马克·吐温从幽默到讽刺

第27卷第2期

2006年

JOuRNAL

玉林师范学院学报(哲学社会科学)

0F

YULIN

TEACHERS

V01.27No.2

COLLEGE(Philosophy&SocialScience)

ll

马克・吐温:从幽默到讽刺

覃承华

(南宁师范高等专科学校外语系助教,广西龙州532400)

【摘要】美国的幽默大师和现实主义作家马克・土温,被认为是一个世界文学巨匠。他的幽默对

其后辈文人产生了巨大的影响。批评家对此亦高度重视并就此提出了不同的阐释。然而,幽默在马克・土温后期的作品里非但消失殆尽反而被辛辣讽刺所取代。马克・土温为何改变了他的写作风格和人生态度?什么原因导致了他的这种巨变?紧紧围绕上述问题,文章从社会影响和个人遭遇两个方面分别分

析了引起马克・吐温写作风格和人生态度改变的原因。旨在就他的这些改变提出理性分析,从而使其作品更加通俗易懂。

【关键词】马克・土温;幽默;讽刺

【中图分类号】1206【文献标识码】A【文章编号】1004—4671(2006)02一004卜05

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磷;嗣

I.Introduction

Americanliterature”.

the

”thetme白therof

our

national

erature.

ark

Twain,

pseud。nym。fSamuel

istheforerunnerand

arena

1iterature”,used

”MarkTwain一一Mirr。r。fAmerica”are

hispinnaclesin1iterature・His白ithful

Lan曲。meclemens,

reputedrealistinthe

t。highli曲t

ofAmerican1it—

to

disciple,EmestHerllingway,moreoVer,onceputit,

”a11modem1iteraturecomes在om

Becauseofhisremarkablecontribution

the

nati。n,1iterarycriticssp。keFor

instance.

hi曲1y。fhisachievements.

Linc01n

of

Twain,called月删叼7局埘…”

As矗r

as

one

bookby

Mark

thesevenerabletitles”the

literary舀ant

isconcemed,

Twainwas

remen】beredbv

lnen

of1etcers6rstLv

asa

maste删nd

Inother

码e

c&6瑚据d,廿蹲哦宇Rqg《c幽P黜c。“n咎

“coklmn

withhis

ofhumorandthenwor出,

Twain

as

bittersadricwIiter.

career

waspubhshed.jumpi“g疗og一岫e‘

andCgothilnC’sfrogfuu

inhhwritiIlge冲erienced

co

st“Lng#r¥50一一stra“gerhadno丘og,

one一一inthemeandme,ofshotandwon.”Thhutadon

as

cha“ge丘ombelngchee血11andopdmisdc

ingandpessirnjstic.Butwhat

cause

despair-

stra”gef衄ed

jump.

The

hisshiR丘omhu—he

couldn’t

str柚ger’s曲g

mor

to

sadre?PersonaUv.bothsocialinnuenceand

rolesin

success削story丘m_y

che

civil

war

estab】ishedhjsrep—

personalencou呲ersP12y

to

cridcalsa石re

chan百r培his

toward

humoristandstoⅣtelkr.

was

wridn立丘omhumor

】i癌aswell.

andhisacdtude

In自ct,

t11mi“g—pointin

Twain’s1icerarycareer,a11dit、抛s越sowate耐1ed

be—

tweenhishumorandsatire.Thus,tlleware’币erience

II.Socialin丑uences

BodltheAmericancivil

andlastedtill1865)war

great】y

forhimwas

an

。poch—maki“g

eventandithad

war(h3ppened

wfitingstyle.

in1861

最r.reachingTwain

in丑uence“pon墙wrid“g.

and

eVe

We

know,

andthere—coIlstrucdonaRertheTwain’s

fullydil螗endy

ofthe

eInbracedint0thesteamboat

hisorig—

a舵ctedMark

piloton山e

ciⅧwar.Presumablyh叩piness

of

Twainwasbominberinl835,intotheciv丑war,boatpnot,

F10rida,Missouri,on30“Novem—

inalpursuitwas丘ghtfo‘peace,在eedom,andreuni右一

lawyer矗m订y.Wim山e

adventof

cation“the

Atthat

nation

and

AJnerica“people.

He

youngTwainin1856

bec枷e

steam—

dme,Tw血’s。yes、vere

as

6Uedwithhopesand

pro任ssionaboutwhichhe、Ⅳrotethir七y

oPpornlnides

welI

as

con丑ictsand

6曲ts.

6肌ly

yeaIslaterintheallyspeabog,ware。pedence

book三妊叩如此铷出勃耐Gener—

the

uphddth武hecouldbeself.nladeandmade

fbr吣ne

Americanpeoplee埘oyregardi”g

byjlIlme商“g

inthe

waT.Hawever,onlytheopposite

ev一

as

theircherisheda11dvaluableforcLlne,

no

Ⅵ礓sin6cttn】e.Itmmedout幻be出athetook

at

姐d

Twainw勰also

excepdon.

As

pilotheac—

cast

。ry血i“gfo‘granted

to

an

6璐t.shordya丘erthewarcame

dvelyparcicipated

characters

set

intheciv丑war抽1857.Theof

end,itleRnotllingbutcherislledremembrances,

beforehimillhispr0忙ssionwas—cha11d

whichmade11im

ex仕emely

upsetand

disheanened…

V撕ed一一a

l洫,

cosmos.

to

Hetookabundamnyparcinthis

p订oth。use

F。rnlmtely,

hisfourand

halfyea巧inthe

ste删boat

listeni“g

talkoffeuds,

piracies,

madehimselfeducatedandacquaimedwi出everypos—

siblecypeofhuman

naturc,

1ynchin昏,medicineNamely,

sho、Ⅳs,a11dsavlge

wate商deslurm.

柚dmost

ofwhichⅡ1ade

hemade11imselfveryInuch矗nliharwidla11

him

ulti呦tely

dig画“g

recogIlizedthathi8pen、vould

m培hder

he

Ⅵ,aIksafli南aIldeachcomerofchesocietv.Twain.attheVery

t11anhiswe3pom.b。昏m

his

Without

way

to

hedtadonanymore,

as

be百nni“舀Ⅵ郴actuaⅡyopdmisdc

HoweveL

aboutⅥ士at

to

rc垂onalfame

and

corre一

hesawandwhathedid.the

hehadleave

5pondentandhumoristwitllrichwar8Xperience.Due

to

rivercountrvindlewakeofthe

endoftlle

c砌

In

hisphon。g‘aphicmemories

descriptiv。genius

waraRerfourand

holf

vears

inthe

ste枷b。at.

end

to

hemadescoresof

a11h3ppenedindlew盯vividlyresurfaced.

set

ocherwords,cheendofci啊1wa‘put

as

an

hish岳

succes血1

work8graduaⅡyhimapart疗0m

p丑ot.Thenhetdedsoldieri“g。nceagainfoftwo

t王lecommonmenofJettersandiceVenmaIhrmadehim

weeks、Ⅳithmodeybandofconfederateguerr司1as,who

diIigentlyaVoideda&erdecidi“g,

contact

reputedspok。sperson

forthere“ismand

wicll出eenemy.Twai“quit

wo订d—widerem盯kablehumoristinpanicular.

As

“I

k11ewmoreaboutrc七read“gthan

witnessofdledvilwar,changes

Twainsawckady

developITlent

theSouthpowerincon丑ict

at

chemanthatinventedretreatj“g”A丘erthat,hemadellis

th。great

innadon’seconomic

the矗nalvictorv

m抽d

to

establish

his矗meby

wfi石ng.

Icw弧

andpoliticaltheNorth

1ife.Whh

39ain

over

proVed山athi5penwasreally

ax

mi出derthallhi3pick—and

ad。pted

once

enjoyed

itswieldi“g

acute

In1861hebecome

pen

joumalist

thenadon’sadminis七ra石on.Nowthe

“Mark

Twaill”ashis

n蛐e.

Fouryears1ater,

homewasundenninedandt11eAmerica“peopleagaln

覃承华

fbcusedtheir{bⅡatten石on

、var

on

马克・吐温:从幽默到讽刺

。pcimist

instaflce,

to

re—cons衄lcdona丘er山e

oftheslaVes

misanthrope,bslacer

行omhumor

to

s撕re.

For

Because

the

l"ost

majori‘y

wefe锄an—

de南ated

case,

in

works,刀缸日磁一4尹柚d

intemelyaIld丘crcelys撕ri2ed

Unlike

e)中an矗on

cipated,

skLve—based

econoIny。fdle

只d扬旅2一形岱豌卫

the

he

Sou出haditsprosperitybecameroocless.

clusters

ofgroundless

Indlis

山eranlpanteVnsanddarknessofches。ciety.

sou出empoorwhitesandthee砷eriences

ofwafandthewescward

newly在eed

davesheaded

to

directly

or

indirecclyfor山e

Itm3ybe

was

chacmadellimbecam。quiteoptilllistic,theand

co肌pdon

new一1iberacedcitiescalledthe”G01dso—caⅡed

che

seek。ppor【11ni6es.

Rush”rejuvenated,orra出er,it

Dream”

rudli“g

bv

to

injusticemadehimbecamee]【七remelypessimi难c.He缸1edto6ndw棚c0eradicatetheexacerbatedso—

cialdis髓se;wafdsb麾.

heheldThus.

’’American

noc

somecridcs.

to

helplessanddusiveatcimdcto—

Twainalsocould

helP

t11ewestwillTwainbecame

doub血1

aboutthe

hisAmericandrcam.Heveloprnent

once

behevedmeideaofde—

ideaofdeVdopmentand出epticalofmegoodneSsof

andindustrializationsinceitwouldmod—

emizedl。you“gcoun在yandencouragetheent。rpris—

i“g5piritoftheAmericanwhohad10ngbeen6mou5forit.Hewas6m_llyenthIaⅡedbysuchagain

he

held

an

砌蚴由矗越嘲he

human

nadon.s

imperia

and

nacLlre.历尼肠M奶矿幽点舭and乃咖

severely

condemed

t0

dle

aggressivc

behaviorother

fher,so

once

countries,especi柚1y山eSpanish—American可旷ar.Since出。P“blica60n

opdmiscic

actjc【Ide亡owardsche

of乃口^参硝∞扫螂冱船留可i11

m血妇ined

1916

posc—wescwarde。pansi。n丘omthe“nparalleledand

Hedrewmuchi11spirad。“

un石lhisdeachinl910.hebittersadreand

ma口洫cent

roob

eVent

3工1dspoke

skepddsm

toa

la‘ge

deg弦e.乃f以I幺日,五甜(妇瑙p船矿

0f

lligh】yofi如deci虹on—makefsanditspeople.

占k跨而比秽and职协矗咖4知are。印resent撕ves

Soc试consciomness

jnsocialbei“g.As

出j

ssort.

kindofsocialconscioumess.1iteracllreshouldrenect

thethensocidrealityinwhichit在m[1】yro。ts.Bei“grealisdcIitenti,andsawhe

III.Personal

AsI

ed

encounters

foregoing,socialin丑1lenceasserc—

oVer

Tw撕“graduaUynoticedthedarkness

me埘oned

c0

he血laUvfoundthedi自睡rencebetweenwhathe

predorninant五铲语c蛆ce

s撕re.

Icis

Twain’sconVe巧i。n

sodd

5upemciallymd

also

found

to

whatcheyreallywerein—dep出;

丘Dmhumor

the

di位rencebe附een

no“3嚣ention出at

what

pe。ple

i11丑uenceofhkday,cowardsb南,and

so

on

chimcdbe越d

whatth。yreallywere.

Herealized

his

so

do皿nandya&ccedllisa晒mdeoutlookofsocie坼hwridng5叫e

山atpeopkbecameamora:Iandt11enlhngclassbecame

impotentint}lccourse。fmaterialprosperity.,U—

andfbr七h.I{owever.tllereisaIlomerel—

ement,hispersonal虹agedieswllichakocanItbeig—

Iloredwhen

thou曲b。th

ter

theciv丑warandthere—coIls七rtlctionaf-

ofthewestward

we岫es

as

co

analyzehiswfi石“gstyle.

the

war(正ennach

to

abledhim1ifc,

to

be‰iliarwith

e坤amion)en—

a11walks0f

Regarded

a百aIlt

inbo出Americanhteratllre

encountered

coundess

people丘om

at

aIld、voddHccrature.personal

Tw缸n

bedchinwIid”gmaterialsⅥrhich1edhimto

large,

andt0acquire

as

hardships柚dsu伍:rill昏.Itislikely

t11atTwain

becomeAmericana埘bassador

an

ismorc丘moIlsforhispersonaltragediesthan船ahu—

intemadona1

reputadon

。n

morista11d

represenbdveofrealism.

to

Itis

no

wander

ex—

humo^stcum一矗ontier—philosopher;

cheother

thathehadperienci“g仃agedies

、vas

chan辨hishumor

into

satire抵ersu跽rin昏

hand,1t“socaIkedhimintoobseⅣi“gdeIibentely血eside—e饪jctofindustrializationand山e

darknessoftheonlybmught

unexpectedpersonal

and

Inthe矗rstplace,

llisfatherdiedwhenhe

bro“ghcab。ucche

Twaillwe

sode母.Namely,山ematerialful右l】menc

about

8piritvacan。y.

Because

onlytwelveandw}lichdirecdy

hisde。pso‘ryandin—

endofhlsfound

educ撕on.

However.

creasingdissatisfacdontowardthesecoI】ld

not

phenomena,Twain

on

an

knowwasbomin

pedod

thacchetwosideswere

bellumorousandoptimistica“ym。re.

Twaininhjs1aterworksshi在ed丘om

矗gh矗“g

Ⅵ阻s

at

throatandwhentheconnictendeddlewest

o臼en.The

thecontnrv.

s皿wide

nationwide

a丘e瑚a山of

wescward

movement

and

once

oppo枷des

a铲in缸Ⅱofchances扭d

oneout

a&r

anonler.UIlIikeStlal=espearesdlIcouIdwrite

comedies

a盘er

his

four

he山e雎forewasuttedydeHghtcd

sonle

铲eaceSc

wi出出c丘cshhndmdiIlvi学。糟cedby出epioncefingsD砸t.Chanc舒aredlathis丘tbe,bdeathdid

not

world—known锄gedies,

s州e

hishumor.

Twamchangedhiswfiting

nlake

intobjt亡er强drea丘ermaki“gthewoddlaughby

HislastyearsⅥ陀rc丘Uedwidlacutepes—

di睡rence“ponhisemo矗on.Lifewas棚edwi出i乜mysteries,ala帆edbyits

musedbvi皓contrasc.

b—ghtforhim,teⅡors,anda—

siIllism,stro“gskepticism姐dbi仕er钳tire.Twaindied

on

Thushewasableto1aughwi山

April21,1910,atthe39eofseVenty一丘Ve.

h曲mess

However,

as

th。greatwhenthe

humoristin山;Paci丘cslope.

agedTwainuldIllatelyrealized

IV.Conclusion

To

【hatthematerialwealdlonlvresulted缸corrupdonand

s啪up'血ndamentaⅡy,Twain拓a乒eat

once

hu—

injusdce

humor

insteadofman’smoraHtyimproVement,

hisand

morist.Hesaid.”thert

are

severalkindsofsto—

to

mdhu咖、耽托rePhced

was

by

bi啦r

s11eer

ries,butonly

one

di伍cuh一一thehumorous.”So

be

sadre.Indlesecondplace,whenhecatcdhe

once

bec锄e

sophisd—

hum。rousin王lisw^ti“g

pursuit.Icis

vemure

to

5ayish虹1ifelo“g

al:ainhaunted

in山econ出tent

ak。und朗iable出ac

Meanwhne

Twainisthe

ordy百一

dea山sofhisloved

by

ones:

hisbrodlerHenrvwaskilled

姐t

to

who

hdbroughtbothlocalc010rismandhumor

he

once

ste枷b03t

at

explosion;

血edea出ofhis

son

Lar培一

woddnme

claimedthathe

conceⅡ】edwidl

dom

sPinal

19months;

hisddest

dau曲cer

susydiedof

to

wasseriouswritera舯dⅥmsacdvelv

menin峁s;

Mnclemens

and

aIl

succ哪bed

hem

an

moralideasinⅡlanyw3ys.ontllispoint,Twainwas

by

no

attadkinFlorence;

youngestdaughter

JeaIl

meallsshan。wor角volousandwecan’t正mply

印丑ep∞drowned

encounccrs

in

upstairsbachmb.

such

tra西c

caⅡhimhumorist

oran

ironicwriter.Infact,most

TwainexperierlcedisreaⅡy1ikcthede—

”Bit_。

“Twain’s

aIld

sadre

二国国

scfi口don

in』j锄}乃耽功1能i冠矿∥o脚日呃:oz

on

a11d刀殆爿函珊m蝌口/’酗r£阮6e口y砌

one

wofksare山ecombinationofbochhumor

tcmesSfbdthemanwhohadmadedle

wodd

w越ansein口oint.ontheh卸d,it

ishismascer—

can

1augh.The

州thbitcer

morahzing

of磕eadier

wrid“ghadbeen

piece

as

humori5twh丑ethenovdaho

sen6mencahtvand

beeyed

on

3s

weⅡpaddedwi血hum饼.Now(hegIoVes

not

c嬲K砸‘

re4son

sa6re

on

Rom甜西cism

the

Sa6re.”Thelastbutmeleast

0ther.Roughly

edinhe

sPeaki“g,Twain’shumor

alldllispersonal

deeply

root—

whvTwailltIlmedhumorintosatire加llishterwoiks

isdntd”total矗ilufeofllis可pe一一setd“gandpub—lishingcomp4nyin

soc试ch血ges

su位血乎.Whcn

ofchances

mou曲th危wasbrightforbimand如n

1894.The蜘ufe

ones

mbusinessalld

andifeverythingwentsmoothly,

However.

hewasquiteopd—whenhefbundthe

personaI

dledeadlsofhis10ved

madeTwainmajn“ned

misdcandhumorous.

bitterskepddsmin11ishtcrSpaired

p舡t硷.Twain是lt

was

so

de—

in

darkness,cornlption,injusticeand出e

encouncers

na百c

and在us啦ted

tllathe

de印1y

inVolved

hehad

to

withs亡andinparticu】a‘

hebe—Itf0110ws

con~

skepdcismandpredesdnadon.Just如heputin11is

ownautobio铲aphy:

c拗e丘rSdv

se—ousand出enbic七erironic.

”…

no

出eyvanishhDm

cons。qucnce;

wofldthey

出ereforethatweshouldtaketheseelemen拓into

where血eywereof

achievednothing;

where

dderadonwhenaIlalyzi“gTwain'swridngcharacceris—dcs

as

wheretheywereaⅡ血takeand

wheremeyhave

1e庇no

weⅡashimse堆Inshort,bothdle

锄ure

出em

ch柚gillg

so—

andf001ishnesS;

si辨

cialreahty卸dtheu’lpredictabl。persona1trlgediesdi—

出atthevhavee)dsted一一awoddwhichwiⅡlament

d3yandfo。getchemforever.”

rect坤andevenmally

mort0

sa臼re

resultedinhischang。f曲mhu~

In

word,

Mark

Twain飞hteryearS

was甜l

of

cotal缸1ure

infkquent6nanc瑚specul撕on—the

spec—

uladonbothintyP。一sec七i“gandpubhshillgcompalliesandhis

personal

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Boo“)[M]Be】=jing:Fo耐gIl

L柚guageTeacJlingand

[7]张伯香.英美文学选读自学辅导[M].北京:外语教学与

研究出版社.2001.

Rese“hP”女.1995

[4]李套昭.二十世纪美国文学导论[M].西安:西安变通大

学出版社.2000.

【收稿日期2005-09—19】【责任编辑谢文海】

(上接第40页)

提到,但是雅各(J∞ob)和比尔哈(B丑hah)所生的儿子,希伯来人的族长。《牛津当代百科大词典》对“D∞”这一名字的解释是“神的审判”瑚(““’从但(Dan)的一生中,很难找出他有什么优点。在位期问,他没有干出什么成就来;在他父亲的眼里,他是叛逆的毒蛇。作者在小说中给老太太的儿子取这么个姓名,是为了突出蒂勒老太太的儿子但(D”)是个有着叛逆精神的人。与喜欢一辈子呆在林中过宁静生活的西尔维亚不一样,他不愿意一辈子都呆在深山老林中,他要到外面去闯荡,去奋斗。他有着一切游子的共性,那就是不爱写信回家。他既让家人感到骄傲和自豪。又让家人时刻为他牵肠挂肚。他的所作所为,普通人,包括他的母亲,是无法作出正确的评价的,那就只好让神去评判了。

采用具有象征意蕴的暗示命名法,是欧蓑小说一种富有生命力的传统,很多作家都在他们的作品中反复运用。在《白苍鹭》中,作者朱厄特分别给文本中出现的部分人和物取了名字,并且巧妙地通过特定的语境赋予了这些普通的姓名丰富的象征意义,从而大大增强了小说的表现力和感染力,使它

读起来义蕴深长,耐人寻味,深受读者喜爱。

【参考文献】

[1]Andl0109y

ofAmedcan

II)[z].New

York:Macmiu柚Pub‰g

Li胁mre(secorldEdidon)(Volme

co,Inc.,1980

[2]陈新.英美名家短篇小说精品赏析[M].北京:中国时外翻译出版公司,1999[3]李正桂,李翠亭.英国文学学习指南[z].北京:清华大学

出版社,1999

[4]张世君.欧蔓小说模式[M].广西:广西教育出版社,1995[5]霍恩比(著)。李北迭(译)牛津高阶英汉双解词典(第

四版)[z]北京:商务印书馆,1997

[6]封教.英文字椎字典[z].北京:外文出版社,1999[7]李慎廉英语姓名词典[z].北京:外语教学与研究出版社.2002[8]昊衡康.牛津当代百科大词典[z].北京:中国人民太学

出版社.2002

【收稿日期【责任编辑

2005—1

1—30】吴庆丰】

第27卷第2期

2006年

JOuRNAL

玉林师范学院学报(哲学社会科学)

0F

YULIN

TEACHERS

V01.27No.2

COLLEGE(Philosophy&SocialScience)

ll

马克・吐温:从幽默到讽刺

覃承华

(南宁师范高等专科学校外语系助教,广西龙州532400)

【摘要】美国的幽默大师和现实主义作家马克・土温,被认为是一个世界文学巨匠。他的幽默对

其后辈文人产生了巨大的影响。批评家对此亦高度重视并就此提出了不同的阐释。然而,幽默在马克・土温后期的作品里非但消失殆尽反而被辛辣讽刺所取代。马克・土温为何改变了他的写作风格和人生态度?什么原因导致了他的这种巨变?紧紧围绕上述问题,文章从社会影响和个人遭遇两个方面分别分

析了引起马克・吐温写作风格和人生态度改变的原因。旨在就他的这些改变提出理性分析,从而使其作品更加通俗易懂。

【关键词】马克・土温;幽默;讽刺

【中图分类号】1206【文献标识码】A【文章编号】1004—4671(2006)02一004卜05

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磷;嗣

I.Introduction

Americanliterature”.

the

”thetme白therof

our

national

erature.

ark

Twain,

pseud。nym。fSamuel

istheforerunnerand

arena

1iterature”,used

”MarkTwain一一Mirr。r。fAmerica”are

hispinnaclesin1iterature・His白ithful

Lan曲。meclemens,

reputedrealistinthe

t。highli曲t

ofAmerican1it—

to

disciple,EmestHerllingway,moreoVer,onceputit,

”a11modem1iteraturecomes在om

Becauseofhisremarkablecontribution

the

nati。n,1iterarycriticssp。keFor

instance.

hi曲1y。fhisachievements.

Linc01n

of

Twain,called月删叼7局埘…”

As矗r

as

one

bookby

Mark

thesevenerabletitles”the

literary舀ant

isconcemed,

Twainwas

remen】beredbv

lnen

of1etcers6rstLv

asa

maste删nd

Inother

码e

c&6瑚据d,廿蹲哦宇Rqg《c幽P黜c。“n咎

“coklmn

withhis

ofhumorandthenwor出,

Twain

as

bittersadricwIiter.

career

waspubhshed.jumpi“g疗og一岫e‘

andCgothilnC’sfrogfuu

inhhwritiIlge冲erienced

co

st“Lng#r¥50一一stra“gerhadno丘og,

one一一inthemeandme,ofshotandwon.”Thhutadon

as

cha“ge丘ombelngchee血11andopdmisdc

ingandpessirnjstic.Butwhat

cause

despair-

stra”gef衄ed

jump.

The

hisshiR丘omhu—he

couldn’t

str柚ger’s曲g

mor

to

sadre?PersonaUv.bothsocialinnuenceand

rolesin

success削story丘m_y

che

civil

war

estab】ishedhjsrep—

personalencou呲ersP12y

to

cridcalsa石re

chan百r培his

toward

humoristandstoⅣtelkr.

was

wridn立丘omhumor

】i癌aswell.

andhisacdtude

In自ct,

t11mi“g—pointin

Twain’s1icerarycareer,a11dit、抛s越sowate耐1ed

be—

tweenhishumorandsatire.Thus,tlleware’币erience

II.Socialin丑uences

BodltheAmericancivil

andlastedtill1865)war

great】y

forhimwas

an

。poch—maki“g

eventandithad

war(h3ppened

wfitingstyle.

in1861

最r.reachingTwain

in丑uence“pon墙wrid“g.

and

eVe

We

know,

andthere—coIlstrucdonaRertheTwain’s

fullydil螗endy

ofthe

eInbracedint0thesteamboat

hisorig—

a舵ctedMark

piloton山e

ciⅧwar.Presumablyh叩piness

of

Twainwasbominberinl835,intotheciv丑war,boatpnot,

F10rida,Missouri,on30“Novem—

inalpursuitwas丘ghtfo‘peace,在eedom,andreuni右一

lawyer矗m订y.Wim山e

adventof

cation“the

Atthat

nation

and

AJnerica“people.

He

youngTwainin1856

bec枷e

steam—

dme,Tw血’s。yes、vere

as

6Uedwithhopesand

pro任ssionaboutwhichhe、Ⅳrotethir七y

oPpornlnides

welI

as

con丑ictsand

6曲ts.

6肌ly

yeaIslaterintheallyspeabog,ware。pedence

book三妊叩如此铷出勃耐Gener—

the

uphddth武hecouldbeself.nladeandmade

fbr吣ne

Americanpeoplee埘oyregardi”g

byjlIlme商“g

inthe

waT.Hawever,onlytheopposite

ev一

as

theircherisheda11dvaluableforcLlne,

no

Ⅵ礓sin6cttn】e.Itmmedout幻be出athetook

at

姐d

Twainw勰also

excepdon.

As

pilotheac—

cast

。ry血i“gfo‘granted

to

an

6璐t.shordya丘erthewarcame

dvelyparcicipated

characters

set

intheciv丑war抽1857.Theof

end,itleRnotllingbutcherislledremembrances,

beforehimillhispr0忙ssionwas—cha11d

whichmade11im

ex仕emely

upsetand

disheanened…

V撕ed一一a

l洫,

cosmos.

to

Hetookabundamnyparcinthis

p订oth。use

F。rnlmtely,

hisfourand

halfyea巧inthe

ste删boat

listeni“g

talkoffeuds,

piracies,

madehimselfeducatedandacquaimedwi出everypos—

siblecypeofhuman

naturc,

1ynchin昏,medicineNamely,

sho、Ⅳs,a11dsavlge

wate商deslurm.

柚dmost

ofwhichⅡ1ade

hemade11imselfveryInuch矗nliharwidla11

him

ulti呦tely

dig画“g

recogIlizedthathi8pen、vould

m培hder

he

Ⅵ,aIksafli南aIldeachcomerofchesocietv.Twain.attheVery

t11anhiswe3pom.b。昏m

his

Without

way

to

hedtadonanymore,

as

be百nni“舀Ⅵ郴actuaⅡyopdmisdc

HoweveL

aboutⅥ士at

to

rc垂onalfame

and

corre一

hesawandwhathedid.the

hehadleave

5pondentandhumoristwitllrichwar8Xperience.Due

to

rivercountrvindlewakeofthe

endoftlle

c砌

In

hisphon。g‘aphicmemories

descriptiv。genius

waraRerfourand

holf

vears

inthe

ste枷b。at.

end

to

hemadescoresof

a11h3ppenedindlew盯vividlyresurfaced.

set

ocherwords,cheendofci啊1wa‘put

as

an

hish岳

succes血1

work8graduaⅡyhimapart疗0m

p丑ot.Thenhetdedsoldieri“g。nceagainfoftwo

t王lecommonmenofJettersandiceVenmaIhrmadehim

weeks、Ⅳithmodeybandofconfederateguerr司1as,who

diIigentlyaVoideda&erdecidi“g,

contact

reputedspok。sperson

forthere“ismand

wicll出eenemy.Twai“quit

wo订d—widerem盯kablehumoristinpanicular.

As

“I

k11ewmoreaboutrc七read“gthan

witnessofdledvilwar,changes

Twainsawckady

developITlent

theSouthpowerincon丑ict

at

chemanthatinventedretreatj“g”A丘erthat,hemadellis

th。great

innadon’seconomic

the矗nalvictorv

m抽d

to

establish

his矗meby

wfi石ng.

Icw弧

andpoliticaltheNorth

1ife.Whh

39ain

over

proVed山athi5penwasreally

ax

mi出derthallhi3pick—and

ad。pted

once

enjoyed

itswieldi“g

acute

In1861hebecome

pen

joumalist

thenadon’sadminis七ra石on.Nowthe

“Mark

Twaill”ashis

n蛐e.

Fouryears1ater,

homewasundenninedandt11eAmerica“peopleagaln

覃承华

fbcusedtheir{bⅡatten石on

、var

on

马克・吐温:从幽默到讽刺

。pcimist

instaflce,

to

re—cons衄lcdona丘er山e

oftheslaVes

misanthrope,bslacer

行omhumor

to

s撕re.

For

Because

the

l"ost

majori‘y

wefe锄an—

de南ated

case,

in

works,刀缸日磁一4尹柚d

intemelyaIld丘crcelys撕ri2ed

Unlike

e)中an矗on

cipated,

skLve—based

econoIny。fdle

只d扬旅2一形岱豌卫

the

he

Sou出haditsprosperitybecameroocless.

clusters

ofgroundless

Indlis

山eranlpanteVnsanddarknessofches。ciety.

sou出empoorwhitesandthee砷eriences

ofwafandthewescward

newly在eed

davesheaded

to

directly

or

indirecclyfor山e

Itm3ybe

was

chacmadellimbecam。quiteoptilllistic,theand

co肌pdon

new一1iberacedcitiescalledthe”G01dso—caⅡed

che

seek。ppor【11ni6es.

Rush”rejuvenated,orra出er,it

Dream”

rudli“g

bv

to

injusticemadehimbecamee]【七remelypessimi难c.He缸1edto6ndw棚c0eradicatetheexacerbatedso—

cialdis髓se;wafdsb麾.

heheldThus.

’’American

noc

somecridcs.

to

helplessanddusiveatcimdcto—

Twainalsocould

helP

t11ewestwillTwainbecame

doub血1

aboutthe

hisAmericandrcam.Heveloprnent

once

behevedmeideaofde—

ideaofdeVdopmentand出epticalofmegoodneSsof

andindustrializationsinceitwouldmod—

emizedl。you“gcoun在yandencouragetheent。rpris—

i“g5piritoftheAmericanwhohad10ngbeen6mou5forit.Hewas6m_llyenthIaⅡedbysuchagain

he

held

an

砌蚴由矗越嘲he

human

nadon.s

imperia

and

nacLlre.历尼肠M奶矿幽点舭and乃咖

severely

condemed

t0

dle

aggressivc

behaviorother

fher,so

once

countries,especi柚1y山eSpanish—American可旷ar.Since出。P“blica60n

opdmiscic

actjc【Ide亡owardsche

of乃口^参硝∞扫螂冱船留可i11

m血妇ined

1916

posc—wescwarde。pansi。n丘omthe“nparalleledand

Hedrewmuchi11spirad。“

un石lhisdeachinl910.hebittersadreand

ma口洫cent

roob

eVent

3工1dspoke

skepddsm

toa

la‘ge

deg弦e.乃f以I幺日,五甜(妇瑙p船矿

0f

lligh】yofi如deci虹on—makefsanditspeople.

占k跨而比秽and职协矗咖4知are。印resent撕ves

Soc试consciomness

jnsocialbei“g.As

出j

ssort.

kindofsocialconscioumess.1iteracllreshouldrenect

thethensocidrealityinwhichit在m[1】yro。ts.Bei“grealisdcIitenti,andsawhe

III.Personal

AsI

ed

encounters

foregoing,socialin丑1lenceasserc—

oVer

Tw撕“graduaUynoticedthedarkness

me埘oned

c0

he血laUvfoundthedi自睡rencebetweenwhathe

predorninant五铲语c蛆ce

s撕re.

Icis

Twain’sconVe巧i。n

sodd

5upemciallymd

also

found

to

whatcheyreallywerein—dep出;

丘Dmhumor

the

di位rencebe附een

no“3嚣ention出at

what

pe。ple

i11丑uenceofhkday,cowardsb南,and

so

on

chimcdbe越d

whatth。yreallywere.

Herealized

his

so

do皿nandya&ccedllisa晒mdeoutlookofsocie坼hwridng5叫e

山atpeopkbecameamora:Iandt11enlhngclassbecame

impotentint}lccourse。fmaterialprosperity.,U—

andfbr七h.I{owever.tllereisaIlomerel—

ement,hispersonal虹agedieswllichakocanItbeig—

Iloredwhen

thou曲b。th

ter

theciv丑warandthere—coIls七rtlctionaf-

ofthewestward

we岫es

as

co

analyzehiswfi石“gstyle.

the

war(正ennach

to

abledhim1ifc,

to

be‰iliarwith

e坤amion)en—

a11walks0f

Regarded

a百aIlt

inbo出Americanhteratllre

encountered

coundess

people丘om

at

aIld、voddHccrature.personal

Tw缸n

bedchinwIid”gmaterialsⅥrhich1edhimto

large,

andt0acquire

as

hardships柚dsu伍:rill昏.Itislikely

t11atTwain

becomeAmericana埘bassador

an

ismorc丘moIlsforhispersonaltragediesthan船ahu—

intemadona1

reputadon

。n

morista11d

represenbdveofrealism.

to

Itis

no

wander

ex—

humo^stcum一矗ontier—philosopher;

cheother

thathehadperienci“g仃agedies

、vas

chan辨hishumor

into

satire抵ersu跽rin昏

hand,1t“socaIkedhimintoobseⅣi“gdeIibentely血eside—e饪jctofindustrializationand山e

darknessoftheonlybmught

unexpectedpersonal

and

Inthe矗rstplace,

llisfatherdiedwhenhe

bro“ghcab。ucche

Twaillwe

sode母.Namely,山ematerialful右l】menc

about

8piritvacan。y.

Because

onlytwelveandw}lichdirecdy

hisde。pso‘ryandin—

endofhlsfound

educ撕on.

However.

creasingdissatisfacdontowardthesecoI】ld

not

phenomena,Twain

on

an

knowwasbomin

pedod

thacchetwosideswere

bellumorousandoptimistica“ym。re.

Twaininhjs1aterworksshi在ed丘om

矗gh矗“g

Ⅵ阻s

at

throatandwhentheconnictendeddlewest

o臼en.The

thecontnrv.

s皿wide

nationwide

a丘e瑚a山of

wescward

movement

and

once

oppo枷des

a铲in缸Ⅱofchances扭d

oneout

a&r

anonler.UIlIikeStlal=espearesdlIcouIdwrite

comedies

a盘er

his

four

he山e雎forewasuttedydeHghtcd

sonle

铲eaceSc

wi出出c丘cshhndmdiIlvi学。糟cedby出epioncefingsD砸t.Chanc舒aredlathis丘tbe,bdeathdid

not

world—known锄gedies,

s州e

hishumor.

Twamchangedhiswfiting

nlake

intobjt亡er强drea丘ermaki“gthewoddlaughby

HislastyearsⅥ陀rc丘Uedwidlacutepes—

di睡rence“ponhisemo矗on.Lifewas棚edwi出i乜mysteries,ala帆edbyits

musedbvi皓contrasc.

b—ghtforhim,teⅡors,anda—

siIllism,stro“gskepticism姐dbi仕er钳tire.Twaindied

on

Thushewasableto1aughwi山

April21,1910,atthe39eofseVenty一丘Ve.

h曲mess

However,

as

th。greatwhenthe

humoristin山;Paci丘cslope.

agedTwainuldIllatelyrealized

IV.Conclusion

To

【hatthematerialwealdlonlvresulted缸corrupdonand

s啪up'血ndamentaⅡy,Twain拓a乒eat

once

hu—

injusdce

humor

insteadofman’smoraHtyimproVement,

hisand

morist.Hesaid.”thert

are

severalkindsofsto—

to

mdhu咖、耽托rePhced

was

by

bi啦r

s11eer

ries,butonly

one

di伍cuh一一thehumorous.”So

be

sadre.Indlesecondplace,whenhecatcdhe

once

bec锄e

sophisd—

hum。rousin王lisw^ti“g

pursuit.Icis

vemure

to

5ayish虹1ifelo“g

al:ainhaunted

in山econ出tent

ak。und朗iable出ac

Meanwhne

Twainisthe

ordy百一

dea山sofhisloved

by

ones:

hisbrodlerHenrvwaskilled

姐t

to

who

hdbroughtbothlocalc010rismandhumor

he

once

ste枷b03t

at

explosion;

血edea出ofhis

son

Lar培一

woddnme

claimedthathe

conceⅡ】edwidl

dom

sPinal

19months;

hisddest

dau曲cer

susydiedof

to

wasseriouswritera舯dⅥmsacdvelv

menin峁s;

Mnclemens

and

aIl

succ哪bed

hem

an

moralideasinⅡlanyw3ys.ontllispoint,Twainwas

by

no

attadkinFlorence;

youngestdaughter

JeaIl

meallsshan。wor角volousandwecan’t正mply

印丑ep∞drowned

encounccrs

in

upstairsbachmb.

such

tra西c

caⅡhimhumorist

oran

ironicwriter.Infact,most

TwainexperierlcedisreaⅡy1ikcthede—

”Bit_。

“Twain’s

aIld

sadre

二国国

scfi口don

in』j锄}乃耽功1能i冠矿∥o脚日呃:oz

on

a11d刀殆爿函珊m蝌口/’酗r£阮6e口y砌

one

wofksare山ecombinationofbochhumor

tcmesSfbdthemanwhohadmadedle

wodd

w越ansein口oint.ontheh卸d,it

ishismascer—

can

1augh.The

州thbitcer

morahzing

of磕eadier

wrid“ghadbeen

piece

as

humori5twh丑ethenovdaho

sen6mencahtvand

beeyed

on

3s

weⅡpaddedwi血hum饼.Now(hegIoVes

not

c嬲K砸‘

re4son

sa6re

on

Rom甜西cism

the

Sa6re.”Thelastbutmeleast

0ther.Roughly

edinhe

sPeaki“g,Twain’shumor

alldllispersonal

deeply

root—

whvTwailltIlmedhumorintosatire加llishterwoiks

isdntd”total矗ilufeofllis可pe一一setd“gandpub—lishingcomp4nyin

soc试ch血ges

su位血乎.Whcn

ofchances

mou曲th危wasbrightforbimand如n

1894.The蜘ufe

ones

mbusinessalld

andifeverythingwentsmoothly,

However.

hewasquiteopd—whenhefbundthe

personaI

dledeadlsofhis10ved

madeTwainmajn“ned

misdcandhumorous.

bitterskepddsmin11ishtcrSpaired

p舡t硷.Twain是lt

was

so

de—

in

darkness,cornlption,injusticeand出e

encouncers

na百c

and在us啦ted

tllathe

de印1y

inVolved

hehad

to

withs亡andinparticu】a‘

hebe—Itf0110ws

con~

skepdcismandpredesdnadon.Just如heputin11is

ownautobio铲aphy:

c拗e丘rSdv

se—ousand出enbic七erironic.

”…

no

出eyvanishhDm

cons。qucnce;

wofldthey

出ereforethatweshouldtaketheseelemen拓into

where血eywereof

achievednothing;

where

dderadonwhenaIlalyzi“gTwain'swridngcharacceris—dcs

as

wheretheywereaⅡ血takeand

wheremeyhave

1e庇no

weⅡashimse堆Inshort,bothdle

锄ure

出em

ch柚gillg

so—

andf001ishnesS;

si辨

cialreahty卸dtheu’lpredictabl。persona1trlgediesdi—

出atthevhavee)dsted一一awoddwhichwiⅡlament

d3yandfo。getchemforever.”

rect坤andevenmally

mort0

sa臼re

resultedinhischang。f曲mhu~

In

word,

Mark

Twain飞hteryearS

was甜l

of

cotal缸1ure

infkquent6nanc瑚specul撕on—the

spec—

uladonbothintyP。一sec七i“gandpubhshillgcompalliesandhis

personal

【参考文献】

[1]D∞gxu血勘而疏秘,∞面加厶蛔撇胛∥西彩毋[M].

WuIl姐:WuhanU由ve耐时Press.2002

bereavement—thebeIoved

ones

died

覃承华

[2]wu

马克-吐温:从幽默到讽刺

[5]陶洁.美国文学选读[M].北京:高等教育出版社2000[6]王恩铭当代蔓国社会与文化[M].上海:上海外语教育

出版社,1997

ed.

wehen崩抛少耐^埘觚移’∥z拙咖“豳船P

TeachiIlg越d

(Vol眦e2)[M].BeUjng:ForeignL孤guagc

R髓earchPr∞s.1990.

[3]zhaIlgH蛐d,wang

Lm.爿西黜耐点警茹域Rev

Boo“)[M]Be】=jing:Fo耐gIl

L柚guageTeacJlingand

[7]张伯香.英美文学选读自学辅导[M].北京:外语教学与

研究出版社.2001.

Rese“hP”女.1995

[4]李套昭.二十世纪美国文学导论[M].西安:西安变通大

学出版社.2000.

【收稿日期2005-09—19】【责任编辑谢文海】

(上接第40页)

提到,但是雅各(J∞ob)和比尔哈(B丑hah)所生的儿子,希伯来人的族长。《牛津当代百科大词典》对“D∞”这一名字的解释是“神的审判”瑚(““’从但(Dan)的一生中,很难找出他有什么优点。在位期问,他没有干出什么成就来;在他父亲的眼里,他是叛逆的毒蛇。作者在小说中给老太太的儿子取这么个姓名,是为了突出蒂勒老太太的儿子但(D”)是个有着叛逆精神的人。与喜欢一辈子呆在林中过宁静生活的西尔维亚不一样,他不愿意一辈子都呆在深山老林中,他要到外面去闯荡,去奋斗。他有着一切游子的共性,那就是不爱写信回家。他既让家人感到骄傲和自豪。又让家人时刻为他牵肠挂肚。他的所作所为,普通人,包括他的母亲,是无法作出正确的评价的,那就只好让神去评判了。

采用具有象征意蕴的暗示命名法,是欧蓑小说一种富有生命力的传统,很多作家都在他们的作品中反复运用。在《白苍鹭》中,作者朱厄特分别给文本中出现的部分人和物取了名字,并且巧妙地通过特定的语境赋予了这些普通的姓名丰富的象征意义,从而大大增强了小说的表现力和感染力,使它

读起来义蕴深长,耐人寻味,深受读者喜爱。

【参考文献】

[1]Andl0109y

ofAmedcan

II)[z].New

York:Macmiu柚Pub‰g

Li胁mre(secorldEdidon)(Volme

co,Inc.,1980

[2]陈新.英美名家短篇小说精品赏析[M].北京:中国时外翻译出版公司,1999[3]李正桂,李翠亭.英国文学学习指南[z].北京:清华大学

出版社,1999

[4]张世君.欧蔓小说模式[M].广西:广西教育出版社,1995[5]霍恩比(著)。李北迭(译)牛津高阶英汉双解词典(第

四版)[z]北京:商务印书馆,1997

[6]封教.英文字椎字典[z].北京:外文出版社,1999[7]李慎廉英语姓名词典[z].北京:外语教学与研究出版社.2002[8]昊衡康.牛津当代百科大词典[z].北京:中国人民太学

出版社.2002

【收稿日期【责任编辑

2005—1

1—30】吴庆丰】


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