段落展开方法：常用句型及过渡词
因果法
1. There are several reasons for the growing trend toward delayed childbearing. In the first
place,… in the second place…..finally..
2. It is no easy job to give the reasons for the recent rise in teenage suicide which is a
complicated phenomenon involving many factors.
3. The explanations for/ answers to students’ failure to follow a lecture involve some
interrelated factors.
4. As a result of/ thanks to/ owing to/ due to/ because of those immediate measures, and
aided by the tremendous effort which they evoked from our people, we weathered the disaster of sleet and snow.
5. Men’s resistance to women’s equality arises partly from their awareness that what the male
does is no longer indispensable or nonsubstitutable and that women are superior and they frequently succeed brilliantly in all the fields you care to name, and that men will be beaten in real competition.
6. It is to the law that we owe our wonderful economic development, which brings improved
human conditions. (one may attribute/ascribe/owe….to….)
7. The new pattern of employment is seen/ viewed/ regarded as a result of the changing needs
of industries and business.
8. It is hard to think of an area of modern physical welfare that cannot be traced in some
ways to science and technology.
9. There are a number of factors wchich determine/ contribute to/account for/ lead to onset
of smoking, and these are largely psychological and social.
10. A number of factors, both (physical and psychological)/ (inherited and environmental)/
(individual and social)/ (academic and professional ), affect/ influence/ promote/ contribute to……
11. Those factors, coupled with the growth of industrialization, opened the possibility of
employment and an independent existence to significant numbers of women.
12. Some of the factors that have caused us to take a second look at the direction in which
technology is guiding our civilization are: the new and growing awareness of the finiteness of resources; a realization of the inadequacies of the scientific world; and an appreciation of the interdependence among people and of people with their natural environment.
另一原因补充
1. another contributing/ contributory factor is that/ include…..
2. among the various reasons usually cited is the helpful role trees play in reducing the amount
of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere through absorption.
3. Beyond these obvious reasons, however, lies a deeper cause: the changing attitude of the
youth.
4. Financial pressure is only the surface explanation for general reluctance to retire.
5. The pursuit of a youthful physical appearance is not, however, the sole reason for people’s
absession with diet and exercise.
后果影响
1. The effect of this new appreciation of the significance of exercise is evident: parks are filled
with joggers and physical education programs are enjoying a newly found prestige.
2. Obviously modern electronic games will exert an undesirable influence on our children. It will have / exert/ exercise/ produce a decisive/profound / far-reaching/ beneficial/ unfavorable/ disastrous effect/ influence/impact on……..
3. Rapid growth is also giving rise to a host of problems that could strain our social fabric.
4. The decision involves many direct consequences:……
5. The immediate/ eventual/ consequent/ result it produces is…. And perhaps the most obvious result of …. is
常用过渡词：as, for, so, as a result, for this reason, the reason why, because, hence, therefore, cause, lead to, thus, consequently, owing to, due to, since
转折，比较与对比法
两者比较
1. Although newspapers enjoy distinct advantage of covering an important new story in far
greater detail, they cannot compete with television visually.
2. To most college students, the advantages of taking up a job immediately after graduation
outweigh those of continuing their studies.
3. The effect of the comparison between newspapers and television is heightened by the
following additional advantages newspapers enjoy.
4. Certainly, the school curriculum plays a relatively small role as compared to the influence
of family, community, mass media, and society.
5. In spite of the increase in productivity, efficiency and convenience generated by
telecommunications, the changes it brings could very well lead to potentially adverse consequences.
6. Few things in life, indeed, are as rewarding as observing a good fight between highly
intelligent, highly trained and knowledgeable people.
两者相同
1. The task that confronts school children is no less challenging than the task that faces their
parents who try to secure a good job in the fierce competition.
2. New technology makes engineers obsolete. Likewise, new methods of management can make
executives obsolete.
3. It is a difficult task to compare two systems of education which stem from different roots
and often produce contrasting effects, but still they share several things in common.
4. Innovations bear some resemblance to shooting at the goal.
5. Language is like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life
can be starved and damaged.
两者不同
1. Both cars and bicycles and buses are the common means of public transportation in the cities.
But unlike buses, the car is convenient and can deposit you at any doorstep where you want and when you want.
2. Married people are less likely than single people to smoke and drink heavily. They are also
more likely to install safety devices in their homes.
常用过渡词：alternatively, however, on the contrary, although, in contrast, on the other hand, as a matter of fact, in spite of, otherwise, in the same way, rather, by contrast, instead, whereas, while,
compared with, despite, nonetheless, yet, even though
细节支持
举例
1. A common example which is frequently cited is soaring inflation which has approached nearly 30% in major cities.
2. A classic example of this can be provided by the attitude of provincial and municipal officials towards the government policy.
3. The most dramatic/ striking example of this is the fact that……
4. To the already familiar example of the law of balance, some other examples may be added:…..
5. History/this nation/ our society abounds with the examples of great men who made the normally wasted hours useful and productive.
6. Perhaps I can think of no better illustration of the spirit of a scientist than the example of Einsteins who devoted his whole life to discovering unknown facts.
7. Censorship is for the good of society as a whole. Just imagine what chaos there would be if we lived in a society without laws.
8. There is sufficient evidence to show that parents are particularly influential in the decisions of their children about college.
引用
1. A long time ago, this country’s founders declared, “All men are created equal.”
2. As is illustrated in a popular saying “….”, main clause
3. According to a new census report/ official statistics/ reliable figures, from 1958 to 1992 women’s share of professional jobs nearly triples.
常用过渡词（含表增补）：also, for example, namely, and, for instance, not only…but also…., as well, furthermore, on more thing, and then, in addition, similarly, as well as, in addition to that, such as, besides, in particular, to illustrate, just as, together, too, either, likewise, what’s more, even, moreover
其他过渡词：
表顺序或序列关系after, between, for a start, after this, earlier, for one thing…for another, afterwards, finally, in the first place, as, first, in the middle, as soon as, firstly, in the second place, at the moment, first of all, initially, before, following this, just as, last but not least, turn right, meanwhile, since, subsequently, previously, to begin with
表解释或强调关系actually, in particular, probably, another way of saying, refer to, approximately, mainly, slightly, consist of, means, specially, equally, strikingly, especially, surprisingly, in other words, one other thing I should point out, that is to say
表归纳和结论关系accordingly, in brief, so, admittedly, in conclusion, then, altogether, in short, thereby, as a result, in summary, therefore, basically, in that case, to conclude, to summarize, overall, lastly, eventually, finally
表确认关系apparently, in general, preferably, basically, obviously, specially, certainly, of course, surely, especially, particularly, undoubtedly, generally speaking, plainly
表条件关系considering, if, so that, depending on, provided that, unless, for, providing, whether, given that, regardless of, without
开头结尾句型
开头：采用现象描述+文章内容预告
1. Here and there across the world/ the country are coming reports that communication
among nations is enhanced owing to air travel.
2. Recently, the alarm about the problem of ….. has caused wide public concern/ has been in
the limelight
3. Nowhere is the clash more visible than in China, where the world’s largest population faces
pollution, deforestation and acid rain on a large scale (最高级的替换)
4. It has become apparent to us that one of the biggest problems confronting our Chinese
education today is the increasing vocationalization of our colleges and universities.
5. Whenever you…., you cannot help being struck/ surprised/ astonished/ disappointed/
impressed by/ at…..
6. It is high time we exploded/ shattered the myth/ illusion/ fiction about… (注意虚拟语气)
7. Now people become increasingly aware/ conscious of the necessity to…
8. To the popular mind/ most Chinese parents, college is the place their children should go.
9. One of the most popular topics/ hottest topics many city residents talk about now is the tide
of the rural poor flooding the cities.
10. Traditionally, we are all used to thinking that work is a means of making living and can
provide the material things of life. But many researchers have found that work provides more than tangible things. (对比法)
引用法
开头万能公式一：名人名言
有人问了，“我没有记住名言，怎么办？尤其是英语名言？”，很好办：编！
原理：我们看到的东西很多都是创造出来的，包括我们欣赏的文章也是，所以尽管编，但是一定要听起来很有道理呦！而且没准将来我们就是名人呢！对吧？ ; d/ @2 P; Y# o% m
经典句型： : U( E& d" W' K1 |2
A proberb says, “ You are only young once.” （适用于已记住的名言） It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever. （适用于自编名言）
更多经典句型：
As everyone knows, No one can deny that„ - g' \5 C; y# U. w; O: \ x8 ^5 _. a2 U/ i- W% A
开头万能公式二：数字统计 3 E0 h7 d, V6 a$ w% W4 _ H
原理：要想更有说服力，就应该用实际的数字来说明。
原则上在议论文当中十不应该出现虚假数字的，可是在考试的时候哪管那三七二十一，但编无妨，只要我有东西写就万事大吉了。所以不妨试用下面的句型：
their study after their graduation.
看起来这个数字文邹邹的，其实都是编造出来的，下面随便几个题目我们都可以这样编造： " Z/ b8 E, x. \1 K4 H( fP- `: F( ^; O$ A5 a According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further
Honesty：根据最近的一项统计调查显示，大学生向老师请假的理由当中78%都是假的。 % d) d5 V) ' U2 ]& Travel by Bike：根据最近的一项统计调查显示，85%的人在近距离旅行的时候首选的交通工具是自行车。
Youth：根据最近的一项统计调查显示，在某个大学，学生的课余时间的70%都是在休闲娱
乐。 $ C& Z, p) P2 o6 P
Five-day Work Week Better than Six-day Work?：根据最近的一项统计调查显示，98%的人同意每周五天工作日。 : t3 b `, ?! t" o
更多句型：
A recent statistics shows that „ " Q) S% C* U& H5 l2 p5 X2 U6 W
结尾
解决方案
1. It is essential that effective measures should be taken to do….
2. There is no promising solution in sight, but common recognition of the urgency of the
situation we are facing now can be the first step toward the solution of pollution.
3. It is simpler to say than to do, but there are ways. The most common is to…… Another
method is to…… But the most important is to ……
4. It is suggested that concerted efforts should be make to…..
5. There is no better time to act right now, for we will never be offered a greater opportunity than
we are at this moment.
6. It remains to be seen whether women can rise to social status as high as men do in the near
future. But the picture is not quite that rosy.
直接总结
1. When the merits and demerits of advertising are carefully compared, the most striking
conclusion is self-evident: ……
2. 2For the reasons presented above, I strongly commit to the notion that……
3. People rarely reach an absolute consensus on a controversial issue.
4. All the evidence supports/justifies an unmistakable/ unshakable conclusion that….
5. People from different backgrounds, however, put different interpretations on the same issue.
6. Taking into account all the relevant factors which affect and contribute to the attitude, we
may safely conclude that……
1． 结尾万能公式一：如此结论
说完了，毕竟要归纳一番，相信各位都有这样的经历，领导长篇大论，到最后终于冒出个“总而言之”之类的话，我们马上停止开小差，等待领导说结束语。也就是说，开头很好，也必然要有一个精彩的结尾，让读者眼前一亮，这样，你就可以拿高分了！比如下面的例子：
Obviously（此为过渡短语）, we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others.
如果读者很难“显而见之”，但说无妨，就当读者的眼光太浅罢了！
更多过渡短语：
更多句型： - @" G* c' C' W, n* }" B: j to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus ) n3 I, X) i: ]7 D; E0 T \2 W1 Q0 P
Thus, it can be concluded that„, Therefore, we can find that„
2． 结尾万能公式二：如此建议 ; n4 k: Y: |) l4 ?
如果说“如此结论”是结尾最没用的废话，那么“如此建议”应该是最有价值的废话了，因为这里虽然也是废话，但是却用了一个很经典的虚拟语气的句型。拽！
Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem. 这里的虚拟语气用得很经典，因为考官本来经常考这个句型，而如果我们自己写出来，你说考官会怎么想呢？
更多句型：
Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken. # U. M0 l9 [& T' F6 n: Y; G2 N
Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken.
段落展开方法：常用句型及过渡词
因果法
1. There are several reasons for the growing trend toward delayed childbearing. In the first
place,… in the second place…..finally..
2. It is no easy job to give the reasons for the recent rise in teenage suicide which is a
complicated phenomenon involving many factors.
3. The explanations for/ answers to students’ failure to follow a lecture involve some
interrelated factors.
4. As a result of/ thanks to/ owing to/ due to/ because of those immediate measures, and
aided by the tremendous effort which they evoked from our people, we weathered the disaster of sleet and snow.
5. Men’s resistance to women’s equality arises partly from their awareness that what the male
does is no longer indispensable or nonsubstitutable and that women are superior and they frequently succeed brilliantly in all the fields you care to name, and that men will be beaten in real competition.
6. It is to the law that we owe our wonderful economic development, which brings improved
human conditions. (one may attribute/ascribe/owe….to….)
7. The new pattern of employment is seen/ viewed/ regarded as a result of the changing needs
of industries and business.
8. It is hard to think of an area of modern physical welfare that cannot be traced in some
ways to science and technology.
9. There are a number of factors wchich determine/ contribute to/account for/ lead to onset
of smoking, and these are largely psychological and social.
10. A number of factors, both (physical and psychological)/ (inherited and environmental)/
(individual and social)/ (academic and professional ), affect/ influence/ promote/ contribute to……
11. Those factors, coupled with the growth of industrialization, opened the possibility of
employment and an independent existence to significant numbers of women.
12. Some of the factors that have caused us to take a second look at the direction in which
technology is guiding our civilization are: the new and growing awareness of the finiteness of resources; a realization of the inadequacies of the scientific world; and an appreciation of the interdependence among people and of people with their natural environment.
另一原因补充
1. another contributing/ contributory factor is that/ include…..
2. among the various reasons usually cited is the helpful role trees play in reducing the amount
of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere through absorption.
3. Beyond these obvious reasons, however, lies a deeper cause: the changing attitude of the
youth.
4. Financial pressure is only the surface explanation for general reluctance to retire.
5. The pursuit of a youthful physical appearance is not, however, the sole reason for people’s
absession with diet and exercise.
后果影响
1. The effect of this new appreciation of the significance of exercise is evident: parks are filled
with joggers and physical education programs are enjoying a newly found prestige.
2. Obviously modern electronic games will exert an undesirable influence on our children. It will have / exert/ exercise/ produce a decisive/profound / far-reaching/ beneficial/ unfavorable/ disastrous effect/ influence/impact on……..
3. Rapid growth is also giving rise to a host of problems that could strain our social fabric.
4. The decision involves many direct consequences:……
5. The immediate/ eventual/ consequent/ result it produces is…. And perhaps the most obvious result of …. is
常用过渡词：as, for, so, as a result, for this reason, the reason why, because, hence, therefore, cause, lead to, thus, consequently, owing to, due to, since
转折，比较与对比法
两者比较
1. Although newspapers enjoy distinct advantage of covering an important new story in far
greater detail, they cannot compete with television visually.
2. To most college students, the advantages of taking up a job immediately after graduation
outweigh those of continuing their studies.
3. The effect of the comparison between newspapers and television is heightened by the
following additional advantages newspapers enjoy.
4. Certainly, the school curriculum plays a relatively small role as compared to the influence
of family, community, mass media, and society.
5. In spite of the increase in productivity, efficiency and convenience generated by
telecommunications, the changes it brings could very well lead to potentially adverse consequences.
6. Few things in life, indeed, are as rewarding as observing a good fight between highly
intelligent, highly trained and knowledgeable people.
两者相同
1. The task that confronts school children is no less challenging than the task that faces their
parents who try to secure a good job in the fierce competition.
2. New technology makes engineers obsolete. Likewise, new methods of management can make
executives obsolete.
3. It is a difficult task to compare two systems of education which stem from different roots
and often produce contrasting effects, but still they share several things in common.
4. Innovations bear some resemblance to shooting at the goal.
5. Language is like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life
can be starved and damaged.
两者不同
1. Both cars and bicycles and buses are the common means of public transportation in the cities.
But unlike buses, the car is convenient and can deposit you at any doorstep where you want and when you want.
2. Married people are less likely than single people to smoke and drink heavily. They are also
more likely to install safety devices in their homes.
常用过渡词：alternatively, however, on the contrary, although, in contrast, on the other hand, as a matter of fact, in spite of, otherwise, in the same way, rather, by contrast, instead, whereas, while,
compared with, despite, nonetheless, yet, even though
细节支持
举例
1. A common example which is frequently cited is soaring inflation which has approached nearly 30% in major cities.
2. A classic example of this can be provided by the attitude of provincial and municipal officials towards the government policy.
3. The most dramatic/ striking example of this is the fact that……
4. To the already familiar example of the law of balance, some other examples may be added:…..
5. History/this nation/ our society abounds with the examples of great men who made the normally wasted hours useful and productive.
6. Perhaps I can think of no better illustration of the spirit of a scientist than the example of Einsteins who devoted his whole life to discovering unknown facts.
7. Censorship is for the good of society as a whole. Just imagine what chaos there would be if we lived in a society without laws.
8. There is sufficient evidence to show that parents are particularly influential in the decisions of their children about college.
引用
1. A long time ago, this country’s founders declared, “All men are created equal.”
2. As is illustrated in a popular saying “….”, main clause
3. According to a new census report/ official statistics/ reliable figures, from 1958 to 1992 women’s share of professional jobs nearly triples.
常用过渡词（含表增补）：also, for example, namely, and, for instance, not only…but also…., as well, furthermore, on more thing, and then, in addition, similarly, as well as, in addition to that, such as, besides, in particular, to illustrate, just as, together, too, either, likewise, what’s more, even, moreover
其他过渡词：
表顺序或序列关系after, between, for a start, after this, earlier, for one thing…for another, afterwards, finally, in the first place, as, first, in the middle, as soon as, firstly, in the second place, at the moment, first of all, initially, before, following this, just as, last but not least, turn right, meanwhile, since, subsequently, previously, to begin with
表解释或强调关系actually, in particular, probably, another way of saying, refer to, approximately, mainly, slightly, consist of, means, specially, equally, strikingly, especially, surprisingly, in other words, one other thing I should point out, that is to say
表归纳和结论关系accordingly, in brief, so, admittedly, in conclusion, then, altogether, in short, thereby, as a result, in summary, therefore, basically, in that case, to conclude, to summarize, overall, lastly, eventually, finally
表确认关系apparently, in general, preferably, basically, obviously, specially, certainly, of course, surely, especially, particularly, undoubtedly, generally speaking, plainly
表条件关系considering, if, so that, depending on, provided that, unless, for, providing, whether, given that, regardless of, without
开头结尾句型
开头：采用现象描述+文章内容预告
1. Here and there across the world/ the country are coming reports that communication
among nations is enhanced owing to air travel.
2. Recently, the alarm about the problem of ….. has caused wide public concern/ has been in
the limelight
3. Nowhere is the clash more visible than in China, where the world’s largest population faces
pollution, deforestation and acid rain on a large scale (最高级的替换)
4. It has become apparent to us that one of the biggest problems confronting our Chinese
education today is the increasing vocationalization of our colleges and universities.
5. Whenever you…., you cannot help being struck/ surprised/ astonished/ disappointed/
impressed by/ at…..
6. It is high time we exploded/ shattered the myth/ illusion/ fiction about… (注意虚拟语气)
7. Now people become increasingly aware/ conscious of the necessity to…
8. To the popular mind/ most Chinese parents, college is the place their children should go.
9. One of the most popular topics/ hottest topics many city residents talk about now is the tide
of the rural poor flooding the cities.
10. Traditionally, we are all used to thinking that work is a means of making living and can
provide the material things of life. But many researchers have found that work provides more than tangible things. (对比法)
引用法
开头万能公式一：名人名言
有人问了，“我没有记住名言，怎么办？尤其是英语名言？”，很好办：编！
原理：我们看到的东西很多都是创造出来的，包括我们欣赏的文章也是，所以尽管编，但是一定要听起来很有道理呦！而且没准将来我们就是名人呢！对吧？ ; d/ @2 P; Y# o% m
经典句型： : U( E& d" W' K1 |2
A proberb says, “ You are only young once.” （适用于已记住的名言） It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever. （适用于自编名言）
更多经典句型：
As everyone knows, No one can deny that„ - g' \5 C; y# U. w; O: \ x8 ^5 _. a2 U/ i- W% A
开头万能公式二：数字统计 3 E0 h7 d, V6 a$ w% W4 _ H
原理：要想更有说服力，就应该用实际的数字来说明。
原则上在议论文当中十不应该出现虚假数字的，可是在考试的时候哪管那三七二十一，但编无妨，只要我有东西写就万事大吉了。所以不妨试用下面的句型：
their study after their graduation.
看起来这个数字文邹邹的，其实都是编造出来的，下面随便几个题目我们都可以这样编造： " Z/ b8 E, x. \1 K4 H( fP- `: F( ^; O$ A5 a According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further
Honesty：根据最近的一项统计调查显示，大学生向老师请假的理由当中78%都是假的。 % d) d5 V) ' U2 ]& Travel by Bike：根据最近的一项统计调查显示，85%的人在近距离旅行的时候首选的交通工具是自行车。
Youth：根据最近的一项统计调查显示，在某个大学，学生的课余时间的70%都是在休闲娱
乐。 $ C& Z, p) P2 o6 P
Five-day Work Week Better than Six-day Work?：根据最近的一项统计调查显示，98%的人同意每周五天工作日。 : t3 b `, ?! t" o
更多句型：
A recent statistics shows that „ " Q) S% C* U& H5 l2 p5 X2 U6 W
结尾
解决方案
1. It is essential that effective measures should be taken to do….
2. There is no promising solution in sight, but common recognition of the urgency of the
situation we are facing now can be the first step toward the solution of pollution.
3. It is simpler to say than to do, but there are ways. The most common is to…… Another
method is to…… But the most important is to ……
4. It is suggested that concerted efforts should be make to…..
5. There is no better time to act right now, for we will never be offered a greater opportunity than
we are at this moment.
6. It remains to be seen whether women can rise to social status as high as men do in the near
future. But the picture is not quite that rosy.
直接总结
1. When the merits and demerits of advertising are carefully compared, the most striking
conclusion is self-evident: ……
2. 2For the reasons presented above, I strongly commit to the notion that……
3. People rarely reach an absolute consensus on a controversial issue.
4. All the evidence supports/justifies an unmistakable/ unshakable conclusion that….
5. People from different backgrounds, however, put different interpretations on the same issue.
6. Taking into account all the relevant factors which affect and contribute to the attitude, we
may safely conclude that……
1． 结尾万能公式一：如此结论
说完了，毕竟要归纳一番，相信各位都有这样的经历，领导长篇大论，到最后终于冒出个“总而言之”之类的话，我们马上停止开小差，等待领导说结束语。也就是说，开头很好，也必然要有一个精彩的结尾，让读者眼前一亮，这样，你就可以拿高分了！比如下面的例子：
Obviously（此为过渡短语）, we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others.
如果读者很难“显而见之”，但说无妨，就当读者的眼光太浅罢了！
更多过渡短语：
更多句型： - @" G* c' C' W, n* }" B: j to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus ) n3 I, X) i: ]7 D; E0 T \2 W1 Q0 P
Thus, it can be concluded that„, Therefore, we can find that„
2． 结尾万能公式二：如此建议 ; n4 k: Y: |) l4 ?
如果说“如此结论”是结尾最没用的废话，那么“如此建议”应该是最有价值的废话了，因为这里虽然也是废话，但是却用了一个很经典的虚拟语气的句型。拽！
Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem. 这里的虚拟语气用得很经典，因为考官本来经常考这个句型，而如果我们自己写出来，你说考官会怎么想呢？
更多句型：
Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken. # U. M0 l9 [& T' F6 n: Y; G2 N
Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken.