英语被动语态的基本用法
一、什么是被动语态？
英语中时态很多，但语态不多，只有两种，即：主动语态和被动语态。所谓“被动语态”，相当于中文中常说的“被„„”、“由„„”的句式，如：“他的自行车被偷了。”，“这座楼房是由他们建造的。”
二、被动语态的结构
那么，英语中被动语态是怎么样构成的呢？请看下面的例句（注意划线部分）：
His bicycle was stolen.
The building has been built in 2000.
通过上面的例句，可以看出，“被动语态”的构成是：
be + 过去分词 + (by+动作执行者)
三、被动语态的运用
什么情况下要用被动语态呢？一般地说，有下面几种情况：
（1） 不知道谁是动作的执行者或没有必要。例如：
Paper is made from wood. （纸是由木材生产出来的。）
The house is quite old. It was built in 1950. （这座房子太旧了。它是1950年建成的。）
（2） 需要强调动作的对象时。例如：
Calculator can't be used in the maths exam. （计算器不能用于数学考试。） Books and newspapers in the reading room mustnt be taken away. （阅览室的书籍和报纸不准带走。）
He was awarded first prize in that contest. （他在比赛中获得了第一。）
（3）为了使语气婉转，避免提到是谁做的这件事。例如：
The construction of the new lab must be completed by the end of next month. （新实验室必须在下个月底前完工。）
四、各种时态的被动语态举例
一般地讲，被动语态可用于英语的各种时态。为了能准确地运用被动语态，重点是要掌握be动词的各种时态变化。各种时态的被动语态举例如下：
1、 一般现在时的被动语态. Am / is / are + 动词的过去分词
Our classroom is cleaned every day.
2、一般过去式的被动语态: was / were + 动词的过去分词
His desk was cleaned just now.
3、现在进行时的被动语态: am / is / are + being + 动词的过去分词
A new factory is being built in our city now.
4、过去进行时的被动语态: was / were + being + 动词的过去分词
A new factory was being built in our city at that time.
5、一般将来时的被动语态:
(A) will / shall + be + 动词的过去分词
(B) am / is / are + going to be +动词的过去分词.
Some new factories will be built in our city this year.
Your watch is going to be mended in an hour.
6、过去将来时的被动语态: (1).would / should + be + 动词的过去分词
(2).was / were +going to be + 动词的过去分词.
She said that some new factories would be built soon in our city.
He thought that your watch was going to be mended after an hour.
7、现在完成时的被动语态:have / has + been + 动词的过去分词
Some new factories have been built in the city since last year.
Your watch has been mended already.
8、过去完成时的被动语态:had + been + 动词的过去分词
He said that some new factories had been built in the city.
I didn’t know that my watch had been mended .
9、含情态动词的被动式：can/may/must + be + done
例如：He can not be found. / I must be paid for this.
五、如何将主动语态变成被动语态
1、从句子意义上说，就是重新找出“什么事物”是“被完成”的。 例1.
主动语态：人们说英语。People speak English in many countries.
被动语态：英语被说。 English is spoken in many countries..
例2.
主动语态：我们造这座桥。We built this bridge last year.
被动语态：这座样被建造。This bridge was built last year.
2、从语法的角度说，把原句的宾语改成主语。
例1.
主动语态：小王邀请你(宾语) Xiao Liu has invited you to a lunch party.
被动语态：你(宾语)被邀请。 You has been invited to a lunch party by Xiao Wang.
例2.
主动语态：你不准带走杂志(宾语) You must not take these magazines out of the reading-room.
被动语态：杂志(宾语)不准被带走.These magazines must not be taken out of the reading room.
例3.
主动语态：他们授给他(宾语)一枚奖章(宾语).They gave him a medal for his wonderful work.
被动语态：他(宾语)被授予一枚奖章. He was given a medal for his wonderful work.
被动语态：一枚奖章(宾语)被授给了他.A medal was given to him for his wonderful work.
六、练习
1.We shall discuss the problem at tomorrow's meeting.
(提示) the problem -be - discuss
2.Has anybody fed the birds?
(提示) Has anybody - be - feed
3.People will never forget the accident.
(提示) the accident - will be - forget
4.They are repairing the car in the garage.
(提示) the car - be being - repair
5.Someone must have turned on the light without your notice.
(提示) the light - must have - be - turn on
6.They have found ways to make waste water clean.
7.Someone must take care of the children when we go out.
8.They won't hold the meeting until next Friday.
9.You may write this letter in pencil.
10.They gave him a medal for his wonderful work.
二.主动语态表示被动的情况
1.某些系动词构成的系表结构，可用主动语态表示被动意义。
Eg: The flower smells sweet花闻起来很香。
The soup tastes very delicious那汤味闻起来真好。
2.某些动词后加副词表示被动意义，常用的这类动词有wash, write ,sell, lock, shut ,clean等。
Eg.This type of television set sells well.这种电视机卖得很好。
This pen writes smoothly。这支笔写起来很流畅。
3.Want ,deserve ,need ,require ,及worth等词后面的主动语态表被动意义。在这些动词后（worth除外），既可以接动名词又可接不定式，接动名词要求用主动语态表示被动意义，接不定式要用被动结构。
Eg: The children require looking after=The children require to be looked after这些孩子需要照顾.
4.当不定式与它修饰的词之间有动宾关系，并且与句子的主语在意思上有主谓关系时，虽然表示的意思为被动，但却用主动形式。
Eg: We have many problems to solve.我们有许多问题要解决。
5.当不定式作表语（或宾补）形容词的状语，又与句子中的主语（或宾语）有逻辑上的动宾关系时，虽然不定式有被动意义，但只能用主动形式。
Eg: Some books are interesting to read, but boring to learn有些书读起来很有趣，但学起来很厌烦。They found the subject hard to understand 他们发现这个题目很难理解。
英语被动语态的基本用法
一、什么是被动语态？
英语中时态很多，但语态不多，只有两种，即：主动语态和被动语态。所谓“被动语态”，相当于中文中常说的“被„„”、“由„„”的句式，如：“他的自行车被偷了。”，“这座楼房是由他们建造的。”
二、被动语态的结构
那么，英语中被动语态是怎么样构成的呢？请看下面的例句（注意划线部分）：
His bicycle was stolen.
The building has been built in 2000.
通过上面的例句，可以看出，“被动语态”的构成是：
be + 过去分词 + (by+动作执行者)
三、被动语态的运用
什么情况下要用被动语态呢？一般地说，有下面几种情况：
（1） 不知道谁是动作的执行者或没有必要。例如：
Paper is made from wood. （纸是由木材生产出来的。）
The house is quite old. It was built in 1950. （这座房子太旧了。它是1950年建成的。）
（2） 需要强调动作的对象时。例如：
Calculator can't be used in the maths exam. （计算器不能用于数学考试。） Books and newspapers in the reading room mustnt be taken away. （阅览室的书籍和报纸不准带走。）
He was awarded first prize in that contest. （他在比赛中获得了第一。）
（3）为了使语气婉转，避免提到是谁做的这件事。例如：
The construction of the new lab must be completed by the end of next month. （新实验室必须在下个月底前完工。）
四、各种时态的被动语态举例
一般地讲，被动语态可用于英语的各种时态。为了能准确地运用被动语态，重点是要掌握be动词的各种时态变化。各种时态的被动语态举例如下：
1、 一般现在时的被动语态. Am / is / are + 动词的过去分词
Our classroom is cleaned every day.
2、一般过去式的被动语态: was / were + 动词的过去分词
His desk was cleaned just now.
3、现在进行时的被动语态: am / is / are + being + 动词的过去分词
A new factory is being built in our city now.
4、过去进行时的被动语态: was / were + being + 动词的过去分词
A new factory was being built in our city at that time.
5、一般将来时的被动语态:
(A) will / shall + be + 动词的过去分词
(B) am / is / are + going to be +动词的过去分词.
Some new factories will be built in our city this year.
Your watch is going to be mended in an hour.
6、过去将来时的被动语态: (1).would / should + be + 动词的过去分词
(2).was / were +going to be + 动词的过去分词.
She said that some new factories would be built soon in our city.
He thought that your watch was going to be mended after an hour.
7、现在完成时的被动语态:have / has + been + 动词的过去分词
Some new factories have been built in the city since last year.
Your watch has been mended already.
8、过去完成时的被动语态:had + been + 动词的过去分词
He said that some new factories had been built in the city.
I didn’t know that my watch had been mended .
9、含情态动词的被动式：can/may/must + be + done
例如：He can not be found. / I must be paid for this.
五、如何将主动语态变成被动语态
1、从句子意义上说，就是重新找出“什么事物”是“被完成”的。 例1.
主动语态：人们说英语。People speak English in many countries.
被动语态：英语被说。 English is spoken in many countries..
例2.
主动语态：我们造这座桥。We built this bridge last year.
被动语态：这座样被建造。This bridge was built last year.
2、从语法的角度说，把原句的宾语改成主语。
例1.
主动语态：小王邀请你(宾语) Xiao Liu has invited you to a lunch party.
被动语态：你(宾语)被邀请。 You has been invited to a lunch party by Xiao Wang.
例2.
主动语态：你不准带走杂志(宾语) You must not take these magazines out of the reading-room.
被动语态：杂志(宾语)不准被带走.These magazines must not be taken out of the reading room.
例3.
主动语态：他们授给他(宾语)一枚奖章(宾语).They gave him a medal for his wonderful work.
被动语态：他(宾语)被授予一枚奖章. He was given a medal for his wonderful work.
被动语态：一枚奖章(宾语)被授给了他.A medal was given to him for his wonderful work.
六、练习
1.We shall discuss the problem at tomorrow's meeting.
(提示) the problem -be - discuss
2.Has anybody fed the birds?
(提示) Has anybody - be - feed
3.People will never forget the accident.
(提示) the accident - will be - forget
4.They are repairing the car in the garage.
(提示) the car - be being - repair
5.Someone must have turned on the light without your notice.
(提示) the light - must have - be - turn on
6.They have found ways to make waste water clean.
7.Someone must take care of the children when we go out.
8.They won't hold the meeting until next Friday.
9.You may write this letter in pencil.
10.They gave him a medal for his wonderful work.
二.主动语态表示被动的情况
1.某些系动词构成的系表结构，可用主动语态表示被动意义。
Eg: The flower smells sweet花闻起来很香。
The soup tastes very delicious那汤味闻起来真好。
2.某些动词后加副词表示被动意义，常用的这类动词有wash, write ,sell, lock, shut ,clean等。
Eg.This type of television set sells well.这种电视机卖得很好。
This pen writes smoothly。这支笔写起来很流畅。
3.Want ,deserve ,need ,require ,及worth等词后面的主动语态表被动意义。在这些动词后（worth除外），既可以接动名词又可接不定式，接动名词要求用主动语态表示被动意义，接不定式要用被动结构。
Eg: The children require looking after=The children require to be looked after这些孩子需要照顾.
4.当不定式与它修饰的词之间有动宾关系，并且与句子的主语在意思上有主谓关系时，虽然表示的意思为被动，但却用主动形式。
Eg: We have many problems to solve.我们有许多问题要解决。
5.当不定式作表语（或宾补）形容词的状语，又与句子中的主语（或宾语）有逻辑上的动宾关系时，虽然不定式有被动意义，但只能用主动形式。
Eg: Some books are interesting to read, but boring to learn有些书读起来很有趣，但学起来很厌烦。They found the subject hard to understand 他们发现这个题目很难理解。