维斯比规则英文版
Hague-Visby Rules
Article I
Definitions
IntheseRulesthefollowingexpressionshavethemeaningsherebyassignedtothemrespectively,thatistosay,
(a)
(c)
(d)
(e)
ArticleII
Risks
SubjecttotheprovisionsofArticleVI,undereverycontractofcarriageofgoodsbywaterthecarrier,inrelationtotheloading,handling,stowage,carriage,custody,careanddischargeofsuchgoods,shallbesubjecttotheresponsibilitiesandliabilitiesandentitledtotherightsandimmunitieshereinaftersetforth. ArticleIII
ResponsibilitiesandLiabilities
1.Thecarriershallbebound,beforeandatthebeginningofthevoyage,toexerciseduediligenceto (a)maketheshipseaworthy;
(b)properlyman,equipandsupplytheship;
(c)maketheholds,refrigeratingandcoolchambers,andallotherpartsoftheshipinwhichgoodsarecarried,fitandsafefortheirreception,carriageandpreservation.
2.SubjecttotheprovisionsofArticleIV,thecarriershallproperlyandcarefullyload,handle,stow,carry,keep,careforanddischargethegoodscarried.
3.Afterreceivingthegoodsintohischarge,thecarrier,orthemasteroragentofthecarrier,shall,ondemandoftheshipper,issuetotheshipperabillofladingshowingamongotherthings
(a)theleadingmarksnecessaryforidentificationofthegoodsasthesamearefurnishedinwritingbytheshipperbeforetheloadingofsuchgoodsstarts,providedsuchmarksarestampedorotherwiseshownclearlyuponthegoodsifuncovered,oronthecasesorcoveringsinwhichsuchgoodsarecontained,insuchamannerasshouldordinarilyremainlegibleuntiltheendofthevoyage;
(b)eitherthenumberofpackagesorpieces,orthequantity,orweight,asthecasemaybe,asfurnishedinwritingbytheshipper;
(c)theapparentorderandconditionofthegoods:
Providedthatnocarrier,masteroragentofthecarriershallbeboundtostateorshowinthebillofladinganymarks,number,quantity,orweightwhichhehasreasonablegroundforsuspectingnotaccuratelytorepresentthegoodsactuallyreceivedorwhichhehashadnoreasonablemeansofchecking.
4.Suchabillofladingshallbeprimafacieevidenceofthereceiptbythecarrierofthegoodsasthereindescri
bedinaccordancewithparagraphs3(a),(b)and(c).
However,prooftothecontraryshallnotbeadmissiblewhenthebillofladinghasbeentransferredtoathirdpartyactingingoodfaith.
5.Theshippershallbedeemedtohaveguaranteedtothecarriertheaccuracyatthetimeofshipmentofthemarks,number,quantityandweight,asfurnishedbyhim,andtheshippershallindemnifythecarrieragainstallloss,damagesandexpensesarisingorresultingfrominaccuraciesinsuchparticulars.Therightofthecarriertosuchindemnityshallinnowaylimithisresponsibilityandliabilityunderthecontractofcarriagetoanypersonotherthantheshipper.
6.Unlessnoticeoflossordamageandthegeneralnatureofsuchlossordamagebegiveninwritingtothecarrierorhisagentattheportofdischargebeforeoratthetimeoftheremovalofthegoodsintothecustodyofthepersonentitledtodeliverythereofunderthecontractofcarriage,or,ifthelossordamagebenotapparent,withinthreedays,suchremovalshallbeprimafacieevidenceofthedeliverybythecarrierofthegoodsasdescribedinthebilloflading.
Thenoticeinwritingneednotbegivenifthestateofthegoodshasatthetimeoftheirreceiptbeenthesubjectofjointsurveyorinspection.
Subjecttoparagraph6bisthecarrierandtheshipshallinanyeventbedischargedfromallliabilitywhatsoeverinrespectofthegoods,unlesssuitisbroughtwithinoneyearoftheirdeliveryorofthedatewhentheyshouldhavebeendelivered.Thisperiodmay,however,beextendedifthepartiessoagreeafterthecauseofactionhasarisen.
Inthecaseofanyactualorapprehendedlossordamagethecarrierandthereceivershallgiveallreasonablefacilitiestoeachotherforinspectingandtallyingthegoods.
6.bisAnactionforindemnityagainstathirdpersonmaybebroughtevenaftertheexpirationoftheyearprovidedforintheprecedingparagraphifbroughtwithinthetimeallowedbythelawoftheCourtseizedofthecase.However,thetimeallowedshallbenotlessthanthreemonths,commencingfromthedaywhenthepersonbringingsuchactionforindemnityhassettledtheclaimorhasbeenservedwithprocessintheactionagainsthimself.
7.Afterthegoodsareloadedthebillofladingtobeissuedbythecarrier,masteroragentofthecarrier,totheshippershall,iftheshippersodemands,bea
8.Anyclause,covenantoragreementinacontractofcarriagerelievingthecarrierortheshipfromliabilityforlossordamagetoorinconnectionwithgoodsarisingfromnegligence,faultorfailureinthedutiesandobligationsprovidedinthisArticleorlesseningsuchliabilityotherwisethanasprovidedintheseRules,shallbenullandvoidandofnoeffect.
Abenefitofinsuranceorsimilarclauseshallbedeemedtobeaclauserelievingthecarrierfromliability. ArticleIV
RightsandImmunities
1.Neitherthecarriernortheshipshallbeliableforlossordamagearisingorresultingfromunseaworthinessunlesscausedbywantofduediligenceonthepartofthecarriertomaketheshipseaworthy,andtosecurethattheshipisproperlymanned,equippedandsupplied,andtomaketheholds,refrigeratingandcoolchambersandallotherpartsoftheshipinwhichgoodsarecarriedfitandsafefortheirreception,carriageand
preservationinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofparagraph1ofArticleIII.
Wheneverlossordamagehasresultedfromunseaworthiness,theburdenofprovingtheexerciseofduediligenceshallbeonthecarrierorotherpersonclaimingexemptionunderthisarticle.
2.Neitherthecarriernortheshipshallberesponsibleforlossordamagearisingorresultingfrom
(a)act,neglect,ordefaultofthemaster,mariner,pilotortheservantsofthecarrierinthenavigationorinthemanagementoftheship;
(b)fire,unlesscausedbytheactualfaultorprivityofthecarrier;
(c)perils,dangersandaccidentsoftheseaorothernavigablewaters;
(d)actofGod;
(e)actofwar;
(f)actofpublicenemies;
(g)arrestorrestraintofprinces,rulersorpeople,orseizureunderlegalprocess;
(h)quarantinerestrictions;
(i)actoromissionoftheshipperorownerofthegoods,hisagentorrepresentative;
(j)strikesorlock-outsorstoppageorrestraintoflabourfromwhatevercause,whetherpartialorgeneral; (k)riotsandcivilcommotions;
(l)savingorattemptingtosavelifeorpropertyatsea;
(m)wastageinbulkorweightoranyotherlossordamagearisingfrominherentdefect,qualityorviceofthegoods;
(n)insufficiencyofpacking;
(o)insufficiencyorinadequacyofmarks;
(p)latentdefectsnotdiscoverablebyduediligence;
(q)anyothercausearisingwithouttheactualfaultandprivityofthecarrier,orwithoutthefaultorneglectoftheagentsorservantsofthecarrier,buttheburdenofproofshallbeonthepersonclaimingthebenefitofthisexceptiontoshowthatneithertheactualfaultorprivityofthecarriernorthefaultorneglectoftheagentsorservantsofthecarriercontributedtothelossordamage.
3.Theshippershallnotberesponsibleforlossordamagesustainedbythecarrierortheshiparisingorresultingfromanycausewithouttheact,faultorneglectoftheshipper,hisagentsorhisservants.
4.AnydeviationinsavingorattemptingtosavelifeorpropertyatseaoranyreasonabledeviationshallnotbedeemedtobeaninfringementorbreachoftheseRulesorofthecontractofcarriage,andthecarriershallnotbeliableforanylossordamageresultingtherefrom.
5.(a)Unlessthenatureandvalueofsuchgoodshavebeendeclaredbytheshipperbeforeshipmentandinsertedinthebilloflading,neitherthecarriernortheshipshallinanyeventbeorbecomeliableforanylossordamagetoorinconnectionwiththegoodsinanamountexceeding666.67unitsofaccountperpackageorunitor2unitsofaccountperkilogrammeofgrossweightofthegoodslostordamaged,whicheveristhehigher.
(b)Thetotalamountrecoverableshallbecalculatedbyreferencetothevalueofsuchgoodsattheplaceandtimeatwhichthegoodsaredischargedfromtheshipinaccordancewiththecontractorshouldhavebeensodischarged.
Thevalueofthegoodsshallbefixedaccordingtothecommodityexchangeprice,or,iftherebenosuchprice,accordingtothecurrentmarketprice,or,iftherebenocommodityexchangepriceorcurrentmarketprice,byreferencetothenormalvalueofgoodsofthesamekindandquality.
(c)Whereacontainer,palletorsimilararticleoftransportisusedtoconsolidategoods,thenumberofpackagesorunitsenumeratedinthebillofladingaspackedinsucharticleoftransportshallbedeemedthenum
berofpackagesorunitsforthepurposeofthisparagraphasfarasthesepackagesorunitsareconcerned.Exceptasaforesaidsucharticleoftransportshallbeconsideredthepackageorunit.
(d)TheunitofaccountmentionedinthisArticleistheSpecialDrawingRightasdefinedbytheInternationalMonetaryFund.Theamountsmentionedinsub-paragraph(a)ofthisparagraphshallbeconvertedintonationalcurrencyonthebasisofthevalueofthatcurrencyonthedatetobedeterminedbythelawoftheCourtseizedofthecase.Thevalueofthenationalcurrency,intermsoftheSpecialDrawingRight,ofaStatewhichisamemberoftheInternationalMonetaryFund,shallbecalculatedinaccordancewiththemethodofvaluationappliedbytheInternationalMonetaryFundineffectatthedateinquestionforitsoperationsandtransactions.Thevalueofthenationalcurrency,intermsoftheSpecialDrawingRight,ofaStatewhichisnotamemberoftheInternationalMonetaryFund,shallbecalculatedinamannerdeterminedbythatState. Nevertheless,aStatewhichisnotamemberoftheInternationalMonetaryFundandwhoselawdoesnotpermittheapplicationoftheprovisionsoftheprecedingsentencesmay,atthetimeofratificationoftheProtocolof1979oraccessiontheretooratanytimethereafter,declarethatthelimitsofliabilityprovidedforinthisConventiontobeappliedinitsterritoryshallbefixedasfollows:
(i)inrespectoftheamountof666.67unitsofaccountmentionedinsub-paragraph(a)ofparagraph5ofthisArticle,10,000monetaryunits;
(ii)inrespectoftheamountof2unitsofaccountmentionedinsub-paragraph(a)ofparagraph5ofthisArticle,30monetaryunits.
Themonetaryunitreferredtointheprecedingsentencecorrespondsto65.5milligrammesofgoldofmillesimalfineness900.TheconversionoftheamountsspecifiedinthatsentenceintothenationalcurrencyshallbemadeaccordingtothelawoftheStateconcerned.ThecalculationandtheconversionmentionedintheprecedingsentencesshallbemadeinsuchamannerastoexpressinthenationalcurrencyofthatStateasfaraspossiblethesamerealvaluefortheamountsinsub-paragraph(a)ofparagraph5ofthisArticleasisexpressedthereinunitsofaccount.
Statesshallcommunicatetothedepositarythemannerofcalculationortheresultoftheconversionasthecasemaybe,whendepositinganinstrumentofratificationoftheProtocolof1979orofaccessiontheretoandwheneverthereisachangeineither.
(e)Neitherthecarriernortheshipshallbeentitledtothebenefitofthelimitationofliabilityprovidedforinthisparagraphifitisprovedthatthedamageresultedfromanactoromissionofthecarrierdonewithintenttocausedamage,orrecklesslyandwithknowledgethatdamagewouldprobablyresult.
(f)Thedeclarationmentionedinsub-paragraph(a)ofthisparagraph,ifembodiedinthebilloflading,shallbeprimafacieevidence,butshallnotbebindingorconclusiveonthecarrier.
(g)Byagreementbetweenthecarrier,masteroragentofthecarrierandtheshipperothermaximumamountsthanthosementionedinsub-paragraph(a)ofthisparagraphmaybefixed,providedthatnomaximumamountsofixedshallbelessthantheappropriatemaximummentionedinthatsub-paragraph.
(h)Neitherthecarriernortheshipshallberesponsibleinanyeventforlossordamageto,orinconnectionwith,goodsifthenatureorvaluethereofhasbeenknowinglymis-statedbytheshipperinthebilloflading.
6.Goodsofaninflammable,explosiveordangerousnaturetotheshipmentwhereofthecarrier,masteroragentofthecarrierhasnotconsented,withknowledgeoftheirnatureandcharacter,mayatanytimebeforedischargebelandedatanyplaceordestroyedorrenderedinnocuousbythecarrierwithoutcompensation,andtheshipperofsuchgoodsshallbeliableforalldamagesandexpensesdirectlyorindirectlyarisingoutoforresultingfromsuchshipment.
Ifanysuchgoodsshippedwithsuchknowledgeandconsentshallbecomeadangertotheshiporcargo,theymayinlikemannerbelandedatanyplaceordestroyedorrenderedinnocuousbythecarrierwithoutliabil
ityonthepartofthecarrierexcepttogeneralaverage,ifany.
ArticleIVbis
ApplicationofDefencesandLimitsofLiability
1.ThedefencesandlimitsofliabilityprovidedforintheseRulesshallapplyinanyactionagainstthecarrierinrespectoflossordamagetogoodscoveredbyacontractofcarriagewhethertheactionbefoundedincontractorintort.
2.Ifsuchanactionisbroughtagainstaservantoragentofthecarrier(suchservantoragentnotbeinganindependentcontractor),suchservantoragentshallbeentitledtoavailhimselfofthedefencesandlimitsofliabilitywhichthecarrierisentitledtoinvokeundertheseRules.
3.Theaggregateoftheamountsrecoverablefromthecarrier,andsuchservantsandagents,shallinnocaseexceedthelimitprovidedforintheseRules.
4.Nevertheless,aservantoragentofthecarriershallnotbeentitledtoavailhimselfoftheprovisionsofthisArticle,ifitisprovedthatthedamageresultedfromanactoromissionoftheservantoragentdonewithintenttocausedamageorrecklesslyandwithknowledgethatdamagewouldprobablyresult.
ArticleV
SurrenderofRightsandImmunities,andIncreaseofResponsibilitiesandLiabilities
AcarriershallbeatlibertytosurrenderinwholeorinpartalloranyofhisrightsandimmunitiesortoincreaseanyofhisresponsibilitiesandliabilitiesundertheRulescontainedinanyoftheseArticles,providedsuchsurrenderorincreaseshallbeembodiedinthebillofladingissuedtotheshipper.
TheprovisionsoftheseRulesshallnotbeapplicabletocharter-parties,butifbillsofladingareissuedinthecaseofashipunderacharter-partytheyshallcomplywiththetermsoftheseRules.NothingintheseRulesshallbeheldtopreventtheinsertioninabillofladingofanylawfulprovisionregardinggeneralaverage. ArticleVI
SpecialConditions
NotwithstandingtheprovisionsoftheprecedingArticles,acarrier,masteroragentofthecarrierandashippershallinregardtoanyparticulargoodsbeatlibertytoenterintoanyagreementinanytermsastotheresponsibilityandliabilityofthecarrierforsuchgoods,andastotherightsandimmunitiesofthecarrierinrespectofsuchgoods,orhisobligationastoseaworthiness,sofarasthisstipulationisnotcontrarytopublicpolicy,orthecareordiligenceofhisservantsoragentsinregardtotheloading,handling,stowage,carriage,custody,careanddischargeofthegoodscarriedbywater,providedthatinthiscasenobillofladinghasbeenorshallbeissuedandthatthetermsagreedshallbeembodiedinareceiptwhichshallbeanon-negotiabledocumentandshallbemarkedassuch.
Anyagreementsoenteredintoshallhavefulllegaleffect.
ProvidedthatthisArticleshallnotapplytoordinarycommercialshipmentsmadeintheordinarycourseoftrade,butonlytoothershipmentswherethecharacterorconditionofthepropertytobecarriedorthecircumstances,termsandconditionsunderwhichthecarriageistobeperformedaresuchasreasonablytojustifyaspecialagreement.
ArticleVII
LimitationsontheApplicationoftheRules
Nothinghereincontainedshallpreventacarrierorashipperfromenteringintoanyagreement,stipulation,condition,reservationorexemptionastotheresponsibilityandliabilityofthecarrierortheshipforthelossordamageto,orinconnectionwiththecustodyandcareandhandlingofgoodspriortotheloadingonandsubsequenttothedischargefromtheshiponwhichthegoodsarecarriedbywater.
ArticleVIII
LimitationofLiability
TheprovisionsoftheseRulesshallnotaffecttherightsandobligationsofthecarrierunderanystatuteforthetimebeinginforcerelatingtothelimitationoftheliabilityofownersofvessels.
ArticleIX
LiabilityforNuclearDamage
TheseRulesshallnotaffecttheprovisionsofanyinternationalConventionornationallawgoverningliabilityfornucleardamage.
ArticleX
Application
TheprovisionsoftheseRulesshallapplytoeverybillofladingrelatingtothecarriageofgoodsbetweenportsintwodifferentStatesif:
(a)thebillofladingisissuedinaContractingState,or
(b)thecarriageisfromaportinaContractingState,or
(c)thecontractcontainedinorevidencedbythebillofladingprovidesthattheseRulesorlegislationofanyStategivingeffecttothemaretogovernthecontract,
whatevermaybethenationality of the ship, the carrier, the shipper, the consignee, or any other interested person.
维斯比规则英文版
Hague-Visby Rules
Article I
Definitions
IntheseRulesthefollowingexpressionshavethemeaningsherebyassignedtothemrespectively,thatistosay,
(a)
(c)
(d)
(e)
ArticleII
Risks
SubjecttotheprovisionsofArticleVI,undereverycontractofcarriageofgoodsbywaterthecarrier,inrelationtotheloading,handling,stowage,carriage,custody,careanddischargeofsuchgoods,shallbesubjecttotheresponsibilitiesandliabilitiesandentitledtotherightsandimmunitieshereinaftersetforth. ArticleIII
ResponsibilitiesandLiabilities
1.Thecarriershallbebound,beforeandatthebeginningofthevoyage,toexerciseduediligenceto (a)maketheshipseaworthy;
(b)properlyman,equipandsupplytheship;
(c)maketheholds,refrigeratingandcoolchambers,andallotherpartsoftheshipinwhichgoodsarecarried,fitandsafefortheirreception,carriageandpreservation.
2.SubjecttotheprovisionsofArticleIV,thecarriershallproperlyandcarefullyload,handle,stow,carry,keep,careforanddischargethegoodscarried.
3.Afterreceivingthegoodsintohischarge,thecarrier,orthemasteroragentofthecarrier,shall,ondemandoftheshipper,issuetotheshipperabillofladingshowingamongotherthings
(a)theleadingmarksnecessaryforidentificationofthegoodsasthesamearefurnishedinwritingbytheshipperbeforetheloadingofsuchgoodsstarts,providedsuchmarksarestampedorotherwiseshownclearlyuponthegoodsifuncovered,oronthecasesorcoveringsinwhichsuchgoodsarecontained,insuchamannerasshouldordinarilyremainlegibleuntiltheendofthevoyage;
(b)eitherthenumberofpackagesorpieces,orthequantity,orweight,asthecasemaybe,asfurnishedinwritingbytheshipper;
(c)theapparentorderandconditionofthegoods:
Providedthatnocarrier,masteroragentofthecarriershallbeboundtostateorshowinthebillofladinganymarks,number,quantity,orweightwhichhehasreasonablegroundforsuspectingnotaccuratelytorepresentthegoodsactuallyreceivedorwhichhehashadnoreasonablemeansofchecking.
4.Suchabillofladingshallbeprimafacieevidenceofthereceiptbythecarrierofthegoodsasthereindescri
bedinaccordancewithparagraphs3(a),(b)and(c).
However,prooftothecontraryshallnotbeadmissiblewhenthebillofladinghasbeentransferredtoathirdpartyactingingoodfaith.
5.Theshippershallbedeemedtohaveguaranteedtothecarriertheaccuracyatthetimeofshipmentofthemarks,number,quantityandweight,asfurnishedbyhim,andtheshippershallindemnifythecarrieragainstallloss,damagesandexpensesarisingorresultingfrominaccuraciesinsuchparticulars.Therightofthecarriertosuchindemnityshallinnowaylimithisresponsibilityandliabilityunderthecontractofcarriagetoanypersonotherthantheshipper.
6.Unlessnoticeoflossordamageandthegeneralnatureofsuchlossordamagebegiveninwritingtothecarrierorhisagentattheportofdischargebeforeoratthetimeoftheremovalofthegoodsintothecustodyofthepersonentitledtodeliverythereofunderthecontractofcarriage,or,ifthelossordamagebenotapparent,withinthreedays,suchremovalshallbeprimafacieevidenceofthedeliverybythecarrierofthegoodsasdescribedinthebilloflading.
Thenoticeinwritingneednotbegivenifthestateofthegoodshasatthetimeoftheirreceiptbeenthesubjectofjointsurveyorinspection.
Subjecttoparagraph6bisthecarrierandtheshipshallinanyeventbedischargedfromallliabilitywhatsoeverinrespectofthegoods,unlesssuitisbroughtwithinoneyearoftheirdeliveryorofthedatewhentheyshouldhavebeendelivered.Thisperiodmay,however,beextendedifthepartiessoagreeafterthecauseofactionhasarisen.
Inthecaseofanyactualorapprehendedlossordamagethecarrierandthereceivershallgiveallreasonablefacilitiestoeachotherforinspectingandtallyingthegoods.
6.bisAnactionforindemnityagainstathirdpersonmaybebroughtevenaftertheexpirationoftheyearprovidedforintheprecedingparagraphifbroughtwithinthetimeallowedbythelawoftheCourtseizedofthecase.However,thetimeallowedshallbenotlessthanthreemonths,commencingfromthedaywhenthepersonbringingsuchactionforindemnityhassettledtheclaimorhasbeenservedwithprocessintheactionagainsthimself.
7.Afterthegoodsareloadedthebillofladingtobeissuedbythecarrier,masteroragentofthecarrier,totheshippershall,iftheshippersodemands,bea
8.Anyclause,covenantoragreementinacontractofcarriagerelievingthecarrierortheshipfromliabilityforlossordamagetoorinconnectionwithgoodsarisingfromnegligence,faultorfailureinthedutiesandobligationsprovidedinthisArticleorlesseningsuchliabilityotherwisethanasprovidedintheseRules,shallbenullandvoidandofnoeffect.
Abenefitofinsuranceorsimilarclauseshallbedeemedtobeaclauserelievingthecarrierfromliability. ArticleIV
RightsandImmunities
1.Neitherthecarriernortheshipshallbeliableforlossordamagearisingorresultingfromunseaworthinessunlesscausedbywantofduediligenceonthepartofthecarriertomaketheshipseaworthy,andtosecurethattheshipisproperlymanned,equippedandsupplied,andtomaketheholds,refrigeratingandcoolchambersandallotherpartsoftheshipinwhichgoodsarecarriedfitandsafefortheirreception,carriageand
preservationinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofparagraph1ofArticleIII.
Wheneverlossordamagehasresultedfromunseaworthiness,theburdenofprovingtheexerciseofduediligenceshallbeonthecarrierorotherpersonclaimingexemptionunderthisarticle.
2.Neitherthecarriernortheshipshallberesponsibleforlossordamagearisingorresultingfrom
(a)act,neglect,ordefaultofthemaster,mariner,pilotortheservantsofthecarrierinthenavigationorinthemanagementoftheship;
(b)fire,unlesscausedbytheactualfaultorprivityofthecarrier;
(c)perils,dangersandaccidentsoftheseaorothernavigablewaters;
(d)actofGod;
(e)actofwar;
(f)actofpublicenemies;
(g)arrestorrestraintofprinces,rulersorpeople,orseizureunderlegalprocess;
(h)quarantinerestrictions;
(i)actoromissionoftheshipperorownerofthegoods,hisagentorrepresentative;
(j)strikesorlock-outsorstoppageorrestraintoflabourfromwhatevercause,whetherpartialorgeneral; (k)riotsandcivilcommotions;
(l)savingorattemptingtosavelifeorpropertyatsea;
(m)wastageinbulkorweightoranyotherlossordamagearisingfrominherentdefect,qualityorviceofthegoods;
(n)insufficiencyofpacking;
(o)insufficiencyorinadequacyofmarks;
(p)latentdefectsnotdiscoverablebyduediligence;
(q)anyothercausearisingwithouttheactualfaultandprivityofthecarrier,orwithoutthefaultorneglectoftheagentsorservantsofthecarrier,buttheburdenofproofshallbeonthepersonclaimingthebenefitofthisexceptiontoshowthatneithertheactualfaultorprivityofthecarriernorthefaultorneglectoftheagentsorservantsofthecarriercontributedtothelossordamage.
3.Theshippershallnotberesponsibleforlossordamagesustainedbythecarrierortheshiparisingorresultingfromanycausewithouttheact,faultorneglectoftheshipper,hisagentsorhisservants.
4.AnydeviationinsavingorattemptingtosavelifeorpropertyatseaoranyreasonabledeviationshallnotbedeemedtobeaninfringementorbreachoftheseRulesorofthecontractofcarriage,andthecarriershallnotbeliableforanylossordamageresultingtherefrom.
5.(a)Unlessthenatureandvalueofsuchgoodshavebeendeclaredbytheshipperbeforeshipmentandinsertedinthebilloflading,neitherthecarriernortheshipshallinanyeventbeorbecomeliableforanylossordamagetoorinconnectionwiththegoodsinanamountexceeding666.67unitsofaccountperpackageorunitor2unitsofaccountperkilogrammeofgrossweightofthegoodslostordamaged,whicheveristhehigher.
(b)Thetotalamountrecoverableshallbecalculatedbyreferencetothevalueofsuchgoodsattheplaceandtimeatwhichthegoodsaredischargedfromtheshipinaccordancewiththecontractorshouldhavebeensodischarged.
Thevalueofthegoodsshallbefixedaccordingtothecommodityexchangeprice,or,iftherebenosuchprice,accordingtothecurrentmarketprice,or,iftherebenocommodityexchangepriceorcurrentmarketprice,byreferencetothenormalvalueofgoodsofthesamekindandquality.
(c)Whereacontainer,palletorsimilararticleoftransportisusedtoconsolidategoods,thenumberofpackagesorunitsenumeratedinthebillofladingaspackedinsucharticleoftransportshallbedeemedthenum
berofpackagesorunitsforthepurposeofthisparagraphasfarasthesepackagesorunitsareconcerned.Exceptasaforesaidsucharticleoftransportshallbeconsideredthepackageorunit.
(d)TheunitofaccountmentionedinthisArticleistheSpecialDrawingRightasdefinedbytheInternationalMonetaryFund.Theamountsmentionedinsub-paragraph(a)ofthisparagraphshallbeconvertedintonationalcurrencyonthebasisofthevalueofthatcurrencyonthedatetobedeterminedbythelawoftheCourtseizedofthecase.Thevalueofthenationalcurrency,intermsoftheSpecialDrawingRight,ofaStatewhichisamemberoftheInternationalMonetaryFund,shallbecalculatedinaccordancewiththemethodofvaluationappliedbytheInternationalMonetaryFundineffectatthedateinquestionforitsoperationsandtransactions.Thevalueofthenationalcurrency,intermsoftheSpecialDrawingRight,ofaStatewhichisnotamemberoftheInternationalMonetaryFund,shallbecalculatedinamannerdeterminedbythatState. Nevertheless,aStatewhichisnotamemberoftheInternationalMonetaryFundandwhoselawdoesnotpermittheapplicationoftheprovisionsoftheprecedingsentencesmay,atthetimeofratificationoftheProtocolof1979oraccessiontheretooratanytimethereafter,declarethatthelimitsofliabilityprovidedforinthisConventiontobeappliedinitsterritoryshallbefixedasfollows:
(i)inrespectoftheamountof666.67unitsofaccountmentionedinsub-paragraph(a)ofparagraph5ofthisArticle,10,000monetaryunits;
(ii)inrespectoftheamountof2unitsofaccountmentionedinsub-paragraph(a)ofparagraph5ofthisArticle,30monetaryunits.
Themonetaryunitreferredtointheprecedingsentencecorrespondsto65.5milligrammesofgoldofmillesimalfineness900.TheconversionoftheamountsspecifiedinthatsentenceintothenationalcurrencyshallbemadeaccordingtothelawoftheStateconcerned.ThecalculationandtheconversionmentionedintheprecedingsentencesshallbemadeinsuchamannerastoexpressinthenationalcurrencyofthatStateasfaraspossiblethesamerealvaluefortheamountsinsub-paragraph(a)ofparagraph5ofthisArticleasisexpressedthereinunitsofaccount.
Statesshallcommunicatetothedepositarythemannerofcalculationortheresultoftheconversionasthecasemaybe,whendepositinganinstrumentofratificationoftheProtocolof1979orofaccessiontheretoandwheneverthereisachangeineither.
(e)Neitherthecarriernortheshipshallbeentitledtothebenefitofthelimitationofliabilityprovidedforinthisparagraphifitisprovedthatthedamageresultedfromanactoromissionofthecarrierdonewithintenttocausedamage,orrecklesslyandwithknowledgethatdamagewouldprobablyresult.
(f)Thedeclarationmentionedinsub-paragraph(a)ofthisparagraph,ifembodiedinthebilloflading,shallbeprimafacieevidence,butshallnotbebindingorconclusiveonthecarrier.
(g)Byagreementbetweenthecarrier,masteroragentofthecarrierandtheshipperothermaximumamountsthanthosementionedinsub-paragraph(a)ofthisparagraphmaybefixed,providedthatnomaximumamountsofixedshallbelessthantheappropriatemaximummentionedinthatsub-paragraph.
(h)Neitherthecarriernortheshipshallberesponsibleinanyeventforlossordamageto,orinconnectionwith,goodsifthenatureorvaluethereofhasbeenknowinglymis-statedbytheshipperinthebilloflading.
6.Goodsofaninflammable,explosiveordangerousnaturetotheshipmentwhereofthecarrier,masteroragentofthecarrierhasnotconsented,withknowledgeoftheirnatureandcharacter,mayatanytimebeforedischargebelandedatanyplaceordestroyedorrenderedinnocuousbythecarrierwithoutcompensation,andtheshipperofsuchgoodsshallbeliableforalldamagesandexpensesdirectlyorindirectlyarisingoutoforresultingfromsuchshipment.
Ifanysuchgoodsshippedwithsuchknowledgeandconsentshallbecomeadangertotheshiporcargo,theymayinlikemannerbelandedatanyplaceordestroyedorrenderedinnocuousbythecarrierwithoutliabil
ityonthepartofthecarrierexcepttogeneralaverage,ifany.
ArticleIVbis
ApplicationofDefencesandLimitsofLiability
1.ThedefencesandlimitsofliabilityprovidedforintheseRulesshallapplyinanyactionagainstthecarrierinrespectoflossordamagetogoodscoveredbyacontractofcarriagewhethertheactionbefoundedincontractorintort.
2.Ifsuchanactionisbroughtagainstaservantoragentofthecarrier(suchservantoragentnotbeinganindependentcontractor),suchservantoragentshallbeentitledtoavailhimselfofthedefencesandlimitsofliabilitywhichthecarrierisentitledtoinvokeundertheseRules.
3.Theaggregateoftheamountsrecoverablefromthecarrier,andsuchservantsandagents,shallinnocaseexceedthelimitprovidedforintheseRules.
4.Nevertheless,aservantoragentofthecarriershallnotbeentitledtoavailhimselfoftheprovisionsofthisArticle,ifitisprovedthatthedamageresultedfromanactoromissionoftheservantoragentdonewithintenttocausedamageorrecklesslyandwithknowledgethatdamagewouldprobablyresult.
ArticleV
SurrenderofRightsandImmunities,andIncreaseofResponsibilitiesandLiabilities
AcarriershallbeatlibertytosurrenderinwholeorinpartalloranyofhisrightsandimmunitiesortoincreaseanyofhisresponsibilitiesandliabilitiesundertheRulescontainedinanyoftheseArticles,providedsuchsurrenderorincreaseshallbeembodiedinthebillofladingissuedtotheshipper.
TheprovisionsoftheseRulesshallnotbeapplicabletocharter-parties,butifbillsofladingareissuedinthecaseofashipunderacharter-partytheyshallcomplywiththetermsoftheseRules.NothingintheseRulesshallbeheldtopreventtheinsertioninabillofladingofanylawfulprovisionregardinggeneralaverage. ArticleVI
SpecialConditions
NotwithstandingtheprovisionsoftheprecedingArticles,acarrier,masteroragentofthecarrierandashippershallinregardtoanyparticulargoodsbeatlibertytoenterintoanyagreementinanytermsastotheresponsibilityandliabilityofthecarrierforsuchgoods,andastotherightsandimmunitiesofthecarrierinrespectofsuchgoods,orhisobligationastoseaworthiness,sofarasthisstipulationisnotcontrarytopublicpolicy,orthecareordiligenceofhisservantsoragentsinregardtotheloading,handling,stowage,carriage,custody,careanddischargeofthegoodscarriedbywater,providedthatinthiscasenobillofladinghasbeenorshallbeissuedandthatthetermsagreedshallbeembodiedinareceiptwhichshallbeanon-negotiabledocumentandshallbemarkedassuch.
Anyagreementsoenteredintoshallhavefulllegaleffect.
ProvidedthatthisArticleshallnotapplytoordinarycommercialshipmentsmadeintheordinarycourseoftrade,butonlytoothershipmentswherethecharacterorconditionofthepropertytobecarriedorthecircumstances,termsandconditionsunderwhichthecarriageistobeperformedaresuchasreasonablytojustifyaspecialagreement.
ArticleVII
LimitationsontheApplicationoftheRules
Nothinghereincontainedshallpreventacarrierorashipperfromenteringintoanyagreement,stipulation,condition,reservationorexemptionastotheresponsibilityandliabilityofthecarrierortheshipforthelossordamageto,orinconnectionwiththecustodyandcareandhandlingofgoodspriortotheloadingonandsubsequenttothedischargefromtheshiponwhichthegoodsarecarriedbywater.
ArticleVIII
LimitationofLiability
TheprovisionsoftheseRulesshallnotaffecttherightsandobligationsofthecarrierunderanystatuteforthetimebeinginforcerelatingtothelimitationoftheliabilityofownersofvessels.
ArticleIX
LiabilityforNuclearDamage
TheseRulesshallnotaffecttheprovisionsofanyinternationalConventionornationallawgoverningliabilityfornucleardamage.
ArticleX
Application
TheprovisionsoftheseRulesshallapplytoeverybillofladingrelatingtothecarriageofgoodsbetweenportsintwodifferentStatesif:
(a)thebillofladingisissuedinaContractingState,or
(b)thecarriageisfromaportinaContractingState,or
(c)thecontractcontainedinorevidencedbythebillofladingprovidesthattheseRulesorlegislationofanyStategivingeffecttothemaretogovernthecontract,
whatevermaybethenationality of the ship, the carrier, the shipper, the consignee, or any other interested person.