初中八大时态专项讲解
专题一： 一般现在时
一，用法：
1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。 时间状语： every„, sometimes, at„, on Sunday ... Eg: we often call to each other. She always wears red clothes.
2)客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。
Eg: The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China. 3) 表示格言或警句中。
Eg: Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。 二，句式：
1. be动词的变化(am/is/are)。
否定句：主语+ be + not +其它。 Eg：He is not a worker. 他不是工人。 一般疑问句：Be +主语+其它。 Eg：-Are you a student? -Yes. I am. / No, I’m not. 特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句。 Eg：Where is my bike? 2.行为动词的变化(do/does)。
否定句：主语+ don’t( doesn’t ) +动词原形(+其它)。 Eg：I don’t like bread. 当主语为第三人称单数时，要用doesn’t构成否定句。 Eg： He doesn’t often play.
一般疑问句：Do( Does ) +主语+动词原形+其它。
Eg：- Do you often play football? - Yes, I do. / No, I don’t. 当主语为第三人称单数时，要用does构成一般疑问句。
Eg：- Does she go to work by bike? - Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t. 特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句。 Eg：How does your father go to work?
三，第三人称单数的动词变化规则(只有在第三人称为主语的肯定句中，动词才用三单式)
(1)多数动词直接加s: runs gets likes collets takes plays climbs„„. (2)结尾是s, x, sh, ch, o,前为辅音字母,结尾加es : watches teaches goes does washes crosses mixes brushes (3)动词末尾y前为辅音:将y改为i加es: study→studies fly→flies carry→carries cry→cries , 但在y前如果为元音则直接加s: buys says. Exercise:
一，选择
( ) 1. _____ you have a book?
A. Do B. Are C. Is D. Have ( )2. They _________ on a farm.
A. working B. is work C. work D. is worked ( ) 3. Does Peter like to watch TV? __________.
A. Yes, he like B. No, he doesn’t C. Yes, he’d like D. No, he likes ( )4. She doesn’t __________ her homework in the afternoon. A. doing B. to do C. does D. do
( )5. How ____________ Mr. Brown ___________ to America? A. do,go B. is,go C. does,go D. does,goes ( )6. Where’s my camera? I____________ it.
A. am not finding B. am not seeing C. can’t find D. can’t look at ( )7. How ___________ he go to work? He ___________ to work by bike.
A. does ;go B. do;goes C. do ;go D. does;goes ( )8. ______ you usually late for school? No, _____________.
A. Do ; I am B. Does ;not C. Are ; I’m not D. Are ; I aren’t ( )9. _____ she _____ home at six every day?
A. Is , leave B. Does , leave C. Is , leaves D. Does , left ( )10. Mr. Yang ____________ English this term.
A. teaches our B. teaches us C. teachs us D. teach our 二，写出下列动词的相应形式
1. 第三人称单数： wash_________ match _______guess______ study______ finish_________ go________ snow______ carry_________
2.写出下列动词的过去式：stop______ see________ drive ________let_______ carry______ keep_____ join______ find_______ think________ teach______ catch______
3. 写出下列动词的现在分词形式： stay_______ begin______ forget_______ forget______ lie________ die _______ run_______ prefer______ give________ ring_______ dance______ hope_______ 三，用词的适当形式填空。
1.What time_________ his father_________(do) the work? 2.He _________(get) up at five o’clock.
3.__________ you _________(brush) your teeth every morning. 4.What ________ ( do ) he usually ________( do ) after school?
5.Tom ________ ( study ) English, Chinese, Maths, Science and Art at school. 6. Kitty sometimes __________(go) to the park with his sister. 7.At eight at night, she __________( watch ) TV with her parents. 8. ________ Mike________( read ) English every day?
9.How many lessons________ your classmates______( have ) on Monday? 10.We often___________ ( play ) football in the playground.
专题二：一般过去时
一，用法：
1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态，时间状语有：yesterday, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982 yesterday morning (afternoon, evening„) last night (week, month, year„), a moment ago , a week ago, three years ago„ just now,等。
Where did you go just now?
2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。 Eg： When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 3）句型：
It is time for sb. to do sth "到„„时间了" "该„„了" Eg: It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了 It is time sb. did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该„„了" Eg: It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。 would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事' Eg: I'd rather you came tomorrow.
4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。 Eg: I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。 5) used to / be used to
1, used to + do："过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。 Eg: Mother used not to be so forgetful. Scarf used to take a walk. (过去常常散步)
2, be used to + doing： 对„„已感到习惯，或"习惯于"，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。
Eg: He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步) 二，句式：
1. Be动词在一般过去时中的变化：主语是 单数用was, 复数用were。 否定句：was/were+not....(在be 后加not). 一般疑问句：was或were调到句首。 2.行为动词在一般过去时中的变化：
肯定句 ： 主语 + 动词的过去式 . Eg: I watched a film last Sunday . 否定句 ： 主语+ didn’t + 动词原形. Eg:I didn’t watch a film last Sunday . 一般疑问句：Did + 主语 + 动词原形 ?
Eg:Did you watch a film last Sunday ? Yes, I did . No , I didn’t . 特殊疑问句：疑问词+ 以did 开头的一般疑问句 ? Eg: What did you do last Sunday ? 三，动词过去式的规则变化：
① 一般情况加ed：look-looked play-played start-stared ② 以e结尾的动词加d：live-lived hope-hoped use-used
③ 以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，双写这个辅音字母，再加ed: stop-stopped plan-planned.
④ 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，变y为i，再加ed: study-stuied carry-carried
Exercise:
一、单项选择： 从下列各题后所给的四个选项中选择最佳答案填空。(10) ( )1． My father＿＿＿＿＿＿ill yesterday．
A． isn't B． aren't C． wasn't D． weren't ( )2． ＿＿＿＿＿＿your parents at home last week﹖
A． Is B． Was C． Are D． Were
( )3． The twins＿＿＿in Dalian last year． They＿＿＿here now．
A． are; were B． were; are C． was; are D． were; was ( )4． ＿＿＿your father at work the day＿＿＿＿＿yesterday(前天）﹖
A． Was; before B． Is; before C． Was; after D． Is; after ( )5． —Who was on duty last Friday﹖ —＿＿＿＿＿＿．
A． I am B． I was C． Yes, I was D． No, I wasn't ( )6. I cleaned my classroom ___________.
A with three hours B three hours ago C in three hours D three hours before ( ) 7. I came _______ my house two days ago .
A back on B back to C to back D back ( ) 8 . ___________? He did some reading at home. A What does your father do yesterday evening B What does your brother do in the school
C What did your brother do over the weekend D Where did your brother go last Sunday
( ) 9. What did you do ________ ? I went to the movies.
A next morning B over the weekend C in the weekend D next Monday ( ) 10.He______early yesterday morning.
A gets up B got up C get up D get 二、请用正确动词形式填空。(10)
1. I _________ (have) an exciting party last weekend.
2. _________ she _______(practice) her guitar yesterday? No, she _________. 3. What ________ Tom ________ (do) on Saturday evening?
He ________(watch) TV and __________(read) an interesting book. 4. They all _________(go) to the mountains yesterday morning. 5. She _________(not visit) her aunt last weekend.
She ________ (stay) at home and _________(do) some cleaning.
6. When _______ you ______(write) this song? I ________(write) it last year.
7. My friend, Carol, ________(study) for the math test and ________(practice) English last night.
8. _____ Mr. Li __ _(do) the project on Monday morning? Yes, he ______. 9. How _________(be) Jim's weekend? It _________(be not) bad. 10. ________ (be) your mother a sales assistant last year? No. she __________.
三，写出下列动词的过去式。
look_______ watch_____ like______ hope_____decide______plan______ stop_______ carry______ study______play______stay______let______put_____ read_______catch_____ teach_____ buy______ bring______ think ______ sit_____ write______ drive_______ ring______ sink____run______ give______ win _____know______ grow______ throw_______ draw____ show_____ feel______ sleep_______ keep_____ sweep_____ meet_______
专题三：一般将来时
1，定义： 一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作，事情或存在的状态，也表示将来经常或反复发生的动作或事情。经常和表示将来的时间状语连用：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…) soon, in a few minutes, by…, the day after tomorrow, 2，结构：
肯定句：a:主语+am/is/are going to + do；
a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。 Eg：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢？
b. 计划，安排要发生的事。 Eg：The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。
c. 有迹象要发生的事。 Eg：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云，快要下雨了。 b: 主语+will/shall + do.（shall 只可用于第一人称即we / I shall…,will可用于任何人称） Eg: I will go swimming tomorrow.
否定句：在be动词（am, is, are）后加not或will后加not成won’t。 Eg: I’m not going to have a picnic this afternoon. 3, be going to 和 will的区别：
be going to和will 的用法虽然都表示将来发生动作或情况，一般情况下能互换。但它们的用法是有区别的。 （1）be going to主要用于：
1、表示事先经过考虑、安排好打算、计划要做的事情。E.g. Eg：What are you going to do today? 今天你们打算做什么？
Dad and I are going to watch an opera this afternoon. 今天下午我和爸爸打算去看歌剧。
Eg：I’m going to play the violin. 我打算拉小提琴。 She’s going to play the piano. 她打算弹钢琴。
2、表示根据目前某种迹象判断，某事非常有可能发生。E.g. Eg：Look! There come the dark clouds. It is going to rain. 瞧！乌云密集，天要下雨。 I am afraid I am going to have a cold. 恐怕我要患重感冒。 (2) will主要用于在以下几个方面：
1、表示单纯的未来―将要‖通用各个人称。eg:
They will go to visit the factory tomorrow. 明天他们将去工厂参观。 I’ll come with Wang Bing, Liu Tao and Yang Ling. 我将和王兵、刘涛、杨玲一起来。 2、表示不以人的意志为转移的自然发展的未来的事。
Eg：Today is Saturday. Tomorrow will be Sunday. 今天是星期六。明天是（将）是星期日。
He will be thirty years old this time next year. 明年这个时候他就（将）三十岁。 3、问对方是否愿意做某事或表示客气地邀请或命令。eg: Eg：Will you please turn on the radio? 请打开收音机好吗？ Will you go to the zoo with me? 你和我一起去动物园好吗？
Exercise:
一，选择填空
1 What time _____we meet at the gate tomorrow? A will B shall C do D are
2 He will have a holiday as soon as he _____the work next week. A finishes B doesn’t finish C will finish D won’t finish 3 There _____some showers this afternoon.
A will be B will have C is going to be D are going to have 4 It ____my brother’s birthday tomorrow. She _____a party.
A is going to be; will have B will be; is having C will be; is going to have D will have; is going to be
5 Li Ming is 10 years old now, next year he _____11.
A is B is going to be C will be D will to be 二，用所给词的适当形式填空。 1 -―I need some paper.‖
- ―I ____(bring)some for you.‖ 2____(be)you free tomorrow?
3 They _________(not leave) until you come back.
4 _____we_____(go) to the party together this afternoon? 5 They want to know when the meeting _____start. 6 I _____(go) with you if I have time. 7 Hurry up! Or we ______(be) late.
8What ____you _______(do) tomorrow afternoon?
9 Jenny ____ _____ (do) an experiment the day after tomorrow.
10 If she isn’t free tomorrow, she _______(not take) part in the party.
专题四：过去将来时
（一）概念：表示从过去某个时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常用于宾语从句或间接引语中。过去将来时常用―would + 动词原形‖或―was / were going to + 动词原形‖来表达。
（二）结构：
A ) would + 动词原形
Eg：He asked me if I would stay here. 他问我是否要待在这儿。 B ) was / were going to + 动词原形
Eg：No one knew when he was going to finish his homework.
没有人知道他什么时候会完成作业。
C ) was/ were ( about ) to + 动词原形
Eg：He said that they were to leave at six. 他说他们将于6点动身。 She said that the meeting was about to begin. 她说会议就要开始了
D) come, go, arrive, leave, die 等瞬时动词，用在过去进行时态中表示过去将来。 Eg：She told us that she was leaving for Yunnan. 她告诉我们她将要去云南。（三）基本用法：
A ) 主句为过去时，宾语从句常表示将要发生的事情。
Eg：Nobody knew what would happen after a hundred years.
没有人知道一百年之后将会发生什么事。
We wanted to know whether she was going to speak at the meeting. 我们想知道她是否准备在会上发言。 B ) 在叙述过去的事情或事情发生的经过时，用过去将来时表示在当时看将来会
发生的事。
Eg：It was a Sunday afternoon. A young woman named Maria had just left
school. He was going to start to work the next week, so she decided to buy some new clothes and a new pair of shoes. 一个星期天的下午，一位名叫玛丽亚的年轻人刚离开学校。因为她准备下周开始工作，所以，决定买些新衣服和一双新鞋子。
C ) 过去将来时还可以用来表示非真实的动作或状态。
Eg：If I had a chance to study abroad, I would study at Harvard University.如果我有机会出国学习的话，我就会去哈佛大学。
I wish he would go with me to the cinema tonight. 今晚他能和我一起去看电影就好了。
注意：过去将来时的基本特征，也就是我么年今天所谈到的―立足过去，着眼未来‖。它表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的某个动作或存在的某种状态。 Eg：Mary told me that she would go to Shanghai by plane. 玛丽告诉我说她将要坐飞机去上海。
Exercise: I. 选择填空
1. Li Ming said he _____happy if Brian_____to China next month. A. as; come B. was; would come C. would be; came D. will be; come
2. Jenny said she _____her holiday in China. A. spent B. would spent
C. was going to spent D. would spend
3. —What did your son say in the letter?
—He told me that he ______ the Disney World the next day. A. will visit B. has visited C. is going to visit D. would visit
4. I hoped Tina ______ to my birthday party on time the next Wednesday. A. to come B. is coming C. will come D. was coming
5. Father said that he ______ me to Beijing the next year. A. took B. would take C. takes D. will take
6. We were not sure whether they ______ more vegetables. A. are going to grow B. were going to grow C. will grow D. have grown
7. She ______ to work when the telephone rang. A. is going B. will go C. was about to go D. is to go II. 用所给动词的适当形式填空
1. Miss Zhang said she ________(visit) the Great Wall next summer.
2. She told him that she ________(not stay) here for long.
3. I wasn’t sure whether Lucy_______(come) the next year.
4. The scientists said the world’s population _______ (slow) down in future.
5. She said the bus _______(leave) at five the next morning.
6. I wasn't sure whether he _______(lend) me his book the next morning.
7. He was fifty-six. In two years he _______(be) fifty-eight.
8. Whenever she has time, she ______(help) them in their work.
专题五：现在进行时
一、定义：现在进行时是表示在现在某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作的时态。
二、结构：现在进行时由―系动词（am，is ， are） + 现在分词（动词加-ing形式）‖构成。现在以动词work为例，对现在进行时的肯定句、否定句、疑问句及简略答语列表说明：
三、现在分词的构成： 1. 一般在动词原形末尾加-ing。
stay --- staying do --- doing listen --- listening
1. 以不发音的字母e 结尾的动词，先去掉e，再加-ing。
make --- making ride --- riding give --- giving
1. 以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-ing。 put --- putting sit --- sitting run --- running
1. 以ie 为重读音节结尾的单词，先去掉e，把i 变为y，再加 –ing。 lie --- lying die --- dying
四、用法：
1. 表示现在或说话时正在进行的动作，常和下列时间状语连用：now, at this moment, at present, these days (years), this term … 有时也与look , listen 等连用。
Eg：Look, what are the monkeys eating? 看，那些猴子在吃什么？
1. 表示当前一直或反复在进行的动作或难以终止的动作。
例句：They are running and jumping all the time.
他们一直在跑啊跳啊。
Exercise:
一、 写出下列动词的现在分词形式
stay __________
do __________
listen __________
suffer __________
refuse __________
close __________
operate _________
die _________ work ________ spend _________ look _________ make __________ put __________ sit __________ run __________ tie __________ take _________ give _________ ride _________ please _________ win _________ begin _________ open _________ lie _________
二、 用所给动词的适当形式填空
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. Mary and Lucy are ________ (dance) now. Listen! Someone is _______ (play) the piano in the next room. He is __________ (sweep) the floor at the moment. Look ! The cat ________ ________ (eat) the fish on the table. A: ______ you _______ (study) French ?B: Yes , I am.
三、改错
1. I watching TV at home now. ____________________________
2. My father is plays the piano. ____________________________
3．He often flying kites on Sundays. ____________________________
4．They is reading books. _____________________________
5.Do you listening the radio now? ______________________________
专题六：过去进行时
(一）定义：过去进行时，是表示过去某个具体时刻正在进行的事情或动作。
(二）结构：was/were +doing (现在分词）
(三）用法：1、过去进行时表示过去某段时间内持续进行的动作或者事情。常用的时间状语this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while.......
Eg:（1）We were watching TV from seven to nine last night.
昨天晚上七点到九点的时候我们在看电视。
（2）What was he researching all day last Sunday?上周日他一整天都在研究什么？
（3）My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我哥哥骑自行车的时候从车上摔下来，受伤了。
2. 过去进行时可以表示在过去某个时间点发生的事情。时间点可以用介词短语、副词或从句来表示。
Eg:What was she doing at nine o'clock yesterday?
昨天晚上九点她在做什么？ (介词短语表示时间点)
When I saw him he was decorating his room.
当我看见他的时候他正在装饰房间。 (when从句表示时间点)
3. 在复合句中，如果主要动作和背景动作都是延续的或同时发生的，那么主从句的动词都可用过去进行时。
Eg:While he was waiting for the bus, he was reading a newspaper. 他边等车边看报。 (两个动作都是延续的)
He was cleaning his car while I was cooking.他擦车时我在做饭。(两个动作同时进行)
4、表示在过去即将发生的动作。
Eg: She asked him whether he was coming back for supper.
（四）when 和while的用法区别 :
①when是at or during the time that, 既指时间点，也可指一段时间； while是during the time that，只指一段时间，因此when引导的时间状语从句中的动词可以是终止性动词，也可以是延续性动词，而while从句中的动词必须是延续性动词。
②when 说明从句的动作和主句的动作可以是同时，也可以是先后发生；while 则强调主句的动作在从句动作的发生的过程中或主从句两个动作同时发生。 ③由when引导的时间状语从句，主句用过去进行时，从句应用一般过去时；如果从句和主句的动作同时发生，两句都用过去进行时的时候，多用while引导，Eg:When the teacher came in, we were talking. 当此句改变主从句的位置时，则为： While we were talking, the teacher came in.
Exercise:
1. I ______ cooked a meal when you _____ me.
A. cooked, were ringing B. was cooking, rang
C. was cooking, were ringing D. cooked, rang
2. He said he _____ to draw a plane on the blackboard at that time.
A tries B. tried C. was trying D. will try
3. While she ______ TV, she ______ a sound outside the room.
A. was watching, was hearing B. watched, was hearing
C. watched, heard D. was watching, heard
4. They _____ a football game from 7 to 9 last night.
A. were watching B. watch C. watched D. are watching
5. What book ____ you ______ when I ____ you at four yesterday afternoon?
A. did, read, was seeing B. did, read, saw
C. were, reading, saw D. were, reading, was seeing
6. It was Friday evening. Mr and Mrs. Green _____ ready to fly to England.
A. are getting B. get C. were getting D.got
7. Lei Feng _____ always _____ of others when he ______ in the army.
A. is, thinking, was B. was, thinking, is
C. did, think, is D. was, thinking, was
8. A girl ______ my pen fall off the table when she _____ me.
A. saw, passed B. was seeing, passed
C.was seeing, passed D. was seeing, was passing
9. We ____ for tom at ten last Sunday. He often kept us ______.
A. were waiting, waiting B. were waiting, wait
C. waited, waiting D. waited, wait
10. He ____ his father on the farm the whole afternoon last Saturday.
A. helps B. would help C. was helping D. is helping
11.She asked him whether he _____ back for lunch．
A come B was coming C came D had come
12.Could you tell me when ______?
A she is coming B she was coming C will be come D is he coming
13.The teacher ______ when I came into the classroom．
A is drawing B draws C has drawn D was drawing
14.The pizza ______ by my mother． Would you like to have some?
A makes B was making C made D was made
15.Nobody noticed what she ______ at the moment．
A will do B was doing C has done D had done
专题七：现在完成时
（一）构成：现在完成时由助动词have + 过去分词构成，助动词have 有人称和数的变化。第三人称单数用has，其余用have.
现在完成时的否定式直接在助动词后面加上not、疑问式是把助动词提到主语
1的是该动作或状态对现在的结果或影响。
Eg：My daughter has just gone out. 我女儿刚出去。
I’m sure we’ve met before. 我肯定我们以前见过面。
She has arrived. 她到了。
2）表示持续到现在的动作或状态，往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用，如recently, already, just, lately, for…, since…,yet等。如：
Eg：I haven’t heard from her these days. 这些日子我没有收到她的信。 We haven’t seen you recently. 最近我们没有见到你。
They have been away for two years. 他们离开已经两年了。
She has been with us since Monday.
★注意：
1）since和for的区别：
since后接时间点，如1993，last term, yesterday, the time I got there
for后接一段时间，表示―长达多久‖，如ten years, a while, two days等。 Exercise: 用since和for填空
1. Jim has been in Ireland ______ Monday.
2. Jill has been in Ireland ______ three days.
3. His aunt has lived in Australia ______15 days.
4. Mary is in her office. She has been there ______ 7 o'clock.
5. India has been an independent country ______1974.
6. The bus is late. They've been waiting ______ 20 minutes.
7. Nobody lives in those houses. They have been empty ______ many years.
8. Mike has been ill ______a long time. He has been in hospital ______ October.
2）表示短暂意义的动词如arrive, leave, borrow, buy, begin, start, die等，在完成时当中不能和表示一段时间的状语连用，因为它们表示的动作不可能持续。因此，不能说：
He has come here for 2 weeks. ×
The old man has died for 4 months. ×
They have left only for 5 minutes. ×
以上三句话可以改为：
He has been here for 2 weeks.
The old man has ______ _______ for 4 months.
They have _____ _____ only for 5 minutes
3）have (has) been 和have (has) gone的区别：表示―曾到过某地‖要用 ―have (has) been‖; 表示―已经去某地‖要用 ―have (has) gone‖。试比较：
Where has he been? 他刚才到哪里去了？（已经回来了）
Where has he gone? 他上哪儿去了？（人不在）
They have been to Canada. 他们到过加拿大。（现在已经不在加拿大）
They have gone to Canada. 他们到加拿大去了。（可能在路上和已经到加拿大）.
4）现在完成时不能和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last year, in 1976, two days ago, just now, when I came in，但可以和already, yet, sometimes, always, often, before, lately, recently, once, twice, ever, never等连用。
Eg：She has already come. 她已经来了。
I haven’t read it yet. 我还没读过这个。
I have met him before. 我从前曾见过他。
Ma Hong has always been a good student. 马红一直是个好学生。
I have often seen him in the street. 我经常在街上看见他。
They have never been to Yan’an. 他们从未去过延安。
I haven't seen him lately. 我近来没看到他。
Exercise:
I. Fill in the blanks with the proper form.
1. I____ already ____ (see) the film. I ________ (see) it last week.
2. _____ he ____ (finish) his work today? Not yet.
3. My father ____ just ____ (come) back from work. He is tired now.
4. Where’s Li Ming ? He __________ (go) to the teacher’s office.
5. I __________ (work) here since I ______ (move) here in 1999.
6. So far I _______________(make) quite a few friends here.
7. How long ________ the Wangs ______________(stay) here ? For two weeks.
8. I ________ just ___________ (finish) my homework.
9. He ________ (go) to school on foot every day.
10.____ you ______ (find) your science book yet?
II. Choose the best answer. 1. How long have you _______ here?
A. come B. got C. arrived D. been
2. My grandpa died _________. A. at the age of my 2 B. for 2 years
C. when I was 2. D. my age was 6.
3. Jane has _____ to BeiJing. She will come back tomorrow.
A. been B. gone C. went D. never been 4. It is ten years _____ I last saw her.
A. after B. since C. for D. that
5.--Who will go to the station to meet Lorry? --I will. I _____ her several times.
A. met B. have met C. had met D. will meet
6. --What a nice dress! How long _____ you _____ it? --Just 2 weeks.
A. will, buy B. did, buy C. are, having D. have, had
7.--Do you know Lydia very well? --Yes, She and I _____ friends since we were very young.
A. have made B. have become C. have been D. have turned 8. The Smiths _______ in China for 8 years.
A. has lived B. lived C. have been D. live
9. --Hello, this is Mr. Green speaking. Can I speak to Mr. Black?
-- Sorry. He ______ the Bainiao Park.
A. has been to B. has gone to C. went to D. will go to
10. --____ you ever ____ to the US? -- Yes, twice.
A. Have, gone B. Have, been C, Do, go D. were, going
专题八：过去完成时
（一）定义：过去完成时(past perfect)表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作或状态。 它表示句子中描述的动作发生在―过去的过去‖。
（二）基本结构：
主语+had+过去分词vpp.(done)
①肯定句：主语+had+过去分词.
②否定句：主语+had+not+过去分词.
③一般疑问句：Had+主语+过去分词?
肯定回答：Yes,主语+had.
否定回答：No,主语+had not .
④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句（Had+主语+过去分词）？
（三）基本用法：
（1）表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作。即―过去的过去‖。可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。 Eg：By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship. 到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200 张飞船发来的图片。
（2）表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。
Eg：I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.
当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。
He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.
他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。
（3）叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。
Eg：Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.
史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。
I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson. 我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。
（4）在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。
Eg： I returned the book that I had borrowed. 我已归还了我借的书。 She found the key that she had lost. 她丢失的钥匙找到了。
（5）过去完成时常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。 Eg： He said that he had known her well.
他说他很熟悉她。
I thought I had sent the letter a week before.
我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。
（6） 状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。 如when,before,after,as soon as,till/until引导的 Eg：When I woke up, it had already stopped raining. 我醒来时雨已停了。 She didn’t go to bed until she had finished her work.
她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。
注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含before和after的复合句中，因为 这 时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。
Eg：After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English. 马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。
（7）动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。
Eg： They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.
他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you . 我们本来希望能来看看你。
（8）过去完成时还可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)…等固定句型中。
Eg：Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.
他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.
他刚到就又走了。
It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.
这是他那一年第三次失业了。
时间状语 ：before,when,after,by+,until, once,had no sooner……than，yet，already等。
（四）过去完成时-语法判定
1. 由时间状语来判定
一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有： （ 1 ） by + 过去的时间点。如：
I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.
（ 2 ） by the end of + 过去的时间点。如：
We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. （ 3 ） before + 过去的时间点。如：
They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
2. 由―过去的过去‖来判定。
过去完成时表示―过去的过去‖，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：
（ 1 ）宾语从句中：当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。 Eg：She said that she had seen the film before.
（ 2 ）状语从句中：在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。 Eg：After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.
注意： before, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。 Eg： After he closed the door, he left the classroom.
（3）表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用
过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"
Eg：We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
3. 根据上、下文来判定。
Eg：I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.
过去完成时-语法区别
一、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别
现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，以现在的时间为基点，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为―助动词 have (has) + 过去分词‖；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，以过去时间为基点，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调―过去的过去‖，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。 比较：I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。
I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。
— I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起，让你久等了。
— Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.没什么，我只等了几分钟。（―等‖的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在）
Exercise:
一.用动词的适当形式填空
1. We _____________ (paint) the house before we ______________ (move) in.
2. That rich old man _____________ (make) a will before he _____________ (die).
3. They _____________ (study) the map of the country before they ________ (leave).
4. The robbers _____________ (run away ) before the policemen_______ (arrive).
5. I __________ (turn off) all the lights before I ____________ (go) to bed.
6. Paul __________ (go) out with Jane after he __________ (make) a phone call.
7. Tom __________ (say) he ___________ (read) the book twice.
8. Our plan ____________ (fail ) because we _____________ (make) a bad mistake.
9. When the chairman ______________ (finish) speaking, he _____________ (leave)the hall.
10.The Reads __ ______ (have) lunch when I ________________(get) to their house.
11.When I ______________(arrive) at the station, he ____________________(leave).
12.We _______________(learn) about 4000 English words by the end of last term.
13. I waited until he _______________(finish) his homework.
14. We were surprised at what she ________already ______(do)
15.She ____________(not go) to Qingdao because she ________________ (be) there before.
16. He ______________(not tell) you the news yet.
17. He said he _____________already_________(give) the book to the teacher.
18. I ______________(be) to Shanghai before.
19. She told me she _________________(be) to Sanya three times.
20.She _____________(play) the guitar while her sister_______________(sing).
初中八大时态专项讲解
专题一： 一般现在时
一，用法：
1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。 时间状语： every„, sometimes, at„, on Sunday ... Eg: we often call to each other. She always wears red clothes.
2)客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。
Eg: The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China. 3) 表示格言或警句中。
Eg: Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。 二，句式：
1. be动词的变化(am/is/are)。
否定句：主语+ be + not +其它。 Eg：He is not a worker. 他不是工人。 一般疑问句：Be +主语+其它。 Eg：-Are you a student? -Yes. I am. / No, I’m not. 特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句。 Eg：Where is my bike? 2.行为动词的变化(do/does)。
否定句：主语+ don’t( doesn’t ) +动词原形(+其它)。 Eg：I don’t like bread. 当主语为第三人称单数时，要用doesn’t构成否定句。 Eg： He doesn’t often play.
一般疑问句：Do( Does ) +主语+动词原形+其它。
Eg：- Do you often play football? - Yes, I do. / No, I don’t. 当主语为第三人称单数时，要用does构成一般疑问句。
Eg：- Does she go to work by bike? - Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t. 特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句。 Eg：How does your father go to work?
三，第三人称单数的动词变化规则(只有在第三人称为主语的肯定句中，动词才用三单式)
(1)多数动词直接加s: runs gets likes collets takes plays climbs„„. (2)结尾是s, x, sh, ch, o,前为辅音字母,结尾加es : watches teaches goes does washes crosses mixes brushes (3)动词末尾y前为辅音:将y改为i加es: study→studies fly→flies carry→carries cry→cries , 但在y前如果为元音则直接加s: buys says. Exercise:
一，选择
( ) 1. _____ you have a book?
A. Do B. Are C. Is D. Have ( )2. They _________ on a farm.
A. working B. is work C. work D. is worked ( ) 3. Does Peter like to watch TV? __________.
A. Yes, he like B. No, he doesn’t C. Yes, he’d like D. No, he likes ( )4. She doesn’t __________ her homework in the afternoon. A. doing B. to do C. does D. do
( )5. How ____________ Mr. Brown ___________ to America? A. do,go B. is,go C. does,go D. does,goes ( )6. Where’s my camera? I____________ it.
A. am not finding B. am not seeing C. can’t find D. can’t look at ( )7. How ___________ he go to work? He ___________ to work by bike.
A. does ;go B. do;goes C. do ;go D. does;goes ( )8. ______ you usually late for school? No, _____________.
A. Do ; I am B. Does ;not C. Are ; I’m not D. Are ; I aren’t ( )9. _____ she _____ home at six every day?
A. Is , leave B. Does , leave C. Is , leaves D. Does , left ( )10. Mr. Yang ____________ English this term.
A. teaches our B. teaches us C. teachs us D. teach our 二，写出下列动词的相应形式
1. 第三人称单数： wash_________ match _______guess______ study______ finish_________ go________ snow______ carry_________
2.写出下列动词的过去式：stop______ see________ drive ________let_______ carry______ keep_____ join______ find_______ think________ teach______ catch______
3. 写出下列动词的现在分词形式： stay_______ begin______ forget_______ forget______ lie________ die _______ run_______ prefer______ give________ ring_______ dance______ hope_______ 三，用词的适当形式填空。
1.What time_________ his father_________(do) the work? 2.He _________(get) up at five o’clock.
3.__________ you _________(brush) your teeth every morning. 4.What ________ ( do ) he usually ________( do ) after school?
5.Tom ________ ( study ) English, Chinese, Maths, Science and Art at school. 6. Kitty sometimes __________(go) to the park with his sister. 7.At eight at night, she __________( watch ) TV with her parents. 8. ________ Mike________( read ) English every day?
9.How many lessons________ your classmates______( have ) on Monday? 10.We often___________ ( play ) football in the playground.
专题二：一般过去时
一，用法：
1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态，时间状语有：yesterday, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982 yesterday morning (afternoon, evening„) last night (week, month, year„), a moment ago , a week ago, three years ago„ just now,等。
Where did you go just now?
2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。 Eg： When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 3）句型：
It is time for sb. to do sth "到„„时间了" "该„„了" Eg: It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了 It is time sb. did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该„„了" Eg: It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。 would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事' Eg: I'd rather you came tomorrow.
4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。 Eg: I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。 5) used to / be used to
1, used to + do："过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。 Eg: Mother used not to be so forgetful. Scarf used to take a walk. (过去常常散步)
2, be used to + doing： 对„„已感到习惯，或"习惯于"，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。
Eg: He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步) 二，句式：
1. Be动词在一般过去时中的变化：主语是 单数用was, 复数用were。 否定句：was/were+not....(在be 后加not). 一般疑问句：was或were调到句首。 2.行为动词在一般过去时中的变化：
肯定句 ： 主语 + 动词的过去式 . Eg: I watched a film last Sunday . 否定句 ： 主语+ didn’t + 动词原形. Eg:I didn’t watch a film last Sunday . 一般疑问句：Did + 主语 + 动词原形 ?
Eg:Did you watch a film last Sunday ? Yes, I did . No , I didn’t . 特殊疑问句：疑问词+ 以did 开头的一般疑问句 ? Eg: What did you do last Sunday ? 三，动词过去式的规则变化：
① 一般情况加ed：look-looked play-played start-stared ② 以e结尾的动词加d：live-lived hope-hoped use-used
③ 以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，双写这个辅音字母，再加ed: stop-stopped plan-planned.
④ 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，变y为i，再加ed: study-stuied carry-carried
Exercise:
一、单项选择： 从下列各题后所给的四个选项中选择最佳答案填空。(10) ( )1． My father＿＿＿＿＿＿ill yesterday．
A． isn't B． aren't C． wasn't D． weren't ( )2． ＿＿＿＿＿＿your parents at home last week﹖
A． Is B． Was C． Are D． Were
( )3． The twins＿＿＿in Dalian last year． They＿＿＿here now．
A． are; were B． were; are C． was; are D． were; was ( )4． ＿＿＿your father at work the day＿＿＿＿＿yesterday(前天）﹖
A． Was; before B． Is; before C． Was; after D． Is; after ( )5． —Who was on duty last Friday﹖ —＿＿＿＿＿＿．
A． I am B． I was C． Yes, I was D． No, I wasn't ( )6. I cleaned my classroom ___________.
A with three hours B three hours ago C in three hours D three hours before ( ) 7. I came _______ my house two days ago .
A back on B back to C to back D back ( ) 8 . ___________? He did some reading at home. A What does your father do yesterday evening B What does your brother do in the school
C What did your brother do over the weekend D Where did your brother go last Sunday
( ) 9. What did you do ________ ? I went to the movies.
A next morning B over the weekend C in the weekend D next Monday ( ) 10.He______early yesterday morning.
A gets up B got up C get up D get 二、请用正确动词形式填空。(10)
1. I _________ (have) an exciting party last weekend.
2. _________ she _______(practice) her guitar yesterday? No, she _________. 3. What ________ Tom ________ (do) on Saturday evening?
He ________(watch) TV and __________(read) an interesting book. 4. They all _________(go) to the mountains yesterday morning. 5. She _________(not visit) her aunt last weekend.
She ________ (stay) at home and _________(do) some cleaning.
6. When _______ you ______(write) this song? I ________(write) it last year.
7. My friend, Carol, ________(study) for the math test and ________(practice) English last night.
8. _____ Mr. Li __ _(do) the project on Monday morning? Yes, he ______. 9. How _________(be) Jim's weekend? It _________(be not) bad. 10. ________ (be) your mother a sales assistant last year? No. she __________.
三，写出下列动词的过去式。
look_______ watch_____ like______ hope_____decide______plan______ stop_______ carry______ study______play______stay______let______put_____ read_______catch_____ teach_____ buy______ bring______ think ______ sit_____ write______ drive_______ ring______ sink____run______ give______ win _____know______ grow______ throw_______ draw____ show_____ feel______ sleep_______ keep_____ sweep_____ meet_______
专题三：一般将来时
1，定义： 一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作，事情或存在的状态，也表示将来经常或反复发生的动作或事情。经常和表示将来的时间状语连用：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…) soon, in a few minutes, by…, the day after tomorrow, 2，结构：
肯定句：a:主语+am/is/are going to + do；
a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。 Eg：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢？
b. 计划，安排要发生的事。 Eg：The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。
c. 有迹象要发生的事。 Eg：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云，快要下雨了。 b: 主语+will/shall + do.（shall 只可用于第一人称即we / I shall…,will可用于任何人称） Eg: I will go swimming tomorrow.
否定句：在be动词（am, is, are）后加not或will后加not成won’t。 Eg: I’m not going to have a picnic this afternoon. 3, be going to 和 will的区别：
be going to和will 的用法虽然都表示将来发生动作或情况，一般情况下能互换。但它们的用法是有区别的。 （1）be going to主要用于：
1、表示事先经过考虑、安排好打算、计划要做的事情。E.g. Eg：What are you going to do today? 今天你们打算做什么？
Dad and I are going to watch an opera this afternoon. 今天下午我和爸爸打算去看歌剧。
Eg：I’m going to play the violin. 我打算拉小提琴。 She’s going to play the piano. 她打算弹钢琴。
2、表示根据目前某种迹象判断，某事非常有可能发生。E.g. Eg：Look! There come the dark clouds. It is going to rain. 瞧！乌云密集，天要下雨。 I am afraid I am going to have a cold. 恐怕我要患重感冒。 (2) will主要用于在以下几个方面：
1、表示单纯的未来―将要‖通用各个人称。eg:
They will go to visit the factory tomorrow. 明天他们将去工厂参观。 I’ll come with Wang Bing, Liu Tao and Yang Ling. 我将和王兵、刘涛、杨玲一起来。 2、表示不以人的意志为转移的自然发展的未来的事。
Eg：Today is Saturday. Tomorrow will be Sunday. 今天是星期六。明天是（将）是星期日。
He will be thirty years old this time next year. 明年这个时候他就（将）三十岁。 3、问对方是否愿意做某事或表示客气地邀请或命令。eg: Eg：Will you please turn on the radio? 请打开收音机好吗？ Will you go to the zoo with me? 你和我一起去动物园好吗？
Exercise:
一，选择填空
1 What time _____we meet at the gate tomorrow? A will B shall C do D are
2 He will have a holiday as soon as he _____the work next week. A finishes B doesn’t finish C will finish D won’t finish 3 There _____some showers this afternoon.
A will be B will have C is going to be D are going to have 4 It ____my brother’s birthday tomorrow. She _____a party.
A is going to be; will have B will be; is having C will be; is going to have D will have; is going to be
5 Li Ming is 10 years old now, next year he _____11.
A is B is going to be C will be D will to be 二，用所给词的适当形式填空。 1 -―I need some paper.‖
- ―I ____(bring)some for you.‖ 2____(be)you free tomorrow?
3 They _________(not leave) until you come back.
4 _____we_____(go) to the party together this afternoon? 5 They want to know when the meeting _____start. 6 I _____(go) with you if I have time. 7 Hurry up! Or we ______(be) late.
8What ____you _______(do) tomorrow afternoon?
9 Jenny ____ _____ (do) an experiment the day after tomorrow.
10 If she isn’t free tomorrow, she _______(not take) part in the party.
专题四：过去将来时
（一）概念：表示从过去某个时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常用于宾语从句或间接引语中。过去将来时常用―would + 动词原形‖或―was / were going to + 动词原形‖来表达。
（二）结构：
A ) would + 动词原形
Eg：He asked me if I would stay here. 他问我是否要待在这儿。 B ) was / were going to + 动词原形
Eg：No one knew when he was going to finish his homework.
没有人知道他什么时候会完成作业。
C ) was/ were ( about ) to + 动词原形
Eg：He said that they were to leave at six. 他说他们将于6点动身。 She said that the meeting was about to begin. 她说会议就要开始了
D) come, go, arrive, leave, die 等瞬时动词，用在过去进行时态中表示过去将来。 Eg：She told us that she was leaving for Yunnan. 她告诉我们她将要去云南。（三）基本用法：
A ) 主句为过去时，宾语从句常表示将要发生的事情。
Eg：Nobody knew what would happen after a hundred years.
没有人知道一百年之后将会发生什么事。
We wanted to know whether she was going to speak at the meeting. 我们想知道她是否准备在会上发言。 B ) 在叙述过去的事情或事情发生的经过时，用过去将来时表示在当时看将来会
发生的事。
Eg：It was a Sunday afternoon. A young woman named Maria had just left
school. He was going to start to work the next week, so she decided to buy some new clothes and a new pair of shoes. 一个星期天的下午，一位名叫玛丽亚的年轻人刚离开学校。因为她准备下周开始工作，所以，决定买些新衣服和一双新鞋子。
C ) 过去将来时还可以用来表示非真实的动作或状态。
Eg：If I had a chance to study abroad, I would study at Harvard University.如果我有机会出国学习的话，我就会去哈佛大学。
I wish he would go with me to the cinema tonight. 今晚他能和我一起去看电影就好了。
注意：过去将来时的基本特征，也就是我么年今天所谈到的―立足过去，着眼未来‖。它表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的某个动作或存在的某种状态。 Eg：Mary told me that she would go to Shanghai by plane. 玛丽告诉我说她将要坐飞机去上海。
Exercise: I. 选择填空
1. Li Ming said he _____happy if Brian_____to China next month. A. as; come B. was; would come C. would be; came D. will be; come
2. Jenny said she _____her holiday in China. A. spent B. would spent
C. was going to spent D. would spend
3. —What did your son say in the letter?
—He told me that he ______ the Disney World the next day. A. will visit B. has visited C. is going to visit D. would visit
4. I hoped Tina ______ to my birthday party on time the next Wednesday. A. to come B. is coming C. will come D. was coming
5. Father said that he ______ me to Beijing the next year. A. took B. would take C. takes D. will take
6. We were not sure whether they ______ more vegetables. A. are going to grow B. were going to grow C. will grow D. have grown
7. She ______ to work when the telephone rang. A. is going B. will go C. was about to go D. is to go II. 用所给动词的适当形式填空
1. Miss Zhang said she ________(visit) the Great Wall next summer.
2. She told him that she ________(not stay) here for long.
3. I wasn’t sure whether Lucy_______(come) the next year.
4. The scientists said the world’s population _______ (slow) down in future.
5. She said the bus _______(leave) at five the next morning.
6. I wasn't sure whether he _______(lend) me his book the next morning.
7. He was fifty-six. In two years he _______(be) fifty-eight.
8. Whenever she has time, she ______(help) them in their work.
专题五：现在进行时
一、定义：现在进行时是表示在现在某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作的时态。
二、结构：现在进行时由―系动词（am，is ， are） + 现在分词（动词加-ing形式）‖构成。现在以动词work为例，对现在进行时的肯定句、否定句、疑问句及简略答语列表说明：
三、现在分词的构成： 1. 一般在动词原形末尾加-ing。
stay --- staying do --- doing listen --- listening
1. 以不发音的字母e 结尾的动词，先去掉e，再加-ing。
make --- making ride --- riding give --- giving
1. 以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-ing。 put --- putting sit --- sitting run --- running
1. 以ie 为重读音节结尾的单词，先去掉e，把i 变为y，再加 –ing。 lie --- lying die --- dying
四、用法：
1. 表示现在或说话时正在进行的动作，常和下列时间状语连用：now, at this moment, at present, these days (years), this term … 有时也与look , listen 等连用。
Eg：Look, what are the monkeys eating? 看，那些猴子在吃什么？
1. 表示当前一直或反复在进行的动作或难以终止的动作。
例句：They are running and jumping all the time.
他们一直在跑啊跳啊。
Exercise:
一、 写出下列动词的现在分词形式
stay __________
do __________
listen __________
suffer __________
refuse __________
close __________
operate _________
die _________ work ________ spend _________ look _________ make __________ put __________ sit __________ run __________ tie __________ take _________ give _________ ride _________ please _________ win _________ begin _________ open _________ lie _________
二、 用所给动词的适当形式填空
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. Mary and Lucy are ________ (dance) now. Listen! Someone is _______ (play) the piano in the next room. He is __________ (sweep) the floor at the moment. Look ! The cat ________ ________ (eat) the fish on the table. A: ______ you _______ (study) French ?B: Yes , I am.
三、改错
1. I watching TV at home now. ____________________________
2. My father is plays the piano. ____________________________
3．He often flying kites on Sundays. ____________________________
4．They is reading books. _____________________________
5.Do you listening the radio now? ______________________________
专题六：过去进行时
(一）定义：过去进行时，是表示过去某个具体时刻正在进行的事情或动作。
(二）结构：was/were +doing (现在分词）
(三）用法：1、过去进行时表示过去某段时间内持续进行的动作或者事情。常用的时间状语this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while.......
Eg:（1）We were watching TV from seven to nine last night.
昨天晚上七点到九点的时候我们在看电视。
（2）What was he researching all day last Sunday?上周日他一整天都在研究什么？
（3）My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我哥哥骑自行车的时候从车上摔下来，受伤了。
2. 过去进行时可以表示在过去某个时间点发生的事情。时间点可以用介词短语、副词或从句来表示。
Eg:What was she doing at nine o'clock yesterday?
昨天晚上九点她在做什么？ (介词短语表示时间点)
When I saw him he was decorating his room.
当我看见他的时候他正在装饰房间。 (when从句表示时间点)
3. 在复合句中，如果主要动作和背景动作都是延续的或同时发生的，那么主从句的动词都可用过去进行时。
Eg:While he was waiting for the bus, he was reading a newspaper. 他边等车边看报。 (两个动作都是延续的)
He was cleaning his car while I was cooking.他擦车时我在做饭。(两个动作同时进行)
4、表示在过去即将发生的动作。
Eg: She asked him whether he was coming back for supper.
（四）when 和while的用法区别 :
①when是at or during the time that, 既指时间点，也可指一段时间； while是during the time that，只指一段时间，因此when引导的时间状语从句中的动词可以是终止性动词，也可以是延续性动词，而while从句中的动词必须是延续性动词。
②when 说明从句的动作和主句的动作可以是同时，也可以是先后发生；while 则强调主句的动作在从句动作的发生的过程中或主从句两个动作同时发生。 ③由when引导的时间状语从句，主句用过去进行时，从句应用一般过去时；如果从句和主句的动作同时发生，两句都用过去进行时的时候，多用while引导，Eg:When the teacher came in, we were talking. 当此句改变主从句的位置时，则为： While we were talking, the teacher came in.
Exercise:
1. I ______ cooked a meal when you _____ me.
A. cooked, were ringing B. was cooking, rang
C. was cooking, were ringing D. cooked, rang
2. He said he _____ to draw a plane on the blackboard at that time.
A tries B. tried C. was trying D. will try
3. While she ______ TV, she ______ a sound outside the room.
A. was watching, was hearing B. watched, was hearing
C. watched, heard D. was watching, heard
4. They _____ a football game from 7 to 9 last night.
A. were watching B. watch C. watched D. are watching
5. What book ____ you ______ when I ____ you at four yesterday afternoon?
A. did, read, was seeing B. did, read, saw
C. were, reading, saw D. were, reading, was seeing
6. It was Friday evening. Mr and Mrs. Green _____ ready to fly to England.
A. are getting B. get C. were getting D.got
7. Lei Feng _____ always _____ of others when he ______ in the army.
A. is, thinking, was B. was, thinking, is
C. did, think, is D. was, thinking, was
8. A girl ______ my pen fall off the table when she _____ me.
A. saw, passed B. was seeing, passed
C.was seeing, passed D. was seeing, was passing
9. We ____ for tom at ten last Sunday. He often kept us ______.
A. were waiting, waiting B. were waiting, wait
C. waited, waiting D. waited, wait
10. He ____ his father on the farm the whole afternoon last Saturday.
A. helps B. would help C. was helping D. is helping
11.She asked him whether he _____ back for lunch．
A come B was coming C came D had come
12.Could you tell me when ______?
A she is coming B she was coming C will be come D is he coming
13.The teacher ______ when I came into the classroom．
A is drawing B draws C has drawn D was drawing
14.The pizza ______ by my mother． Would you like to have some?
A makes B was making C made D was made
15.Nobody noticed what she ______ at the moment．
A will do B was doing C has done D had done
专题七：现在完成时
（一）构成：现在完成时由助动词have + 过去分词构成，助动词have 有人称和数的变化。第三人称单数用has，其余用have.
现在完成时的否定式直接在助动词后面加上not、疑问式是把助动词提到主语
1的是该动作或状态对现在的结果或影响。
Eg：My daughter has just gone out. 我女儿刚出去。
I’m sure we’ve met before. 我肯定我们以前见过面。
She has arrived. 她到了。
2）表示持续到现在的动作或状态，往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用，如recently, already, just, lately, for…, since…,yet等。如：
Eg：I haven’t heard from her these days. 这些日子我没有收到她的信。 We haven’t seen you recently. 最近我们没有见到你。
They have been away for two years. 他们离开已经两年了。
She has been with us since Monday.
★注意：
1）since和for的区别：
since后接时间点，如1993，last term, yesterday, the time I got there
for后接一段时间，表示―长达多久‖，如ten years, a while, two days等。 Exercise: 用since和for填空
1. Jim has been in Ireland ______ Monday.
2. Jill has been in Ireland ______ three days.
3. His aunt has lived in Australia ______15 days.
4. Mary is in her office. She has been there ______ 7 o'clock.
5. India has been an independent country ______1974.
6. The bus is late. They've been waiting ______ 20 minutes.
7. Nobody lives in those houses. They have been empty ______ many years.
8. Mike has been ill ______a long time. He has been in hospital ______ October.
2）表示短暂意义的动词如arrive, leave, borrow, buy, begin, start, die等，在完成时当中不能和表示一段时间的状语连用，因为它们表示的动作不可能持续。因此，不能说：
He has come here for 2 weeks. ×
The old man has died for 4 months. ×
They have left only for 5 minutes. ×
以上三句话可以改为：
He has been here for 2 weeks.
The old man has ______ _______ for 4 months.
They have _____ _____ only for 5 minutes
3）have (has) been 和have (has) gone的区别：表示―曾到过某地‖要用 ―have (has) been‖; 表示―已经去某地‖要用 ―have (has) gone‖。试比较：
Where has he been? 他刚才到哪里去了？（已经回来了）
Where has he gone? 他上哪儿去了？（人不在）
They have been to Canada. 他们到过加拿大。（现在已经不在加拿大）
They have gone to Canada. 他们到加拿大去了。（可能在路上和已经到加拿大）.
4）现在完成时不能和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last year, in 1976, two days ago, just now, when I came in，但可以和already, yet, sometimes, always, often, before, lately, recently, once, twice, ever, never等连用。
Eg：She has already come. 她已经来了。
I haven’t read it yet. 我还没读过这个。
I have met him before. 我从前曾见过他。
Ma Hong has always been a good student. 马红一直是个好学生。
I have often seen him in the street. 我经常在街上看见他。
They have never been to Yan’an. 他们从未去过延安。
I haven't seen him lately. 我近来没看到他。
Exercise:
I. Fill in the blanks with the proper form.
1. I____ already ____ (see) the film. I ________ (see) it last week.
2. _____ he ____ (finish) his work today? Not yet.
3. My father ____ just ____ (come) back from work. He is tired now.
4. Where’s Li Ming ? He __________ (go) to the teacher’s office.
5. I __________ (work) here since I ______ (move) here in 1999.
6. So far I _______________(make) quite a few friends here.
7. How long ________ the Wangs ______________(stay) here ? For two weeks.
8. I ________ just ___________ (finish) my homework.
9. He ________ (go) to school on foot every day.
10.____ you ______ (find) your science book yet?
II. Choose the best answer. 1. How long have you _______ here?
A. come B. got C. arrived D. been
2. My grandpa died _________. A. at the age of my 2 B. for 2 years
C. when I was 2. D. my age was 6.
3. Jane has _____ to BeiJing. She will come back tomorrow.
A. been B. gone C. went D. never been 4. It is ten years _____ I last saw her.
A. after B. since C. for D. that
5.--Who will go to the station to meet Lorry? --I will. I _____ her several times.
A. met B. have met C. had met D. will meet
6. --What a nice dress! How long _____ you _____ it? --Just 2 weeks.
A. will, buy B. did, buy C. are, having D. have, had
7.--Do you know Lydia very well? --Yes, She and I _____ friends since we were very young.
A. have made B. have become C. have been D. have turned 8. The Smiths _______ in China for 8 years.
A. has lived B. lived C. have been D. live
9. --Hello, this is Mr. Green speaking. Can I speak to Mr. Black?
-- Sorry. He ______ the Bainiao Park.
A. has been to B. has gone to C. went to D. will go to
10. --____ you ever ____ to the US? -- Yes, twice.
A. Have, gone B. Have, been C, Do, go D. were, going
专题八：过去完成时
（一）定义：过去完成时(past perfect)表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作或状态。 它表示句子中描述的动作发生在―过去的过去‖。
（二）基本结构：
主语+had+过去分词vpp.(done)
①肯定句：主语+had+过去分词.
②否定句：主语+had+not+过去分词.
③一般疑问句：Had+主语+过去分词?
肯定回答：Yes,主语+had.
否定回答：No,主语+had not .
④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句（Had+主语+过去分词）？
（三）基本用法：
（1）表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作。即―过去的过去‖。可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。 Eg：By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship. 到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200 张飞船发来的图片。
（2）表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。
Eg：I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.
当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。
He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.
他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。
（3）叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。
Eg：Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.
史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。
I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson. 我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。
（4）在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。
Eg： I returned the book that I had borrowed. 我已归还了我借的书。 She found the key that she had lost. 她丢失的钥匙找到了。
（5）过去完成时常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。 Eg： He said that he had known her well.
他说他很熟悉她。
I thought I had sent the letter a week before.
我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。
（6） 状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。 如when,before,after,as soon as,till/until引导的 Eg：When I woke up, it had already stopped raining. 我醒来时雨已停了。 She didn’t go to bed until she had finished her work.
她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。
注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含before和after的复合句中，因为 这 时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。
Eg：After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English. 马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。
（7）动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。
Eg： They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.
他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you . 我们本来希望能来看看你。
（8）过去完成时还可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)…等固定句型中。
Eg：Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.
他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.
他刚到就又走了。
It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.
这是他那一年第三次失业了。
时间状语 ：before,when,after,by+,until, once,had no sooner……than，yet，already等。
（四）过去完成时-语法判定
1. 由时间状语来判定
一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有： （ 1 ） by + 过去的时间点。如：
I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.
（ 2 ） by the end of + 过去的时间点。如：
We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. （ 3 ） before + 过去的时间点。如：
They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
2. 由―过去的过去‖来判定。
过去完成时表示―过去的过去‖，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：
（ 1 ）宾语从句中：当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。 Eg：She said that she had seen the film before.
（ 2 ）状语从句中：在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。 Eg：After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.
注意： before, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。 Eg： After he closed the door, he left the classroom.
（3）表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用
过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"
Eg：We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
3. 根据上、下文来判定。
Eg：I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.
过去完成时-语法区别
一、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别
现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，以现在的时间为基点，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为―助动词 have (has) + 过去分词‖；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，以过去时间为基点，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调―过去的过去‖，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。 比较：I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。
I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。
— I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起，让你久等了。
— Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.没什么，我只等了几分钟。（―等‖的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在）
Exercise:
一.用动词的适当形式填空
1. We _____________ (paint) the house before we ______________ (move) in.
2. That rich old man _____________ (make) a will before he _____________ (die).
3. They _____________ (study) the map of the country before they ________ (leave).
4. The robbers _____________ (run away ) before the policemen_______ (arrive).
5. I __________ (turn off) all the lights before I ____________ (go) to bed.
6. Paul __________ (go) out with Jane after he __________ (make) a phone call.
7. Tom __________ (say) he ___________ (read) the book twice.
8. Our plan ____________ (fail ) because we _____________ (make) a bad mistake.
9. When the chairman ______________ (finish) speaking, he _____________ (leave)the hall.
10.The Reads __ ______ (have) lunch when I ________________(get) to their house.
11.When I ______________(arrive) at the station, he ____________________(leave).
12.We _______________(learn) about 4000 English words by the end of last term.
13. I waited until he _______________(finish) his homework.
14. We were surprised at what she ________already ______(do)
15.She ____________(not go) to Qingdao because she ________________ (be) there before.
16. He ______________(not tell) you the news yet.
17. He said he _____________already_________(give) the book to the teacher.
18. I ______________(be) to Shanghai before.
19. She told me she _________________(be) to Sanya three times.
20.She _____________(play) the guitar while her sister_______________(sing).