专题１ 名词
1．可数名词和不可数名词的用法；
2．名词所有格的构成及用法；
3．近义名词的辨析。
一、名词的数
1．单数和复数
可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾“-s ”构成，其主要变法如下：
（1）一般情况在词尾加-s ，例如：book →books ，girl →girls ，boy →boys ，
pen →pens, doctor→doctors, boy→boys 。
（2）以s ，x ，ch ，sh ，结尾的词加-es ，例如：bus →buses ，class →classes ，
box →boxes ，watch →watches ，brush →brushes 。
（3）以ce, se, ze,（d ）ge 结尾的名词加s ，例如：orange —oranges 。
（4）以辅音母加y 结尾的词变“y ”为“i ”再加-es, 例如：
city →cities, factory→factories, country→countries, family→families 。但要注意的是以元音字母加y 结尾的名词的复数形式只加s ，如：boy →boys, day→days 。
（5）以o 结尾的词有生命的加-es ； 无生命的加s 。
例如:hero→heroes ，potato →potatoes ，tomato →tomatoes,
例如：zoo →zoos ，radio →radios ， photo →photos ，piano →pianos 。
（6）以f 或fe 结尾的词，多数变f 为v 再加-es ，例如：
knife →knives ，leaf →leaves, half→halves 。
（7）少数名词有不规则的复数形式，例如：
man →men ，woman →women ，tooth →teeth ，foot →feet ，child →children ，mouse →mice(老
鼠) 。
【注意】与man 和woman 构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men 和-women 。
例如：an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German 不是合成词，故复数形式为 Germans ；man, woman等作定语时，它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定，如：men workers， women teachers。但 two girl/ boy students则只在后一个名词上边复数。
有个别名词单复数一样，例如：Chinese ，Japanese ，sheep ，deer ，fish 等。但当fish 表示
不同种类的鱼时，可以加复数词尾。
（8）单数形式但其意为复数的名词有：people, police等。
（9）数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式，中间加连字符。例如：
ten-minute walk, an 8-year-old girl, a ten-mile walk。
（10）还有些名词仅有复数形式，如：trousers ，clothes ，chopsticks ，glasses ，goods （货物），
ashes ，scissors （剪刀），compasses(圆规) 。
（11）只用作单数的复数形式的名词有：
科学名词：physics,/ mathematics/maths
游戏名称：bowls
专有名词：the United States, Niagara Falls
其他名词：news, falls
2．不可数名词“量”的表示方法
在英语中，不可数名词如果要表示“量”的概念，可以用以下两种方法：
（1）用much, a little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等表示多少，例如：
The rich man has a lot of money．
There is some milk in the bottle．
Is there any water in the glass？
I don't like winter because there's too much snow and ice．
（2）用a piece of 这类定语，例如：
a piece of paper/ a piece of wood /a piece of bread
a bottle of orange/ a glass of water（milk ） /a cup of tea
a cup of tea /a bag of rice/ three bags of rice
如果要表示“两杯茶”、“四张纸”这类概念时，在容器后加复数，例如：
two cups of tea
four pieces of paper three glasses of water
不可数名词也可用a lot of, lots of, some, any, much等来修饰。
二、名词的所有格
名词所有格，用来表示人或物的所有，以及领属关系。
1. 表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加 's, 其复数形式是s' ，例如：a student's room,
students' rooms, father's shoes。
2. 如其结尾不是s 的复数形式仍加 's ，如：Children's Day。
3. 在表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词的所有格要用 's ，例如：a twenty minutes' walk，ten miles' journey，a boat's length，
two pounds' weight, ten dollars' worth。
4. 无生命名词的所有格则必须用of 结构，例如：a map of China，the end of this term，the capital of our country, the color of the flowers。
5. 双重所有格，例如：a friend of my father's / a friend of mine
【注意】
如果两个名词并列，并且分别有 's ，则表示“分别有”，例如：
John's and Mary's rooms（约翰和玛丽各有一间，共两间）；Tom's and Mary's bikes（两人
各自的自行车）。
两个名词并列，只有一个's ，则表示“共有”，例如：John and Mary's room（约翰和玛丽
共有一间）；Tom and Mary's mother（即Tom 与Mary 是兄妹）。
专题2 代词
代词分类：
人称代词 / 物主代词/ 指示代词 / 不定代词 / 反身代词 / 相互代词/ 疑问代词 /关系代词
一. 人称代词 ：用来指人的代词。只能单独使用。
主格：只作主语，放于动词前。
如： I am a boy. They are from China.
宾格：只作宾语，放于动词或介词之后。 .
如： He help me. Let us take a walk.
People give me their money or get their money from me.
She is a doctor, what about him?
注意：多个人称代词同时使用时的排列顺序
当几个不同的人称代词作主语时，I 和me 总是放在最后一位 (表示礼貌) 。顺序是：
单数：you+he/she+I/me (231)
复数：we+you+they (123)
例如：You, she and I are in the same group. (231) 我、你和她在同一个小组。
You, he and I should return on time. (231) 我、你和他都应按时返回。
We, you and they will come here tomorrow. (123)
代词并列有顺序，单数并列2 3 1，复数并列1 2 3，若把错误责任担，第一人称最当先。
二. 物主代词：用来指物的代词
形容词性物主代词：不能单独使用，必须后面加名词。如：
My mother is a cook. This is his book.
She often helps me with my English.
名词性物主代词：只能单独使用。 如：
This is my book. Hers is over there.
His bike is old. Mine is new. 三．指示代词： this/ that/ these/ those
四. 不定代词 ：不定代词是指那些比较笼统地表示人或事物的代词。
不定代词有两类： 指人、指物
1．构成：some/ any/ no/ every + thing ----- 指物
some/ any/ no/ every + body/ one -----指人( 注意：no one 不连在一块)
2．用途：不定代词可以在句子中作主语或宾语。
（1）作主语： Everyone knows him。
有人愿意跟我一块去游泳吗?
（2）作宾语： I have nothing to do today. 我今天没事儿。
（3）形容词或to do不定式做定语修饰不定代词，它们都要放于不定代词之后；
There is something wrong with my bike.
He has something important to tell you.
I have something to do.
（4）不定代词做主语，其后动词要用单三。 如：
Everyone is very happy.
In spring, everything grows well.
（5）不定代词做主语时，反问部分的主语指人的常用 they 或he; 指物的都用it 来代替。
Everything begins to grow in spring, 五．其他的不定代词
1.one 和 ones(复数形式) ，可用于代替上文出现过的名词，以避免重复。
Which apple do you like better, the big one or the small one ?
你喜欢哪一个苹果，大的还是小的。
I don't like blue shirts. I like white ones. 我不喜欢蓝色的衬衣。我喜欢白色的衬衣。
2. “a+形容词+one”，是经常被使用的形式。
She has a new computer, but I have an old one. 她有一台新电脑，但我只有一台旧的。
3. 比较：it 和 one
it 用于表示特定的事物，(相当于the+名词) ；
而 one 则表示代替不特定的事物 (相当于 a / an+名词) 。
You have a dictionary. May I use it . (=the dictionary)? (特指)
你有一本词典，我可以用用它(词典) 吗?
Do you have a bike? Yes, I have one(=a bike). (泛指)
你有自行车吗? 是的，我有一辆。
4. each 和 every 的用法
(1). Each/ every + 单数n
Every student has a book. (every 只做定语+n)
Every one of us has a book. ( everyone 连写是不定代词) 。我们每人都有一本书。
Each student has a book.
(2). Each of us has a book .
We each have to go there for an exam.(作同位语)
（=Each of us has to go there for an exam.）
The children have a new schoolbag each. (作同位语)
（=Each of the children has a new schoolbag）.(作主语)
5. no 和 not any 的用法
no 作不定代词使用时，只能作定语。这时no=not any。例如：
I have no money. (=I don't have any money.) 我没有钱。(no=not any)
There's no food left in the fridge. (=There isn't any food left in the fridge.)
冰箱里没有吃的东西了。(no=not any)
6. other和another:
1) other泛指“另外的，别的” 常与其他词连用，other+名词复数=others
He is ready to help other people. = He is ready to help others.
2）the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others,某范围内其余的全部。
He has two sons, one is a doctor, the other is a teacher.
He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.
Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.
3) another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，没范围。
I don’t like this shirt, please show me another (one).
The trousers are too long, please give me another pair。
Some like football, while others like basketball.
六．反身代词是： one+self / selves
2. 用法：在句子中可以作宾语或表语。
(介词宾语)
(动词宾语)
随便吃些鱼吧。(动词宾语)
(表语) 他就是他自己。
He bought himself a new pair of shoes. 他给自己买了一双新鞋。
七、相互代词：
表示相互关系的代词，叫相互代词，例如：each other, one another。它们都有数和格的变化。
其所有格形式为each other's, one another'。（彼此的， 相互的）
相互代词在句子中的作用：
1. 作宾语：
They often help each other. (one another) (动词宾语)
Don't speak to each other in class. (one another)。(介词宾语)
2. 所有格形式作定语：
The couple know well each other's habit. 这对夫妇非常了解彼此的习惯。
The guests drink to one another's health. 客人们相互为健康祝酒。
注意：相互代词的所有格没有复数，不能使用 each others’ 或one anothers'，
只能使用 each other's 或 one another's 的形式。例如：
They received each other's letters every month. 他们每个月收到一次彼此的信件。
八．疑问代词：
who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever
九．关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose
专题3 形容词和副词
【考点直击】1. 形容词的用法；2. 副词的用法；3. 形容词和副词原级、比较级、最高级的用法；
4. 形容词和副词在句中的区别和位置。
1. 形容词的用法
(1). 形容词在句中作定语, 表语, 宾语补足语。 例如：
Our country is a beautiful country. （作定语）
The fish went bad. （作表语）
We keep our classroom clean and tidy. （作宾语补足语）
(2). 形容词修饰something, anything, nothing, everything等不定代词时, 形容词放在其后面。
I have something important to tell you.
Is there anything interesting in the film.
(3). the＋形容词，表示一类人或物。
The rich should help the poor. 富人应该帮助穷人。
2. 副词的用法
(1) 副词在句中可作状语, 表语和定语。
He studies very hard. （作状语） Life here is full of joy. （作定语）
When will you be back? （作表语）
(2) . 副词按其用途和含义可分为下面五类：
1) 时间副词
时间副词通常用来表示动作的时间。常见的时间副词有：
Now, today, tomorrow, yesterday, before, late, early, never, seldom, sometimes, often, usually, always等。
He often comes to school late. What are we going to do tomorrow?
He is never been to Beijing.
2) 地点副词
地点副词通常用来表示动作发生的地点。常见的地点副词有：
here, there, inside, outside, home, upstairs, downstairs, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere, somewhere, down,
up, out等。例如：
He went upstairs.
Put down your name here.
3) 方式副词
方式副词一般都是回答“怎样的？”这类问题的，其中绝大部分都是由一个形容词加词尾-ly 构成的, 有
少数方式副词不带词尾-ly, 它们与形容词同形。常见的方式副词有： badly, bravely, carefully, proudly,
suddenly, successfully, angrily, happily, slowly, warmly, well, fast, slow, quick, hard, alone, high, straight,
wide 等。例如：
The old man walked home slowly. Please listen to the teacher carefully.
The birds are flying high. He runs very fast.
4) 程度副词
程度副词多数用来修饰形容词和副词，有少数用来修饰动词或介词短语。常见的程度副词有：
much, (a) little, a bit, very, so, too, enough, quite, rather, pretty, greatly, completely, nearly, almost, deeply,
hardly 等。例如：
Her pronunciation is very good. She sings quite well.
I can hardly agree with you.
5) 疑问副词 是用来引导特殊疑问句的副词。常见的疑问副词有：how, when, where, why等。例如：
How are you getting along with your studies? Where were you yesterday?
Why did you do that?
(3). 副词在句中的位置
1). 多数副词作状语时放在动词之后。如果动词带有宾语，则放在宾语之后。 例如：
Mr Smith works very hard. She speaks English well.
2). 频度副词作状语时，通常放在行为动词之前，情态动词，助动词和be 动词之后。例如：
He usually gets up early. I’ve never heard him singing. She is seldom ill.
3). 程度副词一般放在所修饰的形容词和副词的前面, 但enough 作副词用时，通常放在被修饰词的后
面。It is a rather difficult job. He runs very fast. He didn’t work hard enough.
4). 副词作定语时，一般放在被修饰的名词之后。例如：
On my way home, I met my uncle.
The students there have a lot time to do their own research work.
(4) . 部分常用副词的用法
1) very, much
这两个副词都可表示“很”，但用法不同。 very 用来修饰形容词和副词的原级，
而much 用来修饰形容词和副词的比较级。例如：
She is a very nice girl
I’m feeling much better now.
Much 可以修饰动词，而very 则不能。例如：
I don’t like the idea much.
They did not talk much .
2). too, either
这两个副词都表示“也”，但too 用于肯定句，either 用于否定句。 例如：
She can dance, and I can dance, too.
I haven’t read the book and my brother hasn’t , either.
3). already, yet
already 一般用于语肯定句，yet 一般用于否定句或疑问句 。 例如：
He has already left .
Have you heard from him yet ?
He hasn’t answered yet .
4) . so, neither
so 和neither 都可用于倒装句， 但so 表示肯定，neither 表示否定。 例如：
My brother likes football and so do I.
My brother doesn’t like dancing and neither do I.
3. 形容词和副词的比较级
(1) 两个人或事物的比较时（不一定每一方只有一个人或一个事物，甲＞乙），用“比较级＋than”表示
This room is bigger than that one. I am taller than you.
This lesson is more difficult than that one.
Our teacher is taller than we are.
The boys in her class are taller than the boys in your class.
(2). 同级比较 : 两者相比（甲＝乙），用“as+原级＋as”表示 “----和----一样----”
Tom is as tall as Jack . She could do as well as a man. He runs as fast as I.
(3). 两者相比（甲＜乙），用“not as(so)+原级＋as” 表示 , “-----不如-----“
She isn’t as(so) careful as you. I didn’t do my homework as carefully as you. He is not as tall as I.
(4) . 表示“…不如…”，还可以用“less＋原级＋than” 结构也可。
The book is less difficult than that one. =The book isn’t as difficult as that one.
The film is less interesting than that one. = The film isn’t as interesting as that one.
(5) most 同形容词连用, 而不用 the ,表示 " 极, 很, 非常, 十分, 太 " 。
It's most dangerous to be here. 在这儿太危险。
(6) "The+比较级..., the+比较级..." 表示 " 越... 就越..." 。
The more you study, the more you know. The more careful you are , the fewer mistakes you’ll make.
(7) . 不与其他事物相比，表示本身程度的改变，用“比较级＋and ＋比较级”结构，意思是“越来越…”
It's getting hotter and hotter.
The weather is getting colder and colder. Our country is becoming more and more beautiful.
注意：修饰比较级的词有much, a little, a lot, a bit,even等，表示“……得多”，“----- 一点”“甚至……”，
表程度。
Today is much colder than yesterday. 今天比昨天冷得多。
附加： 常见比较级五句型
1. Who / Which + be +比较级 , A or B ?
Who is taller, Tom or John? Which is more expensive, a bicycle or a computer?
2. sth be + the + 比较级 + of the two. (两个之中比较-----的那一个，sth 包含在两个之中. 注意别忘了the)
Tom is the taller of the two. = Tom is taller than the other boy.
3. much / a lot / even / far + 比较级
A compute is much more expensive than a bicycle. 计算机比自行车贵多了
4. "The+形容词比较级..., the+形容词比较级...", 表示 " 越... 就越..." 。
The more you study, the more you know. 你学的越多, 就知道的越多。
5 . " 比较级 + and +比较级 ", 表示 " 越来越... "。 The computer is cheaper and cheaper.
6. 比较级+than+any +单数名词（只在不同范围作比较） 。 如：Chongqing is bigger than any city in India. 比较级+than+any other +单数名词（只在同范围作比较）Shanghai is bigger than any other city in China.
4 . 形容词和副词的最高级 ： 最高级用于表示三者或三者以上中的“最”。
A ＋be+ the+最高级+ in/of＋表范围的短语。 “of 在……之中/之一 ；in 在……范围之中 ”
He is the tallest boy in our class. He is the oldest of the three.
(1).Who / Which + be +最高级, A, B or C ?
Which is the most expensive, a bicycle, a motorcycle or a car? 自行车，摩托车和汽车，哪一个最贵？
(2).~ + be + one of the +最高级 +复数名词, 表示" 最……的……之一" 。
The Yellow River is one of the longest rivers in China. 黄河是中国最长的河流之一。
(3)."…+ be +the + 序数词 +最高级 +单数名词 + 范围", 表示"……是…….的第几……"。
She is the second tallest student她是我们班第二高的学生。
5. 形容词与副词的比较级
一、 规则变化
1. 一般单音节词未尾加-er,-est tall(高的) taller tallest great(巨大的) greater greatest
2. 以不发音的e 结尾的单音词 nice(好的) nicer nicest large(大的) larger largest
3. 双写结尾的辅音字母（辅+元+辅），再加-er ，-est ; big bigger biggest / hot hotter hottest
4." 以辅+y"结尾的双音节词，改y 为i ，再加-er ，-est easy —easier--- easiest busy —busier--busiest
5. 其他双音节词和多音节词，在前面加more ，most 来构成比较级和最高级。
important more important most important /easily more easily most easily
二、不规则变化
good(好的)/well(健康的) —better —best bad (坏的)/ badly(坏地ill---worse---worst much/many(多的) ---more----most little(少的)--- less----least
far (远的) farther/further farthest/furthest
old (老的)--older/elder--oldest/eldest
专题三 动词的时态
一般现在时:
1、肯定句： 主语+V原+其他。I usually go to school by bus.
主语（三单）+V三单
疑问句：Do+主语+V原……？ Does+主语（三单）+ V原……？
否定句：主语+don’t + V原. 主语（三单）+ doesn’t + V原.
2、用法：
⑴表示经常或习惯性发生的动作。
⑵表示客观真理、事实。 The earth goes around the sun.
⑶在时间、条件等状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。( if, as soon as, until, when) If it rains tomorrow, we won’t go to the park. When I grow up, I’ll go to Paris.
3、时间状语：
Always, often, sometimes, usually, on Sunday, on Monday afternoon, every day/month/year/week, in the morning, once a year, twice a day, three times a day等 一般过去时:
1、⑴表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。 I got up late this morning. ⑵表示过去的习惯或经常发生的动作。
When I was in the countryside. I often swam in the river. I used to go fishing.
2、结构：
肯定句：主语+ V过去+其他。
疑问句：Did+主语+ V原……？
否定句：主语+didn’t+ V原……。 3、动词的规则变化。
4、时间状语：
Yesterday, last night/week/year/month, last Sunday, in 1995, the other day, just now, ago等 一般将来时。
1、用法。
① 表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态。其构成：will + V原
肯定句：
否定句：
(注：当主语为I 或 we 时，问句中可用 shall) where shall we meet tomorrow?
② be going to+ V 原 表示计划、打算做某事。
---what are you going to do next Sunday? ---I am going to listen to music.
Look at the clouds, there is going to rain.
③ 现在进行时be +Ving 有时可以表示将来。
常用这种结构的动词：go, come, leave, stay, start, arrive
We’re leaving for London.
现在进行时
1、构成：
肯定句：主语 + is / am / are +ving
疑问句：Is /Am /Are + 主语 +ving
否定句：主语 + isn’t / am not / aren’t + ving
2、用法：
① 表示正在进行的动作 I’m reading book now.
② 表示现阶段正在进行的动作或状态。 They are studying hard this term.
3、时间状语
now , these days, 当句中有look, listen , can’t you see, can you see时
Listen! He is singing.
现在完成时
1、already / yet 已经
already 一般用于肯定，与完成时态和进行时连用，也可以用于疑问句，表惊讶。
I have already finished my work.
yet 一般用于否定或疑问句。 Has she gone to school yet ?
His parents haven’t been to Paris yet.
2、现在完成时表示从过去开始延续到现在的动作，常与for, since连用.
现在完成时表示动作才刚结束，但影响还在。
I have lost my pen .(结果是我的笔丢失了，我现在没有钢笔了)
--have you found your watch yet ? --No , I haven’t found it yet.
I have lived here for 10 years . 我已经在这里住了10年（可能还会继续住下去）
3、结构：
4、时间状语: yet, already, recently , just, once, never, ever, so far, these days.
since +过去的时间点/过去时态 / for + 一段时间 / in the last(past) + 一段时间
5、延续和非延续动词。
在现在完成时中，有些动词不能与一段时间搭配，所以在与for , since 引导的肯定句搭配
时，要用其他动词替代：
buy---have borrow---keep die---be dead join —be in/ be a member of
leave---be away (from) come —be in
begin/start---be on fall asleep---be asleep finish/end---be over
join---be in/ be a +名词 come---be here open---be open
close---be closed marry---be married
改为
--- He bought the book for two days.
------- He has had the book for two days.
6、辨析 have / has been to , have /has gone to , have has been in
I have been to Paris 3 times.
--where is your father ? --- he has gone to Shanghai.
My family have been in Chengdu for 20 years
过去进行时
1、结构 was / were + doing
2、用法
① 表示过去某段时间正在进行的动作
---what were you doing at 9:30 last night? --- I was watching TV.
3、when 一般接一般过去时 I was doing my homework when
while 一般接进行时 While
He was playing basketball while she was reading books.
过去完成时
1、过去完成时表示过去某个时间以前好或过去某个动作以前，已经发生的动作或状态。（过去的过去）
When I got to school, I realized I had left my backpack at hone.
By the time she got to class, the teacher had started teaching.
23、时间状语 ：by the time + 表示过去的时间状语从句，主句用过去完成时。
By the time we arrived at the shop, the bus had left.
专题１ 名词
1．可数名词和不可数名词的用法；
2．名词所有格的构成及用法；
3．近义名词的辨析。
一、名词的数
1．单数和复数
可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾“-s ”构成，其主要变法如下：
（1）一般情况在词尾加-s ，例如：book →books ，girl →girls ，boy →boys ，
pen →pens, doctor→doctors, boy→boys 。
（2）以s ，x ，ch ，sh ，结尾的词加-es ，例如：bus →buses ，class →classes ，
box →boxes ，watch →watches ，brush →brushes 。
（3）以ce, se, ze,（d ）ge 结尾的名词加s ，例如：orange —oranges 。
（4）以辅音母加y 结尾的词变“y ”为“i ”再加-es, 例如：
city →cities, factory→factories, country→countries, family→families 。但要注意的是以元音字母加y 结尾的名词的复数形式只加s ，如：boy →boys, day→days 。
（5）以o 结尾的词有生命的加-es ； 无生命的加s 。
例如:hero→heroes ，potato →potatoes ，tomato →tomatoes,
例如：zoo →zoos ，radio →radios ， photo →photos ，piano →pianos 。
（6）以f 或fe 结尾的词，多数变f 为v 再加-es ，例如：
knife →knives ，leaf →leaves, half→halves 。
（7）少数名词有不规则的复数形式，例如：
man →men ，woman →women ，tooth →teeth ，foot →feet ，child →children ，mouse →mice(老
鼠) 。
【注意】与man 和woman 构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men 和-women 。
例如：an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German 不是合成词，故复数形式为 Germans ；man, woman等作定语时，它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定，如：men workers， women teachers。但 two girl/ boy students则只在后一个名词上边复数。
有个别名词单复数一样，例如：Chinese ，Japanese ，sheep ，deer ，fish 等。但当fish 表示
不同种类的鱼时，可以加复数词尾。
（8）单数形式但其意为复数的名词有：people, police等。
（9）数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式，中间加连字符。例如：
ten-minute walk, an 8-year-old girl, a ten-mile walk。
（10）还有些名词仅有复数形式，如：trousers ，clothes ，chopsticks ，glasses ，goods （货物），
ashes ，scissors （剪刀），compasses(圆规) 。
（11）只用作单数的复数形式的名词有：
科学名词：physics,/ mathematics/maths
游戏名称：bowls
专有名词：the United States, Niagara Falls
其他名词：news, falls
2．不可数名词“量”的表示方法
在英语中，不可数名词如果要表示“量”的概念，可以用以下两种方法：
（1）用much, a little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等表示多少，例如：
The rich man has a lot of money．
There is some milk in the bottle．
Is there any water in the glass？
I don't like winter because there's too much snow and ice．
（2）用a piece of 这类定语，例如：
a piece of paper/ a piece of wood /a piece of bread
a bottle of orange/ a glass of water（milk ） /a cup of tea
a cup of tea /a bag of rice/ three bags of rice
如果要表示“两杯茶”、“四张纸”这类概念时，在容器后加复数，例如：
two cups of tea
four pieces of paper three glasses of water
不可数名词也可用a lot of, lots of, some, any, much等来修饰。
二、名词的所有格
名词所有格，用来表示人或物的所有，以及领属关系。
1. 表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加 's, 其复数形式是s' ，例如：a student's room,
students' rooms, father's shoes。
2. 如其结尾不是s 的复数形式仍加 's ，如：Children's Day。
3. 在表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词的所有格要用 's ，例如：a twenty minutes' walk，ten miles' journey，a boat's length，
two pounds' weight, ten dollars' worth。
4. 无生命名词的所有格则必须用of 结构，例如：a map of China，the end of this term，the capital of our country, the color of the flowers。
5. 双重所有格，例如：a friend of my father's / a friend of mine
【注意】
如果两个名词并列，并且分别有 's ，则表示“分别有”，例如：
John's and Mary's rooms（约翰和玛丽各有一间，共两间）；Tom's and Mary's bikes（两人
各自的自行车）。
两个名词并列，只有一个's ，则表示“共有”，例如：John and Mary's room（约翰和玛丽
共有一间）；Tom and Mary's mother（即Tom 与Mary 是兄妹）。
专题2 代词
代词分类：
人称代词 / 物主代词/ 指示代词 / 不定代词 / 反身代词 / 相互代词/ 疑问代词 /关系代词
一. 人称代词 ：用来指人的代词。只能单独使用。
主格：只作主语，放于动词前。
如： I am a boy. They are from China.
宾格：只作宾语，放于动词或介词之后。 .
如： He help me. Let us take a walk.
People give me their money or get their money from me.
She is a doctor, what about him?
注意：多个人称代词同时使用时的排列顺序
当几个不同的人称代词作主语时，I 和me 总是放在最后一位 (表示礼貌) 。顺序是：
单数：you+he/she+I/me (231)
复数：we+you+they (123)
例如：You, she and I are in the same group. (231) 我、你和她在同一个小组。
You, he and I should return on time. (231) 我、你和他都应按时返回。
We, you and they will come here tomorrow. (123)
代词并列有顺序，单数并列2 3 1，复数并列1 2 3，若把错误责任担，第一人称最当先。
二. 物主代词：用来指物的代词
形容词性物主代词：不能单独使用，必须后面加名词。如：
My mother is a cook. This is his book.
She often helps me with my English.
名词性物主代词：只能单独使用。 如：
This is my book. Hers is over there.
His bike is old. Mine is new. 三．指示代词： this/ that/ these/ those
四. 不定代词 ：不定代词是指那些比较笼统地表示人或事物的代词。
不定代词有两类： 指人、指物
1．构成：some/ any/ no/ every + thing ----- 指物
some/ any/ no/ every + body/ one -----指人( 注意：no one 不连在一块)
2．用途：不定代词可以在句子中作主语或宾语。
（1）作主语： Everyone knows him。
有人愿意跟我一块去游泳吗?
（2）作宾语： I have nothing to do today. 我今天没事儿。
（3）形容词或to do不定式做定语修饰不定代词，它们都要放于不定代词之后；
There is something wrong with my bike.
He has something important to tell you.
I have something to do.
（4）不定代词做主语，其后动词要用单三。 如：
Everyone is very happy.
In spring, everything grows well.
（5）不定代词做主语时，反问部分的主语指人的常用 they 或he; 指物的都用it 来代替。
Everything begins to grow in spring, 五．其他的不定代词
1.one 和 ones(复数形式) ，可用于代替上文出现过的名词，以避免重复。
Which apple do you like better, the big one or the small one ?
你喜欢哪一个苹果，大的还是小的。
I don't like blue shirts. I like white ones. 我不喜欢蓝色的衬衣。我喜欢白色的衬衣。
2. “a+形容词+one”，是经常被使用的形式。
She has a new computer, but I have an old one. 她有一台新电脑，但我只有一台旧的。
3. 比较：it 和 one
it 用于表示特定的事物，(相当于the+名词) ；
而 one 则表示代替不特定的事物 (相当于 a / an+名词) 。
You have a dictionary. May I use it . (=the dictionary)? (特指)
你有一本词典，我可以用用它(词典) 吗?
Do you have a bike? Yes, I have one(=a bike). (泛指)
你有自行车吗? 是的，我有一辆。
4. each 和 every 的用法
(1). Each/ every + 单数n
Every student has a book. (every 只做定语+n)
Every one of us has a book. ( everyone 连写是不定代词) 。我们每人都有一本书。
Each student has a book.
(2). Each of us has a book .
We each have to go there for an exam.(作同位语)
（=Each of us has to go there for an exam.）
The children have a new schoolbag each. (作同位语)
（=Each of the children has a new schoolbag）.(作主语)
5. no 和 not any 的用法
no 作不定代词使用时，只能作定语。这时no=not any。例如：
I have no money. (=I don't have any money.) 我没有钱。(no=not any)
There's no food left in the fridge. (=There isn't any food left in the fridge.)
冰箱里没有吃的东西了。(no=not any)
6. other和another:
1) other泛指“另外的，别的” 常与其他词连用，other+名词复数=others
He is ready to help other people. = He is ready to help others.
2）the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others,某范围内其余的全部。
He has two sons, one is a doctor, the other is a teacher.
He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.
Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.
3) another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，没范围。
I don’t like this shirt, please show me another (one).
The trousers are too long, please give me another pair。
Some like football, while others like basketball.
六．反身代词是： one+self / selves
2. 用法：在句子中可以作宾语或表语。
(介词宾语)
(动词宾语)
随便吃些鱼吧。(动词宾语)
(表语) 他就是他自己。
He bought himself a new pair of shoes. 他给自己买了一双新鞋。
七、相互代词：
表示相互关系的代词，叫相互代词，例如：each other, one another。它们都有数和格的变化。
其所有格形式为each other's, one another'。（彼此的， 相互的）
相互代词在句子中的作用：
1. 作宾语：
They often help each other. (one another) (动词宾语)
Don't speak to each other in class. (one another)。(介词宾语)
2. 所有格形式作定语：
The couple know well each other's habit. 这对夫妇非常了解彼此的习惯。
The guests drink to one another's health. 客人们相互为健康祝酒。
注意：相互代词的所有格没有复数，不能使用 each others’ 或one anothers'，
只能使用 each other's 或 one another's 的形式。例如：
They received each other's letters every month. 他们每个月收到一次彼此的信件。
八．疑问代词：
who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever
九．关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose
专题3 形容词和副词
【考点直击】1. 形容词的用法；2. 副词的用法；3. 形容词和副词原级、比较级、最高级的用法；
4. 形容词和副词在句中的区别和位置。
1. 形容词的用法
(1). 形容词在句中作定语, 表语, 宾语补足语。 例如：
Our country is a beautiful country. （作定语）
The fish went bad. （作表语）
We keep our classroom clean and tidy. （作宾语补足语）
(2). 形容词修饰something, anything, nothing, everything等不定代词时, 形容词放在其后面。
I have something important to tell you.
Is there anything interesting in the film.
(3). the＋形容词，表示一类人或物。
The rich should help the poor. 富人应该帮助穷人。
2. 副词的用法
(1) 副词在句中可作状语, 表语和定语。
He studies very hard. （作状语） Life here is full of joy. （作定语）
When will you be back? （作表语）
(2) . 副词按其用途和含义可分为下面五类：
1) 时间副词
时间副词通常用来表示动作的时间。常见的时间副词有：
Now, today, tomorrow, yesterday, before, late, early, never, seldom, sometimes, often, usually, always等。
He often comes to school late. What are we going to do tomorrow?
He is never been to Beijing.
2) 地点副词
地点副词通常用来表示动作发生的地点。常见的地点副词有：
here, there, inside, outside, home, upstairs, downstairs, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere, somewhere, down,
up, out等。例如：
He went upstairs.
Put down your name here.
3) 方式副词
方式副词一般都是回答“怎样的？”这类问题的，其中绝大部分都是由一个形容词加词尾-ly 构成的, 有
少数方式副词不带词尾-ly, 它们与形容词同形。常见的方式副词有： badly, bravely, carefully, proudly,
suddenly, successfully, angrily, happily, slowly, warmly, well, fast, slow, quick, hard, alone, high, straight,
wide 等。例如：
The old man walked home slowly. Please listen to the teacher carefully.
The birds are flying high. He runs very fast.
4) 程度副词
程度副词多数用来修饰形容词和副词，有少数用来修饰动词或介词短语。常见的程度副词有：
much, (a) little, a bit, very, so, too, enough, quite, rather, pretty, greatly, completely, nearly, almost, deeply,
hardly 等。例如：
Her pronunciation is very good. She sings quite well.
I can hardly agree with you.
5) 疑问副词 是用来引导特殊疑问句的副词。常见的疑问副词有：how, when, where, why等。例如：
How are you getting along with your studies? Where were you yesterday?
Why did you do that?
(3). 副词在句中的位置
1). 多数副词作状语时放在动词之后。如果动词带有宾语，则放在宾语之后。 例如：
Mr Smith works very hard. She speaks English well.
2). 频度副词作状语时，通常放在行为动词之前，情态动词，助动词和be 动词之后。例如：
He usually gets up early. I’ve never heard him singing. She is seldom ill.
3). 程度副词一般放在所修饰的形容词和副词的前面, 但enough 作副词用时，通常放在被修饰词的后
面。It is a rather difficult job. He runs very fast. He didn’t work hard enough.
4). 副词作定语时，一般放在被修饰的名词之后。例如：
On my way home, I met my uncle.
The students there have a lot time to do their own research work.
(4) . 部分常用副词的用法
1) very, much
这两个副词都可表示“很”，但用法不同。 very 用来修饰形容词和副词的原级，
而much 用来修饰形容词和副词的比较级。例如：
She is a very nice girl
I’m feeling much better now.
Much 可以修饰动词，而very 则不能。例如：
I don’t like the idea much.
They did not talk much .
2). too, either
这两个副词都表示“也”，但too 用于肯定句，either 用于否定句。 例如：
She can dance, and I can dance, too.
I haven’t read the book and my brother hasn’t , either.
3). already, yet
already 一般用于语肯定句，yet 一般用于否定句或疑问句 。 例如：
He has already left .
Have you heard from him yet ?
He hasn’t answered yet .
4) . so, neither
so 和neither 都可用于倒装句， 但so 表示肯定，neither 表示否定。 例如：
My brother likes football and so do I.
My brother doesn’t like dancing and neither do I.
3. 形容词和副词的比较级
(1) 两个人或事物的比较时（不一定每一方只有一个人或一个事物，甲＞乙），用“比较级＋than”表示
This room is bigger than that one. I am taller than you.
This lesson is more difficult than that one.
Our teacher is taller than we are.
The boys in her class are taller than the boys in your class.
(2). 同级比较 : 两者相比（甲＝乙），用“as+原级＋as”表示 “----和----一样----”
Tom is as tall as Jack . She could do as well as a man. He runs as fast as I.
(3). 两者相比（甲＜乙），用“not as(so)+原级＋as” 表示 , “-----不如-----“
She isn’t as(so) careful as you. I didn’t do my homework as carefully as you. He is not as tall as I.
(4) . 表示“…不如…”，还可以用“less＋原级＋than” 结构也可。
The book is less difficult than that one. =The book isn’t as difficult as that one.
The film is less interesting than that one. = The film isn’t as interesting as that one.
(5) most 同形容词连用, 而不用 the ,表示 " 极, 很, 非常, 十分, 太 " 。
It's most dangerous to be here. 在这儿太危险。
(6) "The+比较级..., the+比较级..." 表示 " 越... 就越..." 。
The more you study, the more you know. The more careful you are , the fewer mistakes you’ll make.
(7) . 不与其他事物相比，表示本身程度的改变，用“比较级＋and ＋比较级”结构，意思是“越来越…”
It's getting hotter and hotter.
The weather is getting colder and colder. Our country is becoming more and more beautiful.
注意：修饰比较级的词有much, a little, a lot, a bit,even等，表示“……得多”，“----- 一点”“甚至……”，
表程度。
Today is much colder than yesterday. 今天比昨天冷得多。
附加： 常见比较级五句型
1. Who / Which + be +比较级 , A or B ?
Who is taller, Tom or John? Which is more expensive, a bicycle or a computer?
2. sth be + the + 比较级 + of the two. (两个之中比较-----的那一个，sth 包含在两个之中. 注意别忘了the)
Tom is the taller of the two. = Tom is taller than the other boy.
3. much / a lot / even / far + 比较级
A compute is much more expensive than a bicycle. 计算机比自行车贵多了
4. "The+形容词比较级..., the+形容词比较级...", 表示 " 越... 就越..." 。
The more you study, the more you know. 你学的越多, 就知道的越多。
5 . " 比较级 + and +比较级 ", 表示 " 越来越... "。 The computer is cheaper and cheaper.
6. 比较级+than+any +单数名词（只在不同范围作比较） 。 如：Chongqing is bigger than any city in India. 比较级+than+any other +单数名词（只在同范围作比较）Shanghai is bigger than any other city in China.
4 . 形容词和副词的最高级 ： 最高级用于表示三者或三者以上中的“最”。
A ＋be+ the+最高级+ in/of＋表范围的短语。 “of 在……之中/之一 ；in 在……范围之中 ”
He is the tallest boy in our class. He is the oldest of the three.
(1).Who / Which + be +最高级, A, B or C ?
Which is the most expensive, a bicycle, a motorcycle or a car? 自行车，摩托车和汽车，哪一个最贵？
(2).~ + be + one of the +最高级 +复数名词, 表示" 最……的……之一" 。
The Yellow River is one of the longest rivers in China. 黄河是中国最长的河流之一。
(3)."…+ be +the + 序数词 +最高级 +单数名词 + 范围", 表示"……是…….的第几……"。
She is the second tallest student她是我们班第二高的学生。
5. 形容词与副词的比较级
一、 规则变化
1. 一般单音节词未尾加-er,-est tall(高的) taller tallest great(巨大的) greater greatest
2. 以不发音的e 结尾的单音词 nice(好的) nicer nicest large(大的) larger largest
3. 双写结尾的辅音字母（辅+元+辅），再加-er ，-est ; big bigger biggest / hot hotter hottest
4." 以辅+y"结尾的双音节词，改y 为i ，再加-er ，-est easy —easier--- easiest busy —busier--busiest
5. 其他双音节词和多音节词，在前面加more ，most 来构成比较级和最高级。
important more important most important /easily more easily most easily
二、不规则变化
good(好的)/well(健康的) —better —best bad (坏的)/ badly(坏地ill---worse---worst much/many(多的) ---more----most little(少的)--- less----least
far (远的) farther/further farthest/furthest
old (老的)--older/elder--oldest/eldest
专题三 动词的时态
一般现在时:
1、肯定句： 主语+V原+其他。I usually go to school by bus.
主语（三单）+V三单
疑问句：Do+主语+V原……？ Does+主语（三单）+ V原……？
否定句：主语+don’t + V原. 主语（三单）+ doesn’t + V原.
2、用法：
⑴表示经常或习惯性发生的动作。
⑵表示客观真理、事实。 The earth goes around the sun.
⑶在时间、条件等状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。( if, as soon as, until, when) If it rains tomorrow, we won’t go to the park. When I grow up, I’ll go to Paris.
3、时间状语：
Always, often, sometimes, usually, on Sunday, on Monday afternoon, every day/month/year/week, in the morning, once a year, twice a day, three times a day等 一般过去时:
1、⑴表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。 I got up late this morning. ⑵表示过去的习惯或经常发生的动作。
When I was in the countryside. I often swam in the river. I used to go fishing.
2、结构：
肯定句：主语+ V过去+其他。
疑问句：Did+主语+ V原……？
否定句：主语+didn’t+ V原……。 3、动词的规则变化。
4、时间状语：
Yesterday, last night/week/year/month, last Sunday, in 1995, the other day, just now, ago等 一般将来时。
1、用法。
① 表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态。其构成：will + V原
肯定句：
否定句：
(注：当主语为I 或 we 时，问句中可用 shall) where shall we meet tomorrow?
② be going to+ V 原 表示计划、打算做某事。
---what are you going to do next Sunday? ---I am going to listen to music.
Look at the clouds, there is going to rain.
③ 现在进行时be +Ving 有时可以表示将来。
常用这种结构的动词：go, come, leave, stay, start, arrive
We’re leaving for London.
现在进行时
1、构成：
肯定句：主语 + is / am / are +ving
疑问句：Is /Am /Are + 主语 +ving
否定句：主语 + isn’t / am not / aren’t + ving
2、用法：
① 表示正在进行的动作 I’m reading book now.
② 表示现阶段正在进行的动作或状态。 They are studying hard this term.
3、时间状语
now , these days, 当句中有look, listen , can’t you see, can you see时
Listen! He is singing.
现在完成时
1、already / yet 已经
already 一般用于肯定，与完成时态和进行时连用，也可以用于疑问句，表惊讶。
I have already finished my work.
yet 一般用于否定或疑问句。 Has she gone to school yet ?
His parents haven’t been to Paris yet.
2、现在完成时表示从过去开始延续到现在的动作，常与for, since连用.
现在完成时表示动作才刚结束，但影响还在。
I have lost my pen .(结果是我的笔丢失了，我现在没有钢笔了)
--have you found your watch yet ? --No , I haven’t found it yet.
I have lived here for 10 years . 我已经在这里住了10年（可能还会继续住下去）
3、结构：
4、时间状语: yet, already, recently , just, once, never, ever, so far, these days.
since +过去的时间点/过去时态 / for + 一段时间 / in the last(past) + 一段时间
5、延续和非延续动词。
在现在完成时中，有些动词不能与一段时间搭配，所以在与for , since 引导的肯定句搭配
时，要用其他动词替代：
buy---have borrow---keep die---be dead join —be in/ be a member of
leave---be away (from) come —be in
begin/start---be on fall asleep---be asleep finish/end---be over
join---be in/ be a +名词 come---be here open---be open
close---be closed marry---be married
改为
--- He bought the book for two days.
------- He has had the book for two days.
6、辨析 have / has been to , have /has gone to , have has been in
I have been to Paris 3 times.
--where is your father ? --- he has gone to Shanghai.
My family have been in Chengdu for 20 years
过去进行时
1、结构 was / were + doing
2、用法
① 表示过去某段时间正在进行的动作
---what were you doing at 9:30 last night? --- I was watching TV.
3、when 一般接一般过去时 I was doing my homework when
while 一般接进行时 While
He was playing basketball while she was reading books.
过去完成时
1、过去完成时表示过去某个时间以前好或过去某个动作以前，已经发生的动作或状态。（过去的过去）
When I got to school, I realized I had left my backpack at hone.
By the time she got to class, the teacher had started teaching.
23、时间状语 ：by the time + 表示过去的时间状语从句，主句用过去完成时。
By the time we arrived at the shop, the bus had left.