1．动名词由动词 + ing构成，否定形式为not doing，具有动词和名词的性质，在句中起名词作用，可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。
1）作主语。如：
Seeing is believing.
Laying eggs is the ant queen’s full-time job.
It is no use arguing with him.
注意：动名词和不定式都可以作主语，动名词作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性行为，不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。如：
Playing with fire is dangerous. （泛指玩火）
To play with fire will be dangerous. （指一具体动作）
但在It is no use/good, not any use/good, useless等后常用动名词间或用不定式。
2）作表语。如：
Her job is teaching.
3）作宾语。如：
He is fond of playing football.
I like swimming.
①以下动词须用doing 做宾语
避免，错过，（少）延期:avoid, miss, postpone/put off
建议，完成，（多）练习: suggest, advise, finish, practice
喜欢 设想 不介意: : enjoy, imagine, can’t help
承认，否定，（又）妒忌: admit, deny, envy
逃避，冒险，（多）原谅: escape, risk, excuse
忍受，保持，（不）介意:stand, keep, mind
注意：advise ，permit ,allow，admit ，forbid ，imagine ，consider 有不同的用法:
V + sb to do sth & V + doing sth
②forget ，go on，mean ，regret ，remember ，stop ，try 等动词或词组可带动名词或不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别。
Let’s go on studying Lesson 6. （让我们继续学第六课。说明前面已学了一部分。） ③在allow ，advise ，forbid ，permit 等动词后直接跟动名词形式作宾语，如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语。如：
We don’t allow smoking here.
We don’t allow students to smoke.
④动词need ，require ，want 作“需要”解，其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语表示事情需要做，这时，动名词的主动式表示被动意义。be worth后必须用动名词的主动形式来表示被动意义。如：
The window needs/requires/wants cleaning/to be cleaned.
Her method is worth trying.
主动表被动:
Sth. + want (需要)/need (需要)/ require(需要)/ stand (经受)/ bear(忍受)/ be + past(超过)/ be worth (值得)/ be + in need of(需要) + doing
Sth. +need/require/want +to be done
但 be worth ( + while) 只能 + doing
Sth. + be worthy of + n. / being done Sth. + be worthy to be done
It is worthwhile doing sth./ to do sth. 干某事是值得的
但不能说：sth. is worthwhile doing/ to do
⑤在短语devote to，look forward to，stick to，to be used to，object to，thank you for，excuse me for，be(kept) busy，have difficulty/trouble/problem(in)，have a good/wonderful/hard time(in)，there’s no use/good/need，feel/seem like/get down to等后的动词也必须用动名词形式，例如：
I look forward to hearing from you soon.
⑥在love ，hate ，prefer ，like 等动词后用动名词或不定式无多大区别。有时用动名词作宾语时，指一般情况，而跟不定式作宾语时指某一具体行为。
⑦start ，begin ，continue 在书面语中多后接动名词，在口语中多后接不定式。
但start 和begin 在下列情况下一般跟不定式作宾语：当主语是物而不是人时；当start
或begin 以-ing 形式出现时，当后面作宾语的动词表示感情、思想或意念时用to do （understand ，realize, know）如：
It started to snow. He is beginning to cook dinner. I began to understand what he meant. 但指开始一项长期或习惯的活动时，多用doing 形式，例如：
。 (2)How old were you when you first started playing football?
你第一次踢足球时多大？
⑧在should(would) like/love等后须用不定式。
4）作定语，例如：
动名词做定语时一般前置，与所修饰的名词间没有逻辑上诸位关系，表用途
现在分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前, 说明其修饰名词的动作，性质或特征, 它与被修饰的名词是逻辑上的主动关系，且可以转换成定语从句；动名词做定语说明被修饰名词的功能或用途，一般是单个动名词，放在被修饰名词之前，可以转换成for 短语，表示“供作... 之用”。
He has a reading room.
Swimming pool a pool for swimming
a sleeping boy a boy who is sleeping)
4）作宾语补足语：Doing 作宾语补足语。句中的谓语动词
通常为a: 感官动词，如：see, notice, watch, hear, listen to, feel, observe, find + sb + doing
We heard the children singing in her room.
We watched the children diving into thewater from the top board.
b. 役使动词. 表示“使”，“让”的意思。
keep sb doing 保持.. leave sb doing 使处于„
get sb/ sth doing让做 have sb doing 让„做..
set sb/ sth doing„使„
We’ll soon have you walking again.
我们会不久让你重新走起来。
I leave the machine running all day.
我让机器整天运转着。
2．动名词的复合结构
动名词的复合结构由物主代词或人称代词宾格、名词所有格或普通格加动名词构成。在句子开头必须用名词所有格或物主代词。如果动名词的复合结构作宾语，其逻辑主语是无生命的名词时，用普通格。如：
His coming made me very happy.
Mary’s crying annoyed him.
She didn’t mind his crying.
Is there any hope of Xiao Wang’s winning.? He insists on the plan being carried out.
3．动名词的时态和语态
动名词的时态分一般式和完成式两种，如果动名词的动作没有明确地表示出时间是与谓语词所表示的动作同时发生或在谓语动词所表示的动作以前发生，用动名词的一般式。如：
We are interested in playing chess.
His coming will be of great help to us.
如果动名词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，通常用动名词的完成时态。如： I’m sorry for not having kept my promise.
在某些动词或词组后，常用动名词的一般形式，尽管其动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生的。如：Excuse me for coming late.
主语是动名词所表示的动作的对象时，动名词用被动语态。被动语态由“being + 过去分词”或“having been + 过去分词”构成。后一种一般很少使用，以免使句子显得累赘。如：
He likes being helped.
I don’t remember having ever been given a chance to do it. Hearing the bell, the students began to enter the classroom. 听见铃声，学生们开始走进教室。
（听见和进入两个动作同时或基本同时发生） The building being built now is our new library. 现在正在建造地 这栋楼房室我们地 新图书馆.
（being built为现在分词的被动形式，表示动作正在进行之中。） Having done the work, he went home.
（having done the work为现在分词的完成式，表示动作先于谓语动词发生。） All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。
（having been sold out 为现在分词的完成式，表示动作先于谓语动词发生。）
1 (=When I was walking in the street, I came across an old friend of mine.) (=While ____ _____ ______ ______ the bus,he read a copy of China Daily.)
2)
(=As he was ill, he didn’t go to school.)
既然你是一个学生，你就应该努力学习。
由于想到它或许在家，所以我就给他打了电话。 As ___ ______ he might be at home, I called him.
3）表方式、伴随情况的状语 ：是与谓语所表示的动作（或状态）同时发生，或是对谓语表示地动词（或状态）作进一步地补充说明。
(=He sat on the sofa, and watched TV.)
他们笑着谈着走进了教室。
They ________ and _________, and they went into the classroom.) 表结果
Eg. Her mother died in 1990, leaving her with her younger brother.
(=Her mother died in 1990, and left her with her younger brother.)
5)
Using your head, you will find a way.
(=If you use your head, you will find a way.)
努力吧， 你会成功的。
Working hard, you will succeed.
（If you ______ ______, you will succeed.
6）表让步（though/although , even thoungh等）
Workiing hard, he didn’t feel a bit tired.
（=Although he worked hard, he didn’t feel a bit tired.)
Knowing all this , they made me pay for the damage.
（=Even though they _____ ____ _______, they made me pay for the damage.
与逻辑主语构成独立主格：
-ing 形式作状语时, 它的逻辑主语必须与主句的主语是一致的，如果两者不构成主谓关系, 只能用独立主格结构, 也就是给现在分词补充一个主语。
①如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。
Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.
(=If _____ _______, we'll do another two exercises)
分词的逻辑主语是time , 而句子的主语是I , 两者不构成主谓关系, 所以只能用独立主格结构, 也就是给现在分词补充一个主语。
② ．
for the bus, a bird fell on my head.)
独立主格中的注意事项
（1）独立主格有时也可用with (without) +名词（代词宾格）+分词形式
他点着灯睡着了。
（2）有些固定用法作独立成分(悬垂分词) ：
Judging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.
generally speaking, frankly speaking, considering,/taking… in consideration, to tell you the truth,etc.
不定式作定语表示将来的动作。
如：The bridge to be built next month is the third bridge across the river．
*现在分词作定语表示正在进行的动作。
如：The bridge being built now is the third bridge across the river．
*过去分词作定语表示已完成的动作。
如：The bridge built last year is the third bridge across the river．
1．动名词由动词 + ing构成，否定形式为not doing，具有动词和名词的性质，在句中起名词作用，可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。
1）作主语。如：
Seeing is believing.
Laying eggs is the ant queen’s full-time job.
It is no use arguing with him.
注意：动名词和不定式都可以作主语，动名词作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性行为，不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。如：
Playing with fire is dangerous. （泛指玩火）
To play with fire will be dangerous. （指一具体动作）
但在It is no use/good, not any use/good, useless等后常用动名词间或用不定式。
2）作表语。如：
Her job is teaching.
3）作宾语。如：
He is fond of playing football.
I like swimming.
①以下动词须用doing 做宾语
避免，错过，（少）延期:avoid, miss, postpone/put off
建议，完成，（多）练习: suggest, advise, finish, practice
喜欢 设想 不介意: : enjoy, imagine, can’t help
承认，否定，（又）妒忌: admit, deny, envy
逃避，冒险，（多）原谅: escape, risk, excuse
忍受，保持，（不）介意:stand, keep, mind
注意：advise ，permit ,allow，admit ，forbid ，imagine ，consider 有不同的用法:
V + sb to do sth & V + doing sth
②forget ，go on，mean ，regret ，remember ，stop ，try 等动词或词组可带动名词或不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别。
Let’s go on studying Lesson 6. （让我们继续学第六课。说明前面已学了一部分。） ③在allow ，advise ，forbid ，permit 等动词后直接跟动名词形式作宾语，如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语。如：
We don’t allow smoking here.
We don’t allow students to smoke.
④动词need ，require ，want 作“需要”解，其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语表示事情需要做，这时，动名词的主动式表示被动意义。be worth后必须用动名词的主动形式来表示被动意义。如：
The window needs/requires/wants cleaning/to be cleaned.
Her method is worth trying.
主动表被动:
Sth. + want (需要)/need (需要)/ require(需要)/ stand (经受)/ bear(忍受)/ be + past(超过)/ be worth (值得)/ be + in need of(需要) + doing
Sth. +need/require/want +to be done
但 be worth ( + while) 只能 + doing
Sth. + be worthy of + n. / being done Sth. + be worthy to be done
It is worthwhile doing sth./ to do sth. 干某事是值得的
但不能说：sth. is worthwhile doing/ to do
⑤在短语devote to，look forward to，stick to，to be used to，object to，thank you for，excuse me for，be(kept) busy，have difficulty/trouble/problem(in)，have a good/wonderful/hard time(in)，there’s no use/good/need，feel/seem like/get down to等后的动词也必须用动名词形式，例如：
I look forward to hearing from you soon.
⑥在love ，hate ，prefer ，like 等动词后用动名词或不定式无多大区别。有时用动名词作宾语时，指一般情况，而跟不定式作宾语时指某一具体行为。
⑦start ，begin ，continue 在书面语中多后接动名词，在口语中多后接不定式。
但start 和begin 在下列情况下一般跟不定式作宾语：当主语是物而不是人时；当start
或begin 以-ing 形式出现时，当后面作宾语的动词表示感情、思想或意念时用to do （understand ，realize, know）如：
It started to snow. He is beginning to cook dinner. I began to understand what he meant. 但指开始一项长期或习惯的活动时，多用doing 形式，例如：
。 (2)How old were you when you first started playing football?
你第一次踢足球时多大？
⑧在should(would) like/love等后须用不定式。
4）作定语，例如：
动名词做定语时一般前置，与所修饰的名词间没有逻辑上诸位关系，表用途
现在分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前, 说明其修饰名词的动作，性质或特征, 它与被修饰的名词是逻辑上的主动关系，且可以转换成定语从句；动名词做定语说明被修饰名词的功能或用途，一般是单个动名词，放在被修饰名词之前，可以转换成for 短语，表示“供作... 之用”。
He has a reading room.
Swimming pool a pool for swimming
a sleeping boy a boy who is sleeping)
4）作宾语补足语：Doing 作宾语补足语。句中的谓语动词
通常为a: 感官动词，如：see, notice, watch, hear, listen to, feel, observe, find + sb + doing
We heard the children singing in her room.
We watched the children diving into thewater from the top board.
b. 役使动词. 表示“使”，“让”的意思。
keep sb doing 保持.. leave sb doing 使处于„
get sb/ sth doing让做 have sb doing 让„做..
set sb/ sth doing„使„
We’ll soon have you walking again.
我们会不久让你重新走起来。
I leave the machine running all day.
我让机器整天运转着。
2．动名词的复合结构
动名词的复合结构由物主代词或人称代词宾格、名词所有格或普通格加动名词构成。在句子开头必须用名词所有格或物主代词。如果动名词的复合结构作宾语，其逻辑主语是无生命的名词时，用普通格。如：
His coming made me very happy.
Mary’s crying annoyed him.
She didn’t mind his crying.
Is there any hope of Xiao Wang’s winning.? He insists on the plan being carried out.
3．动名词的时态和语态
动名词的时态分一般式和完成式两种，如果动名词的动作没有明确地表示出时间是与谓语词所表示的动作同时发生或在谓语动词所表示的动作以前发生，用动名词的一般式。如：
We are interested in playing chess.
His coming will be of great help to us.
如果动名词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，通常用动名词的完成时态。如： I’m sorry for not having kept my promise.
在某些动词或词组后，常用动名词的一般形式，尽管其动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生的。如：Excuse me for coming late.
主语是动名词所表示的动作的对象时，动名词用被动语态。被动语态由“being + 过去分词”或“having been + 过去分词”构成。后一种一般很少使用，以免使句子显得累赘。如：
He likes being helped.
I don’t remember having ever been given a chance to do it. Hearing the bell, the students began to enter the classroom. 听见铃声，学生们开始走进教室。
（听见和进入两个动作同时或基本同时发生） The building being built now is our new library. 现在正在建造地 这栋楼房室我们地 新图书馆.
（being built为现在分词的被动形式，表示动作正在进行之中。） Having done the work, he went home.
（having done the work为现在分词的完成式，表示动作先于谓语动词发生。） All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。
（having been sold out 为现在分词的完成式，表示动作先于谓语动词发生。）
1 (=When I was walking in the street, I came across an old friend of mine.) (=While ____ _____ ______ ______ the bus,he read a copy of China Daily.)
2)
(=As he was ill, he didn’t go to school.)
既然你是一个学生，你就应该努力学习。
由于想到它或许在家，所以我就给他打了电话。 As ___ ______ he might be at home, I called him.
3）表方式、伴随情况的状语 ：是与谓语所表示的动作（或状态）同时发生，或是对谓语表示地动词（或状态）作进一步地补充说明。
(=He sat on the sofa, and watched TV.)
他们笑着谈着走进了教室。
They ________ and _________, and they went into the classroom.) 表结果
Eg. Her mother died in 1990, leaving her with her younger brother.
(=Her mother died in 1990, and left her with her younger brother.)
5)
Using your head, you will find a way.
(=If you use your head, you will find a way.)
努力吧， 你会成功的。
Working hard, you will succeed.
（If you ______ ______, you will succeed.
6）表让步（though/although , even thoungh等）
Workiing hard, he didn’t feel a bit tired.
（=Although he worked hard, he didn’t feel a bit tired.)
Knowing all this , they made me pay for the damage.
（=Even though they _____ ____ _______, they made me pay for the damage.
与逻辑主语构成独立主格：
-ing 形式作状语时, 它的逻辑主语必须与主句的主语是一致的，如果两者不构成主谓关系, 只能用独立主格结构, 也就是给现在分词补充一个主语。
①如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。
Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.
(=If _____ _______, we'll do another two exercises)
分词的逻辑主语是time , 而句子的主语是I , 两者不构成主谓关系, 所以只能用独立主格结构, 也就是给现在分词补充一个主语。
② ．
for the bus, a bird fell on my head.)
独立主格中的注意事项
（1）独立主格有时也可用with (without) +名词（代词宾格）+分词形式
他点着灯睡着了。
（2）有些固定用法作独立成分(悬垂分词) ：
Judging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.
generally speaking, frankly speaking, considering,/taking… in consideration, to tell you the truth,etc.
不定式作定语表示将来的动作。
如：The bridge to be built next month is the third bridge across the river．
*现在分词作定语表示正在进行的动作。
如：The bridge being built now is the third bridge across the river．
*过去分词作定语表示已完成的动作。
如：The bridge built last year is the third bridge across the river．