1.the Iron Age 铁器时代 2.covalent bonding 共价键，共价结合 3.composites 复合材料 4.crystal lattice 晶体点阵，晶格 5.composition and structure 成分和结构 6.tensile strength 抗拉强度，抗张强度
7.ferrous metals 黑色金属 8.gray cast iron 灰口铸铁 9.austennitic stainless 奥氏体不锈钢 10.weldability and hardenability 可焊性和可淬性 11.refractory metals 难溶金属
11.carbide and nitride碳化物和氮化物 12.stiffness 刚度 13.corrosion 腐蚀 14.the Bronze Age 铜器时代
15.metallic bonding 金属键，金属结合 16.polymers 高分子材料 17.ceramics and glasses 陶瓷和玻璃
18.elementaty cell 晶胞 19.direction indices 晶向指数 20.synthesis and processing 合成和加工 21.yeild strength 屈服强度 22.nonferrous metals 有色金属 23.white cast iron白口铸铁 24.martensitic stainless steels 马氏体不锈钢 25.castability and formability 铸造性能与模锻性能 26.titanium and nickel钛和镍
27.precious metals 贵金属 28.oxide and sulfide氧化物和硫化物 29.die cast alloy压铸合金 30.elasticity 弹性，弹力 31.brittleness 脆性 32.fatigue strength 疲劳强度
33.corrosion 腐蚀 34.annealing 退火 35.high compressive strength 高压缩强度
材料工程materials engineering 金属及其化合物metals and their alloys 面心立方晶格face-centered cubic lattice 材料塑性the plasticity of materials 普碳钢plain-carbon steels 陶瓷ceramics 合金元素alloying elements 表面处理surface treatment 金属物理性能the physical property of metals 材料科学materials science 金属材料metallic materials 体心立方晶格body-centered cubic lattice 材料的强度the strength of materials 有色金属nonferrous metals 合金钢alloy steels 铝及铝合金
aluminums and aluminum alloys 加工硬化work hardening 热处理heat treated 金属力学性能mechanical property
Absorbed energy吸收功 transition temperature 转变温度 modulus of
elasticity 弹性模量 conductivity 导电性 thermal expansion热膨胀 heat capacity热容 mold 铸型 rolling 轧制 forming 模压 thermosetting ploymers热固性材料 thermoplastic ploymers 热塑性材料 stress versus strain应力应变 pig iron生铁 wrought iron熟铁 steel malking 炼钢 smelting 熔炼 blast furnace鼓风炉 castability 可锻性 machinability 机加工性 nonmachinable 不可机加工的 hardenability 可淬硬性 nonmagnetic 非磁铁 alloyed steels合金钢 anneal 退火 stree-corrsion cracking应力腐蚀断裂 high-strength low-alloy steel高强度低合金钢 cast iron alloys铸铁合金 heat-treatable 可热处理的 solubility 溶解度 thermo-mechanical 热加工性 plain-carbon steel普碳钢 electrolytic iron 电解铁
Introduction to materials材料概论 coordination nunber配位数
polycrystals 多晶体 anisotropy 各向异性 hexagonal close-packed structure 密排六方结构 impact strength冲击强度 tensile strength拉伸强度 yield point 屈服点 utimate strength极限强度 breaking strength破坏强度 fracture toughness 断裂韧度 thoughness 韧性 elastic limit弹性极限 creep strength蠕变强度 creep 蠕变 fatigue life 疲劳寿命 corrosion resistance抗腐蚀性
wear-resistance 耐磨性 wear rate磨损率 oxidation resistance抗氧化性 imperfection 缺陷 austenitic 马氏体 martensitic 马氏体 pearlite 珠光体
ferritic 铁素体 iron carbide渗碳体 stainless steel不锈钢 fracture 断裂 compouds 化合物 specific strength比强度 allotropic 同素异形体 reractory metals 耐火材料 anodize 阳极电镀 forging 锻造 casting 铸造 hardness 硬度 gray cast iron灰口铸铁 magnetin 磁性 rust 铁锈ingots 铸锭malleable cast iron 可锻铸铁 brittle materials脆性材料 white cast iron 白口铸铁gears 齿轮 shafts 轴 weldable 可焊接的
unweldable 不可焊接的 weldablility 可焊接性 tool steels工具钢 metallic bonding 金属键 covalent bonding共价键 ionic bonding离子键 hydrogen bonding 氢键 crystal lattice晶格 crystalline 晶体 amorphous 非晶体 packing factor致密度 crystallographic indices 结晶指数 slip planes滑移面 close-packed planes密排面 elasticity 弹性 Elongation rate延伸率
stress-rupture properties应力开裂 reduction in area断面收缩
句子：
1,It is generally the behavior of materials is which limits the performance of machines and
equipment. 材料的性能通常限制着机器和设备的性能
2,It is useful to consider the extent of metallic behaverior in the currently known range of chemical elements.在目前已知的化学范围内考察其金属性的程度是很有用的
3,The packing factor is determined as the ratio of the volume of all elementary particles per
elementary cell to the total volume of the elementary cell.填充因子的大小取决于每个晶胞中所有基本微粒
的体积之和与整个晶胞体积之间的比率
4,In most materials more than one phase is present, with each phase having its unique atomic arrangement and properties. Control of the type, size,
distribution, and amount of these phases within the main body of the material provides an additional way to control properties of a material. 在大多数材料中，往往存在着不止一种相，每一种相都有其各自的原子排列和特性。在材料的主体部位中控制这些相的种类、尺寸、分布和数量，是控制材料性能的另一途径。 5,Metals have been useful in
humanity through the ages because they are "strong" when subjected to the external forces encountered under service conditions, yet they become "soft" enough to yield to a machine cutting tool or to a compressive shaping force.很久以来，金属材料就对人们是有用的，因为当它们在使用状态下受到外部的作用力时，它们会很结实，但它们也能变得足够柔软，而屈服于机械切削加工或成型加工力。
6,High temperature stability is important for tool steel, because it must be able to maintain its properties (both of physical and chemical properties) at elevated temperature. 高温稳定性对工具钢来说是很重要的，因为它必须在高温下保持他的各种性能（包括物理和化学性能）
7,Titanium's alloys offer superior specific strength in high
temperatures (over 590'c) and low
temperatures (-253'c), which makes it a popular structural metal in ultrahigh-speed aircraft.由于钛合金在高温（超过590'C ）和低温
（-253'C ）下，皆可提供高的比强度，这一点使得它成为超高速飞行器上的受欢迎的金属结构材料。
8,Copper is known for its high thermal and electrical conductivity. The thermal
conductivity copper is almost 10 times that of steel. This makes it preferable for chill, casting molds, and applications that require the fast removal heat.铜以其高的热、电传导性而为人们所熟知。铜的热导率几乎是钢的10倍。这使它特别适用于在激冷、铸模以及那些需要快速带走热量的场合中的应用。
9,Atoms of calcium, aluminum, copper, lead, nickel, gold, platinum, and some other metals arrange themselves with an atom in each corner of the cube and one in the center of each cube face. When steel is above the upper critical temperature, it rearranges its atoms to this FCC structure and is called gamma iron.钙、铝、铜、铅、镍、金、铂和其他一些金属材料，通过在立方体得中心安排一个原子，而在立方体每个侧面的中心各安排一个原子的方法而排列。当钢高于其上临界温度时，他就将其原子排列成这种面心立方结构，其也被称为Y 铁 11,The coordination number determines the quantity of the nearest equidistant elementary particles. 配位数决定着（与一个基本微粒）最近邻的、等距离的基本微粒的数目。
12,A grain structure is found in most metals, some ceramics, and occasionally in polymers. Between the grains, the atomic arrangement changes its orientation and thus influences properties. The size and shape of the grains play a key role. 在大多数金属材料和一些陶瓷材料，以及偶尔在高分子材料中，总能发现晶粒这一结构。从一个晶粒到另一个晶粒，原子的排列改变了位向，由此影响了材料的性能。晶粒的尺寸和形状在其中扮演着重要的角色。 13,Steels are available in
thousands of types, ranging from hard to soft, can be magnetic or nonmagnetic, are heat-treatable and weldable, and have various resistances to heat, corrosion, impact, and abrasion.可供使用的钢材有数千种：可从坚硬的到柔软的，可以是有磁性的或无磁性的，可以热处理和焊接成型，还具有耐受热、腐蚀、冲击和磨损等各种性能。 14：The most important alloying element in steel is carbon, Its presence is very important, and its effect is very potent, considering that most steels contain less than 1% carbon.
钢中最重要的合金元素是碳，它的存在相当重要，它的作用也是非常显著的，如果我们考虑到碳在大多数钢中的含量还不到1%。
15:Nickel and lead are versatile metals used in many applications, whereas copper is used primarily for its thermal and electrical conductivity.
镍和钢是用途广泛的通用金属材料，但铜的应用主要还是围绕着它热和电的传导性。
16:Lead is a heavy metal that is silvery when newly cut and gray when oxidized. It has a high
density, low tensile strength, low ductility (cannot be easily drawn into wire),and high malleability (can be easily compressed into a thin sheet).
铅是一种重金属，在其刚切开的新鲜表面上有银色的光泽，但很快就会因氧化而变成灰色。它具有高密度，低抗拉强度和较低的塑性（不容易被拉拔成线材）和较高的延展性（容易被压扎成薄片）
17:This cubic unit structure is made up of atoms at each corner of the cube and in the very center. Steel under 723摄氏度 has this arrangement, and it is called alpha iron or ferrite. Other metals such as chromium, vanadium, molybdenum, and tungsten crystallize into this lattice structure.
这种单位立方结构是由处于立方体每个角上的原子与其正中心部位的一个原子组成的。钢在723摄氏度以下时就具有这样的排列，它被称为a 铁或铁素体。像铬、钒、钼 和钨等金属就会凝固成这种晶格结构
18:Ferrous metals have a tendency to rust, because the iron in them reacts with oxygen in the
environment to form iron oxide, or rust.
黑色金属有生锈的倾向，是因为其中的铁会和环境中的氧反应生成氧化铁，或者叫生铁
19:If there is a “typical ” engineering material that is
associated in the public’s mind with modern engineering practice, it is structural steel.
在一般公众的心目中，与现代工程密切相关，且具有代表性的工程材料无疑是结构钢
20:The procedure of selecting a material, processing the material into a useful shape, and obtaining the needed properties is a complicated process involving knowledge of the structure –property-processing relationship of materials.
选择材料加工成有用的形状，并获得所需性能的过程是一个复杂的程序，涉及到材料结构、性能和工艺之间相互关系方面的知识
21:A small increase in the carbon content(0.1%) has a significant impact on the properties of steel. 碳含量一个小小的提高（0.1%），就会对钢的性能产生一个显著的影响 22:Most clay contains
approximately 8% pure aluminum oxide(Al2O3).For nonferrous metal ores, this percentage is considered to be very high. 大多数粘土包含了大约8%的纯氧化铝。对于有色金属矿物而言，这一百分率可以说已是很高了
23:Aluminum is not only one of the most abundant elements in the earth ’s crust(after oxygen and silicon),but it is also the most abundant metal in the earth ’s crust. 铝不仅使地壳中最丰富的元素之一（在氧、硅之后），也是地壳中含量最多的金属
24:The properties of materials are defined by the nature of their chemical bonds, their atomic
ordering and their microstructure.
材料中的化学键类型、原子排列方式和显微组织特征规定了材料的特性 25:Solids exist in nature in two principal forms: crystalline and amorphous, which differ
substantially in their properties. 固体本质上主要以两种形式存在：晶体和非晶体，两者的特征有很大的不同
26: Although other materials, such as plastics, composites, and ceramics have replaced metals in certain applications, steel production continues to be a predominant industry.
尽管其它材料，如塑料、复合材料和陶瓷材料，在某些方面取代了金属材料，然而钢铁生产仍将是一种处于支配地位的工业
27：Materials science has a general character and a multi-disciplinary approach requiring the knowledge of chemists and physicists for basic sciences and those of the engineer
(chemical,mechanical,electrical,civil)for applications and
manufacturing.Materials science emerge as a coherent whole,coupled with materials engineering which has the objective the producing materials of well defined properties.
材料科学有一个普遍的特性以及各学科的途径，以及它需要物理学家和化学家基础科学的知识，以及应用和生产的工程师（化学，机械，电力，土木）的知识作为一个统一的整体，材料科学与一些能够生产好材料的材料工程一起形成。
28：Closed linked are four aspects of materials science.The material is elaborated during synthesis(polymer) or manufacturing
(metals,alloys,ceramics,etc.).Processing concerns the shaping of a material and the preparation of a finished object according to its behavior 。
材料科学的四方面紧密相连，材料在聚合或生产过程中被精心加工（金属，合金，陶瓷等），根据材料的性能，加工过程包括一种材料的成型和制备成品的准备。
29：It is strong and can be readily formed into practical shapes. Its extensive, permanent
deformability(or ductility) is an important asset on permitting small amounts of yielding to sudden and severe loads.
它有一定的强度，能被容易的塑造成模型。这种广泛的永久性的可塑性是一个很重要的优点一直在突变和急剧加载的情况下允许有少量屈服。 30：The nonferrous metals are all other metals that do not contain iron as the major constitute,such as aluminum,
magnesium,copper,titanium,nickel ,as well as the refractory and precious metals.
有色金属就是以所有其它不含铁的金属为主要组织的金属，例如，铝，镁，铜，钛，镍，难容的贵金属。 31：There are a number of nonferrous metals,(those that do not contain iron) and alloys that are widely applied in modern products.
大量的有色金属材料及其合金广泛的应用于现代的产品中。
32：The remaining space of an elementary cell is occupied by interstitial voids or interstices which are differentiated into octahedral and tetrahedral.
一个基本单元余下的空间将被填隙空位或空隙所占据，由此形成八面体和四面体之分。
33：Furthermore,the electronic arrangement influences how the atoms are bonded to one another and helps determine the type of
material---metal,ceramic,or ,polymer.
进而，电子的排列影响原子之间的结合并且决定材料的类型---金属，陶瓷或聚合物。
34：These steel are widely used for structural components that are heat treated for
wear,strength ,and toughness.They are the types of steel used for axle shafts,gears,and hand tools such as hammers and chisels.
这些钢广泛用于结构构件，并且经过热处理以增加耐磨性，强度以及韧性。他们是适用于车轴，齿轮和手用工具如锤子和凿子的一类刚。
Annealing , in glassblowing and lampworking , is the process of heating , and then slowly cooling glass to relieve internal stresses. 退火是一种先加热，然后缓慢地冷却以消除内部应力的工艺。
Flat glass must be annealed to free of strain so that it can be cut straight and easily.
平板玻璃必须要退火，消除拉力，才能平直地并且容易的切割。
Containers and pressed ware must be free of stresses so that they don’t spontaneous fail under pressure.
容器和压制成的器具必须消除应力，才不能在压力下自发的失效。
Optical glasses must be free of stresses that change the index of refraction.
光学玻璃必须消除应力，才能改变其折射率。
Temperature gradients across glass wall thickness produces different cooling rates. 温度梯度通过厚度梯度产生不同的冷却速度。
Different cooling rates produce different times at which the glass under goes the glass transttion.
不同的冷却速度使玻璃经历玻璃化转变的时间不同。
Surface cool more quickly , bulk cools more slowly.
表面冷却却快，其整体内部冷却速度越慢。
Surface gets put into compression , bulk in tension.
表面处于压应力状态，内部处于拉应力状态。
Large stresses , however, can result result in weakening glass.
高应力的存在可以削弱玻璃的强度。
Annealing is to heat treat glass near the softening point to relieve stresses.
退火是热处理玻璃加热到接近软化点去释放应力。
Then to cool more slowly back through the transition region so as to not reintroduce thermal stresses.
然后缓慢冷却至转变区使它不再次产生热应力。
Thicker glass anneals more slowly , has larger
stresses.
厚玻璃退火要更慢，因为它有大的应力。
Thinnor glass anneals more quickly , has smaller stresses.
厚度很小的玻璃退火快，应力小。
Heat fast enough to be practical , cost effective.
加热要足够快才能更实际、经济。
Heat slow enough so as to not themal shock glass.
加热足够慢才不会瞬间破裂。
Hold piece for annealing time to relax preexisting thermal stresses . 退火保温一段时间，以释放预先存在的热应力。
Cool glass slowly back through transition region and down to room temperature. 缓慢冷却玻璃返回转变区并降到室温。
Glass can be quenched when cooled to relatively far below transition region.
当玻璃冷却到远低于转变区时可以进行淬火。
The are crystalline , which means that their constituent atoms are stacked together in a regular , repeating pattern. 它们是晶态的，这意味着其组成原子按照一种规则、重复的模式堆积在一起。
This composite of glass fibers embedded in a polymer matrix is a relatively recent invention but has , in a few decades , become a commonplace material.
将玻璃纤维埋置于聚合物基体组成的复合材料是几十年前的近代文明，已经成为一种普通材料。
If three directions , x , y , and z , belonging to
different planes , are drawn in a crystal , the spacings between the particles arranged along these directions will in the general case be different(say , a , b , and c ).
如果引子一个晶体的三个方向x ，y ，和z 属于不同的平面，那么沿这些方向排列的微粒的间距（即a ，b 和c ）通常是不同的。
The remaining space of an elementary cell is occupied by interstitial voids or interstices which are differentiated into octahedral and tetrahedral.
一个基本单元余下的空间将被填隙空位或空隙所占据，由此形成八面体和四面体之分。
Wrought iron is a commercial iron consisting of slag (iron silicate) fibers entrained in a ferrite matrix.It contains approximately 2% slag but very little carbon , and is easily shaped by hot-forming operations such as forging.
锻造铁是一种商业品种，由产生于铁氧体中的矿渣（碳酸铁）纤维组成。
材料中的化学键类型，原子排列方式和显微组织特征规定了材料的特征。
The properties of materials are defined by the nature by the nature of their chemical bonds , their atomic ordering and their microstructure.
固体本质上有两种形式存在，晶体和非晶体，两者的特征有很大不同。
Solid essentially exist in nature in two principal forms : crystalline and amorphous , which differ substantially in their properties.
黑色金属都有生锈的倾向，因为其中的铁。 Ferrous metal has a tendency to rust , because of the iron.
尽管其他材料如塑料，复合材料和陶瓷材料在某些方面已经取代了金属材料，但钢的产生仍将是一种支配地位的产业。
Although other materials , such as plastics , composites and ceramics , have replaced metals in certain applications , steel production continues to be a predominant industry.
There are four main aspects materials science and technology: synthesis , manufacturing and processing , composition and structure , properties and performances.
材料科学与技术主要有四个研究方面：合成技术，制备过程，组织结构，固有性能与使用性能。
A small increase in the carbon content (0.1%) has a significant impact on the properties of brittle.
As the carbon content of steel increases , steel becomes more harder , less ductile and more brittle.
在铁中加入少量的碳（0.1%）后，钢的性能就会有一个很明显的变化；随着碳元素在钢中含量的增加，钢就会变得很硬，延展性越差，脆性增加。
They are crystalline , which means that their constitent atoms are stacked together in a regular , repeating pattern. 它们是晶态的，这意味着其组成原子按照一种规则、重复的模式堆积在一起。
The materials making up the surrounding world consist of discrete particles , having a submicroscopic size.
构成物质世界的材料由具有亚微观尺度的各种微粒子组成。
1.the Iron Age 铁器时代 2.covalent bonding 共价键，共价结合 3.composites 复合材料 4.crystal lattice 晶体点阵，晶格 5.composition and structure 成分和结构 6.tensile strength 抗拉强度，抗张强度
7.ferrous metals 黑色金属 8.gray cast iron 灰口铸铁 9.austennitic stainless 奥氏体不锈钢 10.weldability and hardenability 可焊性和可淬性 11.refractory metals 难溶金属
11.carbide and nitride碳化物和氮化物 12.stiffness 刚度 13.corrosion 腐蚀 14.the Bronze Age 铜器时代
15.metallic bonding 金属键，金属结合 16.polymers 高分子材料 17.ceramics and glasses 陶瓷和玻璃
18.elementaty cell 晶胞 19.direction indices 晶向指数 20.synthesis and processing 合成和加工 21.yeild strength 屈服强度 22.nonferrous metals 有色金属 23.white cast iron白口铸铁 24.martensitic stainless steels 马氏体不锈钢 25.castability and formability 铸造性能与模锻性能 26.titanium and nickel钛和镍
27.precious metals 贵金属 28.oxide and sulfide氧化物和硫化物 29.die cast alloy压铸合金 30.elasticity 弹性，弹力 31.brittleness 脆性 32.fatigue strength 疲劳强度
33.corrosion 腐蚀 34.annealing 退火 35.high compressive strength 高压缩强度
材料工程materials engineering 金属及其化合物metals and their alloys 面心立方晶格face-centered cubic lattice 材料塑性the plasticity of materials 普碳钢plain-carbon steels 陶瓷ceramics 合金元素alloying elements 表面处理surface treatment 金属物理性能the physical property of metals 材料科学materials science 金属材料metallic materials 体心立方晶格body-centered cubic lattice 材料的强度the strength of materials 有色金属nonferrous metals 合金钢alloy steels 铝及铝合金
aluminums and aluminum alloys 加工硬化work hardening 热处理heat treated 金属力学性能mechanical property
Absorbed energy吸收功 transition temperature 转变温度 modulus of
elasticity 弹性模量 conductivity 导电性 thermal expansion热膨胀 heat capacity热容 mold 铸型 rolling 轧制 forming 模压 thermosetting ploymers热固性材料 thermoplastic ploymers 热塑性材料 stress versus strain应力应变 pig iron生铁 wrought iron熟铁 steel malking 炼钢 smelting 熔炼 blast furnace鼓风炉 castability 可锻性 machinability 机加工性 nonmachinable 不可机加工的 hardenability 可淬硬性 nonmagnetic 非磁铁 alloyed steels合金钢 anneal 退火 stree-corrsion cracking应力腐蚀断裂 high-strength low-alloy steel高强度低合金钢 cast iron alloys铸铁合金 heat-treatable 可热处理的 solubility 溶解度 thermo-mechanical 热加工性 plain-carbon steel普碳钢 electrolytic iron 电解铁
Introduction to materials材料概论 coordination nunber配位数
polycrystals 多晶体 anisotropy 各向异性 hexagonal close-packed structure 密排六方结构 impact strength冲击强度 tensile strength拉伸强度 yield point 屈服点 utimate strength极限强度 breaking strength破坏强度 fracture toughness 断裂韧度 thoughness 韧性 elastic limit弹性极限 creep strength蠕变强度 creep 蠕变 fatigue life 疲劳寿命 corrosion resistance抗腐蚀性
wear-resistance 耐磨性 wear rate磨损率 oxidation resistance抗氧化性 imperfection 缺陷 austenitic 马氏体 martensitic 马氏体 pearlite 珠光体
ferritic 铁素体 iron carbide渗碳体 stainless steel不锈钢 fracture 断裂 compouds 化合物 specific strength比强度 allotropic 同素异形体 reractory metals 耐火材料 anodize 阳极电镀 forging 锻造 casting 铸造 hardness 硬度 gray cast iron灰口铸铁 magnetin 磁性 rust 铁锈ingots 铸锭malleable cast iron 可锻铸铁 brittle materials脆性材料 white cast iron 白口铸铁gears 齿轮 shafts 轴 weldable 可焊接的
unweldable 不可焊接的 weldablility 可焊接性 tool steels工具钢 metallic bonding 金属键 covalent bonding共价键 ionic bonding离子键 hydrogen bonding 氢键 crystal lattice晶格 crystalline 晶体 amorphous 非晶体 packing factor致密度 crystallographic indices 结晶指数 slip planes滑移面 close-packed planes密排面 elasticity 弹性 Elongation rate延伸率
stress-rupture properties应力开裂 reduction in area断面收缩
句子：
1,It is generally the behavior of materials is which limits the performance of machines and
equipment. 材料的性能通常限制着机器和设备的性能
2,It is useful to consider the extent of metallic behaverior in the currently known range of chemical elements.在目前已知的化学范围内考察其金属性的程度是很有用的
3,The packing factor is determined as the ratio of the volume of all elementary particles per
elementary cell to the total volume of the elementary cell.填充因子的大小取决于每个晶胞中所有基本微粒
的体积之和与整个晶胞体积之间的比率
4,In most materials more than one phase is present, with each phase having its unique atomic arrangement and properties. Control of the type, size,
distribution, and amount of these phases within the main body of the material provides an additional way to control properties of a material. 在大多数材料中，往往存在着不止一种相，每一种相都有其各自的原子排列和特性。在材料的主体部位中控制这些相的种类、尺寸、分布和数量，是控制材料性能的另一途径。 5,Metals have been useful in
humanity through the ages because they are "strong" when subjected to the external forces encountered under service conditions, yet they become "soft" enough to yield to a machine cutting tool or to a compressive shaping force.很久以来，金属材料就对人们是有用的，因为当它们在使用状态下受到外部的作用力时，它们会很结实，但它们也能变得足够柔软，而屈服于机械切削加工或成型加工力。
6,High temperature stability is important for tool steel, because it must be able to maintain its properties (both of physical and chemical properties) at elevated temperature. 高温稳定性对工具钢来说是很重要的，因为它必须在高温下保持他的各种性能（包括物理和化学性能）
7,Titanium's alloys offer superior specific strength in high
temperatures (over 590'c) and low
temperatures (-253'c), which makes it a popular structural metal in ultrahigh-speed aircraft.由于钛合金在高温（超过590'C ）和低温
（-253'C ）下，皆可提供高的比强度，这一点使得它成为超高速飞行器上的受欢迎的金属结构材料。
8,Copper is known for its high thermal and electrical conductivity. The thermal
conductivity copper is almost 10 times that of steel. This makes it preferable for chill, casting molds, and applications that require the fast removal heat.铜以其高的热、电传导性而为人们所熟知。铜的热导率几乎是钢的10倍。这使它特别适用于在激冷、铸模以及那些需要快速带走热量的场合中的应用。
9,Atoms of calcium, aluminum, copper, lead, nickel, gold, platinum, and some other metals arrange themselves with an atom in each corner of the cube and one in the center of each cube face. When steel is above the upper critical temperature, it rearranges its atoms to this FCC structure and is called gamma iron.钙、铝、铜、铅、镍、金、铂和其他一些金属材料，通过在立方体得中心安排一个原子，而在立方体每个侧面的中心各安排一个原子的方法而排列。当钢高于其上临界温度时，他就将其原子排列成这种面心立方结构，其也被称为Y 铁 11,The coordination number determines the quantity of the nearest equidistant elementary particles. 配位数决定着（与一个基本微粒）最近邻的、等距离的基本微粒的数目。
12,A grain structure is found in most metals, some ceramics, and occasionally in polymers. Between the grains, the atomic arrangement changes its orientation and thus influences properties. The size and shape of the grains play a key role. 在大多数金属材料和一些陶瓷材料，以及偶尔在高分子材料中，总能发现晶粒这一结构。从一个晶粒到另一个晶粒，原子的排列改变了位向，由此影响了材料的性能。晶粒的尺寸和形状在其中扮演着重要的角色。 13,Steels are available in
thousands of types, ranging from hard to soft, can be magnetic or nonmagnetic, are heat-treatable and weldable, and have various resistances to heat, corrosion, impact, and abrasion.可供使用的钢材有数千种：可从坚硬的到柔软的，可以是有磁性的或无磁性的，可以热处理和焊接成型，还具有耐受热、腐蚀、冲击和磨损等各种性能。 14：The most important alloying element in steel is carbon, Its presence is very important, and its effect is very potent, considering that most steels contain less than 1% carbon.
钢中最重要的合金元素是碳，它的存在相当重要，它的作用也是非常显著的，如果我们考虑到碳在大多数钢中的含量还不到1%。
15:Nickel and lead are versatile metals used in many applications, whereas copper is used primarily for its thermal and electrical conductivity.
镍和钢是用途广泛的通用金属材料，但铜的应用主要还是围绕着它热和电的传导性。
16:Lead is a heavy metal that is silvery when newly cut and gray when oxidized. It has a high
density, low tensile strength, low ductility (cannot be easily drawn into wire),and high malleability (can be easily compressed into a thin sheet).
铅是一种重金属，在其刚切开的新鲜表面上有银色的光泽，但很快就会因氧化而变成灰色。它具有高密度，低抗拉强度和较低的塑性（不容易被拉拔成线材）和较高的延展性（容易被压扎成薄片）
17:This cubic unit structure is made up of atoms at each corner of the cube and in the very center. Steel under 723摄氏度 has this arrangement, and it is called alpha iron or ferrite. Other metals such as chromium, vanadium, molybdenum, and tungsten crystallize into this lattice structure.
这种单位立方结构是由处于立方体每个角上的原子与其正中心部位的一个原子组成的。钢在723摄氏度以下时就具有这样的排列，它被称为a 铁或铁素体。像铬、钒、钼 和钨等金属就会凝固成这种晶格结构
18:Ferrous metals have a tendency to rust, because the iron in them reacts with oxygen in the
environment to form iron oxide, or rust.
黑色金属有生锈的倾向，是因为其中的铁会和环境中的氧反应生成氧化铁，或者叫生铁
19:If there is a “typical ” engineering material that is
associated in the public’s mind with modern engineering practice, it is structural steel.
在一般公众的心目中，与现代工程密切相关，且具有代表性的工程材料无疑是结构钢
20:The procedure of selecting a material, processing the material into a useful shape, and obtaining the needed properties is a complicated process involving knowledge of the structure –property-processing relationship of materials.
选择材料加工成有用的形状，并获得所需性能的过程是一个复杂的程序，涉及到材料结构、性能和工艺之间相互关系方面的知识
21:A small increase in the carbon content(0.1%) has a significant impact on the properties of steel. 碳含量一个小小的提高（0.1%），就会对钢的性能产生一个显著的影响 22:Most clay contains
approximately 8% pure aluminum oxide(Al2O3).For nonferrous metal ores, this percentage is considered to be very high. 大多数粘土包含了大约8%的纯氧化铝。对于有色金属矿物而言，这一百分率可以说已是很高了
23:Aluminum is not only one of the most abundant elements in the earth ’s crust(after oxygen and silicon),but it is also the most abundant metal in the earth ’s crust. 铝不仅使地壳中最丰富的元素之一（在氧、硅之后），也是地壳中含量最多的金属
24:The properties of materials are defined by the nature of their chemical bonds, their atomic
ordering and their microstructure.
材料中的化学键类型、原子排列方式和显微组织特征规定了材料的特性 25:Solids exist in nature in two principal forms: crystalline and amorphous, which differ
substantially in their properties. 固体本质上主要以两种形式存在：晶体和非晶体，两者的特征有很大的不同
26: Although other materials, such as plastics, composites, and ceramics have replaced metals in certain applications, steel production continues to be a predominant industry.
尽管其它材料，如塑料、复合材料和陶瓷材料，在某些方面取代了金属材料，然而钢铁生产仍将是一种处于支配地位的工业
27：Materials science has a general character and a multi-disciplinary approach requiring the knowledge of chemists and physicists for basic sciences and those of the engineer
(chemical,mechanical,electrical,civil)for applications and
manufacturing.Materials science emerge as a coherent whole,coupled with materials engineering which has the objective the producing materials of well defined properties.
材料科学有一个普遍的特性以及各学科的途径，以及它需要物理学家和化学家基础科学的知识，以及应用和生产的工程师（化学，机械，电力，土木）的知识作为一个统一的整体，材料科学与一些能够生产好材料的材料工程一起形成。
28：Closed linked are four aspects of materials science.The material is elaborated during synthesis(polymer) or manufacturing
(metals,alloys,ceramics,etc.).Processing concerns the shaping of a material and the preparation of a finished object according to its behavior 。
材料科学的四方面紧密相连，材料在聚合或生产过程中被精心加工（金属，合金，陶瓷等），根据材料的性能，加工过程包括一种材料的成型和制备成品的准备。
29：It is strong and can be readily formed into practical shapes. Its extensive, permanent
deformability(or ductility) is an important asset on permitting small amounts of yielding to sudden and severe loads.
它有一定的强度，能被容易的塑造成模型。这种广泛的永久性的可塑性是一个很重要的优点一直在突变和急剧加载的情况下允许有少量屈服。 30：The nonferrous metals are all other metals that do not contain iron as the major constitute,such as aluminum,
magnesium,copper,titanium,nickel ,as well as the refractory and precious metals.
有色金属就是以所有其它不含铁的金属为主要组织的金属，例如，铝，镁，铜，钛，镍，难容的贵金属。 31：There are a number of nonferrous metals,(those that do not contain iron) and alloys that are widely applied in modern products.
大量的有色金属材料及其合金广泛的应用于现代的产品中。
32：The remaining space of an elementary cell is occupied by interstitial voids or interstices which are differentiated into octahedral and tetrahedral.
一个基本单元余下的空间将被填隙空位或空隙所占据，由此形成八面体和四面体之分。
33：Furthermore,the electronic arrangement influences how the atoms are bonded to one another and helps determine the type of
material---metal,ceramic,or ,polymer.
进而，电子的排列影响原子之间的结合并且决定材料的类型---金属，陶瓷或聚合物。
34：These steel are widely used for structural components that are heat treated for
wear,strength ,and toughness.They are the types of steel used for axle shafts,gears,and hand tools such as hammers and chisels.
这些钢广泛用于结构构件，并且经过热处理以增加耐磨性，强度以及韧性。他们是适用于车轴，齿轮和手用工具如锤子和凿子的一类刚。
Annealing , in glassblowing and lampworking , is the process of heating , and then slowly cooling glass to relieve internal stresses. 退火是一种先加热，然后缓慢地冷却以消除内部应力的工艺。
Flat glass must be annealed to free of strain so that it can be cut straight and easily.
平板玻璃必须要退火，消除拉力，才能平直地并且容易的切割。
Containers and pressed ware must be free of stresses so that they don’t spontaneous fail under pressure.
容器和压制成的器具必须消除应力，才不能在压力下自发的失效。
Optical glasses must be free of stresses that change the index of refraction.
光学玻璃必须消除应力，才能改变其折射率。
Temperature gradients across glass wall thickness produces different cooling rates. 温度梯度通过厚度梯度产生不同的冷却速度。
Different cooling rates produce different times at which the glass under goes the glass transttion.
不同的冷却速度使玻璃经历玻璃化转变的时间不同。
Surface cool more quickly , bulk cools more slowly.
表面冷却却快，其整体内部冷却速度越慢。
Surface gets put into compression , bulk in tension.
表面处于压应力状态，内部处于拉应力状态。
Large stresses , however, can result result in weakening glass.
高应力的存在可以削弱玻璃的强度。
Annealing is to heat treat glass near the softening point to relieve stresses.
退火是热处理玻璃加热到接近软化点去释放应力。
Then to cool more slowly back through the transition region so as to not reintroduce thermal stresses.
然后缓慢冷却至转变区使它不再次产生热应力。
Thicker glass anneals more slowly , has larger
stresses.
厚玻璃退火要更慢，因为它有大的应力。
Thinnor glass anneals more quickly , has smaller stresses.
厚度很小的玻璃退火快，应力小。
Heat fast enough to be practical , cost effective.
加热要足够快才能更实际、经济。
Heat slow enough so as to not themal shock glass.
加热足够慢才不会瞬间破裂。
Hold piece for annealing time to relax preexisting thermal stresses . 退火保温一段时间，以释放预先存在的热应力。
Cool glass slowly back through transition region and down to room temperature. 缓慢冷却玻璃返回转变区并降到室温。
Glass can be quenched when cooled to relatively far below transition region.
当玻璃冷却到远低于转变区时可以进行淬火。
The are crystalline , which means that their constituent atoms are stacked together in a regular , repeating pattern. 它们是晶态的，这意味着其组成原子按照一种规则、重复的模式堆积在一起。
This composite of glass fibers embedded in a polymer matrix is a relatively recent invention but has , in a few decades , become a commonplace material.
将玻璃纤维埋置于聚合物基体组成的复合材料是几十年前的近代文明，已经成为一种普通材料。
If three directions , x , y , and z , belonging to
different planes , are drawn in a crystal , the spacings between the particles arranged along these directions will in the general case be different(say , a , b , and c ).
如果引子一个晶体的三个方向x ，y ，和z 属于不同的平面，那么沿这些方向排列的微粒的间距（即a ，b 和c ）通常是不同的。
The remaining space of an elementary cell is occupied by interstitial voids or interstices which are differentiated into octahedral and tetrahedral.
一个基本单元余下的空间将被填隙空位或空隙所占据，由此形成八面体和四面体之分。
Wrought iron is a commercial iron consisting of slag (iron silicate) fibers entrained in a ferrite matrix.It contains approximately 2% slag but very little carbon , and is easily shaped by hot-forming operations such as forging.
锻造铁是一种商业品种，由产生于铁氧体中的矿渣（碳酸铁）纤维组成。
材料中的化学键类型，原子排列方式和显微组织特征规定了材料的特征。
The properties of materials are defined by the nature by the nature of their chemical bonds , their atomic ordering and their microstructure.
固体本质上有两种形式存在，晶体和非晶体，两者的特征有很大不同。
Solid essentially exist in nature in two principal forms : crystalline and amorphous , which differ substantially in their properties.
黑色金属都有生锈的倾向，因为其中的铁。 Ferrous metal has a tendency to rust , because of the iron.
尽管其他材料如塑料，复合材料和陶瓷材料在某些方面已经取代了金属材料，但钢的产生仍将是一种支配地位的产业。
Although other materials , such as plastics , composites and ceramics , have replaced metals in certain applications , steel production continues to be a predominant industry.
There are four main aspects materials science and technology: synthesis , manufacturing and processing , composition and structure , properties and performances.
材料科学与技术主要有四个研究方面：合成技术，制备过程，组织结构，固有性能与使用性能。
A small increase in the carbon content (0.1%) has a significant impact on the properties of brittle.
As the carbon content of steel increases , steel becomes more harder , less ductile and more brittle.
在铁中加入少量的碳（0.1%）后，钢的性能就会有一个很明显的变化；随着碳元素在钢中含量的增加，钢就会变得很硬，延展性越差，脆性增加。
They are crystalline , which means that their constitent atoms are stacked together in a regular , repeating pattern. 它们是晶态的，这意味着其组成原子按照一种规则、重复的模式堆积在一起。
The materials making up the surrounding world consist of discrete particles , having a submicroscopic size.
构成物质世界的材料由具有亚微观尺度的各种微粒子组成。