阅读理解 科普类
A
（12全国I ） Honey （蜂蜜） from the African forest is not only a kind of natural sugar, it is also delicious. Most people, and many animals, like eating it. However, the only way for them to get that honey is to find a wild bees’ nest（巢） and take the honey from it. Often, these nests are high up in trees, and it is difficult to find them. In parts of Africa, though, people and animals looking for honey have a strange and unexpected helper—a little bird called a honey guide. The honey guide does not actually like honey, but it does like the wax（蜂蜡） in the beehives（蜂房）. The little bird cannot reach this wax, which is deep inside the bees nest. So, when it finds a suitable nest, it looks for someone to help it. The honey guide gives a loud cry that attracts the attention of both passing animals and people. Once it has their attention, it flies through the forest, waiting from time to time for the curious animal or person as it leads them to the nest. bird patiently waits and watches. Some of the honey, and the wax, always falls to the ground, and this is when the honey guide takes its share.
Scientists do not know why the honey guide likes eating the wax, but it is very determined in its efforts to get it. The birds seem to be able to smell wax from a long distance away. They will quickly arrive whenever a beekeeper is taking honey from his beehives, and will even enter churches when beeswax candles are being lit.
（1）Why is it difficult to find a wild bees' nest?
A ．It's small in size.
B ．It's hidden in trees. D ．It's hard to recognize. C ．It's covered with wax.
（2）What do the words “the follower” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A ．A bee. B ．A bird. C ．A honey seeker. D ．A beekeeper.
（3）The honey guide is special in the way ______.
A ．it gets its food
C ．it sings in the forest B ．it goes to church D ．it reaches into bees' nests
（4）What can be the best title for the text?
A ．Wild Bees
B ．Wax and Honey D ．HoneyLover's Helper
C ．Beekeeping in Africa
B
（12全国卷II ） Cold weather can be hard on pets, just like it can be hard on people. Sometimes owners forget that their pets are just as used to the warm shelter（住所） as they are. Some owners will leave their animals outside for a long period of time, thinking that all animals are used to living outdoors. This can put their pets in danger of serious illness. There are things you can do to keep your animal warm and safe.
Keep your pets inside as much as you can when the weather is bad. If you have to take them out, stay outside with them. When you’re cold enough to go inside, they probably are too. If you must leave them outside for a long time, make sure they have a warm, solid shelter against the wind, thick bedding, and plenty of non-frozen water.
If left alone outside, dogs and cats can be very smart in their search for warm shelter. They can dig into snow banks or hide somewhere. Watch them closely when they are left outdoors, and provide them with shelter of good quality. Keep an eye on your pet’s water. Sometimes owners don’t realize that a water bowl has frozen and their pet can’t get anything to drink. Animals that don’t have clean and unfrozen water may drink dirty water outside, which may contain something unhealthy for them.
（1）What do we learn about pets from Paragraph 1?
A ．They are often forgotten by their owners. B ．They are used to living outdoors.
C ．They build their own shelters. D ．They like to stay in warm places.
（2）Why are pet owners asked to stay with their pets when they are out in cold weather?
A ．To know when to bring them inside.
C ．To help them find shelters. B ．To keep them from eating bad food. D ．To keep them company.
（3）If pets are left on their own outdoors in cold weather，they may ______.
A ．run short of clean water
C ．dirty the snow nearby B ．dig deep holes for fun D ．get lost in the wild
（4）What is the purpose of this text?
A ．To solve a problem.
B ．To give practical advice. D ．To present a research result. C ．To tell an interesting story.
D
（12四川）Plants are flowering faster than scientists predicted （预测）in reaction to climate change ，which could have long damaging effects on food chains and ecosystems.
Global warming is having a great effect on hundreds of plant and animal species around the world ，changing some living patterns，scientists say.
Increased carbon dioxide （CO 2）in the air from burning coal and oil can have an effect on how plants produce oxygen ，while higher temperatures and changeable rainfall patterns can change their patterns of growth.
“Predicting species' reaction to climate change is a major challenge in ecology ，”said the researchers of several U．S.universities. They said plants had been the key object of study because their reaction to climate change could have an effect on food chains and ecosystem services.
The study，published on the Nature website，uses the findings from plant life cycle studies and experiments across four continents and 1,634 species. It found that some experiments had underestimated （低估） the speed of flowering by 8.5 times and leafing by 4 times.
“Across all species ，the experiments underpredicted the speed of the advance —for both leafing and flowering — that results from temperature increases，”the study said.
The design of future experiments may need to be improved to better predict how plants will react to climate change，it said.
Plants are necessary for life on the Earth. They are the base of the food chain ，using photosynthesis （光合作用） to produce sugar from carbon dioxide and water. They let out oxygen which is needed by nearly every organism on the planet.
Scientists believe the world's average temperature has risen by about 0.8 ℃ since 1900，and nearly 0.2 ℃ every ten years since 1979.
So far，efforts to cut emissions （排放） of planetwarming greenhouse gases are not seen as enough to prevent the Earth heating up beyond 2 ℃ this century— a point scientists say will bring the danger of a changeable climate in which weather extremes are common，leading to drought，floods ，crop failures and rising sea levels.
（1）What is the key information the author wants to give in Paragraph 1?
A ．Plants' reaction to weather could have damaging effects on ecosystems.
B ．The increasing speed of flowering is beyond scientists' expectation.
C ．Climate change leads to the change of food production patterns.
D ．Food chains have been seriously damaged because of weather.
（2）We can learn from the study published on the Nature website that ______.
A ．plants' flowering is 8.5 times faster than leafing
B ．there are 1,634 plant species on the four continents
C ．scientists should improve the design of the experiments
D ．the experiments failed to predict how plants react to climate change
（3）Scientists pay special attention to the study of plants because______.
A ．they can prove the climate change clearly
B ．they are very important in the food chains
C ．they play a leading role in reducing global warming
D ．they are growing and flowering much faster than before
（4）What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs about the world's temperature?
A ．It has risen nearly 0.2 ℃ since 1979.
B ．Its change will lead to weather extremes.
C ．It is 0.8 ℃ higher in 1979 than that of 1900.
D ．It needs to be controlled within 2 ℃ in this century.
C
（12陕西）Eating too much fatty food ，exercising too little and smoking can raise your future risk of heart disease. But there is another factor that can cause your heart problems more immediately ：the air you breathe.
Previous studies have linked high exposure （暴露）to environmental pollution to an increased risk of heart problems，but two analyses now show that poor air quality can lead to heart attack or stroke （中风）within as little as a few hours after exposure. In one review of the research ，scientists found that people exposed to high levels of pollutants（污染物）were up to 5% more likely to suffer a heart attack within days of exposure than those with lower exposure. A separate study of stroke patients showed that even air that the U ．S.Environmental Protection Agency （EPA ）considers to be of “moderate”（良好）quality and relatively safe for our health can raise the risk of stroke as much as 34% within 12 to 14 hours of exposure.
The authors of both studies stress that these risks are relatively small for healthy people However ，it is important to be aware of these dangers because everyone is exposed to air pollution regardless of lifestyle choices. So stricter regulation by the EPA of pollutants may not only improve environmental air quality but could also become necessary to protect public health.
（1）The text mainly discusses the relationship between ______.
A ．heart problems and air quality
C ．heart problems and smoking
A ．relatively high
C ．relatively low B ．heart problems and exercising D ．heart problems and fatty food B ．extremely low D ．extremely high （2）The underlined word “modest” in Paragraph 3 most probably means ______.
（3）What can we learn from the text?
A ．Eating fatty food has immediate effects on your heart.
B ．The EPA conducted many studies on air quality.
C ．Moderate air quality is more harmful than smoking.
D ．Stricter regulations on pollutants should be made.
（4）The author's purpose of writing the text is most likely to ______.
A ．inform
B ．persuade C ．describe D ．entertain
（12湖南）Harvard researchers have created a tough, low-cost, biodegradable（可生物降解的） material inspired by insects hard outer shells. The material’s inventors say it has a number of possible uses and someday could provide a more environmentally friendly alternative to plastic. The material, made from shrimp（虾） shells and proteins produced from silk, is called “shrilk”. It is thin, clear, flexible and strong.
A major benefit of the material is its biodegradability. Plastic’s toughness and flexibility represente d a revolution in materials science during the 1950s and ’60s. Decades later, however, plastic’s very durability（耐用性） is raising questions about how appropriate it is for one-time products such as plastic bags, or short-lived consumer goods, used in the home for a few years and then cast into a landfill where they will degrade for centuries. What is the point of making something that lasts 1,000 years?
Shrilk not only will degrade in a landfill, but its basic components are used as fertilizer（肥料）, and so will enrich the soil.
Shrilk has great potential, the inventors said. Materials from which it is made are plentiful in nature, found in everything ranging from shrimp shells, insect bodies to living plants. That makes shrilk low cost, and its mass production possible should it be used for products demanding a lot of material.
Work on shrilk is continuing in the lab. The inventors said the material becomes flexible when wet, so they’re exploring ways to use it in wet environments. They’re also developing simpler production processes, which could be used for non-medical products, like for computer cases and other products inside the home. They’re even exploring combining it with other materials, like carbon fibers, to give it new properties.
（1）Paragraph 1 of the passage is mainly about shrilk's ______.
A ．remarkable design B ．interesting name C ．major features D ．basic elements
（2）What has become a concern about plastic?
A ．Using it properly.
B ．Producing it cheaply. D ．Evaluating its contributions fairly. B ．it can be found in living things D ．its raw materials are abundant in nature B ．Testing shrilk's use in wet conditions. C ．Developing its properties quickly. A ．it can help plastic degrade （3）According to the inventors，shrilk has great potential partly because ______. C ．its mass production has been realized （4）What are the inventors doing in the lab? A ．Replacing carbon fibers with shrilk.
C ．Making shrilk out of used household goods.
D ．Improving shrilk's flexibility for medical purposes.
（5）Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
A ．Recent Progress in Environmental Protection
B ．Benefits of Insects in Scientific Research
C ．The Harm of Onetime Products D ．A Possible Alternative to Plastic
（12辽宁）Astronauts on shorter shuttle missions（使命） often work very long days. Tasks are scheduled so tightly that break times are often used to finish the day's work. This type of schedule is far too demanding for long missions on the International Space Station （ISS ）．ISS crewmembers usually live in space for at least a quarter of a year. They work five days on and give the crew valuable time to rest and do a few hours of housework. They can communicate with family and friends by email，internet phone and through private video conferences.
While astronauts cannot go to a baseball game or a movie in orbit，there are many familiar activities that they can still enjoy. Before a mission ，the family and friends of each ISS crewmember put together a collection of family photos，messages ，videos and reading material for the astronauts to look at when they will be floating 370 kilometers above the Earth. During their mission ，the crew also receives care packages with CDs，books ，magazines ，photos and letters. And as from early 2010，the internet became available on the ISS，giving astronauts the chance to do some “web surfing（冲浪）”in their personal time. Besides relaxing with these more common entertainments ，astronauts can simply enjoy the experience of living in space.
Many astronauts say that one of the most relaxing things to do in space is to look out the window and stare at the universe and the Earth. Both the shuttle and the ISS circle the planet several times each day，and every moment offers a new view of the Earth's vast land mass and oceans.
（1）What does the word “mimic ” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?
A ．Find. B ．Copy. C ．Change. D ．Lose.
（2）Which of the following best describes the families of the astronauts on the ISS?
A ．They are caring and thoughtful.
C ．They are impatient and annoyed. B ．They are worried and upset. D ．They are excited and curious.
（3）In the final paragraph，the author shows that astronauts ______.
A ．get more pleasure in space than on the Earth
B ．find living in space a bit boring and tiring
C ．regard space life as common
D ．love to see the Earth from space
（4）The passage mainly discusses how astronauts ______.
A ．work for longer missions in space
B ．connect with people on the Earth
C ．observe the Earth from space
D ．spend their free time in space
12辽宁 答案为：
（1）B 词义猜测题。根据they do things on Earth 可知他们练习模仿他们在地球上的生活方式，故选B 项。
（2）A 推理判断题。从第二段第二句他们的家人和朋友将会把许多的家庭照、信息、视频和阅读材料放在一起供宇航员观看可知，他们的家人考虑的很周到也很体贴，故选A 项。
（3）D 推理判断题。从“...one of the most relaxing things to do in space is to look out the window and stare at the universe and the Earth.”及“...every moment offers a new view of the Earth's vast land mass and oceans.”可知选D 项。
（4）D 主旨大意题。本文主要叙述了宇航员的空余时间是如何度过的，故选D 项。
12湖南 答案为：
（1）C 主旨大意题。第一段中主要介绍哈佛大学发明的这种新型材料其灵感来自于动物的外壳，其用途广泛，低耗环保，是塑料的替代品。它由虾壳及丝蛋白制成，因此被命名为“shrilk”，其特点是轻薄、透明、柔韧、结实。不难看出第一段主要介绍的是这种新材料的主要特性，其他选项都不全面。
（2）A 推理判断题。根据第二段的内容可以看出，这种新材料最主要的优势是可生物降解。塑料耐用但不环保，需要花好几百年才能降解，故如何合理使用成为人们关注的一个问题。因此A 项正确。
（3）D 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Shrilk has great potential...Materials from which it is made are plentiful in nature，found in everything ranging from shrimp shells，insect bodies to living plants.”可以看出这种材料潜力很大，其制作原料都来自于大自然，因此原料充足。故D 项正确。
（4）B 细节理解题。根据最后一段“...so they're exploring ways to use it in wet
environments.”可以看出，科学家正在探索在潮湿环境下这种材料的使用。故B 项正确。
（5）D 主旨大意题。本文为科技说明文，开篇点题，介绍了这种可替代塑料的新型材料的性能等问题，D 项概括具体、全面。
12四川 答案为：
（1）B 细节理解题。第一段的主要信息是“植物的开花周期比科学家预测的还要短”，故B 项正确。句意：气候变化使植物的开花周期比科学家预想的要缩短了，这将对食物链和生态系统产生长期的灾难性的影响。
（2）C 细节理解题。第五、六、七段都围绕The study来说。由第五段第二句可知A 项错误；由第五段第一句可知B 项错误；由第六段可知D 项错误；由第七段可知，C 项正确。
（3）B 细节理解题。根据第四段第二句可知B 项正确。A 项不能成为科学家们关注植物的原因；C 项本身表述错误；D 项只是气候改变造成的一种现象，不能成为引起科学家们关注的原因。
（4）D 推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，到目前为止，人类在温室气体减排方面付出的努力还没有达到能控制这一危险指标的程度，我们应继续努力使全球气温在本世纪内上升不超过2度。故D 项正确。根据倒数第二段“and...every ten years...”可知A 项错误；由
倒数第二段可知C 项在表述方面错误；B 项在倒数第一段中提到，属于文中表述的事实，而非推断的内容。
12陕西 答案为：
（1）A 主旨大意题。本文的第一段即提出本文的中心：你呼吸的空气也能导致你心脏方面的问题，故选A 项。
（2）C 词义猜测题。根据前文的“relatively small”及下文的“other risk factors such as smoking and high blood pressure”可知此处modest 是几率低的含义，故选C 项。
（3）D 推理判断题。根据文章的最后一句可知，环保局对污染物制定严格的规章制度不仅有利于改善环境而且对公众的健康也是必要的，故D 项正确。根据文章的第一句：吃太多的高脂肪食物对你的心脏疾病有潜在的危害，可知A 项错误；B 项未提及；根据最后一段第一句：与其他一些高危因素如吸烟和高血压相比，这些因素相对来说对人的健康影响较小，可知C 项错误。
（4）A 推理判断题。作者通过两项调查研究主要告诉我们空气质量对我们的心脏问题也会产生影响，故作者的写作目的应是为了告知我们一项研究的结果，故选A 项。
全国卷2 答案为：
（1）D 细节理解题。由第一段第二句“Sometimes owners forget that their pets are just as used to the warm shelter...”可知，宠物也喜欢待在温暖的地方，故选D 项。
（2）A 推理判断题。由第二段第二、三句可知，如果你必须把宠物带出去，那就要和宠物待在一起，这样当你感到冷，需要进入室内的时候，宠物也一样。由此可推出答案为A 项。
（3）A 细节理解题。由第三段可知，在寒冷的天气里，当宠物被单独留在室外的时候，宠物可能喝不到干净而且未结冰的水。故选A 项。
（4）B 推理判断题。由第一段最后一句可推知，本文主要是给读者提一些实用的建议。故选B 项。
12全国I 答案为：
（1）B 细节理解题。根据第一段“Often，these nests are high up in trees，and it is difficult to find them.”可知，这种蜂巢在树上很高的地方，所以很难找到。
（2）C 推理判断题。根据第二段的描述可知，作为蜂蜜向导的小鸟儿通过鸣叫吸引经过的动物或人的注意，然后穿越森林带着他们找到蜂巢，所以the follower指的是寻找蜂蜜的动物或人，故答案为C 项。
（3）A 细节理解题。根据第二段可知，这种蜂蜜向导小鸟儿自己并不能够吃到深在蜂巢里面的蜂蜡，而是在发现蜂巢后引导着动物或人找到蜂巢，当寻蜜的动物或人享受美味蜂蜜的时候，总会有一些蜂蜜或蜂蜡掉到地上，于是小鸟儿才能享受到所喜欢的蜂蜡，因此说这种小鸟儿获取食物的方式很特别。
（4）D 主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了能够作为蜂蜜向导的小鸟儿，所以标题应为HoneyLover's Helper。
阅读理解 科普类
A
（12全国I ） Honey （蜂蜜） from the African forest is not only a kind of natural sugar, it is also delicious. Most people, and many animals, like eating it. However, the only way for them to get that honey is to find a wild bees’ nest（巢） and take the honey from it. Often, these nests are high up in trees, and it is difficult to find them. In parts of Africa, though, people and animals looking for honey have a strange and unexpected helper—a little bird called a honey guide. The honey guide does not actually like honey, but it does like the wax（蜂蜡） in the beehives（蜂房）. The little bird cannot reach this wax, which is deep inside the bees nest. So, when it finds a suitable nest, it looks for someone to help it. The honey guide gives a loud cry that attracts the attention of both passing animals and people. Once it has their attention, it flies through the forest, waiting from time to time for the curious animal or person as it leads them to the nest. bird patiently waits and watches. Some of the honey, and the wax, always falls to the ground, and this is when the honey guide takes its share.
Scientists do not know why the honey guide likes eating the wax, but it is very determined in its efforts to get it. The birds seem to be able to smell wax from a long distance away. They will quickly arrive whenever a beekeeper is taking honey from his beehives, and will even enter churches when beeswax candles are being lit.
（1）Why is it difficult to find a wild bees' nest?
A ．It's small in size.
B ．It's hidden in trees. D ．It's hard to recognize. C ．It's covered with wax.
（2）What do the words “the follower” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A ．A bee. B ．A bird. C ．A honey seeker. D ．A beekeeper.
（3）The honey guide is special in the way ______.
A ．it gets its food
C ．it sings in the forest B ．it goes to church D ．it reaches into bees' nests
（4）What can be the best title for the text?
A ．Wild Bees
B ．Wax and Honey D ．HoneyLover's Helper
C ．Beekeeping in Africa
B
（12全国卷II ） Cold weather can be hard on pets, just like it can be hard on people. Sometimes owners forget that their pets are just as used to the warm shelter（住所） as they are. Some owners will leave their animals outside for a long period of time, thinking that all animals are used to living outdoors. This can put their pets in danger of serious illness. There are things you can do to keep your animal warm and safe.
Keep your pets inside as much as you can when the weather is bad. If you have to take them out, stay outside with them. When you’re cold enough to go inside, they probably are too. If you must leave them outside for a long time, make sure they have a warm, solid shelter against the wind, thick bedding, and plenty of non-frozen water.
If left alone outside, dogs and cats can be very smart in their search for warm shelter. They can dig into snow banks or hide somewhere. Watch them closely when they are left outdoors, and provide them with shelter of good quality. Keep an eye on your pet’s water. Sometimes owners don’t realize that a water bowl has frozen and their pet can’t get anything to drink. Animals that don’t have clean and unfrozen water may drink dirty water outside, which may contain something unhealthy for them.
（1）What do we learn about pets from Paragraph 1?
A ．They are often forgotten by their owners. B ．They are used to living outdoors.
C ．They build their own shelters. D ．They like to stay in warm places.
（2）Why are pet owners asked to stay with their pets when they are out in cold weather?
A ．To know when to bring them inside.
C ．To help them find shelters. B ．To keep them from eating bad food. D ．To keep them company.
（3）If pets are left on their own outdoors in cold weather，they may ______.
A ．run short of clean water
C ．dirty the snow nearby B ．dig deep holes for fun D ．get lost in the wild
（4）What is the purpose of this text?
A ．To solve a problem.
B ．To give practical advice. D ．To present a research result. C ．To tell an interesting story.
D
（12四川）Plants are flowering faster than scientists predicted （预测）in reaction to climate change ，which could have long damaging effects on food chains and ecosystems.
Global warming is having a great effect on hundreds of plant and animal species around the world ，changing some living patterns，scientists say.
Increased carbon dioxide （CO 2）in the air from burning coal and oil can have an effect on how plants produce oxygen ，while higher temperatures and changeable rainfall patterns can change their patterns of growth.
“Predicting species' reaction to climate change is a major challenge in ecology ，”said the researchers of several U．S.universities. They said plants had been the key object of study because their reaction to climate change could have an effect on food chains and ecosystem services.
The study，published on the Nature website，uses the findings from plant life cycle studies and experiments across four continents and 1,634 species. It found that some experiments had underestimated （低估） the speed of flowering by 8.5 times and leafing by 4 times.
“Across all species ，the experiments underpredicted the speed of the advance —for both leafing and flowering — that results from temperature increases，”the study said.
The design of future experiments may need to be improved to better predict how plants will react to climate change，it said.
Plants are necessary for life on the Earth. They are the base of the food chain ，using photosynthesis （光合作用） to produce sugar from carbon dioxide and water. They let out oxygen which is needed by nearly every organism on the planet.
Scientists believe the world's average temperature has risen by about 0.8 ℃ since 1900，and nearly 0.2 ℃ every ten years since 1979.
So far，efforts to cut emissions （排放） of planetwarming greenhouse gases are not seen as enough to prevent the Earth heating up beyond 2 ℃ this century— a point scientists say will bring the danger of a changeable climate in which weather extremes are common，leading to drought，floods ，crop failures and rising sea levels.
（1）What is the key information the author wants to give in Paragraph 1?
A ．Plants' reaction to weather could have damaging effects on ecosystems.
B ．The increasing speed of flowering is beyond scientists' expectation.
C ．Climate change leads to the change of food production patterns.
D ．Food chains have been seriously damaged because of weather.
（2）We can learn from the study published on the Nature website that ______.
A ．plants' flowering is 8.5 times faster than leafing
B ．there are 1,634 plant species on the four continents
C ．scientists should improve the design of the experiments
D ．the experiments failed to predict how plants react to climate change
（3）Scientists pay special attention to the study of plants because______.
A ．they can prove the climate change clearly
B ．they are very important in the food chains
C ．they play a leading role in reducing global warming
D ．they are growing and flowering much faster than before
（4）What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs about the world's temperature?
A ．It has risen nearly 0.2 ℃ since 1979.
B ．Its change will lead to weather extremes.
C ．It is 0.8 ℃ higher in 1979 than that of 1900.
D ．It needs to be controlled within 2 ℃ in this century.
C
（12陕西）Eating too much fatty food ，exercising too little and smoking can raise your future risk of heart disease. But there is another factor that can cause your heart problems more immediately ：the air you breathe.
Previous studies have linked high exposure （暴露）to environmental pollution to an increased risk of heart problems，but two analyses now show that poor air quality can lead to heart attack or stroke （中风）within as little as a few hours after exposure. In one review of the research ，scientists found that people exposed to high levels of pollutants（污染物）were up to 5% more likely to suffer a heart attack within days of exposure than those with lower exposure. A separate study of stroke patients showed that even air that the U ．S.Environmental Protection Agency （EPA ）considers to be of “moderate”（良好）quality and relatively safe for our health can raise the risk of stroke as much as 34% within 12 to 14 hours of exposure.
The authors of both studies stress that these risks are relatively small for healthy people However ，it is important to be aware of these dangers because everyone is exposed to air pollution regardless of lifestyle choices. So stricter regulation by the EPA of pollutants may not only improve environmental air quality but could also become necessary to protect public health.
（1）The text mainly discusses the relationship between ______.
A ．heart problems and air quality
C ．heart problems and smoking
A ．relatively high
C ．relatively low B ．heart problems and exercising D ．heart problems and fatty food B ．extremely low D ．extremely high （2）The underlined word “modest” in Paragraph 3 most probably means ______.
（3）What can we learn from the text?
A ．Eating fatty food has immediate effects on your heart.
B ．The EPA conducted many studies on air quality.
C ．Moderate air quality is more harmful than smoking.
D ．Stricter regulations on pollutants should be made.
（4）The author's purpose of writing the text is most likely to ______.
A ．inform
B ．persuade C ．describe D ．entertain
（12湖南）Harvard researchers have created a tough, low-cost, biodegradable（可生物降解的） material inspired by insects hard outer shells. The material’s inventors say it has a number of possible uses and someday could provide a more environmentally friendly alternative to plastic. The material, made from shrimp（虾） shells and proteins produced from silk, is called “shrilk”. It is thin, clear, flexible and strong.
A major benefit of the material is its biodegradability. Plastic’s toughness and flexibility represente d a revolution in materials science during the 1950s and ’60s. Decades later, however, plastic’s very durability（耐用性） is raising questions about how appropriate it is for one-time products such as plastic bags, or short-lived consumer goods, used in the home for a few years and then cast into a landfill where they will degrade for centuries. What is the point of making something that lasts 1,000 years?
Shrilk not only will degrade in a landfill, but its basic components are used as fertilizer（肥料）, and so will enrich the soil.
Shrilk has great potential, the inventors said. Materials from which it is made are plentiful in nature, found in everything ranging from shrimp shells, insect bodies to living plants. That makes shrilk low cost, and its mass production possible should it be used for products demanding a lot of material.
Work on shrilk is continuing in the lab. The inventors said the material becomes flexible when wet, so they’re exploring ways to use it in wet environments. They’re also developing simpler production processes, which could be used for non-medical products, like for computer cases and other products inside the home. They’re even exploring combining it with other materials, like carbon fibers, to give it new properties.
（1）Paragraph 1 of the passage is mainly about shrilk's ______.
A ．remarkable design B ．interesting name C ．major features D ．basic elements
（2）What has become a concern about plastic?
A ．Using it properly.
B ．Producing it cheaply. D ．Evaluating its contributions fairly. B ．it can be found in living things D ．its raw materials are abundant in nature B ．Testing shrilk's use in wet conditions. C ．Developing its properties quickly. A ．it can help plastic degrade （3）According to the inventors，shrilk has great potential partly because ______. C ．its mass production has been realized （4）What are the inventors doing in the lab? A ．Replacing carbon fibers with shrilk.
C ．Making shrilk out of used household goods.
D ．Improving shrilk's flexibility for medical purposes.
（5）Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
A ．Recent Progress in Environmental Protection
B ．Benefits of Insects in Scientific Research
C ．The Harm of Onetime Products D ．A Possible Alternative to Plastic
（12辽宁）Astronauts on shorter shuttle missions（使命） often work very long days. Tasks are scheduled so tightly that break times are often used to finish the day's work. This type of schedule is far too demanding for long missions on the International Space Station （ISS ）．ISS crewmembers usually live in space for at least a quarter of a year. They work five days on and give the crew valuable time to rest and do a few hours of housework. They can communicate with family and friends by email，internet phone and through private video conferences.
While astronauts cannot go to a baseball game or a movie in orbit，there are many familiar activities that they can still enjoy. Before a mission ，the family and friends of each ISS crewmember put together a collection of family photos，messages ，videos and reading material for the astronauts to look at when they will be floating 370 kilometers above the Earth. During their mission ，the crew also receives care packages with CDs，books ，magazines ，photos and letters. And as from early 2010，the internet became available on the ISS，giving astronauts the chance to do some “web surfing（冲浪）”in their personal time. Besides relaxing with these more common entertainments ，astronauts can simply enjoy the experience of living in space.
Many astronauts say that one of the most relaxing things to do in space is to look out the window and stare at the universe and the Earth. Both the shuttle and the ISS circle the planet several times each day，and every moment offers a new view of the Earth's vast land mass and oceans.
（1）What does the word “mimic ” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?
A ．Find. B ．Copy. C ．Change. D ．Lose.
（2）Which of the following best describes the families of the astronauts on the ISS?
A ．They are caring and thoughtful.
C ．They are impatient and annoyed. B ．They are worried and upset. D ．They are excited and curious.
（3）In the final paragraph，the author shows that astronauts ______.
A ．get more pleasure in space than on the Earth
B ．find living in space a bit boring and tiring
C ．regard space life as common
D ．love to see the Earth from space
（4）The passage mainly discusses how astronauts ______.
A ．work for longer missions in space
B ．connect with people on the Earth
C ．observe the Earth from space
D ．spend their free time in space
12辽宁 答案为：
（1）B 词义猜测题。根据they do things on Earth 可知他们练习模仿他们在地球上的生活方式，故选B 项。
（2）A 推理判断题。从第二段第二句他们的家人和朋友将会把许多的家庭照、信息、视频和阅读材料放在一起供宇航员观看可知，他们的家人考虑的很周到也很体贴，故选A 项。
（3）D 推理判断题。从“...one of the most relaxing things to do in space is to look out the window and stare at the universe and the Earth.”及“...every moment offers a new view of the Earth's vast land mass and oceans.”可知选D 项。
（4）D 主旨大意题。本文主要叙述了宇航员的空余时间是如何度过的，故选D 项。
12湖南 答案为：
（1）C 主旨大意题。第一段中主要介绍哈佛大学发明的这种新型材料其灵感来自于动物的外壳，其用途广泛，低耗环保，是塑料的替代品。它由虾壳及丝蛋白制成，因此被命名为“shrilk”，其特点是轻薄、透明、柔韧、结实。不难看出第一段主要介绍的是这种新材料的主要特性，其他选项都不全面。
（2）A 推理判断题。根据第二段的内容可以看出，这种新材料最主要的优势是可生物降解。塑料耐用但不环保，需要花好几百年才能降解，故如何合理使用成为人们关注的一个问题。因此A 项正确。
（3）D 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Shrilk has great potential...Materials from which it is made are plentiful in nature，found in everything ranging from shrimp shells，insect bodies to living plants.”可以看出这种材料潜力很大，其制作原料都来自于大自然，因此原料充足。故D 项正确。
（4）B 细节理解题。根据最后一段“...so they're exploring ways to use it in wet
environments.”可以看出，科学家正在探索在潮湿环境下这种材料的使用。故B 项正确。
（5）D 主旨大意题。本文为科技说明文，开篇点题，介绍了这种可替代塑料的新型材料的性能等问题，D 项概括具体、全面。
12四川 答案为：
（1）B 细节理解题。第一段的主要信息是“植物的开花周期比科学家预测的还要短”，故B 项正确。句意：气候变化使植物的开花周期比科学家预想的要缩短了，这将对食物链和生态系统产生长期的灾难性的影响。
（2）C 细节理解题。第五、六、七段都围绕The study来说。由第五段第二句可知A 项错误；由第五段第一句可知B 项错误；由第六段可知D 项错误；由第七段可知，C 项正确。
（3）B 细节理解题。根据第四段第二句可知B 项正确。A 项不能成为科学家们关注植物的原因；C 项本身表述错误；D 项只是气候改变造成的一种现象，不能成为引起科学家们关注的原因。
（4）D 推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，到目前为止，人类在温室气体减排方面付出的努力还没有达到能控制这一危险指标的程度，我们应继续努力使全球气温在本世纪内上升不超过2度。故D 项正确。根据倒数第二段“and...every ten years...”可知A 项错误；由
倒数第二段可知C 项在表述方面错误；B 项在倒数第一段中提到，属于文中表述的事实，而非推断的内容。
12陕西 答案为：
（1）A 主旨大意题。本文的第一段即提出本文的中心：你呼吸的空气也能导致你心脏方面的问题，故选A 项。
（2）C 词义猜测题。根据前文的“relatively small”及下文的“other risk factors such as smoking and high blood pressure”可知此处modest 是几率低的含义，故选C 项。
（3）D 推理判断题。根据文章的最后一句可知，环保局对污染物制定严格的规章制度不仅有利于改善环境而且对公众的健康也是必要的，故D 项正确。根据文章的第一句：吃太多的高脂肪食物对你的心脏疾病有潜在的危害，可知A 项错误；B 项未提及；根据最后一段第一句：与其他一些高危因素如吸烟和高血压相比，这些因素相对来说对人的健康影响较小，可知C 项错误。
（4）A 推理判断题。作者通过两项调查研究主要告诉我们空气质量对我们的心脏问题也会产生影响，故作者的写作目的应是为了告知我们一项研究的结果，故选A 项。
全国卷2 答案为：
（1）D 细节理解题。由第一段第二句“Sometimes owners forget that their pets are just as used to the warm shelter...”可知，宠物也喜欢待在温暖的地方，故选D 项。
（2）A 推理判断题。由第二段第二、三句可知，如果你必须把宠物带出去，那就要和宠物待在一起，这样当你感到冷，需要进入室内的时候，宠物也一样。由此可推出答案为A 项。
（3）A 细节理解题。由第三段可知，在寒冷的天气里，当宠物被单独留在室外的时候，宠物可能喝不到干净而且未结冰的水。故选A 项。
（4）B 推理判断题。由第一段最后一句可推知，本文主要是给读者提一些实用的建议。故选B 项。
12全国I 答案为：
（1）B 细节理解题。根据第一段“Often，these nests are high up in trees，and it is difficult to find them.”可知，这种蜂巢在树上很高的地方，所以很难找到。
（2）C 推理判断题。根据第二段的描述可知，作为蜂蜜向导的小鸟儿通过鸣叫吸引经过的动物或人的注意，然后穿越森林带着他们找到蜂巢，所以the follower指的是寻找蜂蜜的动物或人，故答案为C 项。
（3）A 细节理解题。根据第二段可知，这种蜂蜜向导小鸟儿自己并不能够吃到深在蜂巢里面的蜂蜡，而是在发现蜂巢后引导着动物或人找到蜂巢，当寻蜜的动物或人享受美味蜂蜜的时候，总会有一些蜂蜜或蜂蜡掉到地上，于是小鸟儿才能享受到所喜欢的蜂蜡，因此说这种小鸟儿获取食物的方式很特别。
（4）D 主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了能够作为蜂蜜向导的小鸟儿，所以标题应为HoneyLover's Helper。