keep me well of how our business was going on.
A. to be informed B. on informing
C. informing D. informed
选D 。使役动词keep 在句中要求过去分词informed 作其宾补，informed 与宾语me 为动宾关系。
II 在cannot but, do nothing but(except), had better, rather than, would rather…than , 和would sooner …than等结构后要求不带to 的动词不定式。
例题
1) The ability to speak several languages enables him a good job.
A. to get B. getting
C. to have got D. having got
选A 。动词enable 要求用不定式作宾语补语。
2) He had his sister his paper for him.
A. to type B. to have typed
C. typing D. type
选D 。动词have 要求用省略to 的不定式作宾语补语。
3) Tim cannot but his classmates to help him solve some math problems.
A. to ask B. ask
C. asking D. asked
选B 。在cannot but后面用动词原形。
4) He was made the truth at last.
A. to tell B. telling
C. being told D. having told
选A 。当动词make 用于被动语态时，后面的动词不定式则必须带to 。
III 某些动词和动词短语要求动名词作宾语
admit 承认 include 包含 risk 冒险
acknowledge 承认 fancy 想象 anticipate 预期
confess 坦白，承认 imagine 想象 finish 完成
deny 否认 delay 耽搁 enjoy 享受
suggest 建议 postpone 推迟 mind 介意
advise 劝告 excuse 原谅 practice 练习
avoid 避免 pardon 原谅 justify 证明正当
miss 错过…机会 resent 怨恨 dislike 讨厌
escape 逃脱 appreciate 感激 advocate 提倡
involve 包含 consider 考虑 resist 抵御
feel like 想要
put off 推迟 give up 放弃 object to going on holiday this weekend反对 resort to求助于 devote to献身于 look forward to期待
be used to 习惯于 be opposed to反对 be accustomed to习惯于
例题
1) Mark often attempts to escape whenever he breaks traffic regulations.
A. having been fined
B. to have been fined
C. to be fined
D. being fined
选。动词escape 要求后面只跟动名词，本句不能用完成式。
2) My wife said in her letter that she would appreciate----- from you sometime.
A. to have heard
B. to hear
C. for hearing
D. hearing
选D 。动词appreciate 要求后面只跟动名词
3) They are considering -------before the prices go up.
A. Of buying the house
B. with buying the house
C. buying the house
D. to buy the house
选C 。动词consider 要求后面只跟动名词，不能使用任何介词。
4) A. writing B. to write
C. write D. having written
选A 。动词词组feel like后面要求用动名词作宾语。
5) Would you mind quiet for a moment? I am trying a form.
A. keeping; filling out B. to keep; to fill out
C. keeping; to fill out D. to keep; filling out
选C 。动词mind 要接动名词；try 后面的宾语用不定式。
IV 动名词的一些用法
（1） 有时在形容词后面也要求用动名词，例如：busy, worth等。
He is busy working now.
This question is worth discussing.
（2）在point, trouble, difficulty, a hard time等名词后，应加介词in+动名词。in 可以省略。例如:
There is no point (in) thinking about it any more.
再想那件事没有意义。
I had difficulty (in) understanding this theory.
我很难理解这一理论。
（3）在it’s no use, it’s no sense, it’s no good, it’s not much use后要求用in+动名词, in 可以省略。但是在it is of no use后则要用动词不定式。例如：
It’s no use (in)discussing about it any more.
It’s no good(in) writing to him; he never answers letters.
It’s of no use to cry over spilt milk.
（4） 有些动词mean, remember, forget, regret, try, stop后跟不定式或动名词意思不同。
mean to do 想要 remember to do 记住（要做某事） mean doing 意味着 remember doing 记得（做过某事） try to do 努力（做某事） forget to do 忘记（要做的事）
try doing 试着（做某事） forget doing 忘记（已做的事）
stop to do 停下来做另一件事 regret to do（对将要做的某事）遗憾 stop doing 停止做某事 regret doing （对做过的事）后悔 例句
1) We must try to solve this problem.
我们必须设法解决这个问题。
2) We can try solving this problem in other ways.
我们可以试用另一些方法解决这一问题。
3) You must remember to pay her for the ticket.
你一定要记住把电影票的钱给她。
4) I remember seeing you before.
我记得以前见过你。
（5）demand, deserve, need, require, want, ask等词既可以要求动名词作宾语，也可以要求动词不定式的被动式作宾语。例如；
1) John’s house in the country wants painting.
2) John’s house in the country wants to be painted.
（6） 动名词可以作介词的宾语，介词后的动名词可以有自己的逻辑主语。
1) I apologize for not having kept my promise.
2) We have often heard of him studying hard.
例题
1) I am thinking about whether this problem is worth .
A. to be discussed B. being discussed
C. discussing D. to discuss
选C 。形容词worth 要求动名词作宾语，且其主动形式表示被动。
2）There is no point arguing about this trifle.
A. in B. for
C. with D. of
选A 。There is no point后应加介词in+动名词。
3) It’s no use our any longer. He may come by any train.
A. to wait B. waiting
C. to have waited D. having waited
选B 。在it’s no use后要求用in+动名词, in可以省略。
4) I forgot her that my coat buttons need to be sewn on.
A. reminding B. having reminded
C. to remind D. to have reminded
选C 。动词forget 后跟不定式表示忘记要做的事。
5) The man in the corner confessed to a lie to the manager.
A. have told B. be told
C. being told D. having told
选D 。动词confess+介词to 后要跟动名词作宾语。本句不是被动语态。
6) We are surprised at the exam.
A. him not pass B. in order not pass
C. his not passing D. him not to pass
选C 。动名词作介词宾语用，其否定形式为在其前加not 。