The following provides a brief
量减得尽可能的低是重要的。
review of applicable theory for
(1) Widespread use is made of slag
pressure die casting 下面简要评
coagulants to remove slag or dross from the top of the melt in ladles
述一下适用于压力铸造的理论。
广泛使用聚渣剂除去浇包内金属
Precipitation-harden stainless steels have been developed by
液表面的熔渣。
making certain alloy additions to
martensitic, semi-austenitic and ( 2) Each nucleation site gives rise
The instrument is characterized by its compactness and portability 该仪器的特点是结构紧凑、携带方便。 (1)This metal matrix composite is fairly recent development 这种金属基复合材料是最近开发出来的。 austenitic alloys. 沉淀硬化不锈
钢已通过添加某些合金元素到
马氏体、半奥氏体和奥氏体钢中
开发出来。
(3) Making use of free-silicon nodularizer results in a requirement for improved spheroidizing treatment technology . 使用无硅球化剂需要对球化处理工艺进行改进。
(4) In ductile iron trace element levels should be as low as possible 球墨铸铁中微量元素的
含量应尽可能低。
(6) The difference in temperature between solidifying metal and
mould will be small when the
casting is of large cross section and the conductivity of the mould
material is poor.当铸件的断面尺
寸大、铸型材料的热导率低时，
凝固金属和铸型之间的温差就
小。
(1) There appear to be no
impurities in this long welding
seam. 这条长焊缝中似乎没有什么杂质。
(3) It is important to reduce the
carbon level in stainless steels as
low aspossible. 将不锈钢中的碳to a crystal or grain which, when
(2) These components may serve as
solidification is complete, meets an illustrative application of the neighboring grains at a grain
surface alloying process. 这些部件可boundary. 每个结晶部位都产生一
用来说明表面合金化工艺的应用 个晶粒，在凝固结束时与邻近的
( 3 ) Silicon is much more soluble in 晶粒相会于晶粒边界。
austenite than phosphorus. 硅在奥氏(4) The advantage of induction furnaces melting is that it melts the 体中的溶解度比磷大得多。
metal with minimum element loss.
( 1) This hydraulic press is chiefly 感应炉熔炼的优点是元素损失很
characterized by its simplicity of
operation and the ease with which it 少。
can be maintained. 这台水压机的主(5) This workpiece that has been delivered to you has undergone a
要特点是操作简单、维修容易。 special protective process to enable
( 2 ) The device is shown it to withstand damage by corrosive agents it will encounter.
schematically in Fig.3. 图3显示了这个工件在出厂前已经进行了特
这种装置的简图。
殊的防护处理，使其可耐腐蚀。
(4) The 61st World Foundry Congress was on in Beijing from September 24 ( 2 ) The defects of castings show toSeptember 29,1995.第61届世界铸considerable variety . 铸造缺陷是
造会议于1995年9月24至29日在多种多样的
( 3 ) Grain growth can be kept to a 北京举行。
minimum by effective control of
(1) The letter A is commonly used for preheating and post-heating in austenite, F for ferrite, G for graphite
welding process. 在焊接过程中，通常用字母A 表示奥氏体、字母F
通过有效地控制预热和焊后加热表示铁素体、字母G 表示石墨。
可将晶粒生长保持得最小。
(2) The inner surface of this kind of
workpiece castings is often protected
Cast steels behave differently from against corrosion with a special coat.
cast irons which contain a lot of
这种铸件的内表面通常使用一种特
carbon. 铸钢的性能不同于含碳量
种涂层保护以抗腐蚀。
高的铸铁。
(1 ) This device exhibits a high heavy section, or to a high pouring
temperature.
efficient. 这台设备的效率很高。
石墨漂浮可能是由于碳当量高、
( 2 ) The runner gate should have
accomplished by raising the moulding machine table to a given height by means of a pneumatic ally operated piston and then allowing the table, box and pattern plate with sand to fall
a flat bottom 横浇道的底部要铸件断面厚、或浇注温度高造成
under its own weight to its original position, this process is repeated in
平。 的。
rapid cycles, the distance traveled by
(1) The thermal expansion ( 3 ) Lower temperatures are the moulding machine table is known coefficient of aluminium-silicon associated with faster crystal
alloys is on the vertical axis纵坐标轴表示铝硅合金的热膨胀系数。
( 2 ) Cast irons differ in their graphite morphologies. 各种铸铁的石墨形态不同。 (2)This equipment is a well-designed structure.
这台设备的结构设计得很好。
(4)Arsenic has a diffusion coefficient an order of magnitude
lower than that of boron and phosphorous.
砷的扩散系数比硼和磷低
一个数量级。
( 1) Carbon is found in almost all
ferrous metals. 几乎所有的黑色
金属中都含有碳。
( 2 ) An austenite shell is formed
over the entire surface of the graphite nodules 在石墨球的整
个表面形成了一层奥氏体壳。 ( 1 ) The ZA alloys has their distinguishing features high strength and excellent wear
resistance.
ZA 合金的显著特点是强度高、耐磨性能优良。 ( 2 ) The graphite flotation may
be due to the high CE value, as the stroke of the machine. 该紧实
growth rates.温度一低，结晶生长
方法是这样完成的:借助气动活塞将
速度就快起来。
(7)The triple-diffused structure has
造型机工作台提升到一个给定的高
its advantage of having a
uniformly doped collector region.
度，然后让工作台、砂箱和模板与
三次扩散结构具有掺杂均匀的优型砂一起在其自重下降落到原来位点。
置，这一过程以很快的周期重复，(1) The pouring temperature must 造型机工作台移动的距离称为机器
be below 1340℃ to minimize
的冲程。
liquid shrinkage. 为了将液态收缩
2.Aluminium remained unknown 减为最小，浇注温度必须低于
until the nineteenth century , because nowhere in nature is it found free, 1340C 。
owing to its always combined with other elements, most commonly with (2) The dross problem is caused by oxygen, for which it has a strong the formation of magnesium
oxides and sulfides resulting from
affinity. 由于铝总是和其他元素一一the Mg treatment.浮渣是由镁处理
最常见的是氧(因为铝和氧的亲和力中形成的氧化物和硫化物所造成
很强) 一化合在一起，所以在自然界的。
任何地方都找不到游离态的铝，因(2)Forcing the graphite flakes that
are characteristic of gray iron to
而直到19世纪铝才为人们所知道。 agglomerate into spheres is the
3. Forging processes may be challenge for the metallurgist. 使作
classified as unit production with
small quantities being made and mass
为灰铸铁特征的片状石墨聚集成
production with large number of
identical forgings being produced. 球，对冶金学家是一个挑战。 锻造方法可分为单件生产和大批生
( 6 ) Presented in the paper are new
产：单件生产是生产少量的锻件，
data on this subject.论文中提出了
大批生产则是生产大量相同的锻
关于这一课题的新数据。
1. This method of compaction is
件。
4.The final part of the paper highlights the areas for potential application of squeeze castings and emphasizes the need for information to facilitate design of suitable forming equipment for exploiting the potential of squeeze castings in a series of conditions as a means of producing various castings with 有缩孔缺陷。
2) Neither of the compounds are
2) As the high voltage was abruptly trebled, all the electrotimer burnt. 由
intermetallic compound. 两种化合于高压突然增加了两倍，所有的定物都不是金属间化合物
时继电器都烧坏了。
3 ) None of these three factors 1) This year the output of wrought
titanium alloy has increased by twice
should be neglected.这三个因素中
as compared with that of last year. enhanced property combinations. 文章的最后部分着重论述挤压
铸造潜在的应用领域，并强调指出：为了开发挤压铸造的潜力，需要获得有关的资料，以便设计合适的成形设备，作为在一系列条件下生产各种具有优异综合
性能铸件的工具。
1 ) Tensile strength is measured in MPa. 抗拉强度以Mpa 为单位
度量。
1 ) Metal aluminum itself had been known to man 金属铝为人类所熟知。
1 ) The operational sequence is illustrated in Fig.21图21阐明了操作顺序。
1 ) 1420℃ is showed on the pyrometer. 高温计读数为1420℃。
1 ) No steel can be melted without electric furnace 没有电炉就不能炼钢。
1 ) None of these castings have shrinkage defects. 这些铸件都没
一个也不应当忽视。
今年锻造钛合金的产量比去年1) All eutectics do not grow to
增加两倍。
produce lamellar structures并非所2) The region of depletion is five to 有的共晶体都生长成层片状结six times greater than the region of transition. 耗尽层比过渡层大5-6倍。
构。 3)The tensile strength of ADI is 2
2 ) Not both of the instruments can timers as large as that of ordinary serve the purpose这两种仪器并不as-cast ductile iron. 奥贝球铁的抗拉
都适合这个用途。
强度是普通铸态球铁的二倍。
1 ) Metals do not melt until heated (1 ) The cost of the centrifugal to a definite temperature.金属要加castings was reduced by 30%.离心铸
热到一定的温度才能熔化。
件的成本降低了30%。
2 ) V ariations outside the ranges 2 ) Melting time of the new type
given are not unlikely . 变化超出规
electric furnace was decreased to 2
hours. 新型电炉的熔炼时间缩短为
定的范围并非不可能。
1 ) This steel ingot is too large to
两小时。
be moved into the furnace 这块钢
( 1) The length of alloy furnace tube
was reduced five times合金炉管的长
锭太大，不能送进炉内
2 ) The gating system of this
度缩短了五分之四。
casting is far from being ( 1) This is the oldest method of
complicated. 这个铸件的浇注系统
mould production and relies heavily
on the skill of the molder.这是最古老
一点也不复杂。
3 ) The blast furnace can operate 的铸型生产方法，主要依靠造型工
without being repairing for several
的技巧。
months. 高炉可以连续工作几个月
( 2 ) Silicon carbide crucibles also 不修补。
consist of silicon carbide and special
graphites but with the addition of a
1 ) The melting velocity of copper
has increased by a factor of four
small quantity of silicon. 碳化硅柑蜗
times. 铜的熔化速度增加了三倍。 也是由碳化硅和特种石墨组成，但
还添加了少量的硅。
(3) It is generally found that the effectiveness of an inoculation treatment becomes reduced or fades with time when melt is held in the ladle before pouring castings. 通常发现，孕育处理的效果随着浇注前铁水在浇包内停留时间的延长而减弱或衰退。 篇幅，本章只提及某些业已进行强化对性能的影响
The results of the effect of solid
solution strengthening on the
( 3 ) Founding of metals has properties of the material include the always been regarded as a mixture
following. 固溶强化对材料性能的影
of art and science with some foundryman maintaining it is more
响结果包括以下几个方面。
an art than a science. 通常认为金
(1) The yield strength, tensile strength , and hardness of the alloy
属铸造是艺术与科学的结合，一
are greater than for the pure metals.合
的研究工作。
(4) Whenever man has used his hands to manufacture items he has, with time, generally introduced mechanization and then automation at some stage.每当人们用其双手制造物品时，随着时间的推移，他们总是要采用
机械化，进而采用自动化的方法来进行生产。
(1) It may seem strange that in this modern electronic time, the physicists are still a very long way from understanding the ultimate structure of matter or
existence. 在当今电子时代，物理
学家们还远没有弄清物质即存
在的最终结构，这似乎有些奇
怪。
( 1 ) Problems encountered in the test indicate the need for
following additional design
refinements. 试验中出现的问题表明，还需要对原设计进行下述改进。
( 2 ) There is not room in this
chapter to do any more than
mention some of the research which has been carried out. 限于些铸造师则认为:与其说它是一
金的屈服强度、抗拉强度、硬度等
门科学，毋宁说它是一种艺术。
(4) The existence of such
性能比纯金属要强。
transformations depends on the (2) Almost always the ductility of alloy system in question and the the alloy is less than that of the pure diffusion process described earlier
governs the way in which a given
metal. Only rarely, as in copper—zinc
transformation takes place. 这种转
alloy , dose solid solution
strengthening increase both strength 变是否存在取决于所研究的合金and ductility. 延展性比纯金属的低，系统，而某给定转变发生的方式仅仅在铜锌合金中固溶强化能同时受到前述扩散过程的控制。
提高强度和延展性
(5) It is our hope that it will 3) Electrical conductivity of the alloy provide a sound basis in physical is much lower than that of the pure metallurgy for the new generation metal. Solid solution strengthening of of students and will stimulate their
copper aluminum wires used for interest in the field in which transmission of electrical power is not trained personnels are still
recommended due to this pronounced exceedingly scarce in both academic and industrial
effect. 合金的电导率比纯金属的低，laboratories. 我们希望本书能给新
因为这个原因传输电力的导线并不一代的大学生在物理冶金学方面
使用铜或铝的合金
打下一个坚实的基础，并激发他
(4) The resistance to creep, or loss of strength at elevated temperatures, is 们对这个领域的兴趣。在这个领
improved by solid solution
strengthening. High temperatures do 域的理论研究室和工业实验室中
not cause a catastrophic change in the
properties of solid 都还极其缺少受过专门训练的人solution-strengthened alloys. 固溶强
员。
化提高了合金在高温下抗蠕变及抗
Effect
of
solid
solution
断裂性能。高温并不能极大地固溶strengthening on properties:固溶
强化合金的性能。
When the solubility of a metal is exceeded by adding too much of an alloying element, a second phase forms and a two-phase alloy is produced. The boundary between the two phases is a surface at which the atomic arrangement is not perfect. As a result, this boundary interferes with the slip of dislocations and strengthens the metal. The general term for strengthening by the introduction of a second phase is dispersion strengthening.
cooled rapidly . This cooling
核，因此通过相对简单经济的制作
process was termed “splat ”
工艺就可以获得陶瓷及聚合物玻
cooling. More recently, continuous thin ribbons of metal glasses, about
璃，这就使我们可以获得更多我们
0.0015 in, in thickness, have been
produced. 当金属小液滴遇到激冷需要的透明材料。
成一层薄膜并且快速冷却。这种
物体的表面，就会迅速铺展开形冷却工艺称为喷涂细片冷却法。
当加入的合金元素超过了他的最近，通过这种方法可以获得溶解度，则以第二相的形式产生0.0015英寸厚的连续薄带状金属双相合金。这俩相之间边界的表玻璃材料。
Metal glasses include complex
iron-nickel-boron-phosphorus
alloys. The metal glasses combine
界面阻碍了滑移并增加了金属
high strength and good ductility with some excellent physical
的强度。由于第二相的加入使强
properties, including ferromagnetic behavior, that warrant their
度增加得现象称弥散强化。
continued development. 复合铁-11.Cooling rates of 106℃/s or
镍-硼-磷合金也制作成金属玻璃
faster are required to suppress nucleation of the crystal structure
材料。由于这种材料同时具有高
in metals. This rapid cooling rates obtained by directing the
强度和良好的韧性以及一些优异
molten metal onto a chilled copper surface. These materials
的物理性能，比如说铁磁性，因
were originally discovered by firing small droplets of liquid at a
此具有良好的发展前景。 In
cold surface; 将金属以106℃/s
many ceramic and polymer materials, nucleation of the solid
或者更快的速度冷却，就会阻碍
crystalline structure is prevented at normal or even slow cooling rates.
晶体结构形核。通过将熔融的金
The ability to produce ceramic and polymer glasses by relatively
属喷射到激冷的黄铜表面上来
simple and economical manufacturing processes gives us
获得快速冷却。最初是通过将小
the transparent materials we need 面的原子排列是不均匀的。因此,
滴的液态金属喷洒到激冷物体for so many uses. 对于一些陶表面而获得这种材料。
瓷及聚合物材料，以常速或者更
when the droplets hit the surface,
慢的速度冷却就可以阻止晶体形
they spread out as a thin film and
The following provides a brief
量减得尽可能的低是重要的。
review of applicable theory for
(1) Widespread use is made of slag
pressure die casting 下面简要评
coagulants to remove slag or dross from the top of the melt in ladles
述一下适用于压力铸造的理论。
广泛使用聚渣剂除去浇包内金属
Precipitation-harden stainless steels have been developed by
液表面的熔渣。
making certain alloy additions to
martensitic, semi-austenitic and ( 2) Each nucleation site gives rise
The instrument is characterized by its compactness and portability 该仪器的特点是结构紧凑、携带方便。 (1)This metal matrix composite is fairly recent development 这种金属基复合材料是最近开发出来的。 austenitic alloys. 沉淀硬化不锈
钢已通过添加某些合金元素到
马氏体、半奥氏体和奥氏体钢中
开发出来。
(3) Making use of free-silicon nodularizer results in a requirement for improved spheroidizing treatment technology . 使用无硅球化剂需要对球化处理工艺进行改进。
(4) In ductile iron trace element levels should be as low as possible 球墨铸铁中微量元素的
含量应尽可能低。
(6) The difference in temperature between solidifying metal and
mould will be small when the
casting is of large cross section and the conductivity of the mould
material is poor.当铸件的断面尺
寸大、铸型材料的热导率低时，
凝固金属和铸型之间的温差就
小。
(1) There appear to be no
impurities in this long welding
seam. 这条长焊缝中似乎没有什么杂质。
(3) It is important to reduce the
carbon level in stainless steels as
low aspossible. 将不锈钢中的碳to a crystal or grain which, when
(2) These components may serve as
solidification is complete, meets an illustrative application of the neighboring grains at a grain
surface alloying process. 这些部件可boundary. 每个结晶部位都产生一
用来说明表面合金化工艺的应用 个晶粒，在凝固结束时与邻近的
( 3 ) Silicon is much more soluble in 晶粒相会于晶粒边界。
austenite than phosphorus. 硅在奥氏(4) The advantage of induction furnaces melting is that it melts the 体中的溶解度比磷大得多。
metal with minimum element loss.
( 1) This hydraulic press is chiefly 感应炉熔炼的优点是元素损失很
characterized by its simplicity of
operation and the ease with which it 少。
can be maintained. 这台水压机的主(5) This workpiece that has been delivered to you has undergone a
要特点是操作简单、维修容易。 special protective process to enable
( 2 ) The device is shown it to withstand damage by corrosive agents it will encounter.
schematically in Fig.3. 图3显示了这个工件在出厂前已经进行了特
这种装置的简图。
殊的防护处理，使其可耐腐蚀。
(4) The 61st World Foundry Congress was on in Beijing from September 24 ( 2 ) The defects of castings show toSeptember 29,1995.第61届世界铸considerable variety . 铸造缺陷是
造会议于1995年9月24至29日在多种多样的
( 3 ) Grain growth can be kept to a 北京举行。
minimum by effective control of
(1) The letter A is commonly used for preheating and post-heating in austenite, F for ferrite, G for graphite
welding process. 在焊接过程中，通常用字母A 表示奥氏体、字母F
通过有效地控制预热和焊后加热表示铁素体、字母G 表示石墨。
可将晶粒生长保持得最小。
(2) The inner surface of this kind of
workpiece castings is often protected
Cast steels behave differently from against corrosion with a special coat.
cast irons which contain a lot of
这种铸件的内表面通常使用一种特
carbon. 铸钢的性能不同于含碳量
种涂层保护以抗腐蚀。
高的铸铁。
(1 ) This device exhibits a high heavy section, or to a high pouring
temperature.
efficient. 这台设备的效率很高。
石墨漂浮可能是由于碳当量高、
( 2 ) The runner gate should have
accomplished by raising the moulding machine table to a given height by means of a pneumatic ally operated piston and then allowing the table, box and pattern plate with sand to fall
a flat bottom 横浇道的底部要铸件断面厚、或浇注温度高造成
under its own weight to its original position, this process is repeated in
平。 的。
rapid cycles, the distance traveled by
(1) The thermal expansion ( 3 ) Lower temperatures are the moulding machine table is known coefficient of aluminium-silicon associated with faster crystal
alloys is on the vertical axis纵坐标轴表示铝硅合金的热膨胀系数。
( 2 ) Cast irons differ in their graphite morphologies. 各种铸铁的石墨形态不同。 (2)This equipment is a well-designed structure.
这台设备的结构设计得很好。
(4)Arsenic has a diffusion coefficient an order of magnitude
lower than that of boron and phosphorous.
砷的扩散系数比硼和磷低
一个数量级。
( 1) Carbon is found in almost all
ferrous metals. 几乎所有的黑色
金属中都含有碳。
( 2 ) An austenite shell is formed
over the entire surface of the graphite nodules 在石墨球的整
个表面形成了一层奥氏体壳。 ( 1 ) The ZA alloys has their distinguishing features high strength and excellent wear
resistance.
ZA 合金的显著特点是强度高、耐磨性能优良。 ( 2 ) The graphite flotation may
be due to the high CE value, as the stroke of the machine. 该紧实
growth rates.温度一低，结晶生长
方法是这样完成的:借助气动活塞将
速度就快起来。
(7)The triple-diffused structure has
造型机工作台提升到一个给定的高
its advantage of having a
uniformly doped collector region.
度，然后让工作台、砂箱和模板与
三次扩散结构具有掺杂均匀的优型砂一起在其自重下降落到原来位点。
置，这一过程以很快的周期重复，(1) The pouring temperature must 造型机工作台移动的距离称为机器
be below 1340℃ to minimize
的冲程。
liquid shrinkage. 为了将液态收缩
2.Aluminium remained unknown 减为最小，浇注温度必须低于
until the nineteenth century , because nowhere in nature is it found free, 1340C 。
owing to its always combined with other elements, most commonly with (2) The dross problem is caused by oxygen, for which it has a strong the formation of magnesium
oxides and sulfides resulting from
affinity. 由于铝总是和其他元素一一the Mg treatment.浮渣是由镁处理
最常见的是氧(因为铝和氧的亲和力中形成的氧化物和硫化物所造成
很强) 一化合在一起，所以在自然界的。
任何地方都找不到游离态的铝，因(2)Forcing the graphite flakes that
are characteristic of gray iron to
而直到19世纪铝才为人们所知道。 agglomerate into spheres is the
3. Forging processes may be challenge for the metallurgist. 使作
classified as unit production with
small quantities being made and mass
为灰铸铁特征的片状石墨聚集成
production with large number of
identical forgings being produced. 球，对冶金学家是一个挑战。 锻造方法可分为单件生产和大批生
( 6 ) Presented in the paper are new
产：单件生产是生产少量的锻件，
data on this subject.论文中提出了
大批生产则是生产大量相同的锻
关于这一课题的新数据。
1. This method of compaction is
件。
4.The final part of the paper highlights the areas for potential application of squeeze castings and emphasizes the need for information to facilitate design of suitable forming equipment for exploiting the potential of squeeze castings in a series of conditions as a means of producing various castings with 有缩孔缺陷。
2) Neither of the compounds are
2) As the high voltage was abruptly trebled, all the electrotimer burnt. 由
intermetallic compound. 两种化合于高压突然增加了两倍，所有的定物都不是金属间化合物
时继电器都烧坏了。
3 ) None of these three factors 1) This year the output of wrought
titanium alloy has increased by twice
should be neglected.这三个因素中
as compared with that of last year. enhanced property combinations. 文章的最后部分着重论述挤压
铸造潜在的应用领域，并强调指出：为了开发挤压铸造的潜力，需要获得有关的资料，以便设计合适的成形设备，作为在一系列条件下生产各种具有优异综合
性能铸件的工具。
1 ) Tensile strength is measured in MPa. 抗拉强度以Mpa 为单位
度量。
1 ) Metal aluminum itself had been known to man 金属铝为人类所熟知。
1 ) The operational sequence is illustrated in Fig.21图21阐明了操作顺序。
1 ) 1420℃ is showed on the pyrometer. 高温计读数为1420℃。
1 ) No steel can be melted without electric furnace 没有电炉就不能炼钢。
1 ) None of these castings have shrinkage defects. 这些铸件都没
一个也不应当忽视。
今年锻造钛合金的产量比去年1) All eutectics do not grow to
增加两倍。
produce lamellar structures并非所2) The region of depletion is five to 有的共晶体都生长成层片状结six times greater than the region of transition. 耗尽层比过渡层大5-6倍。
构。 3)The tensile strength of ADI is 2
2 ) Not both of the instruments can timers as large as that of ordinary serve the purpose这两种仪器并不as-cast ductile iron. 奥贝球铁的抗拉
都适合这个用途。
强度是普通铸态球铁的二倍。
1 ) Metals do not melt until heated (1 ) The cost of the centrifugal to a definite temperature.金属要加castings was reduced by 30%.离心铸
热到一定的温度才能熔化。
件的成本降低了30%。
2 ) V ariations outside the ranges 2 ) Melting time of the new type
given are not unlikely . 变化超出规
electric furnace was decreased to 2
hours. 新型电炉的熔炼时间缩短为
定的范围并非不可能。
1 ) This steel ingot is too large to
两小时。
be moved into the furnace 这块钢
( 1) The length of alloy furnace tube
was reduced five times合金炉管的长
锭太大，不能送进炉内
2 ) The gating system of this
度缩短了五分之四。
casting is far from being ( 1) This is the oldest method of
complicated. 这个铸件的浇注系统
mould production and relies heavily
on the skill of the molder.这是最古老
一点也不复杂。
3 ) The blast furnace can operate 的铸型生产方法，主要依靠造型工
without being repairing for several
的技巧。
months. 高炉可以连续工作几个月
( 2 ) Silicon carbide crucibles also 不修补。
consist of silicon carbide and special
graphites but with the addition of a
1 ) The melting velocity of copper
has increased by a factor of four
small quantity of silicon. 碳化硅柑蜗
times. 铜的熔化速度增加了三倍。 也是由碳化硅和特种石墨组成，但
还添加了少量的硅。
(3) It is generally found that the effectiveness of an inoculation treatment becomes reduced or fades with time when melt is held in the ladle before pouring castings. 通常发现，孕育处理的效果随着浇注前铁水在浇包内停留时间的延长而减弱或衰退。 篇幅，本章只提及某些业已进行强化对性能的影响
The results of the effect of solid
solution strengthening on the
( 3 ) Founding of metals has properties of the material include the always been regarded as a mixture
following. 固溶强化对材料性能的影
of art and science with some foundryman maintaining it is more
响结果包括以下几个方面。
an art than a science. 通常认为金
(1) The yield strength, tensile strength , and hardness of the alloy
属铸造是艺术与科学的结合，一
are greater than for the pure metals.合
的研究工作。
(4) Whenever man has used his hands to manufacture items he has, with time, generally introduced mechanization and then automation at some stage.每当人们用其双手制造物品时，随着时间的推移，他们总是要采用
机械化，进而采用自动化的方法来进行生产。
(1) It may seem strange that in this modern electronic time, the physicists are still a very long way from understanding the ultimate structure of matter or
existence. 在当今电子时代，物理
学家们还远没有弄清物质即存
在的最终结构，这似乎有些奇
怪。
( 1 ) Problems encountered in the test indicate the need for
following additional design
refinements. 试验中出现的问题表明，还需要对原设计进行下述改进。
( 2 ) There is not room in this
chapter to do any more than
mention some of the research which has been carried out. 限于些铸造师则认为:与其说它是一
金的屈服强度、抗拉强度、硬度等
门科学，毋宁说它是一种艺术。
(4) The existence of such
性能比纯金属要强。
transformations depends on the (2) Almost always the ductility of alloy system in question and the the alloy is less than that of the pure diffusion process described earlier
governs the way in which a given
metal. Only rarely, as in copper—zinc
transformation takes place. 这种转
alloy , dose solid solution
strengthening increase both strength 变是否存在取决于所研究的合金and ductility. 延展性比纯金属的低，系统，而某给定转变发生的方式仅仅在铜锌合金中固溶强化能同时受到前述扩散过程的控制。
提高强度和延展性
(5) It is our hope that it will 3) Electrical conductivity of the alloy provide a sound basis in physical is much lower than that of the pure metallurgy for the new generation metal. Solid solution strengthening of of students and will stimulate their
copper aluminum wires used for interest in the field in which transmission of electrical power is not trained personnels are still
recommended due to this pronounced exceedingly scarce in both academic and industrial
effect. 合金的电导率比纯金属的低，laboratories. 我们希望本书能给新
因为这个原因传输电力的导线并不一代的大学生在物理冶金学方面
使用铜或铝的合金
打下一个坚实的基础，并激发他
(4) The resistance to creep, or loss of strength at elevated temperatures, is 们对这个领域的兴趣。在这个领
improved by solid solution
strengthening. High temperatures do 域的理论研究室和工业实验室中
not cause a catastrophic change in the
properties of solid 都还极其缺少受过专门训练的人solution-strengthened alloys. 固溶强
员。
化提高了合金在高温下抗蠕变及抗
Effect
of
solid
solution
断裂性能。高温并不能极大地固溶strengthening on properties:固溶
强化合金的性能。
When the solubility of a metal is exceeded by adding too much of an alloying element, a second phase forms and a two-phase alloy is produced. The boundary between the two phases is a surface at which the atomic arrangement is not perfect. As a result, this boundary interferes with the slip of dislocations and strengthens the metal. The general term for strengthening by the introduction of a second phase is dispersion strengthening.
cooled rapidly . This cooling
核，因此通过相对简单经济的制作
process was termed “splat ”
工艺就可以获得陶瓷及聚合物玻
cooling. More recently, continuous thin ribbons of metal glasses, about
璃，这就使我们可以获得更多我们
0.0015 in, in thickness, have been
produced. 当金属小液滴遇到激冷需要的透明材料。
成一层薄膜并且快速冷却。这种
物体的表面，就会迅速铺展开形冷却工艺称为喷涂细片冷却法。
当加入的合金元素超过了他的最近，通过这种方法可以获得溶解度，则以第二相的形式产生0.0015英寸厚的连续薄带状金属双相合金。这俩相之间边界的表玻璃材料。
Metal glasses include complex
iron-nickel-boron-phosphorus
alloys. The metal glasses combine
界面阻碍了滑移并增加了金属
high strength and good ductility with some excellent physical
的强度。由于第二相的加入使强
properties, including ferromagnetic behavior, that warrant their
度增加得现象称弥散强化。
continued development. 复合铁-11.Cooling rates of 106℃/s or
镍-硼-磷合金也制作成金属玻璃
faster are required to suppress nucleation of the crystal structure
材料。由于这种材料同时具有高
in metals. This rapid cooling rates obtained by directing the
强度和良好的韧性以及一些优异
molten metal onto a chilled copper surface. These materials
的物理性能，比如说铁磁性，因
were originally discovered by firing small droplets of liquid at a
此具有良好的发展前景。 In
cold surface; 将金属以106℃/s
many ceramic and polymer materials, nucleation of the solid
或者更快的速度冷却，就会阻碍
crystalline structure is prevented at normal or even slow cooling rates.
晶体结构形核。通过将熔融的金
The ability to produce ceramic and polymer glasses by relatively
属喷射到激冷的黄铜表面上来
simple and economical manufacturing processes gives us
获得快速冷却。最初是通过将小
the transparent materials we need 面的原子排列是不均匀的。因此,
滴的液态金属喷洒到激冷物体for so many uses. 对于一些陶表面而获得这种材料。
瓷及聚合物材料，以常速或者更
when the droplets hit the surface,
慢的速度冷却就可以阻止晶体形
they spread out as a thin film and