专业英语阅读
教案
土木建筑工程学院
主 讲: 杜 佳
2007——2008学年度第二学期
第一章
CHAPTER FOUR: GARDEN CITY VS. URBAN VILLAGE
&NEW URBANISM
ARTICLE: Garden City
一:首先向同学们大略介绍田园城市理论的背景,创始人及其理论主要内容,对现代城市规划的深远意义,使学生对要面临的英文阅读材料有一个大致的背景认识和了解
二:对文章正文进行正式阅读,将其拆分为段落进行讲授,该过程中,注意与学生的互动,在每一小段落首先进行词汇学习,让学生自己先阅读,老师再进行讲解和翻译。过程中,一方面注重强化学生对英语词汇的学习语法语句的掌握,另一方面注重专业知识的学习、理解和掌握。
原文:In 1898, social reformer (改革家,改革运动者) Ebenezer Howard promulgated (发布、公布、传播) a scheme(安排、计划) to build new towns rather than(胜于) add population to the already(已经) large cities, called the garden city plan.
译文:(本段讲述了田园城市的背景)
在1898年,社会改革运动者埃比尼泽 霍华德发布了一个建设新镇的计划,(这个计划)胜于在已经巨大的城市再增加人口,这个计划被称作田园城市计划。
原文:Garden cities were to be small, thoroughly(完全的) planned towns, each(各自、每个) encircled (环绕、包围)by an inalienable(不能剥夺的) rural(乡下的、田园的) estate(不动产、财产) and interconnected(使互相连接) by a rapid transit(高速交通) system of electric(电气的) railways(铁路).
译文: (本段讲述了田园城市的构想)田园城市是小型的,完全根据计划的城镇,它们各自被永久的农业带(田地)给包围起来,电气铁路的高速交通系统将它们彼此间联系起来。
原文:The population and area of each settlement(settle 包含了殖民、或使安居、定居的含义) would be firmly (坚定地、严格地) controlled. A population of 32,000 was envisaged (设想、想象), with the city proper (严格意义上的,适当的) occupying (占用、占据) 1000acres and the surrounding (周围的) rural (田园的) estate (财产)意指农田 5000acres. Although of (虽然) limited size each garden city would be socially (社会的) and economically(经济的) balanced, accommodating all classes and providing (供给、供应) a range of employment (工作、职业、雇佣) in primary (第
一), secondary(第二) and tertiary (第三)activities.
译文:每个定居点的人口都应被严格控制。设想中人口为32000人,城镇占地1000英亩,(外部)环绕的永久农田为5000英亩。尽管规模有限,每个田园城市在社会和经济上是稳定和谐的,(它)容纳(包含)所有的阶层,并在第一产业、第二产业、第三产业中提供各种就业机会。
原文:Howard envisaged (设想) regional (区域的) systems of garden cities, each focused on(集中) a larger mother city with a population of perhaps 58,000. a series of (一连串)small, self-sufficient towns was to be interconnected through a mass transit(公共交通) system, with a cultural (文化)center located at the core(中心). These polycentric “social cities” indeed (真正地、确实) anticipate (预期、期望、占先)the modern concept (观念、概念) of a multi-centered city region divided (划分、分隔) by green belts and served(服务) by integrated(综合的、完整的) traffic systems.
译文:霍华德还设想了田园城市的区域系统,每个都被集中到(围绕)更大一点的约有58000人的母城。(这些)一系列小的、自给自足的城镇通过公共交通系统联系在一起,文化中心位于中央。这种通过绿化带的隔离以及完善的交通系统形成的多个中心的社会群居的城镇预示了现代的多中心都市区域的观点。(是现代多中心都市区域观点的先驱)
原文:Howard's physical(物质的) plans for the garden city are well known(众所周知). The city is conceived (构想、构思), like many utopias(乌托邦), on a circular(圆形的) basis (基本、主要成分)and there is a clear zoning (分区) system(系统、规律) within it. Service activities and public buildings are at the center with a belt of residential land around them and the railway and factories are on the perimeter. Public gardens, parks and tree-lined (沿途有树的) avenues (林荫大道) are prominent (卓越的、显著的) features.
译文:霍华德关于田园城市的计划是众所周知的,这样的城镇就像很多完美的乌托邦一样被构思,以圆环为基本,在其内部有清晰的分区秩序。服务性行业及公共建筑在中央,条带状的居住用地环绕它们,铁路和工厂在最边缘。公共花园、公园以及林荫大道是最显著的特征。
原文:Six wide boulevards(林荫大道) act as radials(辐射、放射), dividing(区分) the city into six equal(相等的) and self-sufficient parts, or districts, prefiguring (预示) the planned neighborhoods (临近的地区) later developed in British new towns (卫星城). The rural (田园的) surroundings (环境) contain large farms (农田), smallholdings (小农场) and allotments(分配,或种菜或花的小片公地), and are used
for agriculture, forestry (林产), recreation (消遣、娱乐) and miscellaneous (各式各样) institutions (公共机构) such as hospitals, asylums (庇护所) and convalescent (康复期的)homes.
译文:六条宽阔的林荫大道扮演着放射线条,将城镇区分为6个相等的自己自足的部分或区域, 田园般的环境里包含了大农田、小农场以及小片的公地,它们被用作为农业、林业、休闲娱乐或各式各样的公共机构比如说医院、康复家园。
原文:However, despite (尽管) such details (详细资料), Howard's maps are clearly diagrammatic (图表的 、概略的)and intended (有意地、故意地) as flexible (灵活的) frameworks (构架、框架), adjustable (可调整的) to particular (特殊的、详细的) sites (点、地点), within (在···之内) which individual (个人、个别的) taste (味道、体验、口味) and preference (偏爱) could be given free expression (表达), especially in architecture(建筑学) and design. Sanitary(卫生的) arrangements(安排) were, however, to be strictly (严格的) enforced (强迫的) and all sewerage (排水设备、污水) and town refuse(拒绝、废物垃圾) would be utilized(利用) on the agricultural portions of the estate(地产).
译文:虽然有这样的细节,但霍华德的地图无疑是概略的,同时有意识的作为灵活的框架,特殊的情况可以调整,在这个框架之下个人的口味及偏爱能够自由的表达,尤其是在建筑学和设计上。但是,卫生系统是必须严格执行的并且所有的污水和城市垃圾将会被利用到部分农田中。
原文:That the land on which the garden city stood must be owned by the community(公社、团体) was of fundamental (基本的,基本原则) importance. This would ensure (确保), first, the social control of physical(物质) planning and especially(特别、尤其) the permanent(永久的) delimitation of town and country zones, and, secondly, that all increases(增加) of land value brought about by development would be put to public use. The resulting (结果) steady (稳固的、稳定) improvement of amenities (方便设施) and services would largely provide the magnetic (磁的、有磁性的)properties (财产、所有权、道具) of the garden city.
译文:田园城市所在的土地必须为公众所拥有,这是最重要的基本原则。首先,这点能够确保实体规划以及城镇和乡村永久地界的社会管理权,其次,由发展带来的土地价值的增长能够被投入到公共事业上。便捷设施和服务的稳定增长的结果是将在很大程度上为田园城市的
原文:In these new settlements(殖民地、定居点) Howard believed that a greatly(很、非常) improved quality (生活质量) of life would be obtainable (能得到的,可到手的), including housing, work and leisure conditions, but also transformed(改变) social relations and even religious(宗教) sensibilities(敏感性)
译文:. 在这些新的定居点,霍华德相信大大改良的生活质量是可以获得的,包括了住宅、工作以及休闲环境,但也同样改变了社会关系甚至宗教感情。
原文:Capitalism (资本主义) and co-operation (合作) could both flourish(繁荣、活跃、兴旺); only land uses would be controlled. Rural as well as town life would be enriched (使富足、肥沃、浓缩). Agriculture , for example, would be stimulated(刺激、激励) by the presence (到场、存在) of local (乡土的、当地的) town markets and
rural (乡下的) folk (人们 复数) given access to (准许出入) urban amenities (福利、便利设施)The attractions of the countryside(乡村) would everywhere(各处、到处) be available (可用的,有价值的) to the inhabitants (居民) as well as the economic and social opportunities(时机、机会) of traditional(传统) cities.
译文:资本主义以及合作都处于旺盛时期;只有土地利用是受到约束的。乡村和城镇的生活将是富足的。举例而言,农业会因为当地城镇市场和乡下人能出入城镇的便利设施而受到刺激(激励)乡村的吸引力就像传统城市中经济的和社会的机会一样对于居民来说比比皆是。
原文: The fullest(丰富的、完整的) life, Howard maintained(维持、主张), could be achieved (完成、达到) only when human society and the beauty of nature were enjoyed(享受) together. As Howard pictured it, “each inhabitant of the whole group, though in one sense (官能、感觉)living in a town of small size, would be in reality(真实、逼真) living in, and would enjoy all the advantages (优势、有利条件) of a great and most beautiful city; and yet all the fresh delights(快乐、高兴、喜悦) of the country.”
译文:霍华德主张,最丰富完美的生活只有当人类社会和自然美景共存时才能实现。霍华德这样描述它“整个团体中每个居民 事实上将会居住在并将享受又大又漂亮的城市所有的优势;连同乡村所有的
原文:Howard's ideas have by some been regarded as(把~~认作) highly advanced for his time, but by others described(描述) as regressive(回归) and harking back to a pre-industrial age. In fact Howard's book integrated(综合) many of the progressive(改革论者、进步的) reforming currents(当前的、趋势) of his time as well as drawing on(吸收、利用) the latest technology.
译文:霍华德的思想被有一些人看作在他的时代是非常先进的,但是却被其它一些人描述为倒退以及回到了工业时代以前。事实上,霍华德的书综合了许多在他的时代进步的改革趋势也吸引了最先进的技术。
原文:His major social objectives(目标、目的), such as land reform, co-operativism, and the reversal(反转、逆向) of migration(移民、移植) flows from country to town, were being widely debated(争辩、讨论) and some practical steps had been proposed and taken to achieve them through voluntary (志愿的) and private (私人的) initiatives (主动) as well as government(政府) legislation(立法)
译文:他的主要社会目标,比如土地、改革,合作以及与从乡村到城镇移民相背,这些都引来了广泛的争论,与此同时一些实践的步骤也被提出,并通过志愿的及私人的行动以及政府立法开始去完成它们。
原文:Howard’s garden city was pointed out (指出) to search (探求) a remedy (补救、赔偿) for the problems of industrial society. Understanding of the garden city thus(因而、这样) requires close consideration(考虑) of urban and rural conditions in England at the end of the nineteenth century and of the perceptions(理解、感知、感觉) of social issues by the reformers of that time.
译文:霍华德的花园城市被指出是探求工业社会问题的治疗之法。
原文: Examination(考试、检查) of the social background, attitudes(看法、态度、意见) and convictions (深信、确信) of Howard himself is clearly needed too, and recognition (承认、重视) of the contributions(贡献) of a number of (许多)theorists (空谈家) and experimentalists(试验者) prior to(在前、居先) Howard's time which were assimilated(吸收) into his writings.
译文:审查社会背景、霍华德自身的信念以及看法是被需要的,同时也应承认许多霍华德所处时代之前的空想家及试验者的贡献被吸收进了他的著作。
FURTHER (更多的) READING (1): Urban Village(都市村庄)英国
原文:Urbanization (都市化), coupled with (外加) much of our modern (现代) technology (技术), has produced (生产) a society and lifestyle (生活方式) that are unhealthy (不健康的) and stressful (充满压力的) for the individual (个体、个别) . At the same time, this lifestyle is systematically (贬义:蓄谋地) destroying the earth's support (支持、扶持) systems. No longer(不再) is there the human-scale (比例、等级) development that in the past (在过去) provided(供应、在~~条件下) physical(身体的,物质的) beauty(美), a sense(感觉、判断力) of community(社会、团体、共同体), and a setting(环境、背景) where basic human needs can be fulfilled.
译文:都市化外加大量的现代技术,产生了一个(对个人来说)不健康以及充满压力的生活方式和社会。与此同时,这样的生活方式正在有蓄谋地破坏地球的支撑体系。不再有人文尺度上的发展,这种发展在以前能够提供物质的舒适、社会感以一种(环境)即人类基本需要能够得到满足的环境
原文:Unfortunately (不幸地), those responsible for(为···负责,是造成···的原因) land use planning have not often considered the natural environment when making decisions. For the most part (在极大程度上), neither (既不,也不) have they considered the subtle (敏感的) socio-psychological (社会心理) needs of people. They have focused instead on(代替、更换) the cities' physical(物质的) systems, short-term economic considerations, and the interests(信息、利益) of the development community.译文:不幸的是,这些是造成在土地利用规划中做决定时不太考虑自然环境的原因。在极大程度上,也不考虑人们敏感的社会心理需求。它们转而关注的是城市的物质系统,短期经济利益的考虑、以及发达地区(社会)的利益。
原文:In 1974, scientist and philosopher (哲学家) Rene (雷类) Dubos pointed out: Planners (规划者) are primarily (首先、根本上) concerned with (使关心) the technological (科技的) efficiency (效率) of the urban system with regard to (关于) industrial and economic activities (行动、行为). They pay less attention to the psychological (心理上的)and emotional(情感的) needs of city dwellers(居住者、居民) or to the relationship(关系、关联) between city life(城市生活) and civilization.(文化)
译文:在1974年,科学家及哲学家雷类指出:
规划者主要关心的是关于工业及经济行为的城市系统的技束效率。它们基本不去主义城市居住者心理上及情感上的需求或者城市生活与文化之间的有机联系。
原文: While the technological aspects(面貌、方面) of the urban system are fairly(公平、公正、清楚地) well understood and can be manipulated (使用、操作), little is actually known about the influence(影响) that cites have exerted on(作用于、应用于) the development of human potentialities(潜能、可能性) and therefore on the emergence (出现、显露、暴露)of civilized (文明的) life. Civilizations (文明社会) have flourished (兴旺、繁荣) in cities for more than 5,000 years, but they have difficulty in (对···有困难) surviving (继续生存、存在) the huge urban agglomerations (结块) of the contemporary(当代的) world.
译文:城市系统中技术方面已经被清楚地理解并且使用,但是对城市作用于人类发展及文明生活的可能影响却一无所知。文明社会在城市中已经繁荣了5000多年,但是它们很难在继续存在于当代世界要的巨大的城市块中。
原文:Between 1980 and 1990, the conversion (变化、转化) of forest, farmland, and open space to sprawled (蔓延) residential(住宅的) and commercial (商业的) development accelerated (加速的). Toxic chemicals (毒性化学药品、物质) accumulated in(积聚) the environment at an increasing rate(比率、速度). The earth's protective (保护的) ozone(臭氧层) layer continued to be depleted(耗尽、衰竭). 译文:在1980年到1990年间,森林、农田以及露天的场地都转化为了住宅以及商业蔓延的加速发展。毒性化学物质以逐渐增加的速度集聚在环境中。地球的保护臭氧层持续被耗尽。
原文:Global warming (全球变暖) became recognized (公认)as a scientific (科学的) reality(事实), rain forests(热带雨林) continued to be cut and lost at an alarming(使人惊心的)rate, more nuclear waste(原子能工业废料) was accumulated, and more agricultural land was lost to salinization(盐化) and erosion(腐蚀、侵蚀) as well as to urbanization (都市化). The distribution(分配) of wealth became more lopsided(不平衡), and social problems such as drug(毒品) addiction(沉溺、上瘾) and crime (罪犯)increased.
译文:全球变暖已经成为公认的科学事实,热带雨林持续被以惊人的效率砍伐,更多的原子能工业废料被积聚,更多的农业用地在都市化中被盐化以及侵蚀所失去。财富的分配变得更加不平衡,诸如毒品成瘾以及罪犯等社会问题增加了。
原文:The decade(十年) of the 1990s, however, brought hope for the future. There was again a growing(成长的) concern about environmental problems throughout(到处、贯穿) the world and renewed (更新的、复兴的) enthusiasm (热心、积极性) and commitment (许诺、承担义务) to improving community design and building sustainable(维持、使持续下去) communities.
译文:然而,在九十年代的十年中,为未来带来了希望。对贯穿世界的环境问题给予了越来越多的关注,同时复兴了改进社会计划以及建设可持续的社会的积极性和义务。
原文:One promising (有希望的、有前途的) movement, the British (英国的、大不列颠) Urban Villages Campaign (活动、战役), started up (突然站起、发动)in late 1989 with the support of the Prince of Wales(威尔斯亲王). The mission(使命、任务) of the campaign (战役、活动) is to bring about more livable (适于居住的) urban environments. Characteristics(特性、特征) of the British urban village are generally(通常、一般) described as follows:
译文:一个有希望的运动,英国的都市乡村活动在1989年末在威尔斯亲王的支持下发动起来。这个运动的使命是为带来更加适于居住的城市环境。英国都市乡村的特征总的来说可以描述为以下几点:
· A resident population(常住 人口)of 3,000-5,000 in an area of about forty hectares(公顷)在大约40公顷的面积内常住人口约3000——5000人
· Medium(中等的)-density (密度) land use, ensuring(确保) that all parts of the village are within walking or bicycling distance中等密度的土地使用,确保村庄的所有部分都在步行或自行车距离内。
· A diverse (不同) range (范围) of mixed land uses at neighborhood (邻里), block (街区), street, and building levels (标准、级别)邻里、街区、街道以及建筑层面不同范围内土地利用的混合
· Convenient (便利) shopping and services and local recreational (娱乐的) and community (团体、社会、集体) facilities(便利、灵活)
便利的商业及服务业以及当地娱乐和团体的便利性
· A high quality of urban design and architecture高质量的城市及建筑设计
· An employment base that encourages(鼓励) residents to work in the local center or from home 鼓励居民在当地或家附近的中心就业
· An energy (精力、精神)-and information-efficient built environment that is responsive to(响应的) climate(气候、风土), location, and orientation
能源和信息高效造就一种与气候、地点和方位相关的环境。
· Human-scale urban design that encourages(鼓励) crime(犯罪) prevention(预防) and home-care networks(网络)鼓励预防犯罪以及照顾家庭网络的人性尺度城市设计 · Diverse(不同的、变化的) and usable(便于使用的) public spaces
各式各样以及便于使用的公共场所
· Integrated land use and transportation design
完整的土地利用以及交通设计
· A pedestrian(步行)-and bicycle-friendly, traffic-calmed environment
步行和自行车友好、交通平静的环境
· A mixture of public and private housing providing for a range of needs and incomes 公共场所和私人住宅的混合提供了大量的需求和收入
· An urban form that reinforces (加强、补充) economic, social, and environmental sustainability (可持续性)一种加强经济、社会以及环境的可持续性的城镇形态
· A management (经营、管理处理) system that ensures long-term achievement and maintenance of the urban village concept(观念、概念).
一种确保长期成果以及维护都市乡村概念的经营管理系统。
原文:Urban Village concept (概念) brings back the social and environmental concerns (关注) on urban planning. It emphases (强调) the human scale, mixed use and pedestrian friendly transportation system in planning concerns, and puts the need of human beings in the core(中心) of considerations(体谅、考虑). Actually it inherited(遗传、继承) a lot from Howard’s Garden City. Following that, the UK’s planning policy guidance(指导) set “Mixed use urban village” as one of its planning objectives(目标).
译文:都市乡村的概念将对社会和环境的关注带回了城市规划中。它在规划所关注中强调人文尺度、混合使用以及步行友好的交通系统,并且把人类的需求作为考虑的中心。实际上它继承了霍华德的田园城市。在此之后,英国的规划政策指导树立了“混合使用的都市乡村”作为规划的目标之一。
FURTHER READING (2): New Urbanism(新城市主义)美国
原文:Parallel (平行于,类似于) to British Urban Village, another movement in the United States, called the new urbanism or livable(适于居住) communities movement, has been primarily (首先、起初、根本上) driven by public dissatisfaction (不满) with faceless (不知名的、身份不清楚) sprawl(蔓延) development and the loss of a sense of (一连串)place experienced in (有···的经验)many communities (社区) throughout the country.
译文:平行于英国的“都市村庄”,在美国另外的运动被称作新城市主义或益居社区运动,最初是被公众的不满所驱动的,(不满于)整个国家的许多社区都经历的蔓延发展以及一连串场所的失去。
原文:New Urbanism is the most important planning movement this century, and is about creating (创造) a better future for us all. It is an international movement to reform the design of the built environment, and is about raising our quality of life and standard of living (生活水平)by creating better places to live.
译文:新城市主义是本世纪最重要的规划运动,并且正为我们创造一个更好的未来。它是一个国际性的为改革建成环境的设计的运动,并且通过创造更好的生活场所来提高我们的生活质量和生活水平。
原文:New Urbanism is the revival (复兴、苏醒) of our lost art (技术、艺术) of place-making, and is essentially (本质上来,本来) a re-ordering (重新安排) of the built environment into the form (形态) of complete (完成的、完善的) cities, towns, villages, and neighborhoods - the way communities have been built for centuries(数百年) around the world. New Urbanism involves (包括、潜心于) fixing (固定、调理) and infilling cities, as well as the creation (创造) of compact (紧凑的)new towns and villages.
译文:新城市主义是我们已经丧失的场所发展的技艺的复兴,同时是一种本质上对建成环境的重新安排,成为完善的城市、城镇、乡村以及邻里形态-(以这样的方式)在世界社会已经建设了数百年的那种方式。新城市主义包括了调理并填充城市,以及创造紧凑的新城镇和乡村。
原文:New Urbanism promotes(促进) the creation(创造) and restoration(重建、恢复) of diverse(多样的), walkable(可步行的), compact(紧凑的), vibrant(颤动的、充满生气的), mixed-use(混合使用的) communities composed (由···组成和构
成) of the same components (成分) as conventional (传统、惯例、常规) development, but assembled(装配、组合) in a more integrated (综合的) fashion (风尚、方式), in the form of (以~··的形式)complete communities.
译文:新城市主义促进多样性、可步行性、紧凑的、充满生气的、混合使用的社区的创造和重建,由与传统发展同样的内容组成,但是以更加综合的方式、以完善的社会的形式组合。
原文:These contain housing(住宅群), work places, shops, entertainment, schools, parks, and civic (市民的) facilities (便捷设施) essential (本质的、实质的) to the daily lives of the residents, all within easy walking distance of each other. New Urbanism promotes(促进、发扬) the increased use of trains and light rail (轻轨), instead of more highways and roads.
译文:这些包括了住宅群、工作的地点、商店、娱乐地、学校、公园以及居民的日常生活的便捷设施,
Urban living is rapidly becoming the new hip and modern way to live for people of all ages. Currently, there are over 500 New Urbanist projects planned or under construction in the United States alone, half of which are in historic urban centers.
The Principles of New Urbanism
The principles of New Urbanism can be applied increasingly to projects at the full range of scales from a single building to an entire community.
1. Walkability
-Most things within a 10-minute walk of home and work
-Pedestrian friendly street design (buildings close to street; porches, windows & doors; tree-lined streets; on street parking; hidden parking lots; garages in rear lane; narrow, slow speed streets)
-Pedestrian streets free of cars in special cases
2. Connectivity
-Interconnected street grid network disperses traffic & eases walking
-High quality pedestrian network and public realm make walking pleasurable
3. Mixed-use & Diversity
-A mix of shops, offices, apartments, and homes on site. Mixed-use within neighborhoods, within blocks, and within buildings
-Diversity of people - of ages, classes, cultures, and races
4. Mixed Housing
A range of types, sizes and prices in closer proximity
5. Quality Architecture & Urban Design
Emphasis on beauty, aesthetics, human comfort, and creating a sense of place; Special placement of civic uses and sites within community. Human scale architecture & beautiful surroundings nourish the human spirit.
6. Traditional Neighborhood Structure
-Discernable center and edge
-Public space at center
-Importance of quality public realm; public open space designed as civic art.
-Contains a range of uses and densities within 10-minute walk.
-Transect planning: Highest densities at town center; progressively less dense towards the edge. The transect is an analytical system that conceptualizes mutually reinforcing elements, creating a series of specific natural habitats and/or urban lifestyle settings. The Transect integrates environmental methodology for habitat assessment with zoning methodology for community design. The professional boundary between the natural and man-made disappears, enabling environmentalists to assess the design of the human habitat and the urbanists to support the viability of nature. This urban-to-rural transect hierarchy has appropriate building and street types for each area along the continuum.
7. Increased Density
-More buildings, residences, shops, and services closer together for ease of walking, to enable a more efficient use of services and resources, and to create a more convenient, enjoyable place to live.
-New Urbanism design principles are applied at the full range of densities from small towns, to large cities
8. Smart Transportation
-A network of high-quality trains connecting cities, towns, and neighborhoods together
-Pedestrian-friendly design that encourages a greater use of bicycles, rollerblades, scooters, and walking as daily transportation
9. Sustainability
-Minimal environmental impact of development and its operations
-Eco-friendly technologies, respect for ecology and value of natural systems
-Less use of finite fuels
-More local production
-More walking, less driving
10. Quality of Life
Taken together these add up to a high quality of life well worth living, and create places that enrich, uplift, and inspire the human spirit.
Ways to Implement New Urbanism
The most effective way to implement New Urbanism is to plan for it, and write it into zoning and development codes. This directs all future development into this form.
New Urbanism is best planned at all levels of development: the single building, groups of building, the urban block, the neighborhood, networks of neighborhood, towns, cities and regions.
Increasingly, regional planning techniques are being used to control and shape growth into compact, high-density, mixed-use neighborhoods, villages, towns, and cities. Planning new train systems (instead of more roads) delivers the best results when designed in harmony with regional land planning. At the same time, the revitalization of urban areas directs and encourages infill development back into city centers. Planning for compact growth, rather than letting it sprawl out, has the potential to greatly increase the quality of the environment.
专业英语阅读
教案
土木建筑工程学院
主 讲: 杜 佳
2007——2008学年度第二学期
第一章
CHAPTER FOUR: GARDEN CITY VS. URBAN VILLAGE
&NEW URBANISM
ARTICLE: Garden City
一:首先向同学们大略介绍田园城市理论的背景,创始人及其理论主要内容,对现代城市规划的深远意义,使学生对要面临的英文阅读材料有一个大致的背景认识和了解
二:对文章正文进行正式阅读,将其拆分为段落进行讲授,该过程中,注意与学生的互动,在每一小段落首先进行词汇学习,让学生自己先阅读,老师再进行讲解和翻译。过程中,一方面注重强化学生对英语词汇的学习语法语句的掌握,另一方面注重专业知识的学习、理解和掌握。
原文:In 1898, social reformer (改革家,改革运动者) Ebenezer Howard promulgated (发布、公布、传播) a scheme(安排、计划) to build new towns rather than(胜于) add population to the already(已经) large cities, called the garden city plan.
译文:(本段讲述了田园城市的背景)
在1898年,社会改革运动者埃比尼泽 霍华德发布了一个建设新镇的计划,(这个计划)胜于在已经巨大的城市再增加人口,这个计划被称作田园城市计划。
原文:Garden cities were to be small, thoroughly(完全的) planned towns, each(各自、每个) encircled (环绕、包围)by an inalienable(不能剥夺的) rural(乡下的、田园的) estate(不动产、财产) and interconnected(使互相连接) by a rapid transit(高速交通) system of electric(电气的) railways(铁路).
译文: (本段讲述了田园城市的构想)田园城市是小型的,完全根据计划的城镇,它们各自被永久的农业带(田地)给包围起来,电气铁路的高速交通系统将它们彼此间联系起来。
原文:The population and area of each settlement(settle 包含了殖民、或使安居、定居的含义) would be firmly (坚定地、严格地) controlled. A population of 32,000 was envisaged (设想、想象), with the city proper (严格意义上的,适当的) occupying (占用、占据) 1000acres and the surrounding (周围的) rural (田园的) estate (财产)意指农田 5000acres. Although of (虽然) limited size each garden city would be socially (社会的) and economically(经济的) balanced, accommodating all classes and providing (供给、供应) a range of employment (工作、职业、雇佣) in primary (第
一), secondary(第二) and tertiary (第三)activities.
译文:每个定居点的人口都应被严格控制。设想中人口为32000人,城镇占地1000英亩,(外部)环绕的永久农田为5000英亩。尽管规模有限,每个田园城市在社会和经济上是稳定和谐的,(它)容纳(包含)所有的阶层,并在第一产业、第二产业、第三产业中提供各种就业机会。
原文:Howard envisaged (设想) regional (区域的) systems of garden cities, each focused on(集中) a larger mother city with a population of perhaps 58,000. a series of (一连串)small, self-sufficient towns was to be interconnected through a mass transit(公共交通) system, with a cultural (文化)center located at the core(中心). These polycentric “social cities” indeed (真正地、确实) anticipate (预期、期望、占先)the modern concept (观念、概念) of a multi-centered city region divided (划分、分隔) by green belts and served(服务) by integrated(综合的、完整的) traffic systems.
译文:霍华德还设想了田园城市的区域系统,每个都被集中到(围绕)更大一点的约有58000人的母城。(这些)一系列小的、自给自足的城镇通过公共交通系统联系在一起,文化中心位于中央。这种通过绿化带的隔离以及完善的交通系统形成的多个中心的社会群居的城镇预示了现代的多中心都市区域的观点。(是现代多中心都市区域观点的先驱)
原文:Howard's physical(物质的) plans for the garden city are well known(众所周知). The city is conceived (构想、构思), like many utopias(乌托邦), on a circular(圆形的) basis (基本、主要成分)and there is a clear zoning (分区) system(系统、规律) within it. Service activities and public buildings are at the center with a belt of residential land around them and the railway and factories are on the perimeter. Public gardens, parks and tree-lined (沿途有树的) avenues (林荫大道) are prominent (卓越的、显著的) features.
译文:霍华德关于田园城市的计划是众所周知的,这样的城镇就像很多完美的乌托邦一样被构思,以圆环为基本,在其内部有清晰的分区秩序。服务性行业及公共建筑在中央,条带状的居住用地环绕它们,铁路和工厂在最边缘。公共花园、公园以及林荫大道是最显著的特征。
原文:Six wide boulevards(林荫大道) act as radials(辐射、放射), dividing(区分) the city into six equal(相等的) and self-sufficient parts, or districts, prefiguring (预示) the planned neighborhoods (临近的地区) later developed in British new towns (卫星城). The rural (田园的) surroundings (环境) contain large farms (农田), smallholdings (小农场) and allotments(分配,或种菜或花的小片公地), and are used
for agriculture, forestry (林产), recreation (消遣、娱乐) and miscellaneous (各式各样) institutions (公共机构) such as hospitals, asylums (庇护所) and convalescent (康复期的)homes.
译文:六条宽阔的林荫大道扮演着放射线条,将城镇区分为6个相等的自己自足的部分或区域, 田园般的环境里包含了大农田、小农场以及小片的公地,它们被用作为农业、林业、休闲娱乐或各式各样的公共机构比如说医院、康复家园。
原文:However, despite (尽管) such details (详细资料), Howard's maps are clearly diagrammatic (图表的 、概略的)and intended (有意地、故意地) as flexible (灵活的) frameworks (构架、框架), adjustable (可调整的) to particular (特殊的、详细的) sites (点、地点), within (在···之内) which individual (个人、个别的) taste (味道、体验、口味) and preference (偏爱) could be given free expression (表达), especially in architecture(建筑学) and design. Sanitary(卫生的) arrangements(安排) were, however, to be strictly (严格的) enforced (强迫的) and all sewerage (排水设备、污水) and town refuse(拒绝、废物垃圾) would be utilized(利用) on the agricultural portions of the estate(地产).
译文:虽然有这样的细节,但霍华德的地图无疑是概略的,同时有意识的作为灵活的框架,特殊的情况可以调整,在这个框架之下个人的口味及偏爱能够自由的表达,尤其是在建筑学和设计上。但是,卫生系统是必须严格执行的并且所有的污水和城市垃圾将会被利用到部分农田中。
原文:That the land on which the garden city stood must be owned by the community(公社、团体) was of fundamental (基本的,基本原则) importance. This would ensure (确保), first, the social control of physical(物质) planning and especially(特别、尤其) the permanent(永久的) delimitation of town and country zones, and, secondly, that all increases(增加) of land value brought about by development would be put to public use. The resulting (结果) steady (稳固的、稳定) improvement of amenities (方便设施) and services would largely provide the magnetic (磁的、有磁性的)properties (财产、所有权、道具) of the garden city.
译文:田园城市所在的土地必须为公众所拥有,这是最重要的基本原则。首先,这点能够确保实体规划以及城镇和乡村永久地界的社会管理权,其次,由发展带来的土地价值的增长能够被投入到公共事业上。便捷设施和服务的稳定增长的结果是将在很大程度上为田园城市的
原文:In these new settlements(殖民地、定居点) Howard believed that a greatly(很、非常) improved quality (生活质量) of life would be obtainable (能得到的,可到手的), including housing, work and leisure conditions, but also transformed(改变) social relations and even religious(宗教) sensibilities(敏感性)
译文:. 在这些新的定居点,霍华德相信大大改良的生活质量是可以获得的,包括了住宅、工作以及休闲环境,但也同样改变了社会关系甚至宗教感情。
原文:Capitalism (资本主义) and co-operation (合作) could both flourish(繁荣、活跃、兴旺); only land uses would be controlled. Rural as well as town life would be enriched (使富足、肥沃、浓缩). Agriculture , for example, would be stimulated(刺激、激励) by the presence (到场、存在) of local (乡土的、当地的) town markets and
rural (乡下的) folk (人们 复数) given access to (准许出入) urban amenities (福利、便利设施)The attractions of the countryside(乡村) would everywhere(各处、到处) be available (可用的,有价值的) to the inhabitants (居民) as well as the economic and social opportunities(时机、机会) of traditional(传统) cities.
译文:资本主义以及合作都处于旺盛时期;只有土地利用是受到约束的。乡村和城镇的生活将是富足的。举例而言,农业会因为当地城镇市场和乡下人能出入城镇的便利设施而受到刺激(激励)乡村的吸引力就像传统城市中经济的和社会的机会一样对于居民来说比比皆是。
原文: The fullest(丰富的、完整的) life, Howard maintained(维持、主张), could be achieved (完成、达到) only when human society and the beauty of nature were enjoyed(享受) together. As Howard pictured it, “each inhabitant of the whole group, though in one sense (官能、感觉)living in a town of small size, would be in reality(真实、逼真) living in, and would enjoy all the advantages (优势、有利条件) of a great and most beautiful city; and yet all the fresh delights(快乐、高兴、喜悦) of the country.”
译文:霍华德主张,最丰富完美的生活只有当人类社会和自然美景共存时才能实现。霍华德这样描述它“整个团体中每个居民 事实上将会居住在并将享受又大又漂亮的城市所有的优势;连同乡村所有的
原文:Howard's ideas have by some been regarded as(把~~认作) highly advanced for his time, but by others described(描述) as regressive(回归) and harking back to a pre-industrial age. In fact Howard's book integrated(综合) many of the progressive(改革论者、进步的) reforming currents(当前的、趋势) of his time as well as drawing on(吸收、利用) the latest technology.
译文:霍华德的思想被有一些人看作在他的时代是非常先进的,但是却被其它一些人描述为倒退以及回到了工业时代以前。事实上,霍华德的书综合了许多在他的时代进步的改革趋势也吸引了最先进的技术。
原文:His major social objectives(目标、目的), such as land reform, co-operativism, and the reversal(反转、逆向) of migration(移民、移植) flows from country to town, were being widely debated(争辩、讨论) and some practical steps had been proposed and taken to achieve them through voluntary (志愿的) and private (私人的) initiatives (主动) as well as government(政府) legislation(立法)
译文:他的主要社会目标,比如土地、改革,合作以及与从乡村到城镇移民相背,这些都引来了广泛的争论,与此同时一些实践的步骤也被提出,并通过志愿的及私人的行动以及政府立法开始去完成它们。
原文:Howard’s garden city was pointed out (指出) to search (探求) a remedy (补救、赔偿) for the problems of industrial society. Understanding of the garden city thus(因而、这样) requires close consideration(考虑) of urban and rural conditions in England at the end of the nineteenth century and of the perceptions(理解、感知、感觉) of social issues by the reformers of that time.
译文:霍华德的花园城市被指出是探求工业社会问题的治疗之法。
原文: Examination(考试、检查) of the social background, attitudes(看法、态度、意见) and convictions (深信、确信) of Howard himself is clearly needed too, and recognition (承认、重视) of the contributions(贡献) of a number of (许多)theorists (空谈家) and experimentalists(试验者) prior to(在前、居先) Howard's time which were assimilated(吸收) into his writings.
译文:审查社会背景、霍华德自身的信念以及看法是被需要的,同时也应承认许多霍华德所处时代之前的空想家及试验者的贡献被吸收进了他的著作。
FURTHER (更多的) READING (1): Urban Village(都市村庄)英国
原文:Urbanization (都市化), coupled with (外加) much of our modern (现代) technology (技术), has produced (生产) a society and lifestyle (生活方式) that are unhealthy (不健康的) and stressful (充满压力的) for the individual (个体、个别) . At the same time, this lifestyle is systematically (贬义:蓄谋地) destroying the earth's support (支持、扶持) systems. No longer(不再) is there the human-scale (比例、等级) development that in the past (在过去) provided(供应、在~~条件下) physical(身体的,物质的) beauty(美), a sense(感觉、判断力) of community(社会、团体、共同体), and a setting(环境、背景) where basic human needs can be fulfilled.
译文:都市化外加大量的现代技术,产生了一个(对个人来说)不健康以及充满压力的生活方式和社会。与此同时,这样的生活方式正在有蓄谋地破坏地球的支撑体系。不再有人文尺度上的发展,这种发展在以前能够提供物质的舒适、社会感以一种(环境)即人类基本需要能够得到满足的环境
原文:Unfortunately (不幸地), those responsible for(为···负责,是造成···的原因) land use planning have not often considered the natural environment when making decisions. For the most part (在极大程度上), neither (既不,也不) have they considered the subtle (敏感的) socio-psychological (社会心理) needs of people. They have focused instead on(代替、更换) the cities' physical(物质的) systems, short-term economic considerations, and the interests(信息、利益) of the development community.译文:不幸的是,这些是造成在土地利用规划中做决定时不太考虑自然环境的原因。在极大程度上,也不考虑人们敏感的社会心理需求。它们转而关注的是城市的物质系统,短期经济利益的考虑、以及发达地区(社会)的利益。
原文:In 1974, scientist and philosopher (哲学家) Rene (雷类) Dubos pointed out: Planners (规划者) are primarily (首先、根本上) concerned with (使关心) the technological (科技的) efficiency (效率) of the urban system with regard to (关于) industrial and economic activities (行动、行为). They pay less attention to the psychological (心理上的)and emotional(情感的) needs of city dwellers(居住者、居民) or to the relationship(关系、关联) between city life(城市生活) and civilization.(文化)
译文:在1974年,科学家及哲学家雷类指出:
规划者主要关心的是关于工业及经济行为的城市系统的技束效率。它们基本不去主义城市居住者心理上及情感上的需求或者城市生活与文化之间的有机联系。
原文: While the technological aspects(面貌、方面) of the urban system are fairly(公平、公正、清楚地) well understood and can be manipulated (使用、操作), little is actually known about the influence(影响) that cites have exerted on(作用于、应用于) the development of human potentialities(潜能、可能性) and therefore on the emergence (出现、显露、暴露)of civilized (文明的) life. Civilizations (文明社会) have flourished (兴旺、繁荣) in cities for more than 5,000 years, but they have difficulty in (对···有困难) surviving (继续生存、存在) the huge urban agglomerations (结块) of the contemporary(当代的) world.
译文:城市系统中技术方面已经被清楚地理解并且使用,但是对城市作用于人类发展及文明生活的可能影响却一无所知。文明社会在城市中已经繁荣了5000多年,但是它们很难在继续存在于当代世界要的巨大的城市块中。
原文:Between 1980 and 1990, the conversion (变化、转化) of forest, farmland, and open space to sprawled (蔓延) residential(住宅的) and commercial (商业的) development accelerated (加速的). Toxic chemicals (毒性化学药品、物质) accumulated in(积聚) the environment at an increasing rate(比率、速度). The earth's protective (保护的) ozone(臭氧层) layer continued to be depleted(耗尽、衰竭). 译文:在1980年到1990年间,森林、农田以及露天的场地都转化为了住宅以及商业蔓延的加速发展。毒性化学物质以逐渐增加的速度集聚在环境中。地球的保护臭氧层持续被耗尽。
原文:Global warming (全球变暖) became recognized (公认)as a scientific (科学的) reality(事实), rain forests(热带雨林) continued to be cut and lost at an alarming(使人惊心的)rate, more nuclear waste(原子能工业废料) was accumulated, and more agricultural land was lost to salinization(盐化) and erosion(腐蚀、侵蚀) as well as to urbanization (都市化). The distribution(分配) of wealth became more lopsided(不平衡), and social problems such as drug(毒品) addiction(沉溺、上瘾) and crime (罪犯)increased.
译文:全球变暖已经成为公认的科学事实,热带雨林持续被以惊人的效率砍伐,更多的原子能工业废料被积聚,更多的农业用地在都市化中被盐化以及侵蚀所失去。财富的分配变得更加不平衡,诸如毒品成瘾以及罪犯等社会问题增加了。
原文:The decade(十年) of the 1990s, however, brought hope for the future. There was again a growing(成长的) concern about environmental problems throughout(到处、贯穿) the world and renewed (更新的、复兴的) enthusiasm (热心、积极性) and commitment (许诺、承担义务) to improving community design and building sustainable(维持、使持续下去) communities.
译文:然而,在九十年代的十年中,为未来带来了希望。对贯穿世界的环境问题给予了越来越多的关注,同时复兴了改进社会计划以及建设可持续的社会的积极性和义务。
原文:One promising (有希望的、有前途的) movement, the British (英国的、大不列颠) Urban Villages Campaign (活动、战役), started up (突然站起、发动)in late 1989 with the support of the Prince of Wales(威尔斯亲王). The mission(使命、任务) of the campaign (战役、活动) is to bring about more livable (适于居住的) urban environments. Characteristics(特性、特征) of the British urban village are generally(通常、一般) described as follows:
译文:一个有希望的运动,英国的都市乡村活动在1989年末在威尔斯亲王的支持下发动起来。这个运动的使命是为带来更加适于居住的城市环境。英国都市乡村的特征总的来说可以描述为以下几点:
· A resident population(常住 人口)of 3,000-5,000 in an area of about forty hectares(公顷)在大约40公顷的面积内常住人口约3000——5000人
· Medium(中等的)-density (密度) land use, ensuring(确保) that all parts of the village are within walking or bicycling distance中等密度的土地使用,确保村庄的所有部分都在步行或自行车距离内。
· A diverse (不同) range (范围) of mixed land uses at neighborhood (邻里), block (街区), street, and building levels (标准、级别)邻里、街区、街道以及建筑层面不同范围内土地利用的混合
· Convenient (便利) shopping and services and local recreational (娱乐的) and community (团体、社会、集体) facilities(便利、灵活)
便利的商业及服务业以及当地娱乐和团体的便利性
· A high quality of urban design and architecture高质量的城市及建筑设计
· An employment base that encourages(鼓励) residents to work in the local center or from home 鼓励居民在当地或家附近的中心就业
· An energy (精力、精神)-and information-efficient built environment that is responsive to(响应的) climate(气候、风土), location, and orientation
能源和信息高效造就一种与气候、地点和方位相关的环境。
· Human-scale urban design that encourages(鼓励) crime(犯罪) prevention(预防) and home-care networks(网络)鼓励预防犯罪以及照顾家庭网络的人性尺度城市设计 · Diverse(不同的、变化的) and usable(便于使用的) public spaces
各式各样以及便于使用的公共场所
· Integrated land use and transportation design
完整的土地利用以及交通设计
· A pedestrian(步行)-and bicycle-friendly, traffic-calmed environment
步行和自行车友好、交通平静的环境
· A mixture of public and private housing providing for a range of needs and incomes 公共场所和私人住宅的混合提供了大量的需求和收入
· An urban form that reinforces (加强、补充) economic, social, and environmental sustainability (可持续性)一种加强经济、社会以及环境的可持续性的城镇形态
· A management (经营、管理处理) system that ensures long-term achievement and maintenance of the urban village concept(观念、概念).
一种确保长期成果以及维护都市乡村概念的经营管理系统。
原文:Urban Village concept (概念) brings back the social and environmental concerns (关注) on urban planning. It emphases (强调) the human scale, mixed use and pedestrian friendly transportation system in planning concerns, and puts the need of human beings in the core(中心) of considerations(体谅、考虑). Actually it inherited(遗传、继承) a lot from Howard’s Garden City. Following that, the UK’s planning policy guidance(指导) set “Mixed use urban village” as one of its planning objectives(目标).
译文:都市乡村的概念将对社会和环境的关注带回了城市规划中。它在规划所关注中强调人文尺度、混合使用以及步行友好的交通系统,并且把人类的需求作为考虑的中心。实际上它继承了霍华德的田园城市。在此之后,英国的规划政策指导树立了“混合使用的都市乡村”作为规划的目标之一。
FURTHER READING (2): New Urbanism(新城市主义)美国
原文:Parallel (平行于,类似于) to British Urban Village, another movement in the United States, called the new urbanism or livable(适于居住) communities movement, has been primarily (首先、起初、根本上) driven by public dissatisfaction (不满) with faceless (不知名的、身份不清楚) sprawl(蔓延) development and the loss of a sense of (一连串)place experienced in (有···的经验)many communities (社区) throughout the country.
译文:平行于英国的“都市村庄”,在美国另外的运动被称作新城市主义或益居社区运动,最初是被公众的不满所驱动的,(不满于)整个国家的许多社区都经历的蔓延发展以及一连串场所的失去。
原文:New Urbanism is the most important planning movement this century, and is about creating (创造) a better future for us all. It is an international movement to reform the design of the built environment, and is about raising our quality of life and standard of living (生活水平)by creating better places to live.
译文:新城市主义是本世纪最重要的规划运动,并且正为我们创造一个更好的未来。它是一个国际性的为改革建成环境的设计的运动,并且通过创造更好的生活场所来提高我们的生活质量和生活水平。
原文:New Urbanism is the revival (复兴、苏醒) of our lost art (技术、艺术) of place-making, and is essentially (本质上来,本来) a re-ordering (重新安排) of the built environment into the form (形态) of complete (完成的、完善的) cities, towns, villages, and neighborhoods - the way communities have been built for centuries(数百年) around the world. New Urbanism involves (包括、潜心于) fixing (固定、调理) and infilling cities, as well as the creation (创造) of compact (紧凑的)new towns and villages.
译文:新城市主义是我们已经丧失的场所发展的技艺的复兴,同时是一种本质上对建成环境的重新安排,成为完善的城市、城镇、乡村以及邻里形态-(以这样的方式)在世界社会已经建设了数百年的那种方式。新城市主义包括了调理并填充城市,以及创造紧凑的新城镇和乡村。
原文:New Urbanism promotes(促进) the creation(创造) and restoration(重建、恢复) of diverse(多样的), walkable(可步行的), compact(紧凑的), vibrant(颤动的、充满生气的), mixed-use(混合使用的) communities composed (由···组成和构
成) of the same components (成分) as conventional (传统、惯例、常规) development, but assembled(装配、组合) in a more integrated (综合的) fashion (风尚、方式), in the form of (以~··的形式)complete communities.
译文:新城市主义促进多样性、可步行性、紧凑的、充满生气的、混合使用的社区的创造和重建,由与传统发展同样的内容组成,但是以更加综合的方式、以完善的社会的形式组合。
原文:These contain housing(住宅群), work places, shops, entertainment, schools, parks, and civic (市民的) facilities (便捷设施) essential (本质的、实质的) to the daily lives of the residents, all within easy walking distance of each other. New Urbanism promotes(促进、发扬) the increased use of trains and light rail (轻轨), instead of more highways and roads.
译文:这些包括了住宅群、工作的地点、商店、娱乐地、学校、公园以及居民的日常生活的便捷设施,
Urban living is rapidly becoming the new hip and modern way to live for people of all ages. Currently, there are over 500 New Urbanist projects planned or under construction in the United States alone, half of which are in historic urban centers.
The Principles of New Urbanism
The principles of New Urbanism can be applied increasingly to projects at the full range of scales from a single building to an entire community.
1. Walkability
-Most things within a 10-minute walk of home and work
-Pedestrian friendly street design (buildings close to street; porches, windows & doors; tree-lined streets; on street parking; hidden parking lots; garages in rear lane; narrow, slow speed streets)
-Pedestrian streets free of cars in special cases
2. Connectivity
-Interconnected street grid network disperses traffic & eases walking
-High quality pedestrian network and public realm make walking pleasurable
3. Mixed-use & Diversity
-A mix of shops, offices, apartments, and homes on site. Mixed-use within neighborhoods, within blocks, and within buildings
-Diversity of people - of ages, classes, cultures, and races
4. Mixed Housing
A range of types, sizes and prices in closer proximity
5. Quality Architecture & Urban Design
Emphasis on beauty, aesthetics, human comfort, and creating a sense of place; Special placement of civic uses and sites within community. Human scale architecture & beautiful surroundings nourish the human spirit.
6. Traditional Neighborhood Structure
-Discernable center and edge
-Public space at center
-Importance of quality public realm; public open space designed as civic art.
-Contains a range of uses and densities within 10-minute walk.
-Transect planning: Highest densities at town center; progressively less dense towards the edge. The transect is an analytical system that conceptualizes mutually reinforcing elements, creating a series of specific natural habitats and/or urban lifestyle settings. The Transect integrates environmental methodology for habitat assessment with zoning methodology for community design. The professional boundary between the natural and man-made disappears, enabling environmentalists to assess the design of the human habitat and the urbanists to support the viability of nature. This urban-to-rural transect hierarchy has appropriate building and street types for each area along the continuum.
7. Increased Density
-More buildings, residences, shops, and services closer together for ease of walking, to enable a more efficient use of services and resources, and to create a more convenient, enjoyable place to live.
-New Urbanism design principles are applied at the full range of densities from small towns, to large cities
8. Smart Transportation
-A network of high-quality trains connecting cities, towns, and neighborhoods together
-Pedestrian-friendly design that encourages a greater use of bicycles, rollerblades, scooters, and walking as daily transportation
9. Sustainability
-Minimal environmental impact of development and its operations
-Eco-friendly technologies, respect for ecology and value of natural systems
-Less use of finite fuels
-More local production
-More walking, less driving
10. Quality of Life
Taken together these add up to a high quality of life well worth living, and create places that enrich, uplift, and inspire the human spirit.
Ways to Implement New Urbanism
The most effective way to implement New Urbanism is to plan for it, and write it into zoning and development codes. This directs all future development into this form.
New Urbanism is best planned at all levels of development: the single building, groups of building, the urban block, the neighborhood, networks of neighborhood, towns, cities and regions.
Increasingly, regional planning techniques are being used to control and shape growth into compact, high-density, mixed-use neighborhoods, villages, towns, and cities. Planning new train systems (instead of more roads) delivers the best results when designed in harmony with regional land planning. At the same time, the revitalization of urban areas directs and encourages infill development back into city centers. Planning for compact growth, rather than letting it sprawl out, has the potential to greatly increase the quality of the environment.