for water-carried wastes 污水处理(a settling reservoir 预沉池 aqueduct 渠道，导水管
filtration 过滤 distillation 蒸馏 clarification 澄清 coagulation 血凝
stone-grated 格栅、格网 turbidity 浊度 cistern 蓄水池、槽 gpcd 每日每人加仑数
coagulant 混凝剂 combined sewers 合流制排水管道 prehistoric word 石器时代
rapid-sand filter 快砂滤池 water supply and wastewater disposal facilities给排水处理设施
per capita 按人口平均计算 ferment 发酵 toxic 有毒的
These cisterns provided a daily average supply of about 4.2 gallons per capita per
day(gpcd). 这些贮水池仅能提供每人每天4.2加仑的水量
The connection was established between a contaminated water supply and spread of the
disease, and it was determined that the absence of effective sewerage was a major hindrance in
combating the problem. 人们发现疾病的传播和饮用水受到污染有关，并由此确定缺少有效
的排水系统是解决这一问题的主要障碍。
2】
The exterior network 室外管网 distribution systems 配水系统
communication pipe引入管 a meter box 水表节点/盒 pressure booster增压装置
storage tank 储水箱 a piping line 管道 water-dispensing fixtures 配水器具
water meter 水表 flange 法兰；阀门 gate valve 闸阀 deaerator 除氧器
incorporate 合并 fixture trap 存水弯 plumbing fixture 卫生器具 manhole 检查井
fire-protection 消防
The function of a drainage system in a building is to remove safely and quickly sanitary
sewage, industrial wastes, and rainwater. 室内排水系统的作用是为了安全快速地排出生活污
水、工业废水和雨水。
The pressure boosters serve to raise pressure in the house system when the guaranteed
pressure in the supply main is lower than required to feed water to high-level and remote
consumers. 当市政给水管提供的压力低于较高或较远处用户需要的压力时，可在室内给水系
统中设增压装置来提高压力。
A sanitary drainage system(Fixture4) consists essentially of plumbing fixtures 3(which
receive and discharge water, liquid , or water-borne wastes) , fixture traps 2 (which maintain a
water seal against gases, air , and odours), and drainage piping 1.生活排水系统（图4）的基本
组成包括：卫生器具3（用于接收和排出污水、液体或水中携带的废物）、存水弯2（保存
一定量的水以防止有害气体、空气和臭味逸出）和排水管系1。
3】
Infiltrate 渗入 penetrate 渗透 hydrology 水文学 urban hydrologic cycle 城市水文循环
surface runoff 地表径流 water distribution systems 给水管网/分配系统 configuration 形式
grid systems环状管网 branching systems 枝状管网 elevation 高度、扬程
leakage rates 漏损率 booster pumps 增压泵 pressure reducing valves 减压阀
an essential prerequisite 必要条件 hydraulic analysis 水力分析 the continuity
equation 连续性方程 grid 格子 the energy equation 能量方程/伯努利方程
head loss 水头损失 the dimensionless number 无量纲数 eliminate 消去
external discharges 外部流量 a correction factor 校正因子/流量 topography 地形学 The summation “q ” sub “i ” is zero.
Positive/negative 正/负 preclude 排除 junction 交点 right angle 直角
Our ancestors learned enjoy the convenience of water piped to the home and drains for water-carried waters.我们的祖先学会并享受管道带来的便利，给水管道将水送至住宅，排水管道将污水排走。
The function of a drainage system in a building is to remove safely and quickly sanitary sewage, industrial water, and rainwater. 室内排水系统的作用是为了安全快速地排出生活污水，工业废水和雨水。
Distribution systems may be generally classified as grid systems, branching systems, or a combination of these. The configuration of the system is dictated primarily by street patterns, topography, degree and type of development of the area, and location of treatment and storage works. 网的结构形式主要有街道形式、地形条件、该地区的发展程度、类型及水处理厂和水库的位置等决定。
Water demand is highly variable , both by day and season. Supply, by contrast, is normally constant. Consequently, the distribution system must include storage elements, and must be capable of flexible operation.由于每日、每月及每个季节的用水量变化幅度很大，而供水量一般又都是固定的，因此，配水系统就一定要有储水构筑物，而且要有一定的灵活调节能力。
Water pressure within the system are normally kept between a maximum(about 70m head) and a minimum ( about 20m head ) value. This ensures that consumer demand is met, and that undue leakage due to excessive pressure does not occur. The topography of the demand area plays an important part in the design of the distribution system, particularly if there are large variations of ground levels. In this case, several independent networks may be required to keep within pressure limitations. For greater operational flexibility, however, they are usually interconnected through booster pumps or pressure reducing valves.管网中水压通常保持在最大水压（约70m 水柱）和最小水压（约20m 水柱）之间。这样既能满足用户的水压要求又能避免因高压引起不必要的泄漏。用水地区的地形情况在管网设计中起着非常重要的作用，尤其是在地面标高变化很大的地区。因此，为了保证管网中水压在限定水压范围内，管网可能需要分成几个独立的配水系统。但是，为了使操作更加灵活，通常可以将几个独立的配水系统用增压泵或减压阀连接起来。
4】
The Reynolds Number 雷诺数
The standards for water quality have significantly increased concurrent with a marked decrease in raw-water quality.原水水质明显降低的同时，水质标准却大大提高了。
5】
Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)安全饮用水法 drinking water standards 饮用水标准 by-products of chlorination氯化副产物 maximum permissible levels (of) 最大允许含量 the esthetic qualities 感官特性 maximum contaminant levels (MCLs)最大污染物浓度
volatile organic compounds(VOCs) 挥发性有机化合物 filtration 过滤 filter 滤池 the threshold odor number臭阈值 suspend 悬浮
Turbidity is a particularly important parameter of drinking water quality. Suspended particles can provide hiding places for harmful microorganisms and thereby shield them from the disinfection process in a water treatment plant. Because of this shielding effect, the microbes can
be consumed by people who drink the water, and the spread of disease may result. 浊度对于饮用水水质是尤为重要的。因为悬浮颗粒可以为致病微生物提供躲避的场所，保护它们在水厂的消毒过程中存活下来。由于这种掩盖作用，人们在饮水的同时饮入了这些致病微生物，就可能导致疾病的传播。
附加如下
The solution has been the varying degrees of treatment currently practiced according to the capabilities of the receiving stream or lake to take the load.解决方法就是根据受纳水体的接受能力，利用现有成熟的处理手段对污水进行不同级别的处理。
The pressure boosters 3 serve to raise pressure in the house system when the guaranteed pressure in the supply main is lower than required to feed water to high-level and remote consumers.Systems incorporating pressure boosters are sometimes referred to as high-service systems. 当市政给水管提供的压力低于较高或较远处用户所需要的压力时，可在室内给水系统中设增压装置3提高压力。组合式增压装置有时会在高标准系统中涉及到。
A system with a storage tank (Figure 1c) is employed where the pressure in the main falls below normal for several hours every day or where the water demand follows a highly nonuniform pattern.设水箱的系统方式（图1c ）用于市政管道压力每天持续数小时低于正常使用压力，或建筑内部用水量非常不均匀的建筑。
The treatment of turbid stream water for drinking supplies can be an expensive process, the greater the turbidity is, the greater is the amount of chemicals needed and the more frequently the filters must be cleaned. 以浑浊的河流为水源的饮用水处理工艺造价高，因为浊度越大，需要的化学药剂越多，同时滤池反冲洗的次数也越频繁。
for water-carried wastes 污水处理(a settling reservoir 预沉池 aqueduct 渠道，导水管
filtration 过滤 distillation 蒸馏 clarification 澄清 coagulation 血凝
stone-grated 格栅、格网 turbidity 浊度 cistern 蓄水池、槽 gpcd 每日每人加仑数
coagulant 混凝剂 combined sewers 合流制排水管道 prehistoric word 石器时代
rapid-sand filter 快砂滤池 water supply and wastewater disposal facilities给排水处理设施
per capita 按人口平均计算 ferment 发酵 toxic 有毒的
These cisterns provided a daily average supply of about 4.2 gallons per capita per
day(gpcd). 这些贮水池仅能提供每人每天4.2加仑的水量
The connection was established between a contaminated water supply and spread of the
disease, and it was determined that the absence of effective sewerage was a major hindrance in
combating the problem. 人们发现疾病的传播和饮用水受到污染有关，并由此确定缺少有效
的排水系统是解决这一问题的主要障碍。
2】
The exterior network 室外管网 distribution systems 配水系统
communication pipe引入管 a meter box 水表节点/盒 pressure booster增压装置
storage tank 储水箱 a piping line 管道 water-dispensing fixtures 配水器具
water meter 水表 flange 法兰；阀门 gate valve 闸阀 deaerator 除氧器
incorporate 合并 fixture trap 存水弯 plumbing fixture 卫生器具 manhole 检查井
fire-protection 消防
The function of a drainage system in a building is to remove safely and quickly sanitary
sewage, industrial wastes, and rainwater. 室内排水系统的作用是为了安全快速地排出生活污
水、工业废水和雨水。
The pressure boosters serve to raise pressure in the house system when the guaranteed
pressure in the supply main is lower than required to feed water to high-level and remote
consumers. 当市政给水管提供的压力低于较高或较远处用户需要的压力时，可在室内给水系
统中设增压装置来提高压力。
A sanitary drainage system(Fixture4) consists essentially of plumbing fixtures 3(which
receive and discharge water, liquid , or water-borne wastes) , fixture traps 2 (which maintain a
water seal against gases, air , and odours), and drainage piping 1.生活排水系统（图4）的基本
组成包括：卫生器具3（用于接收和排出污水、液体或水中携带的废物）、存水弯2（保存
一定量的水以防止有害气体、空气和臭味逸出）和排水管系1。
3】
Infiltrate 渗入 penetrate 渗透 hydrology 水文学 urban hydrologic cycle 城市水文循环
surface runoff 地表径流 water distribution systems 给水管网/分配系统 configuration 形式
grid systems环状管网 branching systems 枝状管网 elevation 高度、扬程
leakage rates 漏损率 booster pumps 增压泵 pressure reducing valves 减压阀
an essential prerequisite 必要条件 hydraulic analysis 水力分析 the continuity
equation 连续性方程 grid 格子 the energy equation 能量方程/伯努利方程
head loss 水头损失 the dimensionless number 无量纲数 eliminate 消去
external discharges 外部流量 a correction factor 校正因子/流量 topography 地形学 The summation “q ” sub “i ” is zero.
Positive/negative 正/负 preclude 排除 junction 交点 right angle 直角
Our ancestors learned enjoy the convenience of water piped to the home and drains for water-carried waters.我们的祖先学会并享受管道带来的便利，给水管道将水送至住宅，排水管道将污水排走。
The function of a drainage system in a building is to remove safely and quickly sanitary sewage, industrial water, and rainwater. 室内排水系统的作用是为了安全快速地排出生活污水，工业废水和雨水。
Distribution systems may be generally classified as grid systems, branching systems, or a combination of these. The configuration of the system is dictated primarily by street patterns, topography, degree and type of development of the area, and location of treatment and storage works. 网的结构形式主要有街道形式、地形条件、该地区的发展程度、类型及水处理厂和水库的位置等决定。
Water demand is highly variable , both by day and season. Supply, by contrast, is normally constant. Consequently, the distribution system must include storage elements, and must be capable of flexible operation.由于每日、每月及每个季节的用水量变化幅度很大，而供水量一般又都是固定的，因此，配水系统就一定要有储水构筑物，而且要有一定的灵活调节能力。
Water pressure within the system are normally kept between a maximum(about 70m head) and a minimum ( about 20m head ) value. This ensures that consumer demand is met, and that undue leakage due to excessive pressure does not occur. The topography of the demand area plays an important part in the design of the distribution system, particularly if there are large variations of ground levels. In this case, several independent networks may be required to keep within pressure limitations. For greater operational flexibility, however, they are usually interconnected through booster pumps or pressure reducing valves.管网中水压通常保持在最大水压（约70m 水柱）和最小水压（约20m 水柱）之间。这样既能满足用户的水压要求又能避免因高压引起不必要的泄漏。用水地区的地形情况在管网设计中起着非常重要的作用，尤其是在地面标高变化很大的地区。因此，为了保证管网中水压在限定水压范围内，管网可能需要分成几个独立的配水系统。但是，为了使操作更加灵活，通常可以将几个独立的配水系统用增压泵或减压阀连接起来。
4】
The Reynolds Number 雷诺数
The standards for water quality have significantly increased concurrent with a marked decrease in raw-water quality.原水水质明显降低的同时，水质标准却大大提高了。
5】
Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)安全饮用水法 drinking water standards 饮用水标准 by-products of chlorination氯化副产物 maximum permissible levels (of) 最大允许含量 the esthetic qualities 感官特性 maximum contaminant levels (MCLs)最大污染物浓度
volatile organic compounds(VOCs) 挥发性有机化合物 filtration 过滤 filter 滤池 the threshold odor number臭阈值 suspend 悬浮
Turbidity is a particularly important parameter of drinking water quality. Suspended particles can provide hiding places for harmful microorganisms and thereby shield them from the disinfection process in a water treatment plant. Because of this shielding effect, the microbes can
be consumed by people who drink the water, and the spread of disease may result. 浊度对于饮用水水质是尤为重要的。因为悬浮颗粒可以为致病微生物提供躲避的场所，保护它们在水厂的消毒过程中存活下来。由于这种掩盖作用，人们在饮水的同时饮入了这些致病微生物，就可能导致疾病的传播。
附加如下
The solution has been the varying degrees of treatment currently practiced according to the capabilities of the receiving stream or lake to take the load.解决方法就是根据受纳水体的接受能力，利用现有成熟的处理手段对污水进行不同级别的处理。
The pressure boosters 3 serve to raise pressure in the house system when the guaranteed pressure in the supply main is lower than required to feed water to high-level and remote consumers.Systems incorporating pressure boosters are sometimes referred to as high-service systems. 当市政给水管提供的压力低于较高或较远处用户所需要的压力时，可在室内给水系统中设增压装置3提高压力。组合式增压装置有时会在高标准系统中涉及到。
A system with a storage tank (Figure 1c) is employed where the pressure in the main falls below normal for several hours every day or where the water demand follows a highly nonuniform pattern.设水箱的系统方式（图1c ）用于市政管道压力每天持续数小时低于正常使用压力，或建筑内部用水量非常不均匀的建筑。
The treatment of turbid stream water for drinking supplies can be an expensive process, the greater the turbidity is, the greater is the amount of chemicals needed and the more frequently the filters must be cleaned. 以浑浊的河流为水源的饮用水处理工艺造价高，因为浊度越大，需要的化学药剂越多，同时滤池反冲洗的次数也越频繁。