采购管理基础理论：什么是采购？
一.什么是采购？
商品经济条件下，采购是一个十分普遍的概念，大到政府采购，小到个人购买一种商品或服务，因此，我们可以将采购划分为广义概念与狭义概念。广义采购是指社会采购，它是站在国民经济和社会经济活动的角度，各类社会主体为了日常消费或其他目的购买各种商品的活动，其中包括政府采购、教育采购、军事采购、医疗采购、消费采购等。狭义采购专指企业采购，是指工商企业以营利为目的，为提供社会最终产品或业务使用而购买生产资料的活动。
企业采购与社会采购具有不同的特点：首先，企业采购是以营利为目的的，它以采购为代价，目标是通过生产经营活动使采购的物料增值，从而获得经济效益。相反，社会采购往往是以消费为目的的。其次，企业采购服务于生产经营的需要，具有较强的计划性、针对性，它面对较大的采购风险，采购决策比较慎重。相反，社会采购具有一定的随机性、不稳定性，通常不太考虑采购风险。最后，企业采购通常由企业的采购部门承担，无论是集中采购还是分散采购，任何企业的采购职能都由明确的机构和人员负责。相反，一部分社会采购的采购职能不是独立的。
二.“采购”的发展
今的商业环境提出了巨大的挑战，企业只有运用高科技手段才能在市场中占据一席之地。这包括设计更为合理和高质量的产品，并能在竞争开始前迅速占领市场。采购在新产品从开发阶段到产成品阶段的转换与调节过程中起着枢纽作用。
一.)并行工程
并行工程是一种制造战略，它可以为制造商在世界市场上提供竞争优势。并行工程也被称之为同步工程，是一支队伍或几支队伍同时设计一个产品或该产品的支持性部件的过程。通过在早期产品设计阶段对其属性的分析，诸如生产能力、获利能力、可靠性、可维护性、时间控制能力、市场能力、可拆分性等，很多问题或迟延可能妨碍了产品向成品阶段的过渡。近来的调查显示，只有少数企业表示它们应用了并行工程。
二.)早起采购的介入和并行工程
并行工程的焦点在于产品或服务的设计。任何与产品设计有关的决策都可能对产品长期的成本和生存能力产生深远的影响。下图是一个被广泛使用的形式，它显示了在有效期限内，设计对于一项产品或服务成本的影响。根据下图显示，设计成本在产品的总成本中仅占有5%~15%的份额，但设计直接影响到其他的70%
的成本。换句话说，一旦产品或服务设计出来，绝大部分的成本就相应地固定下来了。因此，如果最初的设计不好，企业将不得不为此重复地支付制造等相关费用。在汽车工业和航空工业的设计变化中有一个例子：历史的角度来看，回顾一个部件的变化过程是如此复杂和耗时的事情，从最初的设计图纸到最终的零部件（每一次变化都要遵从工艺调整文件），因此在产品生产出之前，零部件的价格就上涨了10%—50%。供应商最初可能报一个较低的虚价，因为它清楚在设计的过程中有大量的机会来抬高价格。本章将对供应商的作用以及如何防止价格加速上涨等问题做进一步陈述，特别是运用早期供应商管理来达到目标成本。
原文来源网址： http://doc.studyget.com/showdoc-58506.html
英语译文
Procurement management theory: what is purchasing?
One. What is purchase?
Below goods economy condition, procurement is a very general concepts, to government procurement, from individuals to purchase a commodity or service, therefore, we can buy is divided into the generalized concept and narrow concepts. General procurement refers to the social purchasing, it is stand in national economy and social economy angle, all kinds of social subject to daily consumption or other purpose of buying goods of all kinds of activities, including education, government procurement, procurement, procurement of military procurement, procurement of medical consumption. Special procurement refers to the procurement of business, refers to the industrial and commercial enterprises for the purpose of profit, provide social final product or business use and the purchase of means of production activity.
Two." Buy " development
Today's business environment put forward a huge challenge, the enterprise only the use of high-tech means to occupy a space for one person in the market. This includes the design more reasonable and high quality products, and in the competition before the start of the rapid occupation of the market. Purchasing in new products from the development stage to the finished product phase conversion and regulation plays a pivotal role.
A .ncurrent engineering
Concurrent engineering is a kind of manufacturing strategy, it can provide the manufacturer on the
world market with a competitive advantage. Concurrent engineering is also known as the simultaneous engineering, is a team or teams at the same time, the design of a product or the product support member process. In the early stage of product design through to its attribute analysis, such as the production ability, profit ability, reliability, maintainability, time control, market capacity, detachable and so on, a lot of problems or delay may be hampered by the product to product phase transition. The latest surveys show, only a few companies said they used concurrent engineering.
B.Early purchasing involvement and concurrent engineering
Concurrent engineering is the focus of the product or service design. Any product design decision making related products may have long-term costs and survival ability to produce far-reaching effect. Below is a widely used form, it shows during the period of validity, the design for a product or service cost effect. According to the show, in the product design cost total cost of only accounted for 5% ~ 15% of the shares, but the design directly affect the other 70% cost. In other words, once the product or service design, most of the cost is correspondingly fixed. Therefore, if the initial design is not good, the enterprise will have to repeat pay manufacturing and other related costs. In the automotive industry and aviation industry design change is an example: a historical perspective, to review a changes of components of the process is so complex and time-consuming work, from the initial design drawings to the final parts ( every time change to follow the process adjustment document ), so in the production before, parts prices rose by 10% - 50%. The supplier may initially reported a lower false, because it clearly in the process of design have ample opportunity to raise prices. This chapter will on the provider's role and how to prevent accelerated rise of prices and other issues for further statements, especially the use of early supplier management to achieve the target cost.
采购管理基础理论：什么是采购？
一.什么是采购？
商品经济条件下，采购是一个十分普遍的概念，大到政府采购，小到个人购买一种商品或服务，因此，我们可以将采购划分为广义概念与狭义概念。广义采购是指社会采购，它是站在国民经济和社会经济活动的角度，各类社会主体为了日常消费或其他目的购买各种商品的活动，其中包括政府采购、教育采购、军事采购、医疗采购、消费采购等。狭义采购专指企业采购，是指工商企业以营利为目的，为提供社会最终产品或业务使用而购买生产资料的活动。
企业采购与社会采购具有不同的特点：首先，企业采购是以营利为目的的，它以采购为代价，目标是通过生产经营活动使采购的物料增值，从而获得经济效益。相反，社会采购往往是以消费为目的的。其次，企业采购服务于生产经营的需要，具有较强的计划性、针对性，它面对较大的采购风险，采购决策比较慎重。相反，社会采购具有一定的随机性、不稳定性，通常不太考虑采购风险。最后，企业采购通常由企业的采购部门承担，无论是集中采购还是分散采购，任何企业的采购职能都由明确的机构和人员负责。相反，一部分社会采购的采购职能不是独立的。
二.“采购”的发展
今的商业环境提出了巨大的挑战，企业只有运用高科技手段才能在市场中占据一席之地。这包括设计更为合理和高质量的产品，并能在竞争开始前迅速占领市场。采购在新产品从开发阶段到产成品阶段的转换与调节过程中起着枢纽作用。
一.)并行工程
并行工程是一种制造战略，它可以为制造商在世界市场上提供竞争优势。并行工程也被称之为同步工程，是一支队伍或几支队伍同时设计一个产品或该产品的支持性部件的过程。通过在早期产品设计阶段对其属性的分析，诸如生产能力、获利能力、可靠性、可维护性、时间控制能力、市场能力、可拆分性等，很多问题或迟延可能妨碍了产品向成品阶段的过渡。近来的调查显示，只有少数企业表示它们应用了并行工程。
二.)早起采购的介入和并行工程
并行工程的焦点在于产品或服务的设计。任何与产品设计有关的决策都可能对产品长期的成本和生存能力产生深远的影响。下图是一个被广泛使用的形式，它显示了在有效期限内，设计对于一项产品或服务成本的影响。根据下图显示，设计成本在产品的总成本中仅占有5%~15%的份额，但设计直接影响到其他的70%
的成本。换句话说，一旦产品或服务设计出来，绝大部分的成本就相应地固定下来了。因此，如果最初的设计不好，企业将不得不为此重复地支付制造等相关费用。在汽车工业和航空工业的设计变化中有一个例子：历史的角度来看，回顾一个部件的变化过程是如此复杂和耗时的事情，从最初的设计图纸到最终的零部件（每一次变化都要遵从工艺调整文件），因此在产品生产出之前，零部件的价格就上涨了10%—50%。供应商最初可能报一个较低的虚价，因为它清楚在设计的过程中有大量的机会来抬高价格。本章将对供应商的作用以及如何防止价格加速上涨等问题做进一步陈述，特别是运用早期供应商管理来达到目标成本。
原文来源网址： http://doc.studyget.com/showdoc-58506.html
英语译文
Procurement management theory: what is purchasing?
One. What is purchase?
Below goods economy condition, procurement is a very general concepts, to government procurement, from individuals to purchase a commodity or service, therefore, we can buy is divided into the generalized concept and narrow concepts. General procurement refers to the social purchasing, it is stand in national economy and social economy angle, all kinds of social subject to daily consumption or other purpose of buying goods of all kinds of activities, including education, government procurement, procurement, procurement of military procurement, procurement of medical consumption. Special procurement refers to the procurement of business, refers to the industrial and commercial enterprises for the purpose of profit, provide social final product or business use and the purchase of means of production activity.
Two." Buy " development
Today's business environment put forward a huge challenge, the enterprise only the use of high-tech means to occupy a space for one person in the market. This includes the design more reasonable and high quality products, and in the competition before the start of the rapid occupation of the market. Purchasing in new products from the development stage to the finished product phase conversion and regulation plays a pivotal role.
A .ncurrent engineering
Concurrent engineering is a kind of manufacturing strategy, it can provide the manufacturer on the
world market with a competitive advantage. Concurrent engineering is also known as the simultaneous engineering, is a team or teams at the same time, the design of a product or the product support member process. In the early stage of product design through to its attribute analysis, such as the production ability, profit ability, reliability, maintainability, time control, market capacity, detachable and so on, a lot of problems or delay may be hampered by the product to product phase transition. The latest surveys show, only a few companies said they used concurrent engineering.
B.Early purchasing involvement and concurrent engineering
Concurrent engineering is the focus of the product or service design. Any product design decision making related products may have long-term costs and survival ability to produce far-reaching effect. Below is a widely used form, it shows during the period of validity, the design for a product or service cost effect. According to the show, in the product design cost total cost of only accounted for 5% ~ 15% of the shares, but the design directly affect the other 70% cost. In other words, once the product or service design, most of the cost is correspondingly fixed. Therefore, if the initial design is not good, the enterprise will have to repeat pay manufacturing and other related costs. In the automotive industry and aviation industry design change is an example: a historical perspective, to review a changes of components of the process is so complex and time-consuming work, from the initial design drawings to the final parts ( every time change to follow the process adjustment document ), so in the production before, parts prices rose by 10% - 50%. The supplier may initially reported a lower false, because it clearly in the process of design have ample opportunity to raise prices. This chapter will on the provider's role and how to prevent accelerated rise of prices and other issues for further statements, especially the use of early supplier management to achieve the target cost.