英语作文文章类型
记叙文
记叙文定义和范围
所谓记叙文,是以讲述故事或描述人物为主要内容,以叙述为主要表达方式的文章。叙述就是把与人物或事件有关的东西介绍出来,一般来说,记叙文分为记人和记事两种。 记人是以人为主要叙述对象的文章,主要讲述人物的活动、经历、性格等方面。 记事是以事件为中心的文章,事件的发生、发展和结果是文章的中心。
记叙文要求语言清晰,叙述准确。为了达到这一目的,写记叙文必须掌握六大要素,即:时间when、地点where、人物who、事情what、原因why、结果how。记叙文须交代清楚这六大要素,为读者提供一定的背景知识,以便让读者在阅读时不会感到迷惑不解。但这并不是说记叙文就是要人或事有关的所有内容都记下来,像记流水帐一样。记叙文的选材一定要具有典型性、代表性,能突出表现人物或事件的某一特征、某一方面。这样,才能使文章有声有色,不至于枯燥无味。
写作技巧和特点
记叙文常常采用第一人称或第三人称来叙述。一般来说,第一人称更有生动感,以“我”作为故事里的角色,好像作者本人就在现场,让人有身临其境之感。但第一人称叙述常常局限在“我”所见、所闻、所体验的事情,不能直接描写“我”不闻、不见、没有体验的东西。第三人称则较第一人称客观,但却不能描述出人物内心的真实体验。
上面提到,记叙文所选的素材应有代表性、典型性。还应注意的一点就是,记叙文并不仅仅是简单的记叙一种经历、一件事或某个人,它传达的是作者心灵的一种感受,一种体验,一种人生态度或人生哲理。所以,在写记叙文时,应注意文章中心思想的升华,让平凡的小事传达出深层次的东西。记叙文的记叙方式主要有四种:
顺叙:按时间顺序记叙。
倒叙:故事结果在开头,然后再按时间顺序记叙。
插叙:在事故中间插入与主题相关的故事。
夹叙夹议:一边叙述,一边议论,在事情叙述完了以后再对这件事进行议论。记叙文并不单是记叙,也可掺杂描写、议论,这样不仅可以使文章更生动,还深化了文章的主题。 写记叙文还应注意的就是时态一致的问题。记叙文是记述已经发生或正在发生的故事,所以多用一般现在时、一般过去时和现在进行时。记叙文章时应注意全文的时态要保持一致,以免使读者发生混淆。
范例
范例一
Summer Memories
Time certainly does fly! The summer holiday is drawing to an end. I had a wonderful summer.
The holiday began after the July 10 exam. The heavy load of intense study was dropped, and I was free. I started to enjoy the holiday.
Swimming is my favorite pastime. I often went to the beach with my friends to escape the heat, and to soak in the cool, clean seawater. When the sun disappeared beyond the
horizon , we would then tramp home reluctantly , but with a happy feeling.
On other days, I stayed at home, with the electric fan on, curled up in an armchair, reading a novel in cool comfort . The teachers at school had given us a reading list of boring titles to read during the holidays . Unfortunately, I had lost it, and read what I wanted.
My constant visits to the public library allowed me to have a convenient and pleasant reading place. Besides enriching ourselves with useful knowledge, we also got free air-conditioning.
I had also spent quite a bit of time in watching television, yet I did not indulge in it excessively, as it is very tiring to my eyes.
Cold drinks, ice cream, watermelons, etc. all these aspects of the holiday faded away as the long hot summer came to an end, and I turned towards the path that leads to school once more. A new term loomed ahead, heralding another year of hard work.
本文采用倒叙的方式,使用第一人称叙述手法,记叙了作者所度过的一个美好的暑假。一个人在暑假里或许会干许多事情,但却不能将他们都记叙下来,那样就了流水帐。作者选取游泳,读书这两件有代表意义的事情作为记叙的对象,体现了作者的假期的有意义。 范例二
A Get-together
On my way home, on the running train from south to north, I was so excited that I couldn't control my mind. This was my first time away from home so long and so far away , about six months and 3,000 kilometers. And now my hometown was just ahead. I would get together with my family and old friends. Oh, how beautiful it would be!
Houses, trees, streets, and the familiar local dialect had all appeared in my dream many times during the past few months. Now they were in my ears and eyes. Was it a dream? Suddenly, my feet stopped, and tears came into my eyes. "Mum,"; "Dad"; these were the most beautiful words in the world. I opened my mouth wide, but I couldn't let out a sound. Yes, Mum and Dad, your daughter was now back. She traveled a long distance with a tired body. Now she is facing you. yes, it is true.
My parents stood in the sun, peering at me, smiling. What a nice get-together!
This was a beautiful winter morning. My parents and I got together in a small station. We dearly love each other. Perhaps I will go on with my travel for a long time. During my travels, there will be a lot of small stations. But I will never forget this small station, where we had once such a beautiful get-together.
本文运用顺序和第一人称,记叙了作者第一次离家远行后回家时与父母相聚的场面。开头第一段交代了时间(第一次离家远行回家),地点(列车上),人物(我),事件(回家与父母相聚),从而为下文事情的发展提供了一定的背景知识。中间段落的发展运用描写手法,生动地记叙了当时团聚的场面。第一人称的运用是读者真切地感受到当时“我”与父母相聚的喜悦与感动。结尾则运用议论,升华文章的主题,使主题不再局限在对团聚这一简单的事件上,而是传达出作者内心所体验到的一种哲理:我与父母彼此深深地爱着对方,父母的爱会伴我永远。
题材范围及文体特点
描写文主要是以描写为主要方式,通过生动形象的文字刻画,真实地再现当时的情景,突出被描写对象的特点,使读者获得一种真实的感觉,与读者分享一种情感、一种感受。描写文运用文字描绘出一幅真实动人的画面,所以又被称为文学绘画 (picture in words)。 描写文的题材十分广泛,几乎每种写作题材都可涉及到。描写文的运用,可以使文章增光添彩,更加生动。这样就要求作者拥有很深的文学功底。描写文是一种有较高水平要求的写作方式,要求作者对英文的掌握十分熟练,注重修辞和用词。
写作技巧及应注意的问题
写描写文时应注意两个方面的问题。
首先,注意使用一定的描写顺序,或由上至下、或由远及近,注意使用一定逻辑顺序,有条理、有层次地展开描写,以便读者理清文章的思路。
其次,注意抓住重点,选择一个好的角度,尽量开阔自己的视野,从不同的角度去看问题,使文章的立意明确而新颖。
范例
范例一 First Snow
The first snow came. I don' know when it began. Maybe it started at midnight , maybe from daybreak. Early in the morning when I woke up from my dream, I found that the whole world had become a white one. How beautiful it was! The snow fell so silently on the mountains, on the trees, on the roofs , and on the faces of the children. Only the river is not frozen . It marks its course by a winding black line across the landscape. With the first snow, everywhere seems to be so quiet. No more tramping hoofs, no more rattling wheels!
这是一篇景物描写文,文章以初雪作为被描述的对象,抓住雪的轻盈与洁白这两个主要特点,为我们描绘出了一幅美丽的冬雪图。作者加用词简单,却十分生动、真实。 范例二
My Beloved Mother
If you ask me whom I love most in the world , I will say without the slightest hesitation: my mother. Like many other Chinese women, my mother is diligent. She works in a junior middle school . She teaches Chinese. In order to teach well, she prepares her lectures very carefully and often works very late at night.
Mother is very kind and sincere. She gets along well with her neighbors and her colleagues. When they are in difficulties, she is always ready to help them. Therefore, she is loved and respected in our neighborhood.
My mother often tells me to be honest and upright. She expects me to be useful to people in the future. Even now, I still remember her saying , "Do as much as you can and you'll succeed."
这是一篇以人物为描写对象的文章。文章选取了被描述对象“我”的妈妈的三个主要特点:勤劳、善良真诚,诚实正直,进行描写,在我们面前展现出一个可敬可爱,和蔼可亲的母亲形象。作者用词准确,生动,富有表现力。
文体特点和题材范围
说明文就是用文章的形式介绍清楚某个事物,使读者对其有一个清楚的了解。说明文的目的是把事物的物征、性质、产生、发展、演变、结束及其相互之间的关系表达明白,解说清楚。它的题材涉及十分广泛,可是以某些词的定义、动植物的结构,也柯以是某件工艺的流程,某种活动的重要性等。
说明文重在“说明”,它是为了告诉读者某件事,它忠于客观事实,就事论事,只是对事物进行客观的描述和解释。所以,说明言语的语言应注意明确和平实,不掺杂作者的任何观点,实事求是地说明对象,不夸大其辞和渲染。
写作技巧和应注意的问题
说明文的目的是要使读者对某事物有所了解,所以在写说明文的时候,一定要注意安排好段落层次,采用一定的逻辑顺序,使文章清晰、有条理。说明文中常用的写作方法有例证法、类比比较法、因果分析法、过程分析法、定义法等等。在上一章的段落写作技巧中,我们已作过详细的解释和例证,在此就不赘述。
范例
范例一
How to Make Friends
Everyone needs friends , and if you fail to make friends , it is time to look at yourself and see if something in your personality is to blame.
Maybe you have such social faults as snobbishness and talkativeness, etc. Which drive away new acquaintances . Whatever your social fault may be , look at it honestly , and really try to correct it.
To be friendly you must first be cheerful . Cheerfulness is the basis of friendship. A cheerful person always smiles. A smile is a magnet which draws people . Smile at someone and you are also sure to get a smile in return.
A friendly person thinks of others , and does not insist on his own “right”. He does his best to make strangers feel at home wherever he happens to be. Put yourself in the others’ shoes and make him feel welcome. People who refuse to consider others have few friends.
Try to remember names. It makes your new acquaintance feel happy when you call him by his name. It give the feeling that he has made an impression on you, which must mean a lot to him because you remembered him.
If we do not agree with people on certain points, we should appear friendly . Do not argue, but discuss. You will always lost friends if you argue too much.
Finally, do not make the mistake of treating people according to their social standard. Real friendship respects all people at all times.
文章讲述了怎样交朋友的问题,通过对一些细节的解释,说明要交朋友应该注意的事情。
范例二
The Three Stages of the Writing Process
The whole writing process can be divided into three stages: prewriting, writing , and rewriting.
In the prewriting stage, you try to get clear in your mind what your specific approach to the subject should be organized and presented to the particular reader you have in mind; in short, you plan the organization and the content of your projected paper. In the writing stage, you work out your plan in detail through the first draft. In rewriting, you
examine what you have done and consider where and how the first draft can be improved. The three stages are not always separated as the previous paragraph may suggest. Sometimes, of course, of course, they are separated. Especially in working on long research papers, you may get extensive notes and prepare and revise several outlines before you begin the first draft, and then, perhaps days later, you may do a thorough
revision of the draft . But sometimes, especially in writing short papers, you may plan and revise as you write. And often you will modify your original plan during the writing stage, as the actual writing modifies your ideas.
文章用分类的方式,阐述了写作文的三个步骤。对怎样写好作文作出了详细的说明。 议论文
题材范围及文体特点
议论文是论证某一正确的观点、看法和主张或者批驳某一错误的观点、看法和主张的文章。其目的是为了阐述某一思想,说服读者接受作者的观点和主张,采取某一行动,或改变读者的行为。议论文的目的是为了以理服人,所以它的语言要求必须准确、严密、有说服力,不说无用或无根据的话。
写作技巧及注意的问题
议论文与说明文有着密切的联系,它们二者都含有说明的成分。不同的是,说明文是客观地解释某一事物、方法及观点等,给读者提供某些信息,不期望能改变读者的思想。而议论文则是通过主观说明、严密的论证,使读者认同或放弃已有的观点。这样,逻辑分析在议论文中就显得格外重要。
议论文包括三个主要方面:论点、论据和论证。议论文的论点必须有可争论性,这样才能引起讨论,它是议论文的灵魂;其次,论据要充实、可靠,可以使例子、数据、专家或权威人士的评判等客观的事例来证明和支持论点,它是议论文的躯干;再次,议论文的论证必须严谨,避免各种无根据的假设和错误的三段论,合乎逻辑。可使用的方法有分析、对比、举例、归纳、演绎、反证等等。
范例
范例一
Two-day Weekends The advantages of two-day weekends are too much to be listed. They can provide people with enough time to rest after a whole week's tiring work. Besides, they enable people to have sufficient time to take part in various kinds of activities. Furthermore, they give people adequate time to plan and prepare for the work they are to do next week.
However , the disadvantages of two-day weekends are also obvious. Many people d not always know how to make good use of the long weekends . Some indulge in such passive entertainment as watching TV and seeing films. Others unwise exhaust themselves by excessive outdoor games, such as football and outing.
In spending a meaningful weekend, I think, people should plan their leisure scientifically. Recreation and rest should alternate. What is more , it should always be remembered that those who sit too much should take up a kind of recreation that will supply their time in the open air and have constant muscular employment ment of their time in the open air an have constant muscular employment should adopt reading and other quiet forms of activities to spend their weekends. 文章采用对比的方式,论述了双休日的好处与坏处,明确地阐述了自己的观点。 范例二
What is Your Idea about Grades
Grades are very important for most students. School and society as a whole often value a student just by his or her performance in school. Students with higher grades are considered as winners. On the other hand, those with lower grades are , unfortunately , looked down upon as losers.
Due to this expectation, most students try every hard to get high grades. Some students do not study hard in their daily life. Instead, they try to recite some important facts or rules just before examinations. Some students do not even do this, they just cheat on the examinations in order to get a high grade.
I believe that a grading system is good and necessary for a school, but it is not the only measure of a person's ability. Schools should set up more elective courses, to teach the students how to solve practical problems. Schools can also give more consideration to some varieties which can arouse the learning interest instead of just giving grades
文章以分数这一敏感的话题作为文章的中心,论述了学生看重分数的原因,并在结尾作出结论,充分阐述了作者自己的观点。
看图作文
特点及注意问题
看图作文是通过对图表或画面的人物、背景、情节、数据等观察,对它们进行描述从而组成一篇意思完整的文章。
此类作文在考试中一直占有重要地位。一般来说,看图作文主要分两类:一种是图画作文,一种是图表作文。
图画作文的体裁多为记叙文或描述文,使图画成为一个完整的故事。
图表作文多为说明文或议论文,表明作者的某种立场、观点或使读者了解一种事物。
但每一种作文者不是孤立地看图作文,还可以与其他类型的作文相结合,例如有:给关键词作文、段首句读写、规定情景等等。不管是哪一种类型,一般都应注意以下几个方面的内容:
(1)仔细观察所给材料、关键词、段首句、图画或图表的各个部分,找出中心思想,进行分析思考,发挥想象力,写成作文。
(2)根据所给内容和故事情节,正确地使用时态。常用时态多为:一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时和一般将来时。
(3)注意使用适当的逻辑顺序进行说明,使段落层次清楚,条理分明。
其它方面,只要熟知上述记叙、描写、说明、议论四种基本写作类型,就可以写好看图作文。 范例
图略,图画背景:天气很冷,老人看着花儿,觉得花儿也应该暖和一下,就给花儿浇了热水,结果花儿被烫死了。
An Old Man and Flowers
Mr. Wang is retired worker who is very fond of flowers. He grows lots of them and spends most of his time taking care of them. He believes that flowers are much the same as human beings, they also have feelings.
One winter day it was very cold outside. After putting on his worm clothes and warm cap, Mr. Wang still felt cold. Suddenly , he thought of this flowers. "Are they feeling cold? They must be cold, because they are the same as human beings." Mr. Want said to himself.
He hurried to see the thermometer. "Good havens!" It is 10 degrees below zero. He thought he must act quickly, otherwise the flowers would freeze to death.
He turned on the gas stove, boiled a kettle of hot water and poured the water onto the flower with satisfaction. "Now they will be warm enough," he thought.
But a few minutes later , to his surprise, the flowers died. Mr. Wang felt sad. "But why?" He kept wondering
应用文及英文书信
应用文是一个很大范围的写作类型,含有各方面的内容。不管什么应用文,一般来说,都有自己固定的格式。只要掌握好了它们的固定格式,我们就可以写好应用文。
应用文有各种各样的类型,我们在此不一一介绍,主要谈一下英文书信的主要组成部分以及各部分的写作特点。
(一)英文信封格式
(二)英文书信的组成部分
(三)英文书信的常用语
(四)书信范文
英文信封格式
信封格式是指写信人的姓名和地址,收信人的姓名和地址以及信封上所必须注明的说明等在信封上的位置及排列顺序。
写信人的地址通常写在信封的左上角,有时将他写在信封背面中上方。收信人的姓名地址位于信封中央或稍微偏右,上方较下方稍微多空一些,行末最好不用标点。
信封可采用平头式,也可采用缩行式,但平头式较多用。无论采用哪一种形式,都要与信封上的地址一致。
英文书信的组成部分
英文书信一般由六个部分组。即信头(Heading)、信内地址(Inside Address)、称呼
( Salutation)、正文(Body of Latter)、结束语(Cmplimentary Close)、署名(Signature),有时在书信后面还有附言(Postscript)、附件(Enclosure),这得视具体情况而定。下面分别说明。
信头是指写信人的地址和写信日期,一般写在或打在第一页信纸的右上解,先写地址再写日期,地址的写法是从小到大,先写门牌号、路名,再写区名、市名、省名,最后写国名。时间的写法对英国人和美国人机而言是不同的。英国人的习惯按日、月、年的顺序写,而美国人的习惯按月、日、年的顺序写。
例如:
英式:1st October, 1999
美式:October 1, 1999
在使用前一种形式时,月和年之间的逗号可用可不用,但是在后一种形式中,必须要使用逗号。
信头的写法有
如下所示:
齐头式:
信内地址要写出收信人的姓名和地址。一般给比较生疏的亲友的信和公事信件要写出信内地址,而熟悉的朋友可以省去这一步骤。信内地址写在日期下一两行的左上角,第一行写收信人的称呼姓名,然后写出地址。地址也是从小到大写出,分
缩进式和齐头式两种。例如:
缩进式:
称号是对收信人的称谓,在信内地址下一两行处顶格写起,自成一行,末尾用逗号或冒号。
A.当给一位熟悉的人写信时可用Dear或是My Dear。在英国,My Dear比Dear 亲切,而在美国, Dear 比My Dear亲切。
B.当给一位你不知婚否的女性写信时,可以用Ms._,这是指_女士。
C.在给不熟悉的人写信时,可以用Dear sir, Dear Madam, Dear sirs, Gentleman等等。 正文是一封信的主体部分,通常在称呼的下一行写出。正文也可以用齐头式或缩进式的方法。
齐头式是反映每段开头一行和后面行并齐,
缩进式是指每段的第一行向右缩进几个字母。
信件讲究简洁、效率。开头几句简单的寒暄后就步入主题,在结尾处要有祝愿和敬语。常用的开头语有:
A.I have received your July 1st letter
B.I have the pleasure to tell you that…
常用的结束客套话有:
A.I am looking forward to hearing from you.
B.With best regards.
C.Thank you for your help.
结束语在正文之后一两行的偏右方开始写出,开头字母用大写,以后的字母用小写,最后一个词后面用逗号。
常用的结束语有:
A.一般非正式的关系
Yours sincerely,
Yours truly,
B.亲密的关系
Love,
Lovingly yours
C.上级和长者
Yours respectfully,
Faithfully yours,
在结束语的下方是签名,先手写出,再打出来。如果收信人不认识写信人,可以在署名前用括号标出Mr.、Miss或Ms。在名称下面可注上头衔。
如:
Yours sincerely
Lucy Blake
在信件正文写作时可能漏掉某些事,或临时发生了某事需要补充时,可以在信下面左下方写上P.S.; 如果随时有附件可在左下端注明。
如:
Enclosure: 1. Invoice
2. Resume
英语书信常用语
英文书信讲求简洁明了,礼貌周全,正确和坦率。写英文书信时,不应象写中文书信一样,先写问候,寒暄之类的话,再说明正题。而应开门见山,直接表明来来意。英文书信通常有一些惯用的表达词语和句型,下面就常用的做一些列举:
常用开头语:
1) I am delighted to learn from you.
2) How nice it was to hear from you.
3) I'm very pleased to have received your letter which…
4) With great delight I learned that…
5) I'm very glad to hear that…
6) I'm sorry it has taken me so long to reply to you.
7) I cannot tell you how much your letter delighted (relieved, amused, enchanted) me.
8) It is sheer joy to read your lovely letter.
9) Thank you for your May 14 letter, telling me that…
10) Your letter of Friday arrived this morning.
常用的结束语:
1) I hope to receive an early and favorable reply.
2) Expecting to hear from you soon.
3) I am looking forward to your early reply.
4) I expect to hear from you.
5) I am looking forward to seeing you soon.
6) We thank you for a favorable reply at your earliest convenience.
7) Please give my love (regards, best wishes) to …
8) Kindest regards to you and your family.
9) With best wishes for every happiness to you.
10) Hoping you will keep fit, study hard and work well.
11) All good wishes.
12) Love to you all.
应用文其他形式
便条
便条也是书信的一种形式。其特点在于内容简短,用于临时性的询问,留言,通知,要求等。
便条的日期通常写在右上角,一般只写上星期几或上午或下午,有时也可写上上午或下
行的具体时刻,有时也会写上几月几日,但一般不写年份,因为便长的事情多为当日或今日
内要办的事情。
跟正规的书信相比较,便条的语言更为口语化,而且,经常运用省略。
便条的结尾无需使用结尾礼貌,只须写上作者姓名即可。如果是关系较亲近的人,则
只要写上姓或名。
因为便条不用邮寄,所以无须信封。
范文如下:
海报
海报是人们在日常生活中经常使用的一种招贴形式的应用文,经常用于电影、戏曲、球赛、
文艺演出等活动,海报中经常写明活动的性质、主办单位、时间、地点等内容。海报的语言
力求简明扼要,形式做到新颖美观。海报通常由三部分组成,即标题,正文,与落款。
海报的标题是海报宣传的“窗户”。因此,标题的撰写,尽量做到简洁明了,新颖醒目,
能一下子抓住读者的注意力和兴趣。海报的标题通常有两种写法,一种是使用海报(POSTER)
一词,一种是根据海报的内容,撰写标题。
海报的正文是海报的核心部分,这是对海报标题的具体描述。语言要求形象生动,简
明扼要,做到即有鼓动性,又不夸大其词。
海报的落款要写明主办单位,及撰写日期。海报的落款通常写在海报正文的左下角,
日期写在主办单位名名称的下方,也可左下角,也可在右下角。
下面是海报的范文:
通知
通知是上级对下级,单位对员工布置任务,安排工作,召开会议,传达信息等使用的一种应
用文体。同级单位之间也可采用通知的形式互相协商开展某活动。
书面通知一般应具有事物的标题或注明(NOTICE)字样。通知的正文下面通常要注上写
通知的单位名称及发行通知的日期。日期一般写在正文的左下角,单位名称在右下角,但应
位于日期的上方。正文和标题之间以及与署名之间至少要空一行。
通知文体的语言要简洁清晰,每句话都要把意思表达清楚,完整,以免产生岐义。通知
中应尽量避免使用华丽的辞藻。
通知的内容,根据实际需要,长短不一。发行通知的单位及被通知的对象通常均采用第
三人称,如果通知的正文前面使用了称呼语,则应用第二人称称呼被称呼对象。后者多用于
日记
日记是对每天所遇到的和所做的事情所作的记录,有的兼记录对这些事情的感受。一般日记
可分为两种类型,即叙事型和抒情型。
叙事型日记多用来记录当天发生的某件值得回忆的事情。也可记叙当天的一般的事情。
抒情型日记通常用来表达某人内心的活动与情感。一般日记的前面通常与上星期几和年月日
以及当天的天气情况。
叙事型日记:
文章的修改和完善
文章的检查
修改完善阶段
修改完善阶段也是写作过程中必不可少的一个阶段。在写完作文后,必须做认真细致
的检查修改,才能使文章更为完善。检查主要分几个步骤进行:
1)句子水平上的检查
在句子水平上进行检查,主要检查文字是否简洁,用词是否准确,句子结构是否完整,语句
是否通顺,有无重大语法错误。最后,检查标点,大小是否规范等。
2)段落水平上的检查
段落水平上的检查,主要是检查段落是否完整,段落的扩展是否充分,细节安排是否混乱,段落中的各句的连接是否紧凑,语义是否连贯等。
3)语篇水平上的检查
在语篇水平上检查,也就是从全局进行检查。主要是检查文章的主题是否明确,观点是否可
靠,内容是否切题,阐述是否充分,描述是否具体,例证是否恰当,论证是否有力,推理是
否合乎逻辑,文体风格是否合适,表达方式是否相符,段落过渡是否自然,结论与主题是否
一致等。
文章的修改
文章的修改主要是按照下面的四个原则进行:
1.尽可能把语意抽象的名词,单词改为语意具体的单词。
2.多使用主动语态,尽量避免使用被动语态。
3.多用短小的单词,尽量避免使用冗长的单词。
4.多使用短句来表达,尽量避免使用长句。
除此之外,中学生还应该注意中英文写作方面的差异,在遣词造句上,思维方式上,尽量
向西方人靠拢,从而避免中国式的英语。
中英文写作的差异
中英文写作的差异
许多同学认为中文写作和英文写作是一样的。确实,中英文写作有许多相同的地方,如写作手法、写作技巧、题材范围等方面,他们有很多相似之处。但他们是两种不同语言的
写作,所以他们必然有许多不同的地方。许多的同学常常先用中文写出文章,然后再翻译成
英文,却得了一个低分,这就是因为中英文写作还是各有特点的,他们有许多不同的地方。要想写好英文,我们不仅要掌握上几章讲过的各种技巧,还要明白他们之间的差异。
中英文写作之间的差异主要是源于文化的不同,我们不能说哪一种文化高于哪一
种文化。为了提高英文写作,写出地道的英语作文,我们就必须弄清楚中文写作和英文写作
之间的差异。
中英文写作之间的差异主要是源于文化的不同,我们不能说哪一种文化高于哪一种文
化。为了提高英文写作,写出地道的英语作文,我们就必须弄清楚中文写作和英文写作之间
的差异。中英文写作的差异可主要从以下两个方面探索:
(一)思维方式的不同
(二)客观性
思维方式的不同
中国人的思维方式是环形的。当中国人要论证一个主题时,往往围绕着主题一圈圈地绕,每
一圈都越来越接近中心。而西方人的思维方式是直线式的,他们不会花太多的时间和篇幅谈
一些琐碎的事,而是直接进入主题。他们的思维方式可以用下例表示:
以英文书信为例。中国人往往在开头写一些客气语,寒暄完了之后才进入主题。而西
方人一上来就进入主题。从下面的两个例文我们可以进行比较:
客观性
一般来说,中国人比较注重个人感受,写文章时常常掺杂很多私人性质的东西。他们花大量
的时间和篇幅告诉读者他们的感受,同时也希望读者有同样的感受。西方人则不然,他们较
客观,他们写文章一般只是陈述自己的观点,而让作品中的事实去说服读者。这一差异主要
表现在词汇的使用上。中国的作者常使用一些描述性的,含有个人强烈感情的词语,而西方
作者的词语相比较来说比较平实。从下面的例子中我们可以看出:
关于知识,
中国作者会写:
Knowledge is a streak of light in the darkness. It's like a sun shining over our globe.
西方作者则会写:
Knowledge is just like building bricks. It's a key to unlock mysteries
当然,除上面两点以外,中英文写作还有很多差异。这些差异并不是说中文写作更高
超,或英文写作更高超。而中强调中英文写作是不同的。一名学英语,说英语的人,应该学会从西方人的角度去思考问题,去写作。
英语作文文章类型
记叙文
记叙文定义和范围
所谓记叙文,是以讲述故事或描述人物为主要内容,以叙述为主要表达方式的文章。叙述就是把与人物或事件有关的东西介绍出来,一般来说,记叙文分为记人和记事两种。 记人是以人为主要叙述对象的文章,主要讲述人物的活动、经历、性格等方面。 记事是以事件为中心的文章,事件的发生、发展和结果是文章的中心。
记叙文要求语言清晰,叙述准确。为了达到这一目的,写记叙文必须掌握六大要素,即:时间when、地点where、人物who、事情what、原因why、结果how。记叙文须交代清楚这六大要素,为读者提供一定的背景知识,以便让读者在阅读时不会感到迷惑不解。但这并不是说记叙文就是要人或事有关的所有内容都记下来,像记流水帐一样。记叙文的选材一定要具有典型性、代表性,能突出表现人物或事件的某一特征、某一方面。这样,才能使文章有声有色,不至于枯燥无味。
写作技巧和特点
记叙文常常采用第一人称或第三人称来叙述。一般来说,第一人称更有生动感,以“我”作为故事里的角色,好像作者本人就在现场,让人有身临其境之感。但第一人称叙述常常局限在“我”所见、所闻、所体验的事情,不能直接描写“我”不闻、不见、没有体验的东西。第三人称则较第一人称客观,但却不能描述出人物内心的真实体验。
上面提到,记叙文所选的素材应有代表性、典型性。还应注意的一点就是,记叙文并不仅仅是简单的记叙一种经历、一件事或某个人,它传达的是作者心灵的一种感受,一种体验,一种人生态度或人生哲理。所以,在写记叙文时,应注意文章中心思想的升华,让平凡的小事传达出深层次的东西。记叙文的记叙方式主要有四种:
顺叙:按时间顺序记叙。
倒叙:故事结果在开头,然后再按时间顺序记叙。
插叙:在事故中间插入与主题相关的故事。
夹叙夹议:一边叙述,一边议论,在事情叙述完了以后再对这件事进行议论。记叙文并不单是记叙,也可掺杂描写、议论,这样不仅可以使文章更生动,还深化了文章的主题。 写记叙文还应注意的就是时态一致的问题。记叙文是记述已经发生或正在发生的故事,所以多用一般现在时、一般过去时和现在进行时。记叙文章时应注意全文的时态要保持一致,以免使读者发生混淆。
范例
范例一
Summer Memories
Time certainly does fly! The summer holiday is drawing to an end. I had a wonderful summer.
The holiday began after the July 10 exam. The heavy load of intense study was dropped, and I was free. I started to enjoy the holiday.
Swimming is my favorite pastime. I often went to the beach with my friends to escape the heat, and to soak in the cool, clean seawater. When the sun disappeared beyond the
horizon , we would then tramp home reluctantly , but with a happy feeling.
On other days, I stayed at home, with the electric fan on, curled up in an armchair, reading a novel in cool comfort . The teachers at school had given us a reading list of boring titles to read during the holidays . Unfortunately, I had lost it, and read what I wanted.
My constant visits to the public library allowed me to have a convenient and pleasant reading place. Besides enriching ourselves with useful knowledge, we also got free air-conditioning.
I had also spent quite a bit of time in watching television, yet I did not indulge in it excessively, as it is very tiring to my eyes.
Cold drinks, ice cream, watermelons, etc. all these aspects of the holiday faded away as the long hot summer came to an end, and I turned towards the path that leads to school once more. A new term loomed ahead, heralding another year of hard work.
本文采用倒叙的方式,使用第一人称叙述手法,记叙了作者所度过的一个美好的暑假。一个人在暑假里或许会干许多事情,但却不能将他们都记叙下来,那样就了流水帐。作者选取游泳,读书这两件有代表意义的事情作为记叙的对象,体现了作者的假期的有意义。 范例二
A Get-together
On my way home, on the running train from south to north, I was so excited that I couldn't control my mind. This was my first time away from home so long and so far away , about six months and 3,000 kilometers. And now my hometown was just ahead. I would get together with my family and old friends. Oh, how beautiful it would be!
Houses, trees, streets, and the familiar local dialect had all appeared in my dream many times during the past few months. Now they were in my ears and eyes. Was it a dream? Suddenly, my feet stopped, and tears came into my eyes. "Mum,"; "Dad"; these were the most beautiful words in the world. I opened my mouth wide, but I couldn't let out a sound. Yes, Mum and Dad, your daughter was now back. She traveled a long distance with a tired body. Now she is facing you. yes, it is true.
My parents stood in the sun, peering at me, smiling. What a nice get-together!
This was a beautiful winter morning. My parents and I got together in a small station. We dearly love each other. Perhaps I will go on with my travel for a long time. During my travels, there will be a lot of small stations. But I will never forget this small station, where we had once such a beautiful get-together.
本文运用顺序和第一人称,记叙了作者第一次离家远行后回家时与父母相聚的场面。开头第一段交代了时间(第一次离家远行回家),地点(列车上),人物(我),事件(回家与父母相聚),从而为下文事情的发展提供了一定的背景知识。中间段落的发展运用描写手法,生动地记叙了当时团聚的场面。第一人称的运用是读者真切地感受到当时“我”与父母相聚的喜悦与感动。结尾则运用议论,升华文章的主题,使主题不再局限在对团聚这一简单的事件上,而是传达出作者内心所体验到的一种哲理:我与父母彼此深深地爱着对方,父母的爱会伴我永远。
题材范围及文体特点
描写文主要是以描写为主要方式,通过生动形象的文字刻画,真实地再现当时的情景,突出被描写对象的特点,使读者获得一种真实的感觉,与读者分享一种情感、一种感受。描写文运用文字描绘出一幅真实动人的画面,所以又被称为文学绘画 (picture in words)。 描写文的题材十分广泛,几乎每种写作题材都可涉及到。描写文的运用,可以使文章增光添彩,更加生动。这样就要求作者拥有很深的文学功底。描写文是一种有较高水平要求的写作方式,要求作者对英文的掌握十分熟练,注重修辞和用词。
写作技巧及应注意的问题
写描写文时应注意两个方面的问题。
首先,注意使用一定的描写顺序,或由上至下、或由远及近,注意使用一定逻辑顺序,有条理、有层次地展开描写,以便读者理清文章的思路。
其次,注意抓住重点,选择一个好的角度,尽量开阔自己的视野,从不同的角度去看问题,使文章的立意明确而新颖。
范例
范例一 First Snow
The first snow came. I don' know when it began. Maybe it started at midnight , maybe from daybreak. Early in the morning when I woke up from my dream, I found that the whole world had become a white one. How beautiful it was! The snow fell so silently on the mountains, on the trees, on the roofs , and on the faces of the children. Only the river is not frozen . It marks its course by a winding black line across the landscape. With the first snow, everywhere seems to be so quiet. No more tramping hoofs, no more rattling wheels!
这是一篇景物描写文,文章以初雪作为被描述的对象,抓住雪的轻盈与洁白这两个主要特点,为我们描绘出了一幅美丽的冬雪图。作者加用词简单,却十分生动、真实。 范例二
My Beloved Mother
If you ask me whom I love most in the world , I will say without the slightest hesitation: my mother. Like many other Chinese women, my mother is diligent. She works in a junior middle school . She teaches Chinese. In order to teach well, she prepares her lectures very carefully and often works very late at night.
Mother is very kind and sincere. She gets along well with her neighbors and her colleagues. When they are in difficulties, she is always ready to help them. Therefore, she is loved and respected in our neighborhood.
My mother often tells me to be honest and upright. She expects me to be useful to people in the future. Even now, I still remember her saying , "Do as much as you can and you'll succeed."
这是一篇以人物为描写对象的文章。文章选取了被描述对象“我”的妈妈的三个主要特点:勤劳、善良真诚,诚实正直,进行描写,在我们面前展现出一个可敬可爱,和蔼可亲的母亲形象。作者用词准确,生动,富有表现力。
文体特点和题材范围
说明文就是用文章的形式介绍清楚某个事物,使读者对其有一个清楚的了解。说明文的目的是把事物的物征、性质、产生、发展、演变、结束及其相互之间的关系表达明白,解说清楚。它的题材涉及十分广泛,可是以某些词的定义、动植物的结构,也柯以是某件工艺的流程,某种活动的重要性等。
说明文重在“说明”,它是为了告诉读者某件事,它忠于客观事实,就事论事,只是对事物进行客观的描述和解释。所以,说明言语的语言应注意明确和平实,不掺杂作者的任何观点,实事求是地说明对象,不夸大其辞和渲染。
写作技巧和应注意的问题
说明文的目的是要使读者对某事物有所了解,所以在写说明文的时候,一定要注意安排好段落层次,采用一定的逻辑顺序,使文章清晰、有条理。说明文中常用的写作方法有例证法、类比比较法、因果分析法、过程分析法、定义法等等。在上一章的段落写作技巧中,我们已作过详细的解释和例证,在此就不赘述。
范例
范例一
How to Make Friends
Everyone needs friends , and if you fail to make friends , it is time to look at yourself and see if something in your personality is to blame.
Maybe you have such social faults as snobbishness and talkativeness, etc. Which drive away new acquaintances . Whatever your social fault may be , look at it honestly , and really try to correct it.
To be friendly you must first be cheerful . Cheerfulness is the basis of friendship. A cheerful person always smiles. A smile is a magnet which draws people . Smile at someone and you are also sure to get a smile in return.
A friendly person thinks of others , and does not insist on his own “right”. He does his best to make strangers feel at home wherever he happens to be. Put yourself in the others’ shoes and make him feel welcome. People who refuse to consider others have few friends.
Try to remember names. It makes your new acquaintance feel happy when you call him by his name. It give the feeling that he has made an impression on you, which must mean a lot to him because you remembered him.
If we do not agree with people on certain points, we should appear friendly . Do not argue, but discuss. You will always lost friends if you argue too much.
Finally, do not make the mistake of treating people according to their social standard. Real friendship respects all people at all times.
文章讲述了怎样交朋友的问题,通过对一些细节的解释,说明要交朋友应该注意的事情。
范例二
The Three Stages of the Writing Process
The whole writing process can be divided into three stages: prewriting, writing , and rewriting.
In the prewriting stage, you try to get clear in your mind what your specific approach to the subject should be organized and presented to the particular reader you have in mind; in short, you plan the organization and the content of your projected paper. In the writing stage, you work out your plan in detail through the first draft. In rewriting, you
examine what you have done and consider where and how the first draft can be improved. The three stages are not always separated as the previous paragraph may suggest. Sometimes, of course, of course, they are separated. Especially in working on long research papers, you may get extensive notes and prepare and revise several outlines before you begin the first draft, and then, perhaps days later, you may do a thorough
revision of the draft . But sometimes, especially in writing short papers, you may plan and revise as you write. And often you will modify your original plan during the writing stage, as the actual writing modifies your ideas.
文章用分类的方式,阐述了写作文的三个步骤。对怎样写好作文作出了详细的说明。 议论文
题材范围及文体特点
议论文是论证某一正确的观点、看法和主张或者批驳某一错误的观点、看法和主张的文章。其目的是为了阐述某一思想,说服读者接受作者的观点和主张,采取某一行动,或改变读者的行为。议论文的目的是为了以理服人,所以它的语言要求必须准确、严密、有说服力,不说无用或无根据的话。
写作技巧及注意的问题
议论文与说明文有着密切的联系,它们二者都含有说明的成分。不同的是,说明文是客观地解释某一事物、方法及观点等,给读者提供某些信息,不期望能改变读者的思想。而议论文则是通过主观说明、严密的论证,使读者认同或放弃已有的观点。这样,逻辑分析在议论文中就显得格外重要。
议论文包括三个主要方面:论点、论据和论证。议论文的论点必须有可争论性,这样才能引起讨论,它是议论文的灵魂;其次,论据要充实、可靠,可以使例子、数据、专家或权威人士的评判等客观的事例来证明和支持论点,它是议论文的躯干;再次,议论文的论证必须严谨,避免各种无根据的假设和错误的三段论,合乎逻辑。可使用的方法有分析、对比、举例、归纳、演绎、反证等等。
范例
范例一
Two-day Weekends The advantages of two-day weekends are too much to be listed. They can provide people with enough time to rest after a whole week's tiring work. Besides, they enable people to have sufficient time to take part in various kinds of activities. Furthermore, they give people adequate time to plan and prepare for the work they are to do next week.
However , the disadvantages of two-day weekends are also obvious. Many people d not always know how to make good use of the long weekends . Some indulge in such passive entertainment as watching TV and seeing films. Others unwise exhaust themselves by excessive outdoor games, such as football and outing.
In spending a meaningful weekend, I think, people should plan their leisure scientifically. Recreation and rest should alternate. What is more , it should always be remembered that those who sit too much should take up a kind of recreation that will supply their time in the open air and have constant muscular employment ment of their time in the open air an have constant muscular employment should adopt reading and other quiet forms of activities to spend their weekends. 文章采用对比的方式,论述了双休日的好处与坏处,明确地阐述了自己的观点。 范例二
What is Your Idea about Grades
Grades are very important for most students. School and society as a whole often value a student just by his or her performance in school. Students with higher grades are considered as winners. On the other hand, those with lower grades are , unfortunately , looked down upon as losers.
Due to this expectation, most students try every hard to get high grades. Some students do not study hard in their daily life. Instead, they try to recite some important facts or rules just before examinations. Some students do not even do this, they just cheat on the examinations in order to get a high grade.
I believe that a grading system is good and necessary for a school, but it is not the only measure of a person's ability. Schools should set up more elective courses, to teach the students how to solve practical problems. Schools can also give more consideration to some varieties which can arouse the learning interest instead of just giving grades
文章以分数这一敏感的话题作为文章的中心,论述了学生看重分数的原因,并在结尾作出结论,充分阐述了作者自己的观点。
看图作文
特点及注意问题
看图作文是通过对图表或画面的人物、背景、情节、数据等观察,对它们进行描述从而组成一篇意思完整的文章。
此类作文在考试中一直占有重要地位。一般来说,看图作文主要分两类:一种是图画作文,一种是图表作文。
图画作文的体裁多为记叙文或描述文,使图画成为一个完整的故事。
图表作文多为说明文或议论文,表明作者的某种立场、观点或使读者了解一种事物。
但每一种作文者不是孤立地看图作文,还可以与其他类型的作文相结合,例如有:给关键词作文、段首句读写、规定情景等等。不管是哪一种类型,一般都应注意以下几个方面的内容:
(1)仔细观察所给材料、关键词、段首句、图画或图表的各个部分,找出中心思想,进行分析思考,发挥想象力,写成作文。
(2)根据所给内容和故事情节,正确地使用时态。常用时态多为:一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时和一般将来时。
(3)注意使用适当的逻辑顺序进行说明,使段落层次清楚,条理分明。
其它方面,只要熟知上述记叙、描写、说明、议论四种基本写作类型,就可以写好看图作文。 范例
图略,图画背景:天气很冷,老人看着花儿,觉得花儿也应该暖和一下,就给花儿浇了热水,结果花儿被烫死了。
An Old Man and Flowers
Mr. Wang is retired worker who is very fond of flowers. He grows lots of them and spends most of his time taking care of them. He believes that flowers are much the same as human beings, they also have feelings.
One winter day it was very cold outside. After putting on his worm clothes and warm cap, Mr. Wang still felt cold. Suddenly , he thought of this flowers. "Are they feeling cold? They must be cold, because they are the same as human beings." Mr. Want said to himself.
He hurried to see the thermometer. "Good havens!" It is 10 degrees below zero. He thought he must act quickly, otherwise the flowers would freeze to death.
He turned on the gas stove, boiled a kettle of hot water and poured the water onto the flower with satisfaction. "Now they will be warm enough," he thought.
But a few minutes later , to his surprise, the flowers died. Mr. Wang felt sad. "But why?" He kept wondering
应用文及英文书信
应用文是一个很大范围的写作类型,含有各方面的内容。不管什么应用文,一般来说,都有自己固定的格式。只要掌握好了它们的固定格式,我们就可以写好应用文。
应用文有各种各样的类型,我们在此不一一介绍,主要谈一下英文书信的主要组成部分以及各部分的写作特点。
(一)英文信封格式
(二)英文书信的组成部分
(三)英文书信的常用语
(四)书信范文
英文信封格式
信封格式是指写信人的姓名和地址,收信人的姓名和地址以及信封上所必须注明的说明等在信封上的位置及排列顺序。
写信人的地址通常写在信封的左上角,有时将他写在信封背面中上方。收信人的姓名地址位于信封中央或稍微偏右,上方较下方稍微多空一些,行末最好不用标点。
信封可采用平头式,也可采用缩行式,但平头式较多用。无论采用哪一种形式,都要与信封上的地址一致。
英文书信的组成部分
英文书信一般由六个部分组。即信头(Heading)、信内地址(Inside Address)、称呼
( Salutation)、正文(Body of Latter)、结束语(Cmplimentary Close)、署名(Signature),有时在书信后面还有附言(Postscript)、附件(Enclosure),这得视具体情况而定。下面分别说明。
信头是指写信人的地址和写信日期,一般写在或打在第一页信纸的右上解,先写地址再写日期,地址的写法是从小到大,先写门牌号、路名,再写区名、市名、省名,最后写国名。时间的写法对英国人和美国人机而言是不同的。英国人的习惯按日、月、年的顺序写,而美国人的习惯按月、日、年的顺序写。
例如:
英式:1st October, 1999
美式:October 1, 1999
在使用前一种形式时,月和年之间的逗号可用可不用,但是在后一种形式中,必须要使用逗号。
信头的写法有
如下所示:
齐头式:
信内地址要写出收信人的姓名和地址。一般给比较生疏的亲友的信和公事信件要写出信内地址,而熟悉的朋友可以省去这一步骤。信内地址写在日期下一两行的左上角,第一行写收信人的称呼姓名,然后写出地址。地址也是从小到大写出,分
缩进式和齐头式两种。例如:
缩进式:
称号是对收信人的称谓,在信内地址下一两行处顶格写起,自成一行,末尾用逗号或冒号。
A.当给一位熟悉的人写信时可用Dear或是My Dear。在英国,My Dear比Dear 亲切,而在美国, Dear 比My Dear亲切。
B.当给一位你不知婚否的女性写信时,可以用Ms._,这是指_女士。
C.在给不熟悉的人写信时,可以用Dear sir, Dear Madam, Dear sirs, Gentleman等等。 正文是一封信的主体部分,通常在称呼的下一行写出。正文也可以用齐头式或缩进式的方法。
齐头式是反映每段开头一行和后面行并齐,
缩进式是指每段的第一行向右缩进几个字母。
信件讲究简洁、效率。开头几句简单的寒暄后就步入主题,在结尾处要有祝愿和敬语。常用的开头语有:
A.I have received your July 1st letter
B.I have the pleasure to tell you that…
常用的结束客套话有:
A.I am looking forward to hearing from you.
B.With best regards.
C.Thank you for your help.
结束语在正文之后一两行的偏右方开始写出,开头字母用大写,以后的字母用小写,最后一个词后面用逗号。
常用的结束语有:
A.一般非正式的关系
Yours sincerely,
Yours truly,
B.亲密的关系
Love,
Lovingly yours
C.上级和长者
Yours respectfully,
Faithfully yours,
在结束语的下方是签名,先手写出,再打出来。如果收信人不认识写信人,可以在署名前用括号标出Mr.、Miss或Ms。在名称下面可注上头衔。
如:
Yours sincerely
Lucy Blake
在信件正文写作时可能漏掉某些事,或临时发生了某事需要补充时,可以在信下面左下方写上P.S.; 如果随时有附件可在左下端注明。
如:
Enclosure: 1. Invoice
2. Resume
英语书信常用语
英文书信讲求简洁明了,礼貌周全,正确和坦率。写英文书信时,不应象写中文书信一样,先写问候,寒暄之类的话,再说明正题。而应开门见山,直接表明来来意。英文书信通常有一些惯用的表达词语和句型,下面就常用的做一些列举:
常用开头语:
1) I am delighted to learn from you.
2) How nice it was to hear from you.
3) I'm very pleased to have received your letter which…
4) With great delight I learned that…
5) I'm very glad to hear that…
6) I'm sorry it has taken me so long to reply to you.
7) I cannot tell you how much your letter delighted (relieved, amused, enchanted) me.
8) It is sheer joy to read your lovely letter.
9) Thank you for your May 14 letter, telling me that…
10) Your letter of Friday arrived this morning.
常用的结束语:
1) I hope to receive an early and favorable reply.
2) Expecting to hear from you soon.
3) I am looking forward to your early reply.
4) I expect to hear from you.
5) I am looking forward to seeing you soon.
6) We thank you for a favorable reply at your earliest convenience.
7) Please give my love (regards, best wishes) to …
8) Kindest regards to you and your family.
9) With best wishes for every happiness to you.
10) Hoping you will keep fit, study hard and work well.
11) All good wishes.
12) Love to you all.
应用文其他形式
便条
便条也是书信的一种形式。其特点在于内容简短,用于临时性的询问,留言,通知,要求等。
便条的日期通常写在右上角,一般只写上星期几或上午或下午,有时也可写上上午或下
行的具体时刻,有时也会写上几月几日,但一般不写年份,因为便长的事情多为当日或今日
内要办的事情。
跟正规的书信相比较,便条的语言更为口语化,而且,经常运用省略。
便条的结尾无需使用结尾礼貌,只须写上作者姓名即可。如果是关系较亲近的人,则
只要写上姓或名。
因为便条不用邮寄,所以无须信封。
范文如下:
海报
海报是人们在日常生活中经常使用的一种招贴形式的应用文,经常用于电影、戏曲、球赛、
文艺演出等活动,海报中经常写明活动的性质、主办单位、时间、地点等内容。海报的语言
力求简明扼要,形式做到新颖美观。海报通常由三部分组成,即标题,正文,与落款。
海报的标题是海报宣传的“窗户”。因此,标题的撰写,尽量做到简洁明了,新颖醒目,
能一下子抓住读者的注意力和兴趣。海报的标题通常有两种写法,一种是使用海报(POSTER)
一词,一种是根据海报的内容,撰写标题。
海报的正文是海报的核心部分,这是对海报标题的具体描述。语言要求形象生动,简
明扼要,做到即有鼓动性,又不夸大其词。
海报的落款要写明主办单位,及撰写日期。海报的落款通常写在海报正文的左下角,
日期写在主办单位名名称的下方,也可左下角,也可在右下角。
下面是海报的范文:
通知
通知是上级对下级,单位对员工布置任务,安排工作,召开会议,传达信息等使用的一种应
用文体。同级单位之间也可采用通知的形式互相协商开展某活动。
书面通知一般应具有事物的标题或注明(NOTICE)字样。通知的正文下面通常要注上写
通知的单位名称及发行通知的日期。日期一般写在正文的左下角,单位名称在右下角,但应
位于日期的上方。正文和标题之间以及与署名之间至少要空一行。
通知文体的语言要简洁清晰,每句话都要把意思表达清楚,完整,以免产生岐义。通知
中应尽量避免使用华丽的辞藻。
通知的内容,根据实际需要,长短不一。发行通知的单位及被通知的对象通常均采用第
三人称,如果通知的正文前面使用了称呼语,则应用第二人称称呼被称呼对象。后者多用于
日记
日记是对每天所遇到的和所做的事情所作的记录,有的兼记录对这些事情的感受。一般日记
可分为两种类型,即叙事型和抒情型。
叙事型日记多用来记录当天发生的某件值得回忆的事情。也可记叙当天的一般的事情。
抒情型日记通常用来表达某人内心的活动与情感。一般日记的前面通常与上星期几和年月日
以及当天的天气情况。
叙事型日记:
文章的修改和完善
文章的检查
修改完善阶段
修改完善阶段也是写作过程中必不可少的一个阶段。在写完作文后,必须做认真细致
的检查修改,才能使文章更为完善。检查主要分几个步骤进行:
1)句子水平上的检查
在句子水平上进行检查,主要检查文字是否简洁,用词是否准确,句子结构是否完整,语句
是否通顺,有无重大语法错误。最后,检查标点,大小是否规范等。
2)段落水平上的检查
段落水平上的检查,主要是检查段落是否完整,段落的扩展是否充分,细节安排是否混乱,段落中的各句的连接是否紧凑,语义是否连贯等。
3)语篇水平上的检查
在语篇水平上检查,也就是从全局进行检查。主要是检查文章的主题是否明确,观点是否可
靠,内容是否切题,阐述是否充分,描述是否具体,例证是否恰当,论证是否有力,推理是
否合乎逻辑,文体风格是否合适,表达方式是否相符,段落过渡是否自然,结论与主题是否
一致等。
文章的修改
文章的修改主要是按照下面的四个原则进行:
1.尽可能把语意抽象的名词,单词改为语意具体的单词。
2.多使用主动语态,尽量避免使用被动语态。
3.多用短小的单词,尽量避免使用冗长的单词。
4.多使用短句来表达,尽量避免使用长句。
除此之外,中学生还应该注意中英文写作方面的差异,在遣词造句上,思维方式上,尽量
向西方人靠拢,从而避免中国式的英语。
中英文写作的差异
中英文写作的差异
许多同学认为中文写作和英文写作是一样的。确实,中英文写作有许多相同的地方,如写作手法、写作技巧、题材范围等方面,他们有很多相似之处。但他们是两种不同语言的
写作,所以他们必然有许多不同的地方。许多的同学常常先用中文写出文章,然后再翻译成
英文,却得了一个低分,这就是因为中英文写作还是各有特点的,他们有许多不同的地方。要想写好英文,我们不仅要掌握上几章讲过的各种技巧,还要明白他们之间的差异。
中英文写作之间的差异主要是源于文化的不同,我们不能说哪一种文化高于哪一
种文化。为了提高英文写作,写出地道的英语作文,我们就必须弄清楚中文写作和英文写作
之间的差异。
中英文写作之间的差异主要是源于文化的不同,我们不能说哪一种文化高于哪一种文
化。为了提高英文写作,写出地道的英语作文,我们就必须弄清楚中文写作和英文写作之间
的差异。中英文写作的差异可主要从以下两个方面探索:
(一)思维方式的不同
(二)客观性
思维方式的不同
中国人的思维方式是环形的。当中国人要论证一个主题时,往往围绕着主题一圈圈地绕,每
一圈都越来越接近中心。而西方人的思维方式是直线式的,他们不会花太多的时间和篇幅谈
一些琐碎的事,而是直接进入主题。他们的思维方式可以用下例表示:
以英文书信为例。中国人往往在开头写一些客气语,寒暄完了之后才进入主题。而西
方人一上来就进入主题。从下面的两个例文我们可以进行比较:
客观性
一般来说,中国人比较注重个人感受,写文章时常常掺杂很多私人性质的东西。他们花大量
的时间和篇幅告诉读者他们的感受,同时也希望读者有同样的感受。西方人则不然,他们较
客观,他们写文章一般只是陈述自己的观点,而让作品中的事实去说服读者。这一差异主要
表现在词汇的使用上。中国的作者常使用一些描述性的,含有个人强烈感情的词语,而西方
作者的词语相比较来说比较平实。从下面的例子中我们可以看出:
关于知识,
中国作者会写:
Knowledge is a streak of light in the darkness. It's like a sun shining over our globe.
西方作者则会写:
Knowledge is just like building bricks. It's a key to unlock mysteries
当然,除上面两点以外,中英文写作还有很多差异。这些差异并不是说中文写作更高
超,或英文写作更高超。而中强调中英文写作是不同的。一名学英语,说英语的人,应该学会从西方人的角度去思考问题,去写作。