附录1 ：封面（扉页）
本科生毕业论文(设计)
题 目：学生姓名：学 号：专业班级：指导教师：
完成时间：
附录2：标题页
THE SYNTAX OF NOUN PHRASES
THESIS
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
The degree of Bachelor of Arts In Hunan University of Arts and Science
By Supervisor:
May 2009
Hunan University of Arts and Science
此页是英文题名页的标准格式。本部分的论文题目、论文作者的姓名和指导教师的职称与姓名按实际情况填写。其余的按本格式复制。
三号、黑体、加粗、居中，两字之间空一格
每段开头空二格，四号、宋体，单倍行距
摘 要
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两千多年来，隐喻一直被仅仅看作一种修辞手段，一种语言的陪衬，被看作是两种不同事物事先存在的相似性的比较或一个词对另一词的替代，进而形成对隐喻阐述的比较论和替代论。现代学者通过大量研究表明，隐喻不仅仅是一种修辞手段，更重要的是，它是人类的主要认知方式。隐喻这一认知方式，给人们一种新的视角，创造一种相似。因此，现代学者着重于阐述相似是如何被创造出来的。在众多的隐喻理论中，影响较大的有布莱克和莱科夫的隐喻理论。 (大约
四号、黑体、顶格
四号、宋体
关键词：隐喻；搭配；术语
（中文摘要的内容和关键词应与英文摘要相对应，关键词3-5个，词与词之间用分号分开）
上空一行、Times New Roman、三号、加粗
往下空出一个double space
Abstract
The mechanism of metaphor is actually the nucleus of the study of metaphor. For more than two thousand years, metaphor was viewed as a device of rhetoric, an attachment to language. In accordance with this perspective, metaphor was a comparison between two things that do not belong to the same category or was regarded as one word used to substitute another because there were preexisting similarities between them. As a result of this perspective, two theories took shape: one was the Comparison Theory, the other was the Theory of Substitution. But modern scholars discard the perspective, holding that metaphor is not only a device of rhetoric, to be more important, it is a leading way for human beings to know this world, a way of thinking.
Key words: metaphor; collocation; terms
个，字体要加粗，词与词之间用分号分开）
Times New Roman、空二个字符后关键词（中文关键词对应）小写
上空一行
一级标题： 四号、Times New Roman、加粗
Times New Roman、三号、加粗、居中，下空一个double space
摘 要 ……………………………………………………………….i Abstract …………………………………………….……….………..ii Chapter 1 Introduction……………………………………...………..1 Chapter 2 A Historical Retrospection of Metaphor………...………...2
二级标题： Times New Roman、 四号、不加粗、缩进一个字母
2.1 Aristotelian School: Metaphor—A Device of Rhetoric…..……….2 2.2 The Platonic School—Language is Metaphorical….……………. 5
……….
Chapter 4 On the Mechanism of Metaphor…….………………...15 4.1 Black‟s Interaction Theory…………………………....................15
三级标题： Times New Roman、四号、不加粗、缩进约3个字母
Introduction to the Interaction Theory……………………...15 4.1.2 Some Defects of the Interaction Theory……………………16 4.2 Lakoffian Conceptual Metaphor Theory………………………...19
……….
Chapter 5 Conclusion………………………………………42 Bibliography…………………………………..………………………45 Acknowledgements…………………………………………46
每段首缩4~5个字母
一级标题下空一个double space
of metaphor. It is the most significant and
the study. For more than two thousand years, the mainly from the perspective of
rhetoric, viewing of rhetoric, an embellishment of language. The
phenomenon, but also one of cognition, the 以下省略，Introduction部分字数至少需要1个page)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
二、三级标题为Times New Roman四号、顶格加粗、下不空行，单倍行距
二级标题Times New Roman四号
一级标题下空一个double space
Ortony, one of the most influential writers on metaphor,
case that “Any serious study of metaphor is almost obliged to （此处指引文来源：作者 页, Aristotle expounds the essence, function and the way of explanation of metaphor as three nuclei. He defines metaphor as “the application of an alien name by transference either from genus to species, or from species to genus, or from species to species, or by analogy, that is, proportion”(Aristotle 71). Then he gives four kinds of metaphor:
首行再前缩进3个字母（共计
前缩进13个字母）
长篇直接引文：前缩进10个字母、后不缩进、上下各空一个double space
can say „there lies my ship‟ (genus-to-species metaphor), since „ten thousand‟ is a species of a „large number‟, one can say verily ten
thousand
noble
deeds
hath
Odysseus
wrought
(species-to-genus metaphor). Since „to draw away‟ and „to cleave‟ are each a species of the genus „taking away‟, one can say
with blade of bronze drew away the life (species-to-species metaphor). And since old age is to life as evening to the day, one can say that old age is the evening of life (ibid.). (此符号ibid.意为同上，引文出处与上相同。)
All metaphors, Aristotle believes, fall into at least one of these four categories, although analogy……….ined to poetry (ibid. 72). This perspective leads to the later theorists making distinction between poetic language and everyday language. Especially in Chapter 21 and 22 of ent, or strange, or metaphor, or ornamental, or newly coined, or lengthened, or contracted, or altered”(ibid.70). It is obvious that Aristotle classifies metaphors as lying outside normal language use. They are deviant or aberrant forms of discourse. He also holds that metaphor has no cognitive value and is merely an embellishment of language (Kittay 1). Also in this chapter he elaborates how metaphors are unusual…….A metaphor can therefore only describe preexisting similarities. It can‟t create similarities (Lakoff & Johnson 1980: 153).（如果在论文中引用同一作者的不同的著作，
应加上出版年代以示区别）………………………………………………
Chapter 4 On the Mechanism of Metaphor
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
二级标题、Times New Roman四号、顶格加粗、在页首时上下都不空行
4.1 Black’s Interaction Theory
4.1.1 Introduction to Interaction Theory
Interaction Theory was originated from I. A. Richards‟ theory. In his definition he says: “In the simplest formulation, when we use a metaphor we have two thoughts of different things active together and supported by a single word, or phrase, whose meaning is a resultant of their interaction”(Richard 89). The most important in this definition is “two active ………………………………………………………………………二级标题、Times New ………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Roman四号、顶格加粗、
在页首时上下都不空行
三级标题、Times New
Roman小四号、顶格加粗、上下四级标题、New
Roman小四号、顶格不加粗、上下都不空行
Conceptual Integration Theory was proposed by Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner……………………… 4.3.1.1 Four Mental Spaces
In BT, the basis unit of cognitive organization is not the domain but the mental spaces, which are a partial and temporary representational structure that speakers construct when thinking or talking about a perceived, imagined, past, present……………………………
Chapter 5 Conclusion
The study of metaphor is, in essence, the study of how metaphor works. It is the nucleus of metaphor study. Modern scholars discard the perspective that metaphor is a device of rhetoric, an attachment to language, and claim that metaphor is of cognition and is omnipresent; it is a way of human thinking. Moreover, they hold that metaphor creates similarity instead of comparing two things which are based on the preexisting similarity. Hence, the mechanism of metaphor is to interpret how similarity is created. Black‟s theory and Lakoffian theory, due to some defects and deficiencies, are not able to give a clear description of the creation of similarity. They endeavor to expound the appearance of a new structure after a novel metaphor, but they fail to do that and result in “isomorphism”.
The mechanism of metaphor is sophisticated. It is a result of various factors. Interacting, projecting and blending constitute the process. It is obvious that BT, on the basis of the two above-mentioned theories, focuses on solving the problem of the “isomorphism”-structure. To avoid committing the same mistake that all the knowledge, the features mapped from the source domain and the structure (topology) of the target domain are interwoven…….（Conclusion部分字数至少需要1个page）
Bibliography Belletti, A. The Case of Unaccusatives[J]. Linguistic Inquiry.
1988(19):1-34.
Chomsky, N. Lectures on Government and Binding[M]. Dordredcht:
Foris, 1981.
Hazout,I. Long-distance agreement and the syntax of for-to infinitives.
Linguistic Inquiry[J]. 2004b(26): 354-64.
Milsark, G. L. Existential sentences in English[M]. Ph.D. diss., MIT,
Cambridge, MA.1974
Williams, E. Government and Binding Theory and the Minimalist
Program[M]. Oxford: Blackwell. 1984:144-145.
黄和斌, 戴秀华. 从IP/CP分析法看若干英语结构[J]. 外国语,
1999(5):25-31.
石毓智. 语法的认知语义基础[M]. 南昌: 江西教育出版社,2000. 唐玉柱. 存在句中的there[J]. 现代外语, 2001(1):23
章振邦. 新编英语语法[M]. 上海: 外语教育出版社, 1997:873-899
下空一个
double space Acknowledgements Times New Roman三号、加粗、居中 I have eternal gratitude to…, my tutor, for his inestimable help and valuable instruction, and to Professor …, for his insightful lectures, which inspire me to compose this dissertation.
I am greatly indebted to Professor … for his allowing me to have access to his books pertinent to this dissertation.
I also thank those who help me in course of the writing and whose names I can‟t list here one by one.
附录1 ：封面（扉页）
本科生毕业论文(设计)
题 目：学生姓名：学 号：专业班级：指导教师：
完成时间：
附录2：标题页
THE SYNTAX OF NOUN PHRASES
THESIS
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
The degree of Bachelor of Arts In Hunan University of Arts and Science
By Supervisor:
May 2009
Hunan University of Arts and Science
此页是英文题名页的标准格式。本部分的论文题目、论文作者的姓名和指导教师的职称与姓名按实际情况填写。其余的按本格式复制。
三号、黑体、加粗、居中，两字之间空一格
每段开头空二格，四号、宋体，单倍行距
摘 要
上空一行
两千多年来，隐喻一直被仅仅看作一种修辞手段，一种语言的陪衬，被看作是两种不同事物事先存在的相似性的比较或一个词对另一词的替代，进而形成对隐喻阐述的比较论和替代论。现代学者通过大量研究表明，隐喻不仅仅是一种修辞手段，更重要的是，它是人类的主要认知方式。隐喻这一认知方式，给人们一种新的视角，创造一种相似。因此，现代学者着重于阐述相似是如何被创造出来的。在众多的隐喻理论中，影响较大的有布莱克和莱科夫的隐喻理论。 (大约
四号、黑体、顶格
四号、宋体
关键词：隐喻；搭配；术语
（中文摘要的内容和关键词应与英文摘要相对应，关键词3-5个，词与词之间用分号分开）
上空一行、Times New Roman、三号、加粗
往下空出一个double space
Abstract
The mechanism of metaphor is actually the nucleus of the study of metaphor. For more than two thousand years, metaphor was viewed as a device of rhetoric, an attachment to language. In accordance with this perspective, metaphor was a comparison between two things that do not belong to the same category or was regarded as one word used to substitute another because there were preexisting similarities between them. As a result of this perspective, two theories took shape: one was the Comparison Theory, the other was the Theory of Substitution. But modern scholars discard the perspective, holding that metaphor is not only a device of rhetoric, to be more important, it is a leading way for human beings to know this world, a way of thinking.
Key words: metaphor; collocation; terms
个，字体要加粗，词与词之间用分号分开）
Times New Roman、空二个字符后关键词（中文关键词对应）小写
上空一行
一级标题： 四号、Times New Roman、加粗
Times New Roman、三号、加粗、居中，下空一个double space
摘 要 ……………………………………………………………….i Abstract …………………………………………….……….………..ii Chapter 1 Introduction……………………………………...………..1 Chapter 2 A Historical Retrospection of Metaphor………...………...2
二级标题： Times New Roman、 四号、不加粗、缩进一个字母
2.1 Aristotelian School: Metaphor—A Device of Rhetoric…..……….2 2.2 The Platonic School—Language is Metaphorical….……………. 5
……….
Chapter 4 On the Mechanism of Metaphor…….………………...15 4.1 Black‟s Interaction Theory…………………………....................15
三级标题： Times New Roman、四号、不加粗、缩进约3个字母
Introduction to the Interaction Theory……………………...15 4.1.2 Some Defects of the Interaction Theory……………………16 4.2 Lakoffian Conceptual Metaphor Theory………………………...19
……….
Chapter 5 Conclusion………………………………………42 Bibliography…………………………………..………………………45 Acknowledgements…………………………………………46
每段首缩4~5个字母
一级标题下空一个double space
of metaphor. It is the most significant and
the study. For more than two thousand years, the mainly from the perspective of
rhetoric, viewing of rhetoric, an embellishment of language. The
phenomenon, but also one of cognition, the 以下省略，Introduction部分字数至少需要1个page)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
二、三级标题为Times New Roman四号、顶格加粗、下不空行，单倍行距
二级标题Times New Roman四号
一级标题下空一个double space
Ortony, one of the most influential writers on metaphor,
case that “Any serious study of metaphor is almost obliged to （此处指引文来源：作者 页, Aristotle expounds the essence, function and the way of explanation of metaphor as three nuclei. He defines metaphor as “the application of an alien name by transference either from genus to species, or from species to genus, or from species to species, or by analogy, that is, proportion”(Aristotle 71). Then he gives four kinds of metaphor:
首行再前缩进3个字母（共计
前缩进13个字母）
长篇直接引文：前缩进10个字母、后不缩进、上下各空一个double space
can say „there lies my ship‟ (genus-to-species metaphor), since „ten thousand‟ is a species of a „large number‟, one can say verily ten
thousand
noble
deeds
hath
Odysseus
wrought
(species-to-genus metaphor). Since „to draw away‟ and „to cleave‟ are each a species of the genus „taking away‟, one can say
with blade of bronze drew away the life (species-to-species metaphor). And since old age is to life as evening to the day, one can say that old age is the evening of life (ibid.). (此符号ibid.意为同上，引文出处与上相同。)
All metaphors, Aristotle believes, fall into at least one of these four categories, although analogy……….ined to poetry (ibid. 72). This perspective leads to the later theorists making distinction between poetic language and everyday language. Especially in Chapter 21 and 22 of ent, or strange, or metaphor, or ornamental, or newly coined, or lengthened, or contracted, or altered”(ibid.70). It is obvious that Aristotle classifies metaphors as lying outside normal language use. They are deviant or aberrant forms of discourse. He also holds that metaphor has no cognitive value and is merely an embellishment of language (Kittay 1). Also in this chapter he elaborates how metaphors are unusual…….A metaphor can therefore only describe preexisting similarities. It can‟t create similarities (Lakoff & Johnson 1980: 153).（如果在论文中引用同一作者的不同的著作，
应加上出版年代以示区别）………………………………………………
Chapter 4 On the Mechanism of Metaphor
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
二级标题、Times New Roman四号、顶格加粗、在页首时上下都不空行
4.1 Black’s Interaction Theory
4.1.1 Introduction to Interaction Theory
Interaction Theory was originated from I. A. Richards‟ theory. In his definition he says: “In the simplest formulation, when we use a metaphor we have two thoughts of different things active together and supported by a single word, or phrase, whose meaning is a resultant of their interaction”(Richard 89). The most important in this definition is “two active ………………………………………………………………………二级标题、Times New ………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Roman四号、顶格加粗、
在页首时上下都不空行
三级标题、Times New
Roman小四号、顶格加粗、上下四级标题、New
Roman小四号、顶格不加粗、上下都不空行
Conceptual Integration Theory was proposed by Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner……………………… 4.3.1.1 Four Mental Spaces
In BT, the basis unit of cognitive organization is not the domain but the mental spaces, which are a partial and temporary representational structure that speakers construct when thinking or talking about a perceived, imagined, past, present……………………………
Chapter 5 Conclusion
The study of metaphor is, in essence, the study of how metaphor works. It is the nucleus of metaphor study. Modern scholars discard the perspective that metaphor is a device of rhetoric, an attachment to language, and claim that metaphor is of cognition and is omnipresent; it is a way of human thinking. Moreover, they hold that metaphor creates similarity instead of comparing two things which are based on the preexisting similarity. Hence, the mechanism of metaphor is to interpret how similarity is created. Black‟s theory and Lakoffian theory, due to some defects and deficiencies, are not able to give a clear description of the creation of similarity. They endeavor to expound the appearance of a new structure after a novel metaphor, but they fail to do that and result in “isomorphism”.
The mechanism of metaphor is sophisticated. It is a result of various factors. Interacting, projecting and blending constitute the process. It is obvious that BT, on the basis of the two above-mentioned theories, focuses on solving the problem of the “isomorphism”-structure. To avoid committing the same mistake that all the knowledge, the features mapped from the source domain and the structure (topology) of the target domain are interwoven…….（Conclusion部分字数至少需要1个page）
Bibliography Belletti, A. The Case of Unaccusatives[J]. Linguistic Inquiry.
1988(19):1-34.
Chomsky, N. Lectures on Government and Binding[M]. Dordredcht:
Foris, 1981.
Hazout,I. Long-distance agreement and the syntax of for-to infinitives.
Linguistic Inquiry[J]. 2004b(26): 354-64.
Milsark, G. L. Existential sentences in English[M]. Ph.D. diss., MIT,
Cambridge, MA.1974
Williams, E. Government and Binding Theory and the Minimalist
Program[M]. Oxford: Blackwell. 1984:144-145.
黄和斌, 戴秀华. 从IP/CP分析法看若干英语结构[J]. 外国语,
1999(5):25-31.
石毓智. 语法的认知语义基础[M]. 南昌: 江西教育出版社,2000. 唐玉柱. 存在句中的there[J]. 现代外语, 2001(1):23
章振邦. 新编英语语法[M]. 上海: 外语教育出版社, 1997:873-899
下空一个
double space Acknowledgements Times New Roman三号、加粗、居中 I have eternal gratitude to…, my tutor, for his inestimable help and valuable instruction, and to Professor …, for his insightful lectures, which inspire me to compose this dissertation.
I am greatly indebted to Professor … for his allowing me to have access to his books pertinent to this dissertation.
I also thank those who help me in course of the writing and whose names I can‟t list here one by one.