第五章 句子翻译的技巧
教学要求
掌握：1英汉句子结构对比及翻译技巧；2汉译英句子主要成分的处理; 3常见句子的翻译 熟悉：理解句子翻译的技巧。
了解：汉英语言的差异。
教学方法和手段的有关说明：
讨论兼讲授式 多媒体课件
教学时间：4节
教学内容要点：
句子是人们在社会交际中交流思想的基本语言单位。句子具有相对的独立性，能够表达一个相对完整的意思。在实际翻译操作中，句子通常是人们最常用的翻译单位。
汉语和英语分属不同的语系，并根植于不同的文化背景，他们在发音、构词法、句法、修辞形式以及谋篇布局等方面都有各自的规律和特点。虽然两者之间不乏想通之处，但是差异性还是大于相似性。这就要求译者在汉英翻译中必须
加以注意，并采用相应的翻译方法进行解决，从而是译文符合英语民族的思维方式和表达习惯。
5.1.英汉句子结构对比（略 见第二章）
5.1.1 “话题-说明”结构与“主语-谓语”结构 （略 见第二章）
英语是注重主语的语言,属于主语凸显
（subject-prominent）语言。汉语是注重主题的语言，属于主题凸显（topic-prominent）语言。赵元任《汉语口语语法》：“在汉语里把主语、谓语当作话题和说明来看待，比较合适。”
Topic + Comment 主题—评述句
(1) 那件事我已经办好了。（动作承受者作话题）
(2) 吃, 武汉很方便。（动词作话题）
(3) 我头疼。（双话题）
(4) 张三去了美国，觉得很奇怪。（从句作话题）
(5)
(6) 今天风和日丽。（时间作话题）
“话题”是说明的对象，总是放在句子开头处。
若语境或上下文能暗示话题，也可能省略不提。
“评述”位于话题之后，对话题进行说明、解释或质疑。
“评述”部分与“话题”部分不存在一致关系。“评述”可以是一个名词或动词，也可以是一连串的名词短语或连动结构，还可以由形容词及各种词组充当，对结尾没有限制，可长可短，视语义而定。
汉语的连谓句典型地反映出话题的后面一长串说明的特点（因为凡与话题有关的内容都可放在后面对其进行说明）
英语句子结构：一个主语和一个谓语相一致 翻译方法：
1.汉语句子中的话题转换成英语句子中的宾语：
这本书我是在教室里发现的。I found this book in the classroom.
2. 将汉语句子中的话题转换成英语句子中的状语：
这个历史伟业，我们党领导全国人民已经奋斗了五十年。
As for this historic cause, the Communist Party of China has led the whole Chinese people to struggle for 50 years.
3. 将汉语句子中的话题转换成英语句子中的主语或者主语的一部分。
玩沙的乐趣，玩沙的人才知道。Playing with sand is an enjoyment only for the sand-players.
4.将汉语中现存句的话题转换成地点状语置于英语的”There be”句型中。
会议室里可能还有空位置给你们坐。
There might still be some vacant seats for you in the meeting room.
这件事你不用操心。
This you do not need to worry.
You don’t need to worry about this. There is no need for you to worry about this.
秘书今天没来，她生病了。
The secretary is absent from work today
because she is ill. 那女人虽是山里模样，然而应酬得很从容，说话很能干，寒暄之后，就赔罪，说她特来叫她的儿媳妇回家，因为开春事务忙，而家中只有老的和小的，人手不够了。（鲁迅《祝福》） Although this woman looked like the hill-dweller she was, she behaved with great self-possession and had a ready tongue in her head. After the usual civilities she apologized for coming to take her daughter-in-law back, explaining that early spring was a busy time and they were short-handed at home with only old people and children around. 老拴正在专心走路，忽然吃了一惊，远远地看见一条丁字街，明明白白横着。他便退了几步，寻到一家关着门的铺子，蹩进檐下，靠门停住了。（鲁迅《药》） Absorbed in his walking, Old Shuan was
startled when he saw the crossroad lying distantly ahead of him. He walked back a few steps to stand under the eaves of a shop in
front of its closed door. 正在热闹哄哄的时节，只见那后台里，又出来一位姑娘，年纪约十八九岁，装束与前一个毫无分别，瓜子脸儿，白净面皮，相貌不过中人之姿，只觉得秀而不媚，清而不寒。（刘鹗《老残游记》） Amidst the feverish bustle, there appeared
on the stage a girl about eighteen or nineteen years old, dressed up just like the former. Her face was shaped like melon-seed. Her beauty was above the
average woman-charming but not coquettish, and a clarity of complexion but not coldness.
5.1.2 “板块”式结构与“多枝共干”结构
汉语为“板块” 式结构： 其“意合”特点常表现为句内各成分一一罗列，呈并列状，外形上没有主从之分，层面之间没有明显的逻辑标记。
英语为“多枝共干”型：英语句子的“主谓结
构”为句子主干，其他成分则通过各种连带附加关系附着在这条主干上，犹如树枝与树干的关系。
话说天下大势，分久必合，合久必分。 They say the momentum (势头) of history was ever thus: the empire, long divided, must unite; long united, must divide. 他们进行挑衅活动，制造紧张局势，必须马上停止。 They must stop all their provocations (挑衅) at once, which create tensions. 我常见许多青年的朋友,2)聪明用功,3)成绩优异,4)而语文程度不足以达意,5)甚至写一封信亦难得通顺,6)问其故则曰其兴趣不在语文方面. 倘若完全按原文的句法特征将其译成英文,可能是: 1)I have come across a great many young
friends, 2)Bright and diligent, 3)Do
exceedingly well in studies, 4)but they are rather weak in Chinese, 5)even can¡¯t write
a smooth Chinese letter. 6)When asked why, they¡¯ll say they are not interested in Chinese. 请看张培基先生的译文: I have come across a great many bright and
diligent young friends who have done
exceedingly well in their studies, but are rather weak in Chinese. They cannot even write a letter in correct Chinese. When I asked them why, they said they were not interested in the Chinese language.
阿Q没有家，住在本庄的土谷祠里；没有固定
的职业，只给人家做短工，割麦便割麦，舂米便舂米，撑船便撑船。
Ah Q had no family but lived in the
Tutelary God’s temple at Wei-chuang. He had no regular work either, simply doing odd jobs for others: if they asked him to cut wheat he would cut it; if they asked him to grind rice or punt a boat he would also do it
for them.
二十岁的时候，我想出名要早，一个人到了三
十岁还籍籍无名那还活个什么劲啊？三十以后，名是不指望了，只是希望在四十岁的时候能像我老板一样有钱。
At the age of twenty, it’s better to be
famous before it’s too late, I believed. What would be the spice of life for a person deserted by fame when approaching thirty? After thirty, fame seems still beyond reach, yet being as rich as my boss at forty becomes my new dream.
5.1.3 “左分支”结构与“右分支”结构
汉语“左分支”结构（“狮子头”形状） 状语总放在谓语或句子主体前边
定语无论长短，都置于中心词之
状语部分长，主谓部分短； 主语部分长，谓语部分短； 修饰成分长，中心成分短。 英语“右分支”结构（“孔雀”形状） 多数定语成分（除单词外）都置于中心词之后 多数状语也置于主干成分之后 重视末端重量，有时使用形式主语
村东头的王大妈来了，受坏人欺骗的村民们也来了。 There came Aunt Wang who dwelt at the eastern end of the village, and also came the villagers who had been deceived. 去年他为了完成一个项目在实验室用计算机努力地干了十个月。 He worked hard with a computer in the lab for ten months in order to complete a project last year. ......荷塘四面，长着许多蓊蓊郁郁的树。
... in a lush, shady ambience of trees all around the pond. (朱纯深 译) Around the pond grows a profusion of luxuriant trees. (王椒井 译) Trees grows thick and bosky all around the pool ... (杨宪益，戴乃迭 译) Around the pond grows a huge profusion of
trees, exuberant and luxuriant. (李明 译)
5.1.4人称与物称：汉英拟人法对比
This view, represented by Chen Duxiu, was
that
We have won one victory after another in our
career.
金陵回春，古城新生，昔日饱尝的屈辱和灾
难，至此如同梦魇终被摆脱。人民在自己的土地上辛勤劳作，把古城南京装扮得面貌一新。特别是近三十年来，改革开放又给这座美丽的名城注
入了新的活力，崭新的工„„都使这个具有古都特色的现代都市焕发出勃勃英姿。
Balmy spring winds returned to bring new
life to this historic city. The nightmarish sufferings and humiliations of the past were left behind once and for all. The citizens of Nanjing have been working hard to give this age-old town a new appearance. Especially for the past thirty years, the country¡¯s reform and opening-up policy has infused new vigor into this beautiful and famous city. Newly built industries, ¡ all these and more added charm and vitality to this modern metropolis, which retains the ambiance and features of an ancient capital.
5.1.5 汉英平行结构对比
汉语平行结构： ¡°整句¡±中的句式结构。
整句：结构相同或相似，字数大致相等，整齐
地排列在一起的一组句子。
整句形式：对偶、排比、反复
Parallelism：英语话语组织的一种重要形式 既是语法问题又是修辞问题，不仅局限于句子
层面，还包括篇章层面
......时常会有些东西触动你的心，使你激昂，
使你欢乐，使你忧愁，使你深思，这不是诗又是什么呢？（杨朔《东风第一枝¡¤小跋》 ） There is always something that can inspire
you or motivate you. There is always something that can bring you joy or sorrow. There is always something that can get you depressed and set you thinking. Can it be anything but poetry?
5.1.6 汉英重量趋势对比
汉语
句首开放性（open beginning）
句尾收缩性（contracting ending ）或封闭性（closed ending ）
英语
句首封闭性
句尾开放性
English S: Front weight.
Judgment and conclusion usually appear in the beginning part of a sentence, facts and descriptions in the rear part.
Chinese: end weight
usually from cause to effect, from
hypothesis to reasoning, from facts to conclusion, chronic and logical
development.
我原来打算在今年一月访问中国，后来不得不推迟， 这使我非常失望。
It was a keen disappointment that I had to postpone the visit which I intended to pay to China in January.
Combine the following sentences:
This is the egg that the boy hatched ¡ This is the rat that stole the egg¡
This is the cat that caught the rat¡
This is the dog that bit the cat¡
This is the boy that chased the dog¡
This is the boy that chased the dog that bit the cat that caught the rat that stole the egg that the boy hatched. (追那条狗的就是这个男孩。他孵了个鸡蛋，被
老鼠偷了。猫去抓老鼠，那狗反来咬猫。)
那周瑞家的又和知能儿唠叨了一回，便往凤姐处来，穿过了夹道子，从李纨后窗下越过西花
墙，出西角门，进凤姐院中。（《红楼梦》） 译文1：After chatting for a time with the
nun, Mrs. Chou went on to His-feng¡¯s quarters. She walked through the passage, past Li Wan¡¯s back window, and skirting
the west wall, entered His-feng¡¯s compound by the west side-gate.（杨译） 译文2：After gossiping a bit longer with
Sapient, Zou Rui¡¯s wife made her way to Xi-feng¡¯s quarters. To get there she had to go down a passage-way between two walls, under the windows at the back of Li Wan¡¯s apartments, along the foot of an ornamental wall, and through a gateway in the western corner of the compound. （霍译）
其他详见第二章 .具体与抽象Hypotaxis Vs Parataxis (形合VS意合)
5.2 汉译英句子主要成分的处理
构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分。主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有定语、表语、宾语、状语、补语
和同位语等。我们侧重讨论主语、谓语、定语和状语的差异和翻译。
1 主语的确立
主谓结构是英语句子的主要框架，除祈使句、省略句等特殊句型外，主语在英文句中是必不可少的。汉语中虽然也有很多句子有主语，但也有一些无主句。另外汉语是主题凸显语言，许多句子是属于主题句，主语是隐蔽的，需要译者细心寻找。因此主语的确立绝非汉英一一对应那么简单。
首先，汉语中承担主语的语言单位非常灵活多样。“汉语的主语不限于名词性，不限于施事与受事，不限于与句中动词具有形式的、逻辑的关系，不限于一个，也并不是不可或缺的部分。”（刘宓庆：《当代翻译理论》）
例 1 电很有用。
Electricity is useful.
例 2 过谦并不好。
It is not good to be too modest.
例 3 学习是第一步。
The first step is to learn.
例 4 “八八”是个吉利数字。
88 is a lucky number.
例 5你不管就是你不对了。
It’s your fault not to take care of it. 例 6我很讨厌长篇发言。
I hate long speech.
例 7五个汉堡够吃吗？
Five hamburgers---is it enough? 例 8河畔草青青。
Green grass
riverbanks.
例 9明天再谈吧。
Let’s talk about it tommorow. grows along the
英语主语的语法要求要严格的多，只能有名词或具有名词语法功能的语言单位（动名词、不定式、名词性从句等）才能充当。
其次，汉语句子习惯用人作主语，即“人称主语”，且多用主动语态和无主句。英美人则比较强调客观，句子常用物或抽象概念作主语，即“非人称主语”。汉译英确立主语时要体现这种东西方思维差异。
例 10 他想到把这件事全部交给他的妻子去办。 It occurred to him to leave the whole thing to his wife.
例 11从这儿到最近的邮局有两英里路。
It’s two miles to the nearest post office from here.
例 12 可能发生了事故。
There must have been an accident. “there + be”句型常用来翻译汉语中的“有”
字句和无主句。
第三，在英语中经常会出现以时间或地点等名词做主语的现象，不仅强调了时间，还是句子简洁生动。这种句子常用see, witness, find等动词作谓语。在英译有关这类汉语句子时应考虑到这一点，以符合西方人的思维模式和语言表达习惯。
例 13在南京城发生过许多重大的历史事件。 Nanjing witnessed many great historic events.
例 14 世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。
The turn of the century finds China
most active on the diplomatic arena. 2 谓语的选择
首先, 英语的基本句型：SV,SVC,SVO,SVOO,SVOC. 没有V不能成句。
（1）Everybody laughed.
（2）I am a teacher.
（3）I bought a ticket.
（4）Mary lent me her car.
（5）They elected him president.
汉语可以作谓语的成分要多得多，几乎所有词类和语言单位都可以充当谓语，而且谓语动词还可以不止一个。
（1）上海大城市。
Shanghai is a big city.
（2）我们校园很美。
Our campus is very beautiful.
（3）老太太今年八十。
The old lady is eighty this year.
（4）孩子们不在家。
The children are not at home.
（5）那位女教师态度和蔼。
The woman teacher is affable in
manner.
第二， 英语是屈折语，相关成分在数、性、人称等方面要一致，英语的谓语的单复数和人称变化就是由主语来决定的。汉语是非屈折语，没有人称和数的变化。
（1）我喜欢打乒乓球和羽毛球，我丈夫喜欢打
篮球和排球。我俩都喜欢球类运动。
I like playing table tennis and tennis.
My husband likes playing basketbll and volleyball. Both of us like ball games. 另外，汉语动词本身没有词形变化，要想表示不同的时间概念通常是靠借助虚词或以动词排列的先后顺序来完成。英语动词有时态、语态的变化，对不同时间概念的表示除增加时间状语外，主要依靠动词本身的时态变化。
（2）十多年前，机关给我安了部电话，其时儿
女尚在幼年，有时悄悄地溜进我的书房，拨117，听那下面一响是某点某分某秒的声儿。
Ten-odd years ago,the institution where I worked had a telephone installed in my home. Still in their childhood, my kids would sometimes steal into my study and dial 117 to listen to the voice reporting the exact time.
第三，主动式与被动式。（略）
第四，汉语句子允许有多个动词同时出现，构成汉语特有的连动句和兼语句。英语除了少数含并列谓语的句子外，大多数句子只有一个限定动词。因此翻译连动句和兼语句时所采取的办法通常是：选定一个主要动词作谓语，把其他动词用其他形式表达出来。
（3着一条因解冻而涨水的小溪行驶。
The car wound through the village and
up a narrow valley, following a thaw-swollen stream.
第五，所选择的谓语除了在人称、数等方面与主语达成一致外，还必须与宾语搭配得当。一方面，这是由英语的惯用法所决定的；另一方面，语境起来很大的作用。
（4）从这次讲座中，我们学到了许多美国历史
方面的知识。
We obtained much knowledge of
American history from this lecture.
（5）这份辛苦的工作正在影响我的健康。 粗劣的事物影响儿童自然地生长。
我认为，那孩子身体过胖会影响他参加体育运动。
This hard work is telling on my health.
Poor food arrests the natural growth of children.
In my opinion, being overweight will
handicap a boy in sports.
3 定语的位置
汉语中的定语，无论是单个词语，还是几个词语连用或很长的词组作定语，都要放在名词之前，即不论长短，都要前置。英语则要看情况而定。英语中单词一般放在被修饰词的前面（特殊情况下置后），短语和从句一般放在被修饰词的后面。翻译时要注意是否需要调整。
（1）不眠之夜 sleepless nights
雷鸣般的掌声thunderous applause 正在变化中的世界the changing world 下岗工人laid-off workers
（2）到场的来宾the guests present 重要的事情something important
能找到的最早版本the earliest edition obtainable
各种可能的办法every way possible 唯一可靠的人the only person reliable
（3）国际金融中心international financial
center
中国传统戏曲traditional Chinese opera
勤劳勇敢的人民a brave hard-working people
社会主义现代化强国a modern, powerful
socialist
country
国际经济新秩序a new international economic order
一张木头小圆桌a small round wooden table
一位美国现代优秀作家an outstanding contemporary American writer
出现两个、三个甚至更多的形容词作定语，在汉译英中怎样正确排列这些词的顺序呢？章振邦《新编英语语法教程》：英语中多个形容词作定语有两种情况：如果有几个属于同一层次的形容词出现在名词中心词前，通常要用逗号隔开，一
般的词序是较长的形容词列于最后。当名词中心词之前出现几个不同层次的形容词作修饰语时，一般按下列词序：限定词---表示说话人评价的形容词---表示大小、形状、新旧的形容词---表示颜色的形容词---表示国别、来源、材料的形容词---表示用途或目的的形容词或分词、名词等类别词---名词中心词。
（4）“低工资、广就业”的原则
the rule of low payment, high employment
日本和我们是一衣带水的领邦。
Japan is our close neighbor separated
by a narrow strip of water.
我昨天带来放在书架上的一本新的英汉
成语辞典，对于翻译很有用处。
A new English-Chinese phrases
dictionary that I brought here yesterday and placed on the shelf is very useful for translation.
这是唯一的出路。
This is the only way out.
4 状语的位置
汉语中的状语通常放在主语之后，谓语之前，但有时为了强调也可放在主语之前。英语的状语位置比较复杂，较短的可以根据句子需要放在句首、动词之前、助动词与动词之间或者句末。较长的往往放在句首或句末，放在句中的较少。
（1）他从口袋里取出一条红领巾，给了他的小女儿。
He took out a red scarf from his pocket
and gave it to his little daughter.
（2）复杂的计算我们可以用计算机进行，因为它能迅速地求出准确的答案。
In complicated calculations we can
use a computer, because it quickly gives us an exact solution.
（3）这个规律，不论在自然界、人类社会和人们的思想中，都是普遍存在的。
This law operates universally, whether
in the natural world, in human society, or in man’s thinking.
在汉语中有时会同时含有时间状语和地点状语，其顺序是“时间+地点”，英语正好相反。同样，如果还有方式状语的话，则汉语的排列顺序是“时间+地点+方式”，而英语一般是“方式+地点+时间”。
（5）这部电影我是去年夏天在苏州看的。
I saw the film in Suzhou last summer.
（6）王教授此刻正在实验室和他的两个新助手
一道工作着。
Professor Wang is working with his two
new assistants in the laboratory at the moment.
如果一个句子里有两个以上的时间状语或地点状语，汉语一般是先说较大的单位，然后是较小的单位；英语正好相反。因此，翻译是应根据英语的习惯变换状语的位置。
（7）他家住在淮安市交通路71号。
He lives at 71 Jiaotong Road, Huai’an, Jiangsu.
（8）敬启者：您所订的《中国日报》将于年5月26日到期。
Dear Sir, Your subscription to China Daily expires on May 26, 2012.
在汉语里，一个句子如果有两个或多个状语，通常连在一起放在句子里。而英语则往往把这些状语分别放在句首或句末，或分别放在句首和主语后，以免句子出现头重脚轻。
（9）中国人民正在中国共产党的领导下，团结一致地进行着伟大的社会主义建设。
Led by the Chinese Communist Party,
the Chinese people, united as one, are engaged in the great task of building socialism.
（10）我们为顾全大局于同年秋末在第三方的调停下开诚布公地多次强烈要求贵方赔偿我
们的一切损失。
With the third party acting as an
intermediary, to take the interest of the whole into account, we strongly demanded with frankness and sincerity many times at the end of the autumn of the same year that you should compensate all our losses.
原句：主语+目的状语+时间状语+时间状语+条件
状语+方式状语+频度状语+程度状语+谓语+宾语。
译文：条件状语+目的状语+主语+程度状语+谓语
+方式状语+频度状语+时间状语+时间状语+宾语。
四 汉语句型的翻译
一、单句的翻译
（一）主谓句
名词性谓语句、动词性谓语句、形容词性谓语
句、主谓谓语句。
这把椅子三条腿。 演讲开始了。
他的身体健康。 他身体健康。
主谓句与英语的基本句型大致相当，对语境的依赖最小，比较容易翻译，大多采用直译。
（1）战士们出发了。
The soldiers set out.
（2）我的老师给了我一本书。
My teacher gave me a book.
（3）光以波的形式传播。
Light travels in the form of waves.
（4）他常常帮助那些有困难的人。
He often helps those (who are) in difficulty.
（5）汤姆和他弟弟性格不同。
.Tom’s character differs from his brother’s.
Tom is different from his brother in character.
（6）墙上挂着一张中国地图。
There hangs a map of China on the wall.
（7）你明白我的意思吗？
You see what I mean?
（8）他谁也不羡慕。
He envies nobody.
（9）这个地区多雨。
There is much rain in this area. It rains a lot in this area.
People have much rain in this area. This area sees much rain.
（二）非主谓句
非主谓谓语句是指由词或非主谓短语构成的句子，有名词类、动词类、形容词类和叹词类之分，常用于呼唤、口号、标语、敬语和应答语，可以是对事物的评价、对自然现象、事实情况的说明，还可以用来表达某种情绪。
（1）干杯！
Cheers!
（2）您的票！
Your ticket please.
（3）“请坐。喝点什么？威士忌？”whisky “好！”
二、复句的翻译
两个或两个以上的单句，在意义上彼此联系，在结构上互不包含，接合起来构成的句子叫做复句。汉语的复句分为联合复句和偏正复句两大类。可以说，汉语中的联合复句相当于英语中的并列句（compound sentence），差别不大。偏正复句相当于英语中的复合句（complex sentence），但特点又有所不同。
一般说来，联合复句最常见的四种关系：并列、连贯、递进和选择。偏正复句也有四种关系：因果、转折、让步和条件。
（一）并列关系
（1）我爱我的父母，我的父母也爱我。
I love my parents and my parents love me.
（2）如今世事发生了变化，这电话也发生了变化。
The world has changed, so has the telephone.
（3）大多数高校已有效的将权利下放给系主任，
也就是说，系主任有了确定本系人员编制和按原则使用现有经费的自主权。
In most colleges and universities, the devolution of decision-making rights to the department head has been effective, which means that the department head is given the
autonomy to deide on the staffing within the department and also to utilize the available funds under certai guidelines.
（二）连贯关系
（1）„他们来到后，屋子里随即热闹起来。 „They came together to see Han, and
soon the whole household was astir.
（2）黛玉又忙命倒茶，一面又使眼色与宝玉。
宝玉会意，便走了出来。
Daiyu ordered tea, galncing at Baoyu as
she did so. Taking the hint, he went out of the room
（3）我刚一离开，争吵就开始了。
Hardly had I left when the quarrel started.
（三）递进关系
（1）汽车修理站不仅多收了我的钱，而且车修
得也不怎么好。
Not only did the garage overcharge me,
but they hadn’t done a very good repair job either.
（2）在太阳系中，不但行星，而且太阳本身也在不停运动。
In the solar system, the planets as
well as the sun itself are in constant motion.
（四）选择关系
（1）他要么看电影去了，要么看戏去了。
He has either gone to the movies or to the theatre.
（2）他不愿惹麻烦，宁可离去。
（五）因果关系
（1）你所要的货已经不再卖了，因此我们把你
的支票退还给你。
The item you requested is no longer
available and therefore we are returning your cheque.
（2）因为我还没看过这本书，所以无法告诉你
我对它的看法。
（六）转折关系
（1）花朵看上去虽然可爱，但是风吹不得，日晒不得。
Although flowers look lovely, they
cannot stand wind and rain.
（2）我们才学了一年英文，但已经能演英文剧了。
（3）燕子去了，有再来的时候；杨柳枯了，有
再青的时候；桃花谢了，有再开的时候。 Swallows may have gone, but there’s a
time of return; willow trees may have died back, but there’s a time of regreening; peach blossoms may have fallen, but they will bloom again.
（4）她尽管疲惫不堪，却没法睡着。
Exhausted as she was, she couldn’t fall asleep.
（5）公司的盈利已稍有减少，然而这不算什么严重问题。
The company’s profits have fallen slightly. However, this is not a serious problem.
（七）让步关系
（1）即使哥伦布没有发现美洲大陆，别人也会发现的。
Columbus had not discovered the
continent of America, somebody else might have discovered it.
（八）条件关系
（1）如果雾越来越浓的话，飞机可能会改变航向。
If the frog gets thicker the plane may be diverted.
（2）倘若没有宇宙飞船，人类就不可能飞向太空。
If there had been no space ships, it
would have been impossible for human beings to go to space.
（3）只要我们不灰心，我们就能找到克服困难的办法。
（4）只有播种才能有收获。
One must sow before one can reap.
（5）我们无论到什么地方，都要和人们把关系
搞好。
Build up
三、特殊句型的翻译
（一）连谓句
（1）老人放下杯子站了起来。
The old man put down the glass and stood up.
Putting down the glass, the old man stood up.
（2）我没有思索的从外套口袋里掏出一大把铜
元，交给巡警，说，“请你给他„”
Without thinking, I pulled a handful of coppers from my coat pocket and handed them to the policeman. “Please give him these,” I said.
（3）紫鹃答应着，忙出来换了一个痰盆儿，将
手里的这个盆儿放在桌子上，开了套间门出来，仍旧带上门，放下撒花软帘，出来叫醒雪雁。
Zijuan, assenting, hurried out to fecth a clean spittoon, placing the used one on the table in the outer room. Having closed the door behind her, she let down the soft flowered portiere before going to wake Xueyan.
（4）他哼着曲子走进卧室。
Humming a tune she went into the bedroom.
（5）游行的人拿着鲜花和彩旗在街道上行走。 The paraders marched in the street,
carrying flowers and banners in their hands.
（6）我到裁缝店取衣服去了。
I went to the tailor’s for my coat.
（7）他到班长那儿请了个假。
He went to the monitor to ask for leave.
（二）兼语句
（1）妈妈不让我一个人去划船。
My mother doesn’t allow me to go boating by myself.
（2）老师让你把这个练习再做一遍。
The teacher asked you to re-do the exercise.
（3）他们都劝他不要到国外去。
They advised her against going abroad.
（4）他证明自己值得信赖。
He poved himself worthy of trust.
（5）他忽然听见有人轻轻扣窗子。
Suddenly he heard someone knocking
slightly on
（6）老师应该指导学生学习。
Teachers should guide studens in their studies.
（7）母亲责备孩子回家晚了。
The mother reproached her child for staying out late.
（8）老师表扬他乐于助人。
The teacher praised him because he is
always ready to help others.
（9）这暴行使全世界舆论感到震惊。
The atrocity shocked the world opinion.
（10）她优美的歌声令观众如醉如痴。
Her beautiful voice enraptured the audience.
(三) “把”字句
（1）她把信揉成一团，塞到口袋里。
She crumpled the letter into a ball and
slipped it into her pocket.
（2）十分钟后，他把双臂浸泡在消毒酒精桶里。 Ten miniutes later he soaked his arms
in a pail of antiseptic.
（3）这一趟把他累坏了。
The trip tired him out.
（4）村里人不把我当外人。
People in the village didn’t treat me as a stranger.
（5）他迅速地把球扔给了另一个男孩。
He quickly threw the ball to another boy.
（6）今年，中国确定把通货膨胀控制在4%以下。 This year the Chinese government has
set up an inflation target of below 4%.
(四) “得”字句
（1）这间教室能坐得下200名学生吗？
Can this classroom hold 200 students?
（2）他什么事都干得出来。
He is capable of anything.
（3）这屋子热得可以烤土豆了。
The room is hot enough to bake potatoes.
（4）他的心被绝望咬得很痛，根本笑不出来。 His heart was so gnawed by despair that he could not force a smile.
（5）他们害怕得直发抖。
They were trembling with fear.
（6）小孩被打得青一块紫一块。
The child was beaten black and blue.
（7）这些牛羊长得又肥又壮。
The sheep and cattle grow fat and
strong.
（8）阳光把海水照得像缎子一般。
Sunshine made the sea gleam like satin.
(五) 流水句
（1）不一会，北风小了，路上浮尘早已刮净，
剩下一条洁白的大道来，车夫也跑得更快。 Presently the wind dropped a litle. By now the loose dust had all been blown away, leaving the roadway clean, and the rickshaw man quickened his pace.
（2）中国科学技术落后，困难比较多，特别是
人口太多，现在就有十亿五千万，增加人民的收入很不容易，短期内要摆脱贫困落后状态很不容易。（《邓小平文选》第三卷） China lags behind in science and
technology. We have quite a few problems to solve, especially the problem of our huge population, which already stands at 1.05 billion. This makes it very
difficult for us to raise the people’s income and to eliminate poverty and backwardness in a short time.
四、长句的翻译
（一）顺序翻译
（1）上海针织公司由37个企业组成，生产规模
大，且拥有众多的名牌产品，如“菊花牌”、“鹅牌”和“三枪牌”，公司每年的销售额达13亿人民币。
Shanghai Knitting Corporation is made
up of 37 tenterprises and enjoys a broad production scale, and with several well-known local brands such as Chrysanthemum, Swan and Three Guns, it has annual sales volume of about 1.3 billion RMB.
（2）人到了老年，会有一种似乎奇怪又不奇怪
的现象：即发生在昨天的事，倒会忘得一干二净；而几十年前对自己印象极深的事情，却像是昨天刚发生一样，记得一清二楚。 When you are getting on in years, you
tend to have a feeling that seems rather odd but, in fact, not very much so: what happened to you just a couple of days ago, you clean forget about it, but what happened as long as decades earlier with a sharp impact on you, you remember as clearly as if it had occurred yesterday.
（二）变序翻译
（1）因此，如果要使学生充分利用他么（上大
学）的机会，就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息，作更多的指导，这个问题显得越来越重要了。
It therefore becomes more and more
important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed
information about courses and mor adivces.
（三）分译与合译
（1）中国在自己发展的长河中，形成了优良的
历史文化传统。 这些传统，随着时代变迁和社会进步获得扬弃和发展，对今天中国人的价值观念、生活方式和中国的发展道路，具有深刻的影响。
In the prolonged course of development,
China has formed its fine historical and cultural traditions, which have been either developed or discarded with the changes of the times and social progress. These traditions have exerted a profound impact on the values and way of life of the Chinese people, and on China’s road of development today.
（2）近年来，中国面对复杂多变的国际形势，
第五章 句子翻译的技巧
教学要求
掌握：1英汉句子结构对比及翻译技巧；2汉译英句子主要成分的处理; 3常见句子的翻译 熟悉：理解句子翻译的技巧。
了解：汉英语言的差异。
教学方法和手段的有关说明：
讨论兼讲授式 多媒体课件
教学时间：4节
教学内容要点：
句子是人们在社会交际中交流思想的基本语言单位。句子具有相对的独立性，能够表达一个相对完整的意思。在实际翻译操作中，句子通常是人们最常用的翻译单位。
汉语和英语分属不同的语系，并根植于不同的文化背景，他们在发音、构词法、句法、修辞形式以及谋篇布局等方面都有各自的规律和特点。虽然两者之间不乏想通之处，但是差异性还是大于相似性。这就要求译者在汉英翻译中必须
加以注意，并采用相应的翻译方法进行解决，从而是译文符合英语民族的思维方式和表达习惯。
5.1.英汉句子结构对比（略 见第二章）
5.1.1 “话题-说明”结构与“主语-谓语”结构 （略 见第二章）
英语是注重主语的语言,属于主语凸显
（subject-prominent）语言。汉语是注重主题的语言，属于主题凸显（topic-prominent）语言。赵元任《汉语口语语法》：“在汉语里把主语、谓语当作话题和说明来看待，比较合适。”
Topic + Comment 主题—评述句
(1) 那件事我已经办好了。（动作承受者作话题）
(2) 吃, 武汉很方便。（动词作话题）
(3) 我头疼。（双话题）
(4) 张三去了美国，觉得很奇怪。（从句作话题）
(5)
(6) 今天风和日丽。（时间作话题）
“话题”是说明的对象，总是放在句子开头处。
若语境或上下文能暗示话题，也可能省略不提。
“评述”位于话题之后，对话题进行说明、解释或质疑。
“评述”部分与“话题”部分不存在一致关系。“评述”可以是一个名词或动词，也可以是一连串的名词短语或连动结构，还可以由形容词及各种词组充当，对结尾没有限制，可长可短，视语义而定。
汉语的连谓句典型地反映出话题的后面一长串说明的特点（因为凡与话题有关的内容都可放在后面对其进行说明）
英语句子结构：一个主语和一个谓语相一致 翻译方法：
1.汉语句子中的话题转换成英语句子中的宾语：
这本书我是在教室里发现的。I found this book in the classroom.
2. 将汉语句子中的话题转换成英语句子中的状语：
这个历史伟业，我们党领导全国人民已经奋斗了五十年。
As for this historic cause, the Communist Party of China has led the whole Chinese people to struggle for 50 years.
3. 将汉语句子中的话题转换成英语句子中的主语或者主语的一部分。
玩沙的乐趣，玩沙的人才知道。Playing with sand is an enjoyment only for the sand-players.
4.将汉语中现存句的话题转换成地点状语置于英语的”There be”句型中。
会议室里可能还有空位置给你们坐。
There might still be some vacant seats for you in the meeting room.
这件事你不用操心。
This you do not need to worry.
You don’t need to worry about this. There is no need for you to worry about this.
秘书今天没来，她生病了。
The secretary is absent from work today
because she is ill. 那女人虽是山里模样，然而应酬得很从容，说话很能干，寒暄之后，就赔罪，说她特来叫她的儿媳妇回家，因为开春事务忙，而家中只有老的和小的，人手不够了。（鲁迅《祝福》） Although this woman looked like the hill-dweller she was, she behaved with great self-possession and had a ready tongue in her head. After the usual civilities she apologized for coming to take her daughter-in-law back, explaining that early spring was a busy time and they were short-handed at home with only old people and children around. 老拴正在专心走路，忽然吃了一惊，远远地看见一条丁字街，明明白白横着。他便退了几步，寻到一家关着门的铺子，蹩进檐下，靠门停住了。（鲁迅《药》） Absorbed in his walking, Old Shuan was
startled when he saw the crossroad lying distantly ahead of him. He walked back a few steps to stand under the eaves of a shop in
front of its closed door. 正在热闹哄哄的时节，只见那后台里，又出来一位姑娘，年纪约十八九岁，装束与前一个毫无分别，瓜子脸儿，白净面皮，相貌不过中人之姿，只觉得秀而不媚，清而不寒。（刘鹗《老残游记》） Amidst the feverish bustle, there appeared
on the stage a girl about eighteen or nineteen years old, dressed up just like the former. Her face was shaped like melon-seed. Her beauty was above the
average woman-charming but not coquettish, and a clarity of complexion but not coldness.
5.1.2 “板块”式结构与“多枝共干”结构
汉语为“板块” 式结构： 其“意合”特点常表现为句内各成分一一罗列，呈并列状，外形上没有主从之分，层面之间没有明显的逻辑标记。
英语为“多枝共干”型：英语句子的“主谓结
构”为句子主干，其他成分则通过各种连带附加关系附着在这条主干上，犹如树枝与树干的关系。
话说天下大势，分久必合，合久必分。 They say the momentum (势头) of history was ever thus: the empire, long divided, must unite; long united, must divide. 他们进行挑衅活动，制造紧张局势，必须马上停止。 They must stop all their provocations (挑衅) at once, which create tensions. 我常见许多青年的朋友,2)聪明用功,3)成绩优异,4)而语文程度不足以达意,5)甚至写一封信亦难得通顺,6)问其故则曰其兴趣不在语文方面. 倘若完全按原文的句法特征将其译成英文,可能是: 1)I have come across a great many young
friends, 2)Bright and diligent, 3)Do
exceedingly well in studies, 4)but they are rather weak in Chinese, 5)even can¡¯t write
a smooth Chinese letter. 6)When asked why, they¡¯ll say they are not interested in Chinese. 请看张培基先生的译文: I have come across a great many bright and
diligent young friends who have done
exceedingly well in their studies, but are rather weak in Chinese. They cannot even write a letter in correct Chinese. When I asked them why, they said they were not interested in the Chinese language.
阿Q没有家，住在本庄的土谷祠里；没有固定
的职业，只给人家做短工，割麦便割麦，舂米便舂米，撑船便撑船。
Ah Q had no family but lived in the
Tutelary God’s temple at Wei-chuang. He had no regular work either, simply doing odd jobs for others: if they asked him to cut wheat he would cut it; if they asked him to grind rice or punt a boat he would also do it
for them.
二十岁的时候，我想出名要早，一个人到了三
十岁还籍籍无名那还活个什么劲啊？三十以后，名是不指望了，只是希望在四十岁的时候能像我老板一样有钱。
At the age of twenty, it’s better to be
famous before it’s too late, I believed. What would be the spice of life for a person deserted by fame when approaching thirty? After thirty, fame seems still beyond reach, yet being as rich as my boss at forty becomes my new dream.
5.1.3 “左分支”结构与“右分支”结构
汉语“左分支”结构（“狮子头”形状） 状语总放在谓语或句子主体前边
定语无论长短，都置于中心词之
状语部分长，主谓部分短； 主语部分长，谓语部分短； 修饰成分长，中心成分短。 英语“右分支”结构（“孔雀”形状） 多数定语成分（除单词外）都置于中心词之后 多数状语也置于主干成分之后 重视末端重量，有时使用形式主语
村东头的王大妈来了，受坏人欺骗的村民们也来了。 There came Aunt Wang who dwelt at the eastern end of the village, and also came the villagers who had been deceived. 去年他为了完成一个项目在实验室用计算机努力地干了十个月。 He worked hard with a computer in the lab for ten months in order to complete a project last year. ......荷塘四面，长着许多蓊蓊郁郁的树。
... in a lush, shady ambience of trees all around the pond. (朱纯深 译) Around the pond grows a profusion of luxuriant trees. (王椒井 译) Trees grows thick and bosky all around the pool ... (杨宪益，戴乃迭 译) Around the pond grows a huge profusion of
trees, exuberant and luxuriant. (李明 译)
5.1.4人称与物称：汉英拟人法对比
This view, represented by Chen Duxiu, was
that
We have won one victory after another in our
career.
金陵回春，古城新生，昔日饱尝的屈辱和灾
难，至此如同梦魇终被摆脱。人民在自己的土地上辛勤劳作，把古城南京装扮得面貌一新。特别是近三十年来，改革开放又给这座美丽的名城注
入了新的活力，崭新的工„„都使这个具有古都特色的现代都市焕发出勃勃英姿。
Balmy spring winds returned to bring new
life to this historic city. The nightmarish sufferings and humiliations of the past were left behind once and for all. The citizens of Nanjing have been working hard to give this age-old town a new appearance. Especially for the past thirty years, the country¡¯s reform and opening-up policy has infused new vigor into this beautiful and famous city. Newly built industries, ¡ all these and more added charm and vitality to this modern metropolis, which retains the ambiance and features of an ancient capital.
5.1.5 汉英平行结构对比
汉语平行结构： ¡°整句¡±中的句式结构。
整句：结构相同或相似，字数大致相等，整齐
地排列在一起的一组句子。
整句形式：对偶、排比、反复
Parallelism：英语话语组织的一种重要形式 既是语法问题又是修辞问题，不仅局限于句子
层面，还包括篇章层面
......时常会有些东西触动你的心，使你激昂，
使你欢乐，使你忧愁，使你深思，这不是诗又是什么呢？（杨朔《东风第一枝¡¤小跋》 ） There is always something that can inspire
you or motivate you. There is always something that can bring you joy or sorrow. There is always something that can get you depressed and set you thinking. Can it be anything but poetry?
5.1.6 汉英重量趋势对比
汉语
句首开放性（open beginning）
句尾收缩性（contracting ending ）或封闭性（closed ending ）
英语
句首封闭性
句尾开放性
English S: Front weight.
Judgment and conclusion usually appear in the beginning part of a sentence, facts and descriptions in the rear part.
Chinese: end weight
usually from cause to effect, from
hypothesis to reasoning, from facts to conclusion, chronic and logical
development.
我原来打算在今年一月访问中国，后来不得不推迟， 这使我非常失望。
It was a keen disappointment that I had to postpone the visit which I intended to pay to China in January.
Combine the following sentences:
This is the egg that the boy hatched ¡ This is the rat that stole the egg¡
This is the cat that caught the rat¡
This is the dog that bit the cat¡
This is the boy that chased the dog¡
This is the boy that chased the dog that bit the cat that caught the rat that stole the egg that the boy hatched. (追那条狗的就是这个男孩。他孵了个鸡蛋，被
老鼠偷了。猫去抓老鼠，那狗反来咬猫。)
那周瑞家的又和知能儿唠叨了一回，便往凤姐处来，穿过了夹道子，从李纨后窗下越过西花
墙，出西角门，进凤姐院中。（《红楼梦》） 译文1：After chatting for a time with the
nun, Mrs. Chou went on to His-feng¡¯s quarters. She walked through the passage, past Li Wan¡¯s back window, and skirting
the west wall, entered His-feng¡¯s compound by the west side-gate.（杨译） 译文2：After gossiping a bit longer with
Sapient, Zou Rui¡¯s wife made her way to Xi-feng¡¯s quarters. To get there she had to go down a passage-way between two walls, under the windows at the back of Li Wan¡¯s apartments, along the foot of an ornamental wall, and through a gateway in the western corner of the compound. （霍译）
其他详见第二章 .具体与抽象Hypotaxis Vs Parataxis (形合VS意合)
5.2 汉译英句子主要成分的处理
构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分。主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有定语、表语、宾语、状语、补语
和同位语等。我们侧重讨论主语、谓语、定语和状语的差异和翻译。
1 主语的确立
主谓结构是英语句子的主要框架，除祈使句、省略句等特殊句型外，主语在英文句中是必不可少的。汉语中虽然也有很多句子有主语，但也有一些无主句。另外汉语是主题凸显语言，许多句子是属于主题句，主语是隐蔽的，需要译者细心寻找。因此主语的确立绝非汉英一一对应那么简单。
首先，汉语中承担主语的语言单位非常灵活多样。“汉语的主语不限于名词性，不限于施事与受事，不限于与句中动词具有形式的、逻辑的关系，不限于一个，也并不是不可或缺的部分。”（刘宓庆：《当代翻译理论》）
例 1 电很有用。
Electricity is useful.
例 2 过谦并不好。
It is not good to be too modest.
例 3 学习是第一步。
The first step is to learn.
例 4 “八八”是个吉利数字。
88 is a lucky number.
例 5你不管就是你不对了。
It’s your fault not to take care of it. 例 6我很讨厌长篇发言。
I hate long speech.
例 7五个汉堡够吃吗？
Five hamburgers---is it enough? 例 8河畔草青青。
Green grass
riverbanks.
例 9明天再谈吧。
Let’s talk about it tommorow. grows along the
英语主语的语法要求要严格的多，只能有名词或具有名词语法功能的语言单位（动名词、不定式、名词性从句等）才能充当。
其次，汉语句子习惯用人作主语，即“人称主语”，且多用主动语态和无主句。英美人则比较强调客观，句子常用物或抽象概念作主语，即“非人称主语”。汉译英确立主语时要体现这种东西方思维差异。
例 10 他想到把这件事全部交给他的妻子去办。 It occurred to him to leave the whole thing to his wife.
例 11从这儿到最近的邮局有两英里路。
It’s two miles to the nearest post office from here.
例 12 可能发生了事故。
There must have been an accident. “there + be”句型常用来翻译汉语中的“有”
字句和无主句。
第三，在英语中经常会出现以时间或地点等名词做主语的现象，不仅强调了时间，还是句子简洁生动。这种句子常用see, witness, find等动词作谓语。在英译有关这类汉语句子时应考虑到这一点，以符合西方人的思维模式和语言表达习惯。
例 13在南京城发生过许多重大的历史事件。 Nanjing witnessed many great historic events.
例 14 世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。
The turn of the century finds China
most active on the diplomatic arena. 2 谓语的选择
首先, 英语的基本句型：SV,SVC,SVO,SVOO,SVOC. 没有V不能成句。
（1）Everybody laughed.
（2）I am a teacher.
（3）I bought a ticket.
（4）Mary lent me her car.
（5）They elected him president.
汉语可以作谓语的成分要多得多，几乎所有词类和语言单位都可以充当谓语，而且谓语动词还可以不止一个。
（1）上海大城市。
Shanghai is a big city.
（2）我们校园很美。
Our campus is very beautiful.
（3）老太太今年八十。
The old lady is eighty this year.
（4）孩子们不在家。
The children are not at home.
（5）那位女教师态度和蔼。
The woman teacher is affable in
manner.
第二， 英语是屈折语，相关成分在数、性、人称等方面要一致，英语的谓语的单复数和人称变化就是由主语来决定的。汉语是非屈折语，没有人称和数的变化。
（1）我喜欢打乒乓球和羽毛球，我丈夫喜欢打
篮球和排球。我俩都喜欢球类运动。
I like playing table tennis and tennis.
My husband likes playing basketbll and volleyball. Both of us like ball games. 另外，汉语动词本身没有词形变化，要想表示不同的时间概念通常是靠借助虚词或以动词排列的先后顺序来完成。英语动词有时态、语态的变化，对不同时间概念的表示除增加时间状语外，主要依靠动词本身的时态变化。
（2）十多年前，机关给我安了部电话，其时儿
女尚在幼年，有时悄悄地溜进我的书房，拨117，听那下面一响是某点某分某秒的声儿。
Ten-odd years ago,the institution where I worked had a telephone installed in my home. Still in their childhood, my kids would sometimes steal into my study and dial 117 to listen to the voice reporting the exact time.
第三，主动式与被动式。（略）
第四，汉语句子允许有多个动词同时出现，构成汉语特有的连动句和兼语句。英语除了少数含并列谓语的句子外，大多数句子只有一个限定动词。因此翻译连动句和兼语句时所采取的办法通常是：选定一个主要动词作谓语，把其他动词用其他形式表达出来。
（3着一条因解冻而涨水的小溪行驶。
The car wound through the village and
up a narrow valley, following a thaw-swollen stream.
第五，所选择的谓语除了在人称、数等方面与主语达成一致外，还必须与宾语搭配得当。一方面，这是由英语的惯用法所决定的；另一方面，语境起来很大的作用。
（4）从这次讲座中，我们学到了许多美国历史
方面的知识。
We obtained much knowledge of
American history from this lecture.
（5）这份辛苦的工作正在影响我的健康。 粗劣的事物影响儿童自然地生长。
我认为，那孩子身体过胖会影响他参加体育运动。
This hard work is telling on my health.
Poor food arrests the natural growth of children.
In my opinion, being overweight will
handicap a boy in sports.
3 定语的位置
汉语中的定语，无论是单个词语，还是几个词语连用或很长的词组作定语，都要放在名词之前，即不论长短，都要前置。英语则要看情况而定。英语中单词一般放在被修饰词的前面（特殊情况下置后），短语和从句一般放在被修饰词的后面。翻译时要注意是否需要调整。
（1）不眠之夜 sleepless nights
雷鸣般的掌声thunderous applause 正在变化中的世界the changing world 下岗工人laid-off workers
（2）到场的来宾the guests present 重要的事情something important
能找到的最早版本the earliest edition obtainable
各种可能的办法every way possible 唯一可靠的人the only person reliable
（3）国际金融中心international financial
center
中国传统戏曲traditional Chinese opera
勤劳勇敢的人民a brave hard-working people
社会主义现代化强国a modern, powerful
socialist
country
国际经济新秩序a new international economic order
一张木头小圆桌a small round wooden table
一位美国现代优秀作家an outstanding contemporary American writer
出现两个、三个甚至更多的形容词作定语，在汉译英中怎样正确排列这些词的顺序呢？章振邦《新编英语语法教程》：英语中多个形容词作定语有两种情况：如果有几个属于同一层次的形容词出现在名词中心词前，通常要用逗号隔开，一
般的词序是较长的形容词列于最后。当名词中心词之前出现几个不同层次的形容词作修饰语时，一般按下列词序：限定词---表示说话人评价的形容词---表示大小、形状、新旧的形容词---表示颜色的形容词---表示国别、来源、材料的形容词---表示用途或目的的形容词或分词、名词等类别词---名词中心词。
（4）“低工资、广就业”的原则
the rule of low payment, high employment
日本和我们是一衣带水的领邦。
Japan is our close neighbor separated
by a narrow strip of water.
我昨天带来放在书架上的一本新的英汉
成语辞典，对于翻译很有用处。
A new English-Chinese phrases
dictionary that I brought here yesterday and placed on the shelf is very useful for translation.
这是唯一的出路。
This is the only way out.
4 状语的位置
汉语中的状语通常放在主语之后，谓语之前，但有时为了强调也可放在主语之前。英语的状语位置比较复杂，较短的可以根据句子需要放在句首、动词之前、助动词与动词之间或者句末。较长的往往放在句首或句末，放在句中的较少。
（1）他从口袋里取出一条红领巾，给了他的小女儿。
He took out a red scarf from his pocket
and gave it to his little daughter.
（2）复杂的计算我们可以用计算机进行，因为它能迅速地求出准确的答案。
In complicated calculations we can
use a computer, because it quickly gives us an exact solution.
（3）这个规律，不论在自然界、人类社会和人们的思想中，都是普遍存在的。
This law operates universally, whether
in the natural world, in human society, or in man’s thinking.
在汉语中有时会同时含有时间状语和地点状语，其顺序是“时间+地点”，英语正好相反。同样，如果还有方式状语的话，则汉语的排列顺序是“时间+地点+方式”，而英语一般是“方式+地点+时间”。
（5）这部电影我是去年夏天在苏州看的。
I saw the film in Suzhou last summer.
（6）王教授此刻正在实验室和他的两个新助手
一道工作着。
Professor Wang is working with his two
new assistants in the laboratory at the moment.
如果一个句子里有两个以上的时间状语或地点状语，汉语一般是先说较大的单位，然后是较小的单位；英语正好相反。因此，翻译是应根据英语的习惯变换状语的位置。
（7）他家住在淮安市交通路71号。
He lives at 71 Jiaotong Road, Huai’an, Jiangsu.
（8）敬启者：您所订的《中国日报》将于年5月26日到期。
Dear Sir, Your subscription to China Daily expires on May 26, 2012.
在汉语里，一个句子如果有两个或多个状语，通常连在一起放在句子里。而英语则往往把这些状语分别放在句首或句末，或分别放在句首和主语后，以免句子出现头重脚轻。
（9）中国人民正在中国共产党的领导下，团结一致地进行着伟大的社会主义建设。
Led by the Chinese Communist Party,
the Chinese people, united as one, are engaged in the great task of building socialism.
（10）我们为顾全大局于同年秋末在第三方的调停下开诚布公地多次强烈要求贵方赔偿我
们的一切损失。
With the third party acting as an
intermediary, to take the interest of the whole into account, we strongly demanded with frankness and sincerity many times at the end of the autumn of the same year that you should compensate all our losses.
原句：主语+目的状语+时间状语+时间状语+条件
状语+方式状语+频度状语+程度状语+谓语+宾语。
译文：条件状语+目的状语+主语+程度状语+谓语
+方式状语+频度状语+时间状语+时间状语+宾语。
四 汉语句型的翻译
一、单句的翻译
（一）主谓句
名词性谓语句、动词性谓语句、形容词性谓语
句、主谓谓语句。
这把椅子三条腿。 演讲开始了。
他的身体健康。 他身体健康。
主谓句与英语的基本句型大致相当，对语境的依赖最小，比较容易翻译，大多采用直译。
（1）战士们出发了。
The soldiers set out.
（2）我的老师给了我一本书。
My teacher gave me a book.
（3）光以波的形式传播。
Light travels in the form of waves.
（4）他常常帮助那些有困难的人。
He often helps those (who are) in difficulty.
（5）汤姆和他弟弟性格不同。
.Tom’s character differs from his brother’s.
Tom is different from his brother in character.
（6）墙上挂着一张中国地图。
There hangs a map of China on the wall.
（7）你明白我的意思吗？
You see what I mean?
（8）他谁也不羡慕。
He envies nobody.
（9）这个地区多雨。
There is much rain in this area. It rains a lot in this area.
People have much rain in this area. This area sees much rain.
（二）非主谓句
非主谓谓语句是指由词或非主谓短语构成的句子，有名词类、动词类、形容词类和叹词类之分，常用于呼唤、口号、标语、敬语和应答语，可以是对事物的评价、对自然现象、事实情况的说明，还可以用来表达某种情绪。
（1）干杯！
Cheers!
（2）您的票！
Your ticket please.
（3）“请坐。喝点什么？威士忌？”whisky “好！”
二、复句的翻译
两个或两个以上的单句，在意义上彼此联系，在结构上互不包含，接合起来构成的句子叫做复句。汉语的复句分为联合复句和偏正复句两大类。可以说，汉语中的联合复句相当于英语中的并列句（compound sentence），差别不大。偏正复句相当于英语中的复合句（complex sentence），但特点又有所不同。
一般说来，联合复句最常见的四种关系：并列、连贯、递进和选择。偏正复句也有四种关系：因果、转折、让步和条件。
（一）并列关系
（1）我爱我的父母，我的父母也爱我。
I love my parents and my parents love me.
（2）如今世事发生了变化，这电话也发生了变化。
The world has changed, so has the telephone.
（3）大多数高校已有效的将权利下放给系主任，
也就是说，系主任有了确定本系人员编制和按原则使用现有经费的自主权。
In most colleges and universities, the devolution of decision-making rights to the department head has been effective, which means that the department head is given the
autonomy to deide on the staffing within the department and also to utilize the available funds under certai guidelines.
（二）连贯关系
（1）„他们来到后，屋子里随即热闹起来。 „They came together to see Han, and
soon the whole household was astir.
（2）黛玉又忙命倒茶，一面又使眼色与宝玉。
宝玉会意，便走了出来。
Daiyu ordered tea, galncing at Baoyu as
she did so. Taking the hint, he went out of the room
（3）我刚一离开，争吵就开始了。
Hardly had I left when the quarrel started.
（三）递进关系
（1）汽车修理站不仅多收了我的钱，而且车修
得也不怎么好。
Not only did the garage overcharge me,
but they hadn’t done a very good repair job either.
（2）在太阳系中，不但行星，而且太阳本身也在不停运动。
In the solar system, the planets as
well as the sun itself are in constant motion.
（四）选择关系
（1）他要么看电影去了，要么看戏去了。
He has either gone to the movies or to the theatre.
（2）他不愿惹麻烦，宁可离去。
（五）因果关系
（1）你所要的货已经不再卖了，因此我们把你
的支票退还给你。
The item you requested is no longer
available and therefore we are returning your cheque.
（2）因为我还没看过这本书，所以无法告诉你
我对它的看法。
（六）转折关系
（1）花朵看上去虽然可爱，但是风吹不得，日晒不得。
Although flowers look lovely, they
cannot stand wind and rain.
（2）我们才学了一年英文，但已经能演英文剧了。
（3）燕子去了，有再来的时候；杨柳枯了，有
再青的时候；桃花谢了，有再开的时候。 Swallows may have gone, but there’s a
time of return; willow trees may have died back, but there’s a time of regreening; peach blossoms may have fallen, but they will bloom again.
（4）她尽管疲惫不堪，却没法睡着。
Exhausted as she was, she couldn’t fall asleep.
（5）公司的盈利已稍有减少，然而这不算什么严重问题。
The company’s profits have fallen slightly. However, this is not a serious problem.
（七）让步关系
（1）即使哥伦布没有发现美洲大陆，别人也会发现的。
Columbus had not discovered the
continent of America, somebody else might have discovered it.
（八）条件关系
（1）如果雾越来越浓的话，飞机可能会改变航向。
If the frog gets thicker the plane may be diverted.
（2）倘若没有宇宙飞船，人类就不可能飞向太空。
If there had been no space ships, it
would have been impossible for human beings to go to space.
（3）只要我们不灰心，我们就能找到克服困难的办法。
（4）只有播种才能有收获。
One must sow before one can reap.
（5）我们无论到什么地方，都要和人们把关系
搞好。
Build up
三、特殊句型的翻译
（一）连谓句
（1）老人放下杯子站了起来。
The old man put down the glass and stood up.
Putting down the glass, the old man stood up.
（2）我没有思索的从外套口袋里掏出一大把铜
元，交给巡警，说，“请你给他„”
Without thinking, I pulled a handful of coppers from my coat pocket and handed them to the policeman. “Please give him these,” I said.
（3）紫鹃答应着，忙出来换了一个痰盆儿，将
手里的这个盆儿放在桌子上，开了套间门出来，仍旧带上门，放下撒花软帘，出来叫醒雪雁。
Zijuan, assenting, hurried out to fecth a clean spittoon, placing the used one on the table in the outer room. Having closed the door behind her, she let down the soft flowered portiere before going to wake Xueyan.
（4）他哼着曲子走进卧室。
Humming a tune she went into the bedroom.
（5）游行的人拿着鲜花和彩旗在街道上行走。 The paraders marched in the street,
carrying flowers and banners in their hands.
（6）我到裁缝店取衣服去了。
I went to the tailor’s for my coat.
（7）他到班长那儿请了个假。
He went to the monitor to ask for leave.
（二）兼语句
（1）妈妈不让我一个人去划船。
My mother doesn’t allow me to go boating by myself.
（2）老师让你把这个练习再做一遍。
The teacher asked you to re-do the exercise.
（3）他们都劝他不要到国外去。
They advised her against going abroad.
（4）他证明自己值得信赖。
He poved himself worthy of trust.
（5）他忽然听见有人轻轻扣窗子。
Suddenly he heard someone knocking
slightly on
（6）老师应该指导学生学习。
Teachers should guide studens in their studies.
（7）母亲责备孩子回家晚了。
The mother reproached her child for staying out late.
（8）老师表扬他乐于助人。
The teacher praised him because he is
always ready to help others.
（9）这暴行使全世界舆论感到震惊。
The atrocity shocked the world opinion.
（10）她优美的歌声令观众如醉如痴。
Her beautiful voice enraptured the audience.
(三) “把”字句
（1）她把信揉成一团，塞到口袋里。
She crumpled the letter into a ball and
slipped it into her pocket.
（2）十分钟后，他把双臂浸泡在消毒酒精桶里。 Ten miniutes later he soaked his arms
in a pail of antiseptic.
（3）这一趟把他累坏了。
The trip tired him out.
（4）村里人不把我当外人。
People in the village didn’t treat me as a stranger.
（5）他迅速地把球扔给了另一个男孩。
He quickly threw the ball to another boy.
（6）今年，中国确定把通货膨胀控制在4%以下。 This year the Chinese government has
set up an inflation target of below 4%.
(四) “得”字句
（1）这间教室能坐得下200名学生吗？
Can this classroom hold 200 students?
（2）他什么事都干得出来。
He is capable of anything.
（3）这屋子热得可以烤土豆了。
The room is hot enough to bake potatoes.
（4）他的心被绝望咬得很痛，根本笑不出来。 His heart was so gnawed by despair that he could not force a smile.
（5）他们害怕得直发抖。
They were trembling with fear.
（6）小孩被打得青一块紫一块。
The child was beaten black and blue.
（7）这些牛羊长得又肥又壮。
The sheep and cattle grow fat and
strong.
（8）阳光把海水照得像缎子一般。
Sunshine made the sea gleam like satin.
(五) 流水句
（1）不一会，北风小了，路上浮尘早已刮净，
剩下一条洁白的大道来，车夫也跑得更快。 Presently the wind dropped a litle. By now the loose dust had all been blown away, leaving the roadway clean, and the rickshaw man quickened his pace.
（2）中国科学技术落后，困难比较多，特别是
人口太多，现在就有十亿五千万，增加人民的收入很不容易，短期内要摆脱贫困落后状态很不容易。（《邓小平文选》第三卷） China lags behind in science and
technology. We have quite a few problems to solve, especially the problem of our huge population, which already stands at 1.05 billion. This makes it very
difficult for us to raise the people’s income and to eliminate poverty and backwardness in a short time.
四、长句的翻译
（一）顺序翻译
（1）上海针织公司由37个企业组成，生产规模
大，且拥有众多的名牌产品，如“菊花牌”、“鹅牌”和“三枪牌”，公司每年的销售额达13亿人民币。
Shanghai Knitting Corporation is made
up of 37 tenterprises and enjoys a broad production scale, and with several well-known local brands such as Chrysanthemum, Swan and Three Guns, it has annual sales volume of about 1.3 billion RMB.
（2）人到了老年，会有一种似乎奇怪又不奇怪
的现象：即发生在昨天的事，倒会忘得一干二净；而几十年前对自己印象极深的事情，却像是昨天刚发生一样，记得一清二楚。 When you are getting on in years, you
tend to have a feeling that seems rather odd but, in fact, not very much so: what happened to you just a couple of days ago, you clean forget about it, but what happened as long as decades earlier with a sharp impact on you, you remember as clearly as if it had occurred yesterday.
（二）变序翻译
（1）因此，如果要使学生充分利用他么（上大
学）的机会，就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息，作更多的指导，这个问题显得越来越重要了。
It therefore becomes more and more
important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed
information about courses and mor adivces.
（三）分译与合译
（1）中国在自己发展的长河中，形成了优良的
历史文化传统。 这些传统，随着时代变迁和社会进步获得扬弃和发展，对今天中国人的价值观念、生活方式和中国的发展道路，具有深刻的影响。
In the prolonged course of development,
China has formed its fine historical and cultural traditions, which have been either developed or discarded with the changes of the times and social progress. These traditions have exerted a profound impact on the values and way of life of the Chinese people, and on China’s road of development today.
（2）近年来，中国面对复杂多变的国际形势，