高考名词性从句讲解
在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫做名词性从句。它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句是中学阶段的一个重要语法项目,在历年的高考中几乎都涉及到,并且每年的命题各有变化。分析历届高考试题名词性从句考查的焦点主要有以下六个方面
1. 考查名词性从句的语序问题 2. 考查引导词that与what的区别
3. 考查it在名词性从句中作形式主语或形式宾语的用法 4. 考查whether与if的区别
5. 考查名词性从句中的疑问词+ever引导的名词性从句与no matter+疑问词引导的状语从句的区别 6. 考查名词性从句的虚拟语气问题
一、名词性从句
主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句,在整个句子中所起的作用,相当于一个名词。因此,这四种从句通称为名词性从句。引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:
连接词:that, whether, if (不充当从句的任何成分)
连接代词:what(特指某事物,作主、宾、表语), whatever(泛指任何事物), who(特指某人,作主、宾、表语), whoever(泛指任何人), whom(特指某人,作宾语), whose(表所属关系,作定语), which(表选择关系,作主、宾、表、定语).
连接副词:when, where, how, why
(一). 主语从句
作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that,whether,if和连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever以及连接副词how,when,where,why等词引导。that在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。例如:
What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。
It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.
英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布。
有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首,而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下:
(1)It + be + 名词 + that从句 (2)It + be + 形容词 + that从句
(3)It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句 (4)It + 不及物动词 + that 从句
另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”,常用的句型有:
It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that „
It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that„
It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that„
注意:1.连词that, whether在从句中不担任句子成分,只起连接作用,不能省略。并且whether引导主语从句时不能用if代替。
Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。
2. who, which, how, when, where, why在所引导的主语从句中可担任主语,宾语,状语,不能省略。可以用形式主语it引导。
3. who, whom, which, what等可以和ever构成合成词,可引导名从和让步状从。此类主语从句不能用it引导,引导词在句中担任句子成分,不能省略。而no matter -ever 只能引导让步状语从句。
4. 句中使用陈述句语序,注意有和虚拟语气联系之处。
(二). 宾语从句
用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。
1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句
由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如:
He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。
We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。
注意:在insist, order、command、suggest、advise, propose, desire, request, require,demand, decide等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“(should)+ 动词原形”。例如:
I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。
The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。
2. 用who,whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。
例如: I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。
She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。
She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。
3. 用whether或if引导的宾语从句,其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒,仍保持陈述句语序。此外,whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if:
a. 引导主语从句和表语从句时;b. 引导从句置于句首时;c . 引导从句作介词宾语时;d. 从句后有“or not”时;e. 后接动词不定式时。
例如: Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.
月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。
Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。
4. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应。
1)当主句动词是现在时,从句根据自身的句子情况,而使用不同时态。
例如:He studies English every day. (从句用一般现在时)
He studied English last term. (从句用一般过去时)
I know (that) he will study English next year. (从句用一般将来时)
He has studied English since 1998. (从句用现在完成时)
2)当主句动词是过去时态(could, would除外),从句则要用相应的过去时态,如一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时等;当从句表示的是客观真理,科学原理,自然现象,则从句仍用现在时态。
例如:The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America.
5. think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中,要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中(即否定前置)。
例如: We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。
I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。 I don't suppose he cares, does he 我想他不会在意的,是吗?
提示:在下列情况下,宾语从句不否定转移:
1.think等词前有副词和表示强调的do
I really expect he won't fail the examination. 我真希望他不会不通过考试。
I do think that he is not fair. 我确实认为他是不公正的。
2.think等词和其他词构成并列谓语
I think and hope that he won't cheat at cards. 我想,也希望他打牌不会作弊的。
3.think等词作为插入语 His decision is not wise, I think. 我觉得他的决定并不明智。
注意:含有宾语从句复合句的反意疑问句
① 当主句的主语不是第一人称时,疑问句部分与主句一致,谓语动词是think等词时,不存在否定转移的问题。
He said they were going to help me, didn't he? 他说过他们要帮我,不是吗?
You don't think we can speak English, do you? 你认为我们不会说英语,对吗?
He thinks he's got the right answer, doesn't he? 他认为自己找到了正确的答案,是吗? ②当主句的主语为第一人称,反意疑问句应与宾语从句保持一致。谓语动词是think, believe,
consider, imagine, suppose, hope 等词时,特别要注意否定转移的问题。
I suppose you're serious, aren't you? 我想你是当真的,不是吗?(不可用don't I) I don't suppose he's serious, is he? 我想他不是当真的,是吗? (不可用do I)
(三). 表语从句
在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样,表语从句位于连系动词后,有时用as if引导。其基本结构为:主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如:
The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。
That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。
It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。
需要注意的,当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如:
The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning
(四). 同位语从句
同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导,可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word、story等。例如:
The news that we won the game is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。
I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。
The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。
同位语从句和定语从句的区别:
that作为关系代词,可以引导定语从句,充当句子成分,在从句中作宾语时可以省略; that引导同位语从句时,起连词的作用,没有实际意义,不充当句子成分,一般不能省略。
试比较下面两个例句:
I had no idea that you were here.(that引导同位语从句,不能省略)
Have you got the idea(that)this book gives you of life in ancient Greece?(that引导定语从句,作宾语,可以省略)
二、考点归纳
考点之一:考查that 与what
1. _____we can't get seems better than ______we have.
A. What ; what B. What ; that C. That ; that D. That ; what (NMET'96) 分析:在名词性从句中that 与what 的区别是:that 在名词性从句中不作句子成分,只起连接作用;而 what 在名词性从句中不仅起连接作用,而且充当句子成分。句子的意思是:我们得不到的似乎比我们已经拥有的要好。此题考查了两个名词性从句:主语从句和宾语从句,what 在这两个名词性从句中都作宾语。
考点之二:考查it 作形式主语或形式宾语
2. ____ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. (NMET '95)
A. There B. This C. That D. It
分析:为了保持句子的平衡,往往用it 作形式主语或形式宾语,而把真正的主语从句或宾语从句放到后面,尤其是that 引导的主语从句往往用it 作形式主语。此句也可以改写为:That English is being accepted as an international language is a fact.
考点之三:考查名词性从句的语序
3.The photographs will show you ____. ( MET ' 89)
A. what does our village look like B. what our village looks like
C. how does our village look like D. how our village looks like
分析:名词性从句应用陈述语序;再根据句型what does sb. / sth. look like?, 所以选B.
考点之四:考查whether 与if
4. ________ we'll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. (NMET ' 96)
A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where
分析:句意为:我们明天是否去野营要看天气而定。whether 与if 的区别是:在引导宾语从句时两者可以互换,但在引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时,以及介词后面的宾语从句或后面紧跟or not 时,常用whether , 而不用 if。
5. What the doctors really doubt is ______ my mother will recover from the serious disease
soon. (上海2001)
A. when B. how C. whether D. why
分析:句意为:医生真正怀疑的是我母亲是否能很快从重病中恢复过来。 whether 引导的是表语从句。
考点之五:考查 whatever, whoever... 与 no matter what / who...
6. Sarah hopes to become a friend of _______ shares her interests. (上海 1995)
A. anyone B. whom C. whoever D. no matter who
分析:句意为:Sarah 希望跟自己有共同爱好的人交朋友。注意:whatever, whoever... 既可以引导名词性从句也可以引导让步状语从句;而no matter what / who ...只能引导让步状语从句。首先排除A和D,从句中需要的是主语,所以whomever错。
考点之六:考查名词性从句的虚拟语气
7. It is necessary that a college student ____at least a foreign language. (上海1993)
A. masters B. should master C. mastered D. will master
分析:句意为:大学生至少掌握一门外语是必要的。that 引导的主语从句中谓语动词用的是虚拟语气。我们应注意:
1).在句型:1. It is necessary / important / natural / strange, etc. that ...
2. It is a pity / shame / no wonder, etc. that ...
3. It is suggested / requested / proposed / desired, etc. that ... 中,that从句中谓语动词常用虚拟语气"(should) + 动词原形"。
2). 表示建议、请求、命令、要求、坚持等及物动词后面的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气,这类动词有:suggest, propose, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等。
3). 主语是suggestion, proposal, request等表示“建议、请求、命令、要求、决定”等意义的词时,表语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) + 动词原形”。
4). 表示“建议、请求、命令、要求、决定”等意义的名词后边的同位语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气"(should) + 动词原形"。
三、真题典例
( )1. [2011·北京卷] ________ Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness.
A.Which B.What C.That D.Whom
【解析】 B 句意:巴巴拉·琼斯给她的粉丝们提供的是诚实和快乐。考查主语从句中引导词的辨析。分析结构可知句子:________Barbara Jones offers to her fans充当主语从句,而且句子中动词offer还需要接宾语,所以选择B项。
( )2. [2011·北京卷] The shocking news made me realize ________ terrible problems we would face.
A.what B.how C.that D.why
【解析】 A 句意:骇人听闻的消息让我意识到我们将面临多么可怕的问题。考查宾语从句的引导词。分析结构可知此处what用来修饰terrible problems。所以选择A项。
( )3.[2011·山东卷] I am afraid he’s more of a talker than a doer, which is ________ he never finishes anything.
A.that B.when C.where D.why
【解析】 D 句意:与其说他是个实干家不如说他是个空谈家。这就是他从来不会完成任何事情的原因。考查表语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知,which引导非限制性定语从句,which指代前面的整个句子he’s more of a talker than a doer;在定语从句中,is后面为表语从句,由句意可知which指代的内容是表语从句内容的原因,故用why引导表语从句。
( )4.[2011·山东卷] We’ve offered her the job, but I don’t know________ she’ll accept it.
A.where B.what C.whether D.which
【解析】 C 句意:我们给她提供了那份工作,但我不知道她是否会接受。考查宾语从句的引导词。where哪儿;what什么;whether是否;which哪一个。只有whether符合句意,故选C。
( )5.[2011·江西卷] The villagers have already known ________ we’ll do is to rebuild
the bridge.
A.this B.that C.what D.which
【解析】 C 句意:村民们已经知道我们将要做的事情是重建这座桥。考查宾语从句和主语从句。谓语后面的宾语从句包含的主语从句中缺少宾语且指物,所以选择what。
( )6.[2011·北京卷] It was never clear ________ the man hadn’t reported the accident sooner.
A.that B.how C.when D.why
【解析】 D 句意:不知道为什么那个男的没有很快上报那场事故。考查主语从句的引导词。该句中it作形式主语,why引导的句子作真正的主语。
( )7.[2010·安徽卷] His writing is so confusing that it’s difficult to make out ________it is he is trying to express.
A.that B.how C.who D.what
【解析】 D 句意:他的字迹是如此地潦草以至于很难弄清楚他要表达的是什么。考查宾语从句。宾语从句中express缺少宾语,故用what引导宾语从句。
( )8.[2010·四川卷] Our teachers always tell us to believe in ______ we do and who we are if we want to succeed.
A.why B.how C.what D.which
【解析】 C 句意:我们的老师总是告诉我们,如果我们想要成功的话就要相信我们所做的事和相信自己。考查宾语从句。what引导宾语从句,在从句里作do的宾语。which表示某个范围内的“哪一个,哪些”。
( )9.[2010·辽宁卷] Twenty students want to attend the class that aims to teach ________ to read fast.
A.what B.who C.how D.why
【解析】 C 句意:20名学生想参加以传授怎样快速阅读为目的的课。考查引导词用法。由句意可知,应选C。
( )10.[2010·辽宁卷] When the news came ________ the war broke out, he decided to serve in the army.
A.since B.which C.that D.because
【解析】 C 句意:当战争爆发的消息传来时,他决定去服兵役。考查名词性从句。“„ the war broke out”作the news的同位语从句,解释the news的具体内容,从句不缺少成分,所以选择不充当任何成分又没有任何含义的that引导。故选C。
四、新题预测
( )1.In some countries, ________ are called “public schools” are not owned by the public.
A.which B.as C.what D.that
【解析】 C 句意:在许多国家,所谓的公立学校并非为公众拥有。考查what引导主语从句,并在主语从句中作主语。
( )2.________leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
A.The person B.Anyone C.Who D.Whoever
【解析】 D 句意:最后一个离开房间的人应该把灯关掉。whoever引导主语从句, 意思是“凡是„„的人”,等于anybody who。
( )3.________ happens in the world makes us happy and sad by turns.
A.That B.What C.Which D.Whether
【解析】 B 句意:世上的事喜忧交替。that引导主语从句只起连接作用,在从句中不作任何成分,无意义,但不能省略。what除引导主语从句外,还在从句中作成分。which指一定范围内的“哪一个”;whether意为“是否”。根据句意可知答案为B。
( )4.Father made a promise ________ I passed the examination he would buy me a bicycle.
A.that B.if C.whether D.that if
【解析】 D that 引导同位语从句,说明promise的内容; 在that从句中,if 引导条件状语从句。
( )5.I read about this story in some book or other, does it matter ________ it was?
A.where B.what C.how D.which
【解析】 D 此句后面部分可以看作是does it matter which book it was的省略。此题受母语干扰,很容易错选A。只要抓住题干前一句中I read about this story in some book or other的提示,就可知道是指一定范围内的“哪一个”,故答案为D。
( )6.________you don’t like him is none of my business.
A.What B.Who C.That D.Whether
【解析】 C 本句的谓语动词是is, 前面是一个主语从句; you don’t like him是一个意思完整的句子,从句需要不作任何成分的连词引导,that只起连接作用,不作句子的成分,所以选C。
( )7.One of the men present held the view ________ the book said was right.
A.that what B.what C.that D.which
【解析】 A that引导同位语从句;what the book said是同位语从句中的主语从句。
( )8.Living things are dying out quickly. First, we should ask________ destroying them in the past years.
A.what part people have been playing B.people have played in
C.what part people have played in D.people have been playing what part
【解析】 C 宾语从句应用陈述语序,play a part in意为“(在„„中)扮演角色,(在„„中)起作用”。
( )9.He told us ________ he had done.
A.that all B.all what C.all which D.what all
【解析】 B 句意:他把所做的事告诉了我们所有人。all 是us 的同位语,其后的 what 引导宾语从句。
高考名词性从句讲解
在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫做名词性从句。它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句是中学阶段的一个重要语法项目,在历年的高考中几乎都涉及到,并且每年的命题各有变化。分析历届高考试题名词性从句考查的焦点主要有以下六个方面
1. 考查名词性从句的语序问题 2. 考查引导词that与what的区别
3. 考查it在名词性从句中作形式主语或形式宾语的用法 4. 考查whether与if的区别
5. 考查名词性从句中的疑问词+ever引导的名词性从句与no matter+疑问词引导的状语从句的区别 6. 考查名词性从句的虚拟语气问题
一、名词性从句
主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句,在整个句子中所起的作用,相当于一个名词。因此,这四种从句通称为名词性从句。引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:
连接词:that, whether, if (不充当从句的任何成分)
连接代词:what(特指某事物,作主、宾、表语), whatever(泛指任何事物), who(特指某人,作主、宾、表语), whoever(泛指任何人), whom(特指某人,作宾语), whose(表所属关系,作定语), which(表选择关系,作主、宾、表、定语).
连接副词:when, where, how, why
(一). 主语从句
作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that,whether,if和连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever以及连接副词how,when,where,why等词引导。that在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。例如:
What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。
It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。 Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.
英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布。
有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首,而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下:
(1)It + be + 名词 + that从句 (2)It + be + 形容词 + that从句
(3)It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句 (4)It + 不及物动词 + that 从句
另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”,常用的句型有:
It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that „
It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that„
It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that„
注意:1.连词that, whether在从句中不担任句子成分,只起连接作用,不能省略。并且whether引导主语从句时不能用if代替。
Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。
2. who, which, how, when, where, why在所引导的主语从句中可担任主语,宾语,状语,不能省略。可以用形式主语it引导。
3. who, whom, which, what等可以和ever构成合成词,可引导名从和让步状从。此类主语从句不能用it引导,引导词在句中担任句子成分,不能省略。而no matter -ever 只能引导让步状语从句。
4. 句中使用陈述句语序,注意有和虚拟语气联系之处。
(二). 宾语从句
用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。
1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句
由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如:
He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。
We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。
注意:在insist, order、command、suggest、advise, propose, desire, request, require,demand, decide等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“(should)+ 动词原形”。例如:
I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。
The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。
2. 用who,whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。
例如: I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。
She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。
She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。
3. 用whether或if引导的宾语从句,其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒,仍保持陈述句语序。此外,whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if:
a. 引导主语从句和表语从句时;b. 引导从句置于句首时;c . 引导从句作介词宾语时;d. 从句后有“or not”时;e. 后接动词不定式时。
例如: Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.
月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。
Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。
4. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应。
1)当主句动词是现在时,从句根据自身的句子情况,而使用不同时态。
例如:He studies English every day. (从句用一般现在时)
He studied English last term. (从句用一般过去时)
I know (that) he will study English next year. (从句用一般将来时)
He has studied English since 1998. (从句用现在完成时)
2)当主句动词是过去时态(could, would除外),从句则要用相应的过去时态,如一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时等;当从句表示的是客观真理,科学原理,自然现象,则从句仍用现在时态。
例如:The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America.
5. think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中,要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中(即否定前置)。
例如: We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。
I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。 I don't suppose he cares, does he 我想他不会在意的,是吗?
提示:在下列情况下,宾语从句不否定转移:
1.think等词前有副词和表示强调的do
I really expect he won't fail the examination. 我真希望他不会不通过考试。
I do think that he is not fair. 我确实认为他是不公正的。
2.think等词和其他词构成并列谓语
I think and hope that he won't cheat at cards. 我想,也希望他打牌不会作弊的。
3.think等词作为插入语 His decision is not wise, I think. 我觉得他的决定并不明智。 注意:含有宾语从句复合句的反意疑问句
② 当主句的主语不是第一人称时,疑问句部分与主句一致,谓语动词是think等词时,不存在否定转移的问题。 He said they were going to help me, didn't he? 他说过他们要帮我,不是吗?
You don't think we can speak English, do you? 你认为我们不会说英语,对吗?
He thinks he's got the right answer, doesn't he? 他认为自己找到了正确的答案,是吗? ②当主句的主语为第一人称,反意疑问句应与宾语从句保持一致。谓语动词是think, believe, consider, imagine, suppose, hope 等词时,特别要注意否定转移的问题。
I suppose you're serious, aren't you? 我想你是当真的,不是吗?(不可用don't I)
I don't suppose he's serious, is he? 我想他不是当真的,是吗? (不可用do I)
(三). 表语从句
在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样,表语从句位于连系动词后,有时用as if引导。其基本结构为:主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如:
The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。
That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。
It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。
需要注意的,当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如:
The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning
(四). 同位语从句
同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导,可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word、story等。例如:
The news that we won the game is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。
I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。
The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。
同位语从句和定语从句的区别:
that作为关系代词,可以引导定语从句,充当句子成分,在从句中作宾语时可以省略; that引导同位语从句时,起连词的作用,没有实际意义,不充当句子成分,一般不能省略。
试比较下面两个例句:
I had no idea that you were here.(that引导同位语从句,不能省略)
Have you got the idea(that)this book gives you of life in ancient Greece?(that引导定语从句,作宾语,可以省略)
二、考点归纳
考点之一:考查that 与what
1. _____we can't get seems better than ______we have.
A. What ; what B. What ; that C. That ; that D. That ; what (NMET'96) 考点之二:考查it 作形式主语或形式宾语
2. ____ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. (NMET '95)
A. There B. This C. That D. It
考点之三:考查名词性从句的语序
3.The photographs will show you ____. ( MET ' 89)
A. what does our village look like B. what our village looks like
C. how does our village look like D. how our village looks like
考点之四:考查whether 与if
4. ________ we'll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. (NMET ' 96)
A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where
5. What the doctors really doubt is ______ my mother will recover from the serious disease soon. (上海2001) A. when B. how C. whether D. why
考点之五:考查 whatever, whoever... 与 no matter what / who...
6. Sarah hopes to become a friend of _______ shares her interests. (上海 1995)
A. anyone B. whomever C. whoever D. no matter who
考点之六:考查名词性从句的虚拟语气
7. It is necessary that a college student ____at least a foreign language. (上海1993)
A. masters B. should master C. mastered D. will master
分析:句意为:大学生至少掌握一门外语是必要的。that 引导的主语从句中谓语动词用的是虚拟语气。我们应注意:
1).在句型:1. It is necessary / important / natural / strange, etc. that ...
2. It is a pity / shame / no wonder, etc. that ...
3. It is suggested / requested / proposed / desired, etc. that ...中,that从句中谓语动词常用虚拟语气"(should) + 动词原形"。
2). 表示建议、请求、命令、要求、坚持等及物动词后面的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气,这类动词有:suggest, propose, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等。
3). 主语是suggestion, proposal, request等表示“建议、请求、命令、要求、决定”等意义的词时,表语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) + 动词原形”。
4). 表示“建议、请求、命令、要求、决定”等意义的名词后边的同位语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气"(should) + 动词原形"。
三、真题典例
( )1. [2011•北京卷] ________ Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness.
A.Which B.What C.That D.Whom
( )2. [2011•北京卷] The shocking news made me realize ________ terrible problems we would face. A.what B.how C.that D.why
( )3.[2011•山东卷] I am afraid he’s more of a talker than a doer, which is ________ he never finishes anything. A.that B.when C.where D.why
( )4.[2011•山东卷] We’ve offered her the job, but I don’t know________ she’ll accept it. A.where B.what C.whether D.which
( )5.[2011•江西卷] The villagers have already known ________ we’ll do is to rebuild the bridge. A.this B.that C.what D.which
( )6.[2011•北京卷] It was never clear ________ the man hadn’t reported the accident sooner.
A.that B.how C.when D.why
( )7.[2010•安徽卷] His writing is so confusing that it’s difficult to make out ________it is he is trying to express.
A.that B.how C.who D.what
( )8.[2010•四川卷] Our teachers always tell us to believe in ______ we do and who we are if we want to succeed.
A.why B.how C.what D.which
( )9.[2010•辽宁卷] Twenty students want to attend the class that aims to teach ________ to read fast. A.what B.who C.how D.why
( )10.[2010•辽宁卷] When the news came ________ the war broke out, he decided to serve in the army. A.since B.which C.that D.because
四、新题预测
( )1.In some countries, ________ are called “public schools” are not owned by the public.
A.which B.as C.what D.that
( )2.________leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
A.The person B.Anyone C.Who D.Whoever
( )3.________ happens in the world makes us happy and sad by turns.
A.That B.What C.Which D.Whether
( )4.Father made a promise ________ I passed the examination he would buy me a bicycle.
A.that B.if C.whether D.that if
( )5.I read about this story in some book or other, does it matter ________ it was?
A.where B.what C.how D.which
( )6.________you don’t like him is none of my business.
A.What B.Who C.That D.Whether
( )7.One of the men present held the view ________ the book said was right.
A.that what B.what C.that D.which
( )8.Living things are dying out quickly. First, we should ask________ destroying them in the past years.
A.what part people have been playing B.people have played in
C.what part people have played in D.people have been playing what part
( )9.He told us ________ he had done.
A.that all B.all what C.all which D.what all
高考名词性从句讲解
在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫做名词性从句。它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句是中学阶段的一个重要语法项目,在历年的高考中几乎都涉及到,并且每年的命题各有变化。分析历届高考试题名词性从句考查的焦点主要有以下六个方面
1. 考查名词性从句的语序问题 2. 考查引导词that与what的区别
3. 考查it在名词性从句中作形式主语或形式宾语的用法 4. 考查whether与if的区别
5. 考查名词性从句中的疑问词+ever引导的名词性从句与no matter+疑问词引导的状语从句的区别 6. 考查名词性从句的虚拟语气问题
一、名词性从句
主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句,在整个句子中所起的作用,相当于一个名词。因此,这四种从句通称为名词性从句。引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:
连接词:that, whether, if (不充当从句的任何成分)
连接代词:what(特指某事物,作主、宾、表语), whatever(泛指任何事物), who(特指某人,作主、宾、表语), whoever(泛指任何人), whom(特指某人,作宾语), whose(表所属关系,作定语), which(表选择关系,作主、宾、表、定语).
连接副词:when, where, how, why
(一). 主语从句
作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that,whether,if和连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever以及连接副词how,when,where,why等词引导。that在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。例如:
What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。
It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.
英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布。
有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首,而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下:
(1)It + be + 名词 + that从句 (2)It + be + 形容词 + that从句
(3)It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句 (4)It + 不及物动词 + that 从句
另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”,常用的句型有:
It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that „
It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that„
It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that„
注意:1.连词that, whether在从句中不担任句子成分,只起连接作用,不能省略。并且whether引导主语从句时不能用if代替。
Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。
2. who, which, how, when, where, why在所引导的主语从句中可担任主语,宾语,状语,不能省略。可以用形式主语it引导。
3. who, whom, which, what等可以和ever构成合成词,可引导名从和让步状从。此类主语从句不能用it引导,引导词在句中担任句子成分,不能省略。而no matter -ever 只能引导让步状语从句。
4. 句中使用陈述句语序,注意有和虚拟语气联系之处。
(二). 宾语从句
用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。
1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句
由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如:
He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。
We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。
注意:在insist, order、command、suggest、advise, propose, desire, request, require,demand, decide等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“(should)+ 动词原形”。例如:
I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。
The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。
2. 用who,whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。
例如: I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。
She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。
She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。
3. 用whether或if引导的宾语从句,其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒,仍保持陈述句语序。此外,whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if:
a. 引导主语从句和表语从句时;b. 引导从句置于句首时;c . 引导从句作介词宾语时;d. 从句后有“or not”时;e. 后接动词不定式时。
例如: Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.
月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。
Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。
4. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应。
1)当主句动词是现在时,从句根据自身的句子情况,而使用不同时态。
例如:He studies English every day. (从句用一般现在时)
He studied English last term. (从句用一般过去时)
I know (that) he will study English next year. (从句用一般将来时)
He has studied English since 1998. (从句用现在完成时)
2)当主句动词是过去时态(could, would除外),从句则要用相应的过去时态,如一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时等;当从句表示的是客观真理,科学原理,自然现象,则从句仍用现在时态。
例如:The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America.
5. think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中,要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中(即否定前置)。
例如: We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。
I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。 I don't suppose he cares, does he 我想他不会在意的,是吗?
提示:在下列情况下,宾语从句不否定转移:
1.think等词前有副词和表示强调的do
I really expect he won't fail the examination. 我真希望他不会不通过考试。
I do think that he is not fair. 我确实认为他是不公正的。
2.think等词和其他词构成并列谓语
I think and hope that he won't cheat at cards. 我想,也希望他打牌不会作弊的。
3.think等词作为插入语 His decision is not wise, I think. 我觉得他的决定并不明智。
注意:含有宾语从句复合句的反意疑问句
① 当主句的主语不是第一人称时,疑问句部分与主句一致,谓语动词是think等词时,不存在否定转移的问题。
He said they were going to help me, didn't he? 他说过他们要帮我,不是吗?
You don't think we can speak English, do you? 你认为我们不会说英语,对吗?
He thinks he's got the right answer, doesn't he? 他认为自己找到了正确的答案,是吗? ②当主句的主语为第一人称,反意疑问句应与宾语从句保持一致。谓语动词是think, believe,
consider, imagine, suppose, hope 等词时,特别要注意否定转移的问题。
I suppose you're serious, aren't you? 我想你是当真的,不是吗?(不可用don't I) I don't suppose he's serious, is he? 我想他不是当真的,是吗? (不可用do I)
(三). 表语从句
在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样,表语从句位于连系动词后,有时用as if引导。其基本结构为:主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如:
The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。
That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。
It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。
需要注意的,当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如:
The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning
(四). 同位语从句
同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导,可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word、story等。例如:
The news that we won the game is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。
I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。
The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。
同位语从句和定语从句的区别:
that作为关系代词,可以引导定语从句,充当句子成分,在从句中作宾语时可以省略; that引导同位语从句时,起连词的作用,没有实际意义,不充当句子成分,一般不能省略。
试比较下面两个例句:
I had no idea that you were here.(that引导同位语从句,不能省略)
Have you got the idea(that)this book gives you of life in ancient Greece?(that引导定语从句,作宾语,可以省略)
二、考点归纳
考点之一:考查that 与what
1. _____we can't get seems better than ______we have.
A. What ; what B. What ; that C. That ; that D. That ; what (NMET'96) 分析:在名词性从句中that 与what 的区别是:that 在名词性从句中不作句子成分,只起连接作用;而 what 在名词性从句中不仅起连接作用,而且充当句子成分。句子的意思是:我们得不到的似乎比我们已经拥有的要好。此题考查了两个名词性从句:主语从句和宾语从句,what 在这两个名词性从句中都作宾语。
考点之二:考查it 作形式主语或形式宾语
2. ____ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. (NMET '95)
A. There B. This C. That D. It
分析:为了保持句子的平衡,往往用it 作形式主语或形式宾语,而把真正的主语从句或宾语从句放到后面,尤其是that 引导的主语从句往往用it 作形式主语。此句也可以改写为:That English is being accepted as an international language is a fact.
考点之三:考查名词性从句的语序
3.The photographs will show you ____. ( MET ' 89)
A. what does our village look like B. what our village looks like
C. how does our village look like D. how our village looks like
分析:名词性从句应用陈述语序;再根据句型what does sb. / sth. look like?, 所以选B.
考点之四:考查whether 与if
4. ________ we'll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. (NMET ' 96)
A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where
分析:句意为:我们明天是否去野营要看天气而定。whether 与if 的区别是:在引导宾语从句时两者可以互换,但在引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时,以及介词后面的宾语从句或后面紧跟or not 时,常用whether , 而不用 if。
5. What the doctors really doubt is ______ my mother will recover from the serious disease
soon. (上海2001)
A. when B. how C. whether D. why
分析:句意为:医生真正怀疑的是我母亲是否能很快从重病中恢复过来。 whether 引导的是表语从句。
考点之五:考查 whatever, whoever... 与 no matter what / who...
6. Sarah hopes to become a friend of _______ shares her interests. (上海 1995)
A. anyone B. whom C. whoever D. no matter who
分析:句意为:Sarah 希望跟自己有共同爱好的人交朋友。注意:whatever, whoever... 既可以引导名词性从句也可以引导让步状语从句;而no matter what / who ...只能引导让步状语从句。首先排除A和D,从句中需要的是主语,所以whomever错。
考点之六:考查名词性从句的虚拟语气
7. It is necessary that a college student ____at least a foreign language. (上海1993)
A. masters B. should master C. mastered D. will master
分析:句意为:大学生至少掌握一门外语是必要的。that 引导的主语从句中谓语动词用的是虚拟语气。我们应注意:
1).在句型:1. It is necessary / important / natural / strange, etc. that ...
2. It is a pity / shame / no wonder, etc. that ...
3. It is suggested / requested / proposed / desired, etc. that ... 中,that从句中谓语动词常用虚拟语气"(should) + 动词原形"。
2). 表示建议、请求、命令、要求、坚持等及物动词后面的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气,这类动词有:suggest, propose, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等。
3). 主语是suggestion, proposal, request等表示“建议、请求、命令、要求、决定”等意义的词时,表语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) + 动词原形”。
4). 表示“建议、请求、命令、要求、决定”等意义的名词后边的同位语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气"(should) + 动词原形"。
三、真题典例
( )1. [2011·北京卷] ________ Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness.
A.Which B.What C.That D.Whom
【解析】 B 句意:巴巴拉·琼斯给她的粉丝们提供的是诚实和快乐。考查主语从句中引导词的辨析。分析结构可知句子:________Barbara Jones offers to her fans充当主语从句,而且句子中动词offer还需要接宾语,所以选择B项。
( )2. [2011·北京卷] The shocking news made me realize ________ terrible problems we would face.
A.what B.how C.that D.why
【解析】 A 句意:骇人听闻的消息让我意识到我们将面临多么可怕的问题。考查宾语从句的引导词。分析结构可知此处what用来修饰terrible problems。所以选择A项。
( )3.[2011·山东卷] I am afraid he’s more of a talker than a doer, which is ________ he never finishes anything.
A.that B.when C.where D.why
【解析】 D 句意:与其说他是个实干家不如说他是个空谈家。这就是他从来不会完成任何事情的原因。考查表语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知,which引导非限制性定语从句,which指代前面的整个句子he’s more of a talker than a doer;在定语从句中,is后面为表语从句,由句意可知which指代的内容是表语从句内容的原因,故用why引导表语从句。
( )4.[2011·山东卷] We’ve offered her the job, but I don’t know________ she’ll accept it.
A.where B.what C.whether D.which
【解析】 C 句意:我们给她提供了那份工作,但我不知道她是否会接受。考查宾语从句的引导词。where哪儿;what什么;whether是否;which哪一个。只有whether符合句意,故选C。
( )5.[2011·江西卷] The villagers have already known ________ we’ll do is to rebuild
the bridge.
A.this B.that C.what D.which
【解析】 C 句意:村民们已经知道我们将要做的事情是重建这座桥。考查宾语从句和主语从句。谓语后面的宾语从句包含的主语从句中缺少宾语且指物,所以选择what。
( )6.[2011·北京卷] It was never clear ________ the man hadn’t reported the accident sooner.
A.that B.how C.when D.why
【解析】 D 句意:不知道为什么那个男的没有很快上报那场事故。考查主语从句的引导词。该句中it作形式主语,why引导的句子作真正的主语。
( )7.[2010·安徽卷] His writing is so confusing that it’s difficult to make out ________it is he is trying to express.
A.that B.how C.who D.what
【解析】 D 句意:他的字迹是如此地潦草以至于很难弄清楚他要表达的是什么。考查宾语从句。宾语从句中express缺少宾语,故用what引导宾语从句。
( )8.[2010·四川卷] Our teachers always tell us to believe in ______ we do and who we are if we want to succeed.
A.why B.how C.what D.which
【解析】 C 句意:我们的老师总是告诉我们,如果我们想要成功的话就要相信我们所做的事和相信自己。考查宾语从句。what引导宾语从句,在从句里作do的宾语。which表示某个范围内的“哪一个,哪些”。
( )9.[2010·辽宁卷] Twenty students want to attend the class that aims to teach ________ to read fast.
A.what B.who C.how D.why
【解析】 C 句意:20名学生想参加以传授怎样快速阅读为目的的课。考查引导词用法。由句意可知,应选C。
( )10.[2010·辽宁卷] When the news came ________ the war broke out, he decided to serve in the army.
A.since B.which C.that D.because
【解析】 C 句意:当战争爆发的消息传来时,他决定去服兵役。考查名词性从句。“„ the war broke out”作the news的同位语从句,解释the news的具体内容,从句不缺少成分,所以选择不充当任何成分又没有任何含义的that引导。故选C。
四、新题预测
( )1.In some countries, ________ are called “public schools” are not owned by the public.
A.which B.as C.what D.that
【解析】 C 句意:在许多国家,所谓的公立学校并非为公众拥有。考查what引导主语从句,并在主语从句中作主语。
( )2.________leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
A.The person B.Anyone C.Who D.Whoever
【解析】 D 句意:最后一个离开房间的人应该把灯关掉。whoever引导主语从句, 意思是“凡是„„的人”,等于anybody who。
( )3.________ happens in the world makes us happy and sad by turns.
A.That B.What C.Which D.Whether
【解析】 B 句意:世上的事喜忧交替。that引导主语从句只起连接作用,在从句中不作任何成分,无意义,但不能省略。what除引导主语从句外,还在从句中作成分。which指一定范围内的“哪一个”;whether意为“是否”。根据句意可知答案为B。
( )4.Father made a promise ________ I passed the examination he would buy me a bicycle.
A.that B.if C.whether D.that if
【解析】 D that 引导同位语从句,说明promise的内容; 在that从句中,if 引导条件状语从句。
( )5.I read about this story in some book or other, does it matter ________ it was?
A.where B.what C.how D.which
【解析】 D 此句后面部分可以看作是does it matter which book it was的省略。此题受母语干扰,很容易错选A。只要抓住题干前一句中I read about this story in some book or other的提示,就可知道是指一定范围内的“哪一个”,故答案为D。
( )6.________you don’t like him is none of my business.
A.What B.Who C.That D.Whether
【解析】 C 本句的谓语动词是is, 前面是一个主语从句; you don’t like him是一个意思完整的句子,从句需要不作任何成分的连词引导,that只起连接作用,不作句子的成分,所以选C。
( )7.One of the men present held the view ________ the book said was right.
A.that what B.what C.that D.which
【解析】 A that引导同位语从句;what the book said是同位语从句中的主语从句。
( )8.Living things are dying out quickly. First, we should ask________ destroying them in the past years.
A.what part people have been playing B.people have played in
C.what part people have played in D.people have been playing what part
【解析】 C 宾语从句应用陈述语序,play a part in意为“(在„„中)扮演角色,(在„„中)起作用”。
( )9.He told us ________ he had done.
A.that all B.all what C.all which D.what all
【解析】 B 句意:他把所做的事告诉了我们所有人。all 是us 的同位语,其后的 what 引导宾语从句。
高考名词性从句讲解
在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫做名词性从句。它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句是中学阶段的一个重要语法项目,在历年的高考中几乎都涉及到,并且每年的命题各有变化。分析历届高考试题名词性从句考查的焦点主要有以下六个方面
1. 考查名词性从句的语序问题 2. 考查引导词that与what的区别
3. 考查it在名词性从句中作形式主语或形式宾语的用法 4. 考查whether与if的区别
5. 考查名词性从句中的疑问词+ever引导的名词性从句与no matter+疑问词引导的状语从句的区别 6. 考查名词性从句的虚拟语气问题
一、名词性从句
主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句,在整个句子中所起的作用,相当于一个名词。因此,这四种从句通称为名词性从句。引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:
连接词:that, whether, if (不充当从句的任何成分)
连接代词:what(特指某事物,作主、宾、表语), whatever(泛指任何事物), who(特指某人,作主、宾、表语), whoever(泛指任何人), whom(特指某人,作宾语), whose(表所属关系,作定语), which(表选择关系,作主、宾、表、定语).
连接副词:when, where, how, why
(一). 主语从句
作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that,whether,if和连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever以及连接副词how,when,where,why等词引导。that在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。例如:
What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。
It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。 Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.
英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布。
有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首,而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下:
(1)It + be + 名词 + that从句 (2)It + be + 形容词 + that从句
(3)It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句 (4)It + 不及物动词 + that 从句
另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”,常用的句型有:
It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that „
It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that„
It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that„
注意:1.连词that, whether在从句中不担任句子成分,只起连接作用,不能省略。并且whether引导主语从句时不能用if代替。
Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。
2. who, which, how, when, where, why在所引导的主语从句中可担任主语,宾语,状语,不能省略。可以用形式主语it引导。
3. who, whom, which, what等可以和ever构成合成词,可引导名从和让步状从。此类主语从句不能用it引导,引导词在句中担任句子成分,不能省略。而no matter -ever 只能引导让步状语从句。
4. 句中使用陈述句语序,注意有和虚拟语气联系之处。
(二). 宾语从句
用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。
1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句
由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如:
He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。
We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。
注意:在insist, order、command、suggest、advise, propose, desire, request, require,demand, decide等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“(should)+ 动词原形”。例如:
I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。
The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。
2. 用who,whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。
例如: I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。
She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。
She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。
3. 用whether或if引导的宾语从句,其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒,仍保持陈述句语序。此外,whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if:
a. 引导主语从句和表语从句时;b. 引导从句置于句首时;c . 引导从句作介词宾语时;d. 从句后有“or not”时;e. 后接动词不定式时。
例如: Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.
月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。
Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。
4. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应。
1)当主句动词是现在时,从句根据自身的句子情况,而使用不同时态。
例如:He studies English every day. (从句用一般现在时)
He studied English last term. (从句用一般过去时)
I know (that) he will study English next year. (从句用一般将来时)
He has studied English since 1998. (从句用现在完成时)
2)当主句动词是过去时态(could, would除外),从句则要用相应的过去时态,如一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时等;当从句表示的是客观真理,科学原理,自然现象,则从句仍用现在时态。
例如:The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America.
5. think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中,要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中(即否定前置)。
例如: We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。
I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。 I don't suppose he cares, does he 我想他不会在意的,是吗?
提示:在下列情况下,宾语从句不否定转移:
1.think等词前有副词和表示强调的do
I really expect he won't fail the examination. 我真希望他不会不通过考试。
I do think that he is not fair. 我确实认为他是不公正的。
2.think等词和其他词构成并列谓语
I think and hope that he won't cheat at cards. 我想,也希望他打牌不会作弊的。
3.think等词作为插入语 His decision is not wise, I think. 我觉得他的决定并不明智。 注意:含有宾语从句复合句的反意疑问句
② 当主句的主语不是第一人称时,疑问句部分与主句一致,谓语动词是think等词时,不存在否定转移的问题。 He said they were going to help me, didn't he? 他说过他们要帮我,不是吗?
You don't think we can speak English, do you? 你认为我们不会说英语,对吗?
He thinks he's got the right answer, doesn't he? 他认为自己找到了正确的答案,是吗? ②当主句的主语为第一人称,反意疑问句应与宾语从句保持一致。谓语动词是think, believe, consider, imagine, suppose, hope 等词时,特别要注意否定转移的问题。
I suppose you're serious, aren't you? 我想你是当真的,不是吗?(不可用don't I)
I don't suppose he's serious, is he? 我想他不是当真的,是吗? (不可用do I)
(三). 表语从句
在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样,表语从句位于连系动词后,有时用as if引导。其基本结构为:主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如:
The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。
That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。
It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。
需要注意的,当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如:
The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning
(四). 同位语从句
同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导,可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word、story等。例如:
The news that we won the game is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。
I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。
The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。
同位语从句和定语从句的区别:
that作为关系代词,可以引导定语从句,充当句子成分,在从句中作宾语时可以省略; that引导同位语从句时,起连词的作用,没有实际意义,不充当句子成分,一般不能省略。
试比较下面两个例句:
I had no idea that you were here.(that引导同位语从句,不能省略)
Have you got the idea(that)this book gives you of life in ancient Greece?(that引导定语从句,作宾语,可以省略)
二、考点归纳
考点之一:考查that 与what
1. _____we can't get seems better than ______we have.
A. What ; what B. What ; that C. That ; that D. That ; what (NMET'96) 考点之二:考查it 作形式主语或形式宾语
2. ____ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. (NMET '95)
A. There B. This C. That D. It
考点之三:考查名词性从句的语序
3.The photographs will show you ____. ( MET ' 89)
A. what does our village look like B. what our village looks like
C. how does our village look like D. how our village looks like
考点之四:考查whether 与if
4. ________ we'll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. (NMET ' 96)
A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where
5. What the doctors really doubt is ______ my mother will recover from the serious disease soon. (上海2001) A. when B. how C. whether D. why
考点之五:考查 whatever, whoever... 与 no matter what / who...
6. Sarah hopes to become a friend of _______ shares her interests. (上海 1995)
A. anyone B. whomever C. whoever D. no matter who
考点之六:考查名词性从句的虚拟语气
7. It is necessary that a college student ____at least a foreign language. (上海1993)
A. masters B. should master C. mastered D. will master
分析:句意为:大学生至少掌握一门外语是必要的。that 引导的主语从句中谓语动词用的是虚拟语气。我们应注意:
1).在句型:1. It is necessary / important / natural / strange, etc. that ...
2. It is a pity / shame / no wonder, etc. that ...
3. It is suggested / requested / proposed / desired, etc. that ...中,that从句中谓语动词常用虚拟语气"(should) + 动词原形"。
2). 表示建议、请求、命令、要求、坚持等及物动词后面的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气,这类动词有:suggest, propose, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等。
3). 主语是suggestion, proposal, request等表示“建议、请求、命令、要求、决定”等意义的词时,表语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) + 动词原形”。
4). 表示“建议、请求、命令、要求、决定”等意义的名词后边的同位语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气"(should) + 动词原形"。
三、真题典例
( )1. [2011•北京卷] ________ Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness.
A.Which B.What C.That D.Whom
( )2. [2011•北京卷] The shocking news made me realize ________ terrible problems we would face. A.what B.how C.that D.why
( )3.[2011•山东卷] I am afraid he’s more of a talker than a doer, which is ________ he never finishes anything. A.that B.when C.where D.why
( )4.[2011•山东卷] We’ve offered her the job, but I don’t know________ she’ll accept it. A.where B.what C.whether D.which
( )5.[2011•江西卷] The villagers have already known ________ we’ll do is to rebuild the bridge. A.this B.that C.what D.which
( )6.[2011•北京卷] It was never clear ________ the man hadn’t reported the accident sooner.
A.that B.how C.when D.why
( )7.[2010•安徽卷] His writing is so confusing that it’s difficult to make out ________it is he is trying to express.
A.that B.how C.who D.what
( )8.[2010•四川卷] Our teachers always tell us to believe in ______ we do and who we are if we want to succeed.
A.why B.how C.what D.which
( )9.[2010•辽宁卷] Twenty students want to attend the class that aims to teach ________ to read fast. A.what B.who C.how D.why
( )10.[2010•辽宁卷] When the news came ________ the war broke out, he decided to serve in the army. A.since B.which C.that D.because
四、新题预测
( )1.In some countries, ________ are called “public schools” are not owned by the public.
A.which B.as C.what D.that
( )2.________leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
A.The person B.Anyone C.Who D.Whoever
( )3.________ happens in the world makes us happy and sad by turns.
A.That B.What C.Which D.Whether
( )4.Father made a promise ________ I passed the examination he would buy me a bicycle.
A.that B.if C.whether D.that if
( )5.I read about this story in some book or other, does it matter ________ it was?
A.where B.what C.how D.which
( )6.________you don’t like him is none of my business.
A.What B.Who C.That D.Whether
( )7.One of the men present held the view ________ the book said was right.
A.that what B.what C.that D.which
( )8.Living things are dying out quickly. First, we should ask________ destroying them in the past years.
A.what part people have been playing B.people have played in
C.what part people have played in D.people have been playing what part
( )9.He told us ________ he had done.
A.that all B.all what C.all which D.what all