I. 一般过去时
一般过去时：在过去发生的动作，现在已经结束。
基本用法：
1. 过去某个特定时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
表示过去时间的时间状语：last+时间、时间+ago、yesterday 、just now、the other day、once upon a time、at that time、then
2. 表示过去经常发生的动作或存在的状态，可与频度副词always 、usually 、often 等连用。
表示过去的习惯性动作，除了用动词过去式外，还可以用used to do sth、would do sth
3. 表示说话人始料未及的事情
I didn’t know it was you.
I never thought you would bring me a gift.
4. 宾语从句时态：主现从、主过从
5. 表示已去世者的情况或过去的历史。 II. 现在完成时
一． 基本结构：
助动词have/has+过去分词(done)
二． 句型：
否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他.
一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他.
简略答语: Yes, 主语 + have/has.(肯定) No, 主语 + haven't/hasn't.(否定) 三．用法
（1）现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果
I have spent all of my money (so far).(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)
Guo zijun has (just/already) come. (含义：郭子君现在在这儿)
My father has gone to work.(含义是:我爸爸现在不在这儿)
（2）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的, 持续到现在的动作（用行为动词表
示）或状态（be 动词表示）常与for （+时间段）,since （+时间点或过去时的句子）连用.
①for+时段
②since+过去一个时间点（译为：自从……以来）
③since+时段+ago
④主句（现在完成时）since+从句（一般过去时） →主完从过
●⑤It is/ has been +时段+since+从句（过去时） Mary has been ill for three days. I have lived here since 1998.
⑥It is + 第几次（the first time）that + 句子（现在完成时）
四． has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in) 的区别
Have/Has gone(to) :去了(现在不在说话现场)
Where is your father？He has gone to Shanghai.
Have/Has been (to) :去过（已不在去过的地方） My father has been to Shanghai.
Have/has been in：呆了多久（还在所呆的地方） My father has been in Shanghai for two months. /since two months ago.
五．现在完成时的标志
1. 现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响, 用以下四大标志词可以表达
这种含义:
* 以already, just和yet 为标志
He has already got her help. 他已得到她的帮助。
He has just seen the film. 他刚刚看过这场电影。
He hasn't come back yet. 他还没有回来。
already 与yet 的区别：句型—— 在句中的位置——
* 以ever 和never 为标志
This is the best film I have ever seen. 这是我曾经看过的最好的一部电影。
He has never been to Beijing. 他从没有到过北京。
* 以动作发生的次数为标志 , once,twice,three times,several times
He says he has been to the USA three times. 他说他已经去过美国三次了。
* 以so far = by now（到目前为止）为标+before
He has got to Beijing so far. 到目前为止他已到了北京。
She has passed the exam so far. 到目前为止她已经通过了考试。
2. 过去已经开始的动作一直延续到现在, 甚至有可能继续延续下去, 我们可以从动作“延续”
的特性和“时间”点段的区分入手, 进一步学习现在完成时。
* ①for+时段 ②since+过去一个时间点（过去 从句）为标志
注意：瞬间动词（buy,die,join,come ，go ,leave,join ……）不能直接与for since 连用。
要改变为延续性动词
buy----have 、 borrow -----keep、 come/arrive/reach/get to-----be in、
go out----be out、 leave ----be away
begin-----be on 、 finish----be over 、 open----be open 、 close -----be closed 、
die----be dead
③与现在有关的过去点时间 recently,lately,already,yet,before,still
六. 注意：
1) 现在完成时不能单独与过去的时间状语连用, 如yesterday,last week, three years
ago 等;
2) 不能与when 连用
3) 现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用
七．总结现在完成时的时间状语
1与现在有关的过去点时间 recently,lately,already,yet,before,still
2与现在有关的频度时间 ever,never,once,twice,three times,several times,
often,seldom,always,time and time again
3与过去有关的现在点时间 just,now,today,tonight,this week,this year
this morning,this afternoon,this evening,
this month,this May,this October,this November
1若想强调动作从何时开始(ever)since
2若想强调动作持续了多久for(a day,several months,many years,,how
long) for( two hours, six months, quite a long time)
3若想强调整体的时间all (morning,night,day,year,these years,my
life)all(the while,these days,these ten days)
4若想强调与过去有关到现在的一段时间up to now,up to the
present,till now,until now, so far, by nowin the last few years,in the past 30
years ,these days,these weeks,these years
III. 过去完成时
过去完成时: had done
一．基本用法
1. 过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，使用过去完成时必须有过去的另一时间作
参照，是否表达“过去的过去”经常要根据上下文来判断。
2. 表示愿望、打算类的词，如hope 、expect 、mean 、intend 、want 、think 等，
用过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图等。
I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.
二．过去完成时的句型
1. 主语+过去完成时+①when 引导的从句（过去式）
2. 主语+过去完成时+②by+过去的时间点/ by the end of + 过去的时间点
3. 主语+过去完成时+③by the time 引导的从句（过去式）
4. 主语+过去完成时+④before 引导的从句（过去式）/before+过去的时间点
5. no sooner+ 主句（过去完成时）„„than+从句（一般过去时）„„
= hardly (scarcely)+ 主句（过去完成时）„„when+从句（一般过去时）„„：
“一„„就„„” 注意：no sooner/ hardly/ scarcely位于句首时，主句要倒装
No sooner had I reached home than it began to rain.
Hardly had we gotten there when it began to rain.
6. It was + 时间段 + since + 从句（过去完成时）
7. It was + 第几次（the first time）that + 句子（过去完成时）
三．过去完成时与现在完成时的区别
现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与
现在有关。
过去完成时表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某
时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。
IV . 将来完成时 shall/ will have done
一． 构成形式
第一人称：will/ shall have done
其他人称：will have done
二．用法：将来完成时表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作
三．将来完成时的句型
主语+ 将来完成时 + before/ by/ by the end of + 将来时间
主语+ 将来完成时 + before/ by the time + 从句（一般现在时）
课堂练习
（2011-高考北京卷）——That must have been a long trip.
——Yeah, it us a whole week to get there.
A. takes B. has taken C. took D. was taking
——Bob has gone to California.
——Oh, can you tell me when he ?
A. has left B. left C. is leaving D. would leave
The fact that so many people still smoke in public places that
we may need a nationwide campaign to raise awareness of the risks of
smoking.
A. suggest B. suggests C. suggested D. suggesting
——What a mistake!
——Yes. I his doing it another way, but without success.
A. was suggesting B. will suggest
C. would suggest D. had suggested
By the end of this year, I enough money for a holiday.
A. will save B. will be saving
C. will have saved D. have saved
It is the most instructive lecture that I since I came to this
school.
A. attended B. had attended
C. am attending D. have attended
——Tommy is planning to buy a car.
——I know. By next month, he enough for a used one.
A. saves B. saved C. will save D. will have saved
Both his parents look sad. Maybe they _______what’s happened to him .
Ａ. knew Ｂ. have known Ｃ. must know Ｄ. will know
He has _______ been to Shanghai, has he?
Ａ. already Ｂ. never Ｃ. ever Ｄ. still
Have you met Mr. Li ______？
Ａ. just Ｂ. ago Ｃ.before Ｄ.a moment ago
The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year .
Ａ. is writing Ｂ.was writing Ｃ.wrote Ｄ.has written
—Our country ______ a lot so far .
—Yes. I hope it will be even ______.
Ａ. has changed ; well Ｂ. changed; good
Ｃ. has changed ; better Ｄ. changed; better
On her next birthday, Ann married for twenty years.
A. is B. has been C. will be D. will have been
——Were you surprised by the ending of the film?
——No. I (read )the book, so I already knew the story.
Before I realized that what I said at the meeting did hurt him, he (drive) away without a word.
Experiments of this kind in both the US and Europe well before
the Second World War.
A. have conducted B. have been conducted
C. had conducted D. had been conducted
I have been studying here for four years, by next summer I .
A. shall graduate B. shall be graduated
C. shall be graduating D. shall have graduated
I hope her health greatly by the time we come back next year.
A. improves B. improved
C. will be improved D. will have improved
We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl .
Ａ. know Ｂ. had known Ｃ. have known Ｄ. knew
Harry Potter is a very nice film. I_______ it twice .
Ａ. will see Ｂ. have seen Ｃ. saw Ｄ.see
—These farmers have been to the United States .
—Really? When _____ there?
Ａ. will they go Ｂ. did they go
Ｃ. do they go Ｄ. have they gone
—______ you ___ your homework yet ?
—Yes. I _____ it a moment ago.
Ａ. Did; do; finished Ｂ. Have; done; finished
Ｃ. Have; done; have finished Ｄ. will; do; finish
—How long have you ____ here ?
—About two months.
Ａ. been Ｂ. gone Ｃ. come Ｄ. arrived
Hurry up! The play __________ for ten minutes.
Ａ. has begun Ｂ. had begun
Ｃ. has been on Ｄ. began
It _____ ten years since he left the army .
Ａ. is Ｂ. has Ｃ. will Ｄ. was
Miss Green isn't in the office. she _______ to the library.
Ａ. has gone Ｂ. went Ｃ.will go Ｄ. has been
My parents ______ Shandong for ten years.
Ａ. have been in Ｂ. have been to
Ｃ. have gone to Ｄ. have been The students have cleaned the classroom, ?
A. so they B. don’t they C. have they D. haven’t they has Mr White been a member of Greener China since he
to China?
A. How soon, comes B. How often, got
C. How long, came D. How far, arrived His uncle for more than 9 years.
A. has come here B. has started to work
C. has lived there D. has left the university
——Are you going to Richard’s birthday party?
——Yes. By then I my homework.
A. had finished B. will have finished
C. would have finished D. finished
I suppose by the time I come back in ten years ’ time all these old house down.
A. will have been pulled B. will be pulling
C. will have pulled D. will be pulled
I hope that they the road by the time we come back.
A. will have repaired B. would have repaired
C. have repaired D. repair
By the time Jane gets home his aunt ______ for London to attend a meeting.
A. will leave B. leaves
C. will have left D. have left
—I hear that Jason is planning to buy a car.
—I know. By next month, he _______ enough for a used one.
A. will have saved B. will be saving
C. has saved D. Saves The pen I I is on my desk, right under my nose.
A. think; lost B. thought; had lost
C. think; had lost D. thought; have lost
Helen her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband home.
A. has left; comes B. left; had come
C. had left; came D. had left; would come
They asked me to have a drink with them. I said that it was at least ten years since I a good drink.
A. had enjoyed B. was enjoying
C. enjoyed D. had been enjoying
——Alice, why didn’t you come yesterday?
——I (hope) to, but I had an unexpected visitor.
John, a friend of mine, who got married only last week, spent $3,000 more than he _____ for the wedding.
A. will plan B. has planned
C. would plan D. had planned
I was giving a talk to a large group of people, the same talk I ______ to half a dozen other groups.
A. was giving B. am giving
C. had given D. have given
Father for London on business upon my arrival, so I didn’t see him.
A. has left B. left C. was leaving D. had left
She ______ her hairstyle in her hometown before she came to Chongqing for a better job.
A. would change B. has changed
C. changed D. was changing
He ______ to spend the important day with us last Sunday, but he was too busy then.
A. hoped B. has hoped
C. had hoped D. would hoped
When the old man ______ to walk back to his house, the sun ______ itself behind the mountain.
A. started; had already hidden
B. had started; had already hidden
C. had started; was hiding
D. was starting; hid
Sales of CDs have greatly increased since the early 1990s, when people ______ to enjoy the advantages of this new technology.
A. begin B. began C. have begun D. had begun
— Oh, is that you, Bob?
— Err...yes. Ah, you’re Mary. Sorry I _____ you. We haven’t seen each other for ten years, have we?
A. didn’t recognize B. hadn’t recognized
C. haven’t recognized D. don’t recognize
He asked me _____ during the summer holidays.
A. where I had been B. where I had gone
C. where had I been D. where had I gone
What ____ Jane ____ by the time he was sever?
A. did, do B. has, done C did, did. D. had, done
I ______ 900 English words by the time I was ten。
A. learned B. was learning C. had learned D. learnt
By the time my parents reached home yesterday, I _____ the dinner already.
A had cooked B. cooked C. have cooked D. was cooked
She said she __________ the principle already
A .has seen B. saw C. will see D. had seen
By the time he was ten years old, he _________.
A. has completed university B. has completed the university
C. had completed an university D. had completed university
She had written a number of books ______ the end of last year.
A. for B. in C. by D. at
By the end of last week, they ____ the bridge.
A. has completed B. completed
C. will complete D. had completed
Jim turned off the lights and then _____ the classroom.
A. was left B. had left C. has left D. left
The students _________ their classroom when the visitors arrived.
A . have cleaned B. had cleaned C. was cleaned D. have been cleaned
Fergie_______ the project in one hour.
A. have finished B. will finish C. finishes D. has finished
The man ________ his coat and went out.
A. put on B. had put on C. will put on D. was putting on
My mother______ in that factory at the age of 18.
A. had worked B. has worked C. worked D. works
课后作业
答案：B C C A B B
“by + 时间”的时态
“by+时间”意为“不迟于(=not later than) ”；“一到(=as soon as) ”；“当某时候到了[=when (the time in dicated ) comes]”；“到„时为止”等。时间上有过去、现在和将来之别。动词本身有动作与状态之分，其时态可为一般式、完成式、进行式或完成进行式。现分述如下：
1、“by ＋时间”与动作性强的动词连用时，主句多用于完成式。by 后的时间可指现在、过去或将来时间点。如：By the time he was fourteen year sold ，he （learn ） maths all by himself.到14岁的时候，他就已经自学了数学。
I (finish) it by the time you come back. 你回来以前我就把它做完了。
2、“by+时间”与表状态的动词连用多用于一般式。by 后时间可为现在、过去或将来时。如：You can borrow my camera, but I must have it back by five o'clock.我的照像机你可以借去用，但是五点以前一定要还我。
11
By the time that the security guards had realized what was happening, the gang were already inside the bank. 等到保卫人员明白过来发生了什么事时，那一伙强盗已经进了银行。
He ought to be here by this time /by now.他此刻（现在）应该已经来到这里了。
如强调某状态在某时间前已经完成，也常用完成式。如：By next Sunday you will have stayed with us for three months.至下星期日为止，你将与我们相聚三个月了。
3、“by ＋时间”与祈使句连用，用于一般式。如：Please finish the task by the end of the month.请在月底前完成这项任务。Be here by this time tomorrow. 明天这个时候要到这儿。
4、如强调某状态或动作在某时间为止还要继续下去，还可用完成进行式。如：By the time you graduate,I shall have been working here for five years. 到了你毕业时，我就在此地一直工作了五年之久。
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I. 一般过去时
一般过去时：在过去发生的动作，现在已经结束。
基本用法：
1. 过去某个特定时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
表示过去时间的时间状语：last+时间、时间+ago、yesterday 、just now、the other day、once upon a time、at that time、then
2. 表示过去经常发生的动作或存在的状态，可与频度副词always 、usually 、often 等连用。
表示过去的习惯性动作，除了用动词过去式外，还可以用used to do sth、would do sth
3. 表示说话人始料未及的事情
I didn’t know it was you.
I never thought you would bring me a gift.
4. 宾语从句时态：主现从、主过从
5. 表示已去世者的情况或过去的历史。 II. 现在完成时
一． 基本结构：
助动词have/has+过去分词(done)
二． 句型：
否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他.
一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他.
简略答语: Yes, 主语 + have/has.(肯定) No, 主语 + haven't/hasn't.(否定) 三．用法
（1）现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果
I have spent all of my money (so far).(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)
Guo zijun has (just/already) come. (含义：郭子君现在在这儿)
My father has gone to work.(含义是:我爸爸现在不在这儿)
（2）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的, 持续到现在的动作（用行为动词表
示）或状态（be 动词表示）常与for （+时间段）,since （+时间点或过去时的句子）连用.
①for+时段
②since+过去一个时间点（译为：自从……以来）
③since+时段+ago
④主句（现在完成时）since+从句（一般过去时） →主完从过
●⑤It is/ has been +时段+since+从句（过去时） Mary has been ill for three days. I have lived here since 1998.
⑥It is + 第几次（the first time）that + 句子（现在完成时）
四． has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in) 的区别
Have/Has gone(to) :去了(现在不在说话现场)
Where is your father？He has gone to Shanghai.
Have/Has been (to) :去过（已不在去过的地方） My father has been to Shanghai.
Have/has been in：呆了多久（还在所呆的地方） My father has been in Shanghai for two months. /since two months ago.
五．现在完成时的标志
1. 现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响, 用以下四大标志词可以表达
这种含义:
* 以already, just和yet 为标志
He has already got her help. 他已得到她的帮助。
He has just seen the film. 他刚刚看过这场电影。
He hasn't come back yet. 他还没有回来。
already 与yet 的区别：句型—— 在句中的位置——
* 以ever 和never 为标志
This is the best film I have ever seen. 这是我曾经看过的最好的一部电影。
He has never been to Beijing. 他从没有到过北京。
* 以动作发生的次数为标志 , once,twice,three times,several times
He says he has been to the USA three times. 他说他已经去过美国三次了。
* 以so far = by now（到目前为止）为标+before
He has got to Beijing so far. 到目前为止他已到了北京。
She has passed the exam so far. 到目前为止她已经通过了考试。
2. 过去已经开始的动作一直延续到现在, 甚至有可能继续延续下去, 我们可以从动作“延续”
的特性和“时间”点段的区分入手, 进一步学习现在完成时。
* ①for+时段 ②since+过去一个时间点（过去 从句）为标志
注意：瞬间动词（buy,die,join,come ，go ,leave,join ……）不能直接与for since 连用。
要改变为延续性动词
buy----have 、 borrow -----keep、 come/arrive/reach/get to-----be in、
go out----be out、 leave ----be away
begin-----be on 、 finish----be over 、 open----be open 、 close -----be closed 、
die----be dead
③与现在有关的过去点时间 recently,lately,already,yet,before,still
六. 注意：
1) 现在完成时不能单独与过去的时间状语连用, 如yesterday,last week, three years
ago 等;
2) 不能与when 连用
3) 现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用
七．总结现在完成时的时间状语
1与现在有关的过去点时间 recently,lately,already,yet,before,still
2与现在有关的频度时间 ever,never,once,twice,three times,several times,
often,seldom,always,time and time again
3与过去有关的现在点时间 just,now,today,tonight,this week,this year
this morning,this afternoon,this evening,
this month,this May,this October,this November
1若想强调动作从何时开始(ever)since
2若想强调动作持续了多久for(a day,several months,many years,,how
long) for( two hours, six months, quite a long time)
3若想强调整体的时间all (morning,night,day,year,these years,my
life)all(the while,these days,these ten days)
4若想强调与过去有关到现在的一段时间up to now,up to the
present,till now,until now, so far, by nowin the last few years,in the past 30
years ,these days,these weeks,these years
III. 过去完成时
过去完成时: had done
一．基本用法
1. 过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，使用过去完成时必须有过去的另一时间作
参照，是否表达“过去的过去”经常要根据上下文来判断。
2. 表示愿望、打算类的词，如hope 、expect 、mean 、intend 、want 、think 等，
用过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图等。
I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.
二．过去完成时的句型
1. 主语+过去完成时+①when 引导的从句（过去式）
2. 主语+过去完成时+②by+过去的时间点/ by the end of + 过去的时间点
3. 主语+过去完成时+③by the time 引导的从句（过去式）
4. 主语+过去完成时+④before 引导的从句（过去式）/before+过去的时间点
5. no sooner+ 主句（过去完成时）„„than+从句（一般过去时）„„
= hardly (scarcely)+ 主句（过去完成时）„„when+从句（一般过去时）„„：
“一„„就„„” 注意：no sooner/ hardly/ scarcely位于句首时，主句要倒装
No sooner had I reached home than it began to rain.
Hardly had we gotten there when it began to rain.
6. It was + 时间段 + since + 从句（过去完成时）
7. It was + 第几次（the first time）that + 句子（过去完成时）
三．过去完成时与现在完成时的区别
现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与
现在有关。
过去完成时表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某
时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。
IV . 将来完成时 shall/ will have done
一． 构成形式
第一人称：will/ shall have done
其他人称：will have done
二．用法：将来完成时表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作
三．将来完成时的句型
主语+ 将来完成时 + before/ by/ by the end of + 将来时间
主语+ 将来完成时 + before/ by the time + 从句（一般现在时）
课堂练习
（2011-高考北京卷）——That must have been a long trip.
——Yeah, it us a whole week to get there.
A. takes B. has taken C. took D. was taking
——Bob has gone to California.
——Oh, can you tell me when he ?
A. has left B. left C. is leaving D. would leave
The fact that so many people still smoke in public places that
we may need a nationwide campaign to raise awareness of the risks of
smoking.
A. suggest B. suggests C. suggested D. suggesting
——What a mistake!
——Yes. I his doing it another way, but without success.
A. was suggesting B. will suggest
C. would suggest D. had suggested
By the end of this year, I enough money for a holiday.
A. will save B. will be saving
C. will have saved D. have saved
It is the most instructive lecture that I since I came to this
school.
A. attended B. had attended
C. am attending D. have attended
——Tommy is planning to buy a car.
——I know. By next month, he enough for a used one.
A. saves B. saved C. will save D. will have saved
Both his parents look sad. Maybe they _______what’s happened to him .
Ａ. knew Ｂ. have known Ｃ. must know Ｄ. will know
He has _______ been to Shanghai, has he?
Ａ. already Ｂ. never Ｃ. ever Ｄ. still
Have you met Mr. Li ______？
Ａ. just Ｂ. ago Ｃ.before Ｄ.a moment ago
The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year .
Ａ. is writing Ｂ.was writing Ｃ.wrote Ｄ.has written
—Our country ______ a lot so far .
—Yes. I hope it will be even ______.
Ａ. has changed ; well Ｂ. changed; good
Ｃ. has changed ; better Ｄ. changed; better
On her next birthday, Ann married for twenty years.
A. is B. has been C. will be D. will have been
——Were you surprised by the ending of the film?
——No. I (read )the book, so I already knew the story.
Before I realized that what I said at the meeting did hurt him, he (drive) away without a word.
Experiments of this kind in both the US and Europe well before
the Second World War.
A. have conducted B. have been conducted
C. had conducted D. had been conducted
I have been studying here for four years, by next summer I .
A. shall graduate B. shall be graduated
C. shall be graduating D. shall have graduated
I hope her health greatly by the time we come back next year.
A. improves B. improved
C. will be improved D. will have improved
We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl .
Ａ. know Ｂ. had known Ｃ. have known Ｄ. knew
Harry Potter is a very nice film. I_______ it twice .
Ａ. will see Ｂ. have seen Ｃ. saw Ｄ.see
—These farmers have been to the United States .
—Really? When _____ there?
Ａ. will they go Ｂ. did they go
Ｃ. do they go Ｄ. have they gone
—______ you ___ your homework yet ?
—Yes. I _____ it a moment ago.
Ａ. Did; do; finished Ｂ. Have; done; finished
Ｃ. Have; done; have finished Ｄ. will; do; finish
—How long have you ____ here ?
—About two months.
Ａ. been Ｂ. gone Ｃ. come Ｄ. arrived
Hurry up! The play __________ for ten minutes.
Ａ. has begun Ｂ. had begun
Ｃ. has been on Ｄ. began
It _____ ten years since he left the army .
Ａ. is Ｂ. has Ｃ. will Ｄ. was
Miss Green isn't in the office. she _______ to the library.
Ａ. has gone Ｂ. went Ｃ.will go Ｄ. has been
My parents ______ Shandong for ten years.
Ａ. have been in Ｂ. have been to
Ｃ. have gone to Ｄ. have been The students have cleaned the classroom, ?
A. so they B. don’t they C. have they D. haven’t they has Mr White been a member of Greener China since he
to China?
A. How soon, comes B. How often, got
C. How long, came D. How far, arrived His uncle for more than 9 years.
A. has come here B. has started to work
C. has lived there D. has left the university
——Are you going to Richard’s birthday party?
——Yes. By then I my homework.
A. had finished B. will have finished
C. would have finished D. finished
I suppose by the time I come back in ten years ’ time all these old house down.
A. will have been pulled B. will be pulling
C. will have pulled D. will be pulled
I hope that they the road by the time we come back.
A. will have repaired B. would have repaired
C. have repaired D. repair
By the time Jane gets home his aunt ______ for London to attend a meeting.
A. will leave B. leaves
C. will have left D. have left
—I hear that Jason is planning to buy a car.
—I know. By next month, he _______ enough for a used one.
A. will have saved B. will be saving
C. has saved D. Saves The pen I I is on my desk, right under my nose.
A. think; lost B. thought; had lost
C. think; had lost D. thought; have lost
Helen her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband home.
A. has left; comes B. left; had come
C. had left; came D. had left; would come
They asked me to have a drink with them. I said that it was at least ten years since I a good drink.
A. had enjoyed B. was enjoying
C. enjoyed D. had been enjoying
——Alice, why didn’t you come yesterday?
——I (hope) to, but I had an unexpected visitor.
John, a friend of mine, who got married only last week, spent $3,000 more than he _____ for the wedding.
A. will plan B. has planned
C. would plan D. had planned
I was giving a talk to a large group of people, the same talk I ______ to half a dozen other groups.
A. was giving B. am giving
C. had given D. have given
Father for London on business upon my arrival, so I didn’t see him.
A. has left B. left C. was leaving D. had left
She ______ her hairstyle in her hometown before she came to Chongqing for a better job.
A. would change B. has changed
C. changed D. was changing
He ______ to spend the important day with us last Sunday, but he was too busy then.
A. hoped B. has hoped
C. had hoped D. would hoped
When the old man ______ to walk back to his house, the sun ______ itself behind the mountain.
A. started; had already hidden
B. had started; had already hidden
C. had started; was hiding
D. was starting; hid
Sales of CDs have greatly increased since the early 1990s, when people ______ to enjoy the advantages of this new technology.
A. begin B. began C. have begun D. had begun
— Oh, is that you, Bob?
— Err...yes. Ah, you’re Mary. Sorry I _____ you. We haven’t seen each other for ten years, have we?
A. didn’t recognize B. hadn’t recognized
C. haven’t recognized D. don’t recognize
He asked me _____ during the summer holidays.
A. where I had been B. where I had gone
C. where had I been D. where had I gone
What ____ Jane ____ by the time he was sever?
A. did, do B. has, done C did, did. D. had, done
I ______ 900 English words by the time I was ten。
A. learned B. was learning C. had learned D. learnt
By the time my parents reached home yesterday, I _____ the dinner already.
A had cooked B. cooked C. have cooked D. was cooked
She said she __________ the principle already
A .has seen B. saw C. will see D. had seen
By the time he was ten years old, he _________.
A. has completed university B. has completed the university
C. had completed an university D. had completed university
She had written a number of books ______ the end of last year.
A. for B. in C. by D. at
By the end of last week, they ____ the bridge.
A. has completed B. completed
C. will complete D. had completed
Jim turned off the lights and then _____ the classroom.
A. was left B. had left C. has left D. left
The students _________ their classroom when the visitors arrived.
A . have cleaned B. had cleaned C. was cleaned D. have been cleaned
Fergie_______ the project in one hour.
A. have finished B. will finish C. finishes D. has finished
The man ________ his coat and went out.
A. put on B. had put on C. will put on D. was putting on
My mother______ in that factory at the age of 18.
A. had worked B. has worked C. worked D. works
课后作业
答案：B C C A B B
“by + 时间”的时态
“by+时间”意为“不迟于(=not later than) ”；“一到(=as soon as) ”；“当某时候到了[=when (the time in dicated ) comes]”；“到„时为止”等。时间上有过去、现在和将来之别。动词本身有动作与状态之分，其时态可为一般式、完成式、进行式或完成进行式。现分述如下：
1、“by ＋时间”与动作性强的动词连用时，主句多用于完成式。by 后的时间可指现在、过去或将来时间点。如：By the time he was fourteen year sold ，he （learn ） maths all by himself.到14岁的时候，他就已经自学了数学。
I (finish) it by the time you come back. 你回来以前我就把它做完了。
2、“by+时间”与表状态的动词连用多用于一般式。by 后时间可为现在、过去或将来时。如：You can borrow my camera, but I must have it back by five o'clock.我的照像机你可以借去用，但是五点以前一定要还我。
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By the time that the security guards had realized what was happening, the gang were already inside the bank. 等到保卫人员明白过来发生了什么事时，那一伙强盗已经进了银行。
He ought to be here by this time /by now.他此刻（现在）应该已经来到这里了。
如强调某状态在某时间前已经完成，也常用完成式。如：By next Sunday you will have stayed with us for three months.至下星期日为止，你将与我们相聚三个月了。
3、“by ＋时间”与祈使句连用，用于一般式。如：Please finish the task by the end of the month.请在月底前完成这项任务。Be here by this time tomorrow. 明天这个时候要到这儿。
4、如强调某状态或动作在某时间为止还要继续下去，还可用完成进行式。如：By the time you graduate,I shall have been working here for five years. 到了你毕业时，我就在此地一直工作了五年之久。
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