I. Definition of refutation 反驳的定义 Notes
A. Refutation involves one debater 反驳涉及到一个辩手直接就对方辩手的论点做出反应directly responding to an argument of an opposing debater.
B. Refutation involves a debater
objecting to an argument raised 反驳涉及到一个辩手反对对方辩手所主张的论点by someone on the other side.
反驳的目的Purpose of refutation
A. To deny a competing argument 否认争议中的论点
B. Weaken or even destroy an 弱化甚至摧毁一个论点argument
C. To force the original debater to 迫使原来（提出旧论点）的辩手提出更好的论点generate a better argument. II.
III.
Methods of refutation 反驳方法A. Internal method—considering the 内部手段：从论证逻辑角度加以批驳standards of good arguments 1. Acceptability of evidence 证据的可接受性2. Relevance of link 逻辑链的关联性 3. Sufficiency of link 逻辑链的充分性
可接受性
ＲＡＳ三角：良好论点所
应符合的特征
关联性充分性
B. External method 外部手段
1. Creating counter arguments 建立相抗论点
2. Objecting to opposing arguments
以我方既有论点反驳对方论点with arguments of your own
* Created September 2012
Refutation– 2
联合手段Combination method
1. Combines the internal and 将内外手段联合使用external method
2. Evaluates the argument 在用良好论点标准衡量对方的同时建立相抗论点
according to standards of a good argument while simultaneously creating a counter argument 3. This is the strongest method of 这是最强的反驳手段refutation.
Deciding what to refute 反驳对象的选择
不要什么都反驳1. Can’t refute everything 2. Don’t focus on arguments that 不要紧盯着最易反驳的点are the easiest to refute.
3. Focus on important arguments 盯紧重要的点
4. Focus on arguments essential to 聚焦反方立论的基础与核心论点the opposing speaker’s case
5. Focus on arguments that prevent 聚焦阻碍我方立论的对方论点you from making your own case
四步反驳法Process of refutation: Four-‐Step
refutation
1. “They say . . .” (identify the target “对方认为・・・”（指明目标）
argument you will be refuting)
2. “But I say . . .” (state the claim of “但是我方认为・・・”（阐明立场）
your own refutation)
3. “Because . . .” (provide support “因为・・・”（加以论证）for your refutation) 4. “Therefore . . .” (explain why the “所以・・・”（说明该点重要性）
argument is important to the debate) C. IV. V.
I. Definition of refutation 反驳的定义 Notes
A. Refutation involves one debater 反驳涉及到一个辩手直接就对方辩手的论点做出反应directly responding to an argument of an opposing debater.
B. Refutation involves a debater
objecting to an argument raised 反驳涉及到一个辩手反对对方辩手所主张的论点by someone on the other side.
反驳的目的Purpose of refutation
A. To deny a competing argument 否认争议中的论点
B. Weaken or even destroy an 弱化甚至摧毁一个论点argument
C. To force the original debater to 迫使原来（提出旧论点）的辩手提出更好的论点generate a better argument. II.
III.
Methods of refutation 反驳方法A. Internal method—considering the 内部手段：从论证逻辑角度加以批驳standards of good arguments 1. Acceptability of evidence 证据的可接受性2. Relevance of link 逻辑链的关联性 3. Sufficiency of link 逻辑链的充分性
可接受性
ＲＡＳ三角：良好论点所
应符合的特征
关联性充分性
B. External method 外部手段
1. Creating counter arguments 建立相抗论点
2. Objecting to opposing arguments
以我方既有论点反驳对方论点with arguments of your own
* Created September 2012
Refutation– 2
联合手段Combination method
1. Combines the internal and 将内外手段联合使用external method
2. Evaluates the argument 在用良好论点标准衡量对方的同时建立相抗论点
according to standards of a good argument while simultaneously creating a counter argument 3. This is the strongest method of 这是最强的反驳手段refutation.
Deciding what to refute 反驳对象的选择
不要什么都反驳1. Can’t refute everything 2. Don’t focus on arguments that 不要紧盯着最易反驳的点are the easiest to refute.
3. Focus on important arguments 盯紧重要的点
4. Focus on arguments essential to 聚焦反方立论的基础与核心论点the opposing speaker’s case
5. Focus on arguments that prevent 聚焦阻碍我方立论的对方论点you from making your own case
四步反驳法Process of refutation: Four-‐Step
refutation
1. “They say . . .” (identify the target “对方认为・・・”（指明目标）
argument you will be refuting)
2. “But I say . . .” (state the claim of “但是我方认为・・・”（阐明立场）
your own refutation)
3. “Because . . .” (provide support “因为・・・”（加以论证）for your refutation) 4. “Therefore . . .” (explain why the “所以・・・”（说明该点重要性）
argument is important to the debate) C. IV. V.