第27卷第2期
2006年
JOuRNAL
玉林师范学院学报(哲学社会科学)
0F
YULIN
TEACHERS
V01.27No.2
COLLEGE(Philosophy&SocialScience)
ll
马克・吐温:从幽默到讽刺
覃承华
(南宁师范高等专科学校外语系助教,广西龙州532400)
【摘要】美国的幽默大师和现实主义作家马克・土温,被认为是一个世界文学巨匠。他的幽默对
其后辈文人产生了巨大的影响。批评家对此亦高度重视并就此提出了不同的阐释。然而,幽默在马克・土温后期的作品里非但消失殆尽反而被辛辣讽刺所取代。马克・土温为何改变了他的写作风格和人生态度?什么原因导致了他的这种巨变?紧紧围绕上述问题,文章从社会影响和个人遭遇两个方面分别分
析了引起马克・吐温写作风格和人生态度改变的原因。旨在就他的这些改变提出理性分析,从而使其作品更加通俗易懂。
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【关键词】马克・土温;幽默;讽刺
【中图分类号】1206【文献标识码】A【文章编号】1004—4671(2006)02一004卜05
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磷;嗣
I.Introduction
Americanliterature”.
the
”thetme白therof
our
national
田
erature.
ark
Twain,
pseud。nym。fSamuel
istheforerunnerand
arena
1iterature”,used
”MarkTwain一一Mirr。r。fAmerica”are
hispinnaclesin1iterature・His白ithful
Lan曲。meclemens,
reputedrealistinthe
t。highli曲t
ofAmerican1it—
to
disciple,EmestHerllingway,moreoVer,onceputit,
”a11modem1iteraturecomes在om
Becauseofhisremarkablecontribution
the
nati。n,1iterarycriticssp。keFor
instance.
hi曲1y。fhisachievements.
Linc01n
of
Twain,called月删叼7局埘…”
As矗r
as
a
one
bookby
Mark
thesevenerabletitles”the
literary舀ant
isconcemed,
Twainwas
remen】beredbv
lnen
of1etcers6rstLv
a
asa
maste删nd
Inother
a
码e
c&6瑚据d,廿蹲哦宇Rqg《c幽P黜c。“n咎
“coklmn
withhis
ofhumorandthenwor出,
Twain
as
bittersadricwIiter.
career
waspubhshed.jumpi“g疗og一岫e‘
andCgothilnC’sfrogfuu
inhhwritiIlge冲erienced
co
st“Lng#r¥50一一stra“gerhadno丘og,
one一一inthemeandme,ofshotandwon.”Thhutadon
as
3
cha“ge丘ombelngchee血11andopdmisdc
ingandpessirnjstic.Butwhat
cause
despair-
stra”gef衄ed
jump.
The
hisshiR丘omhu—he
couldn’t
str柚ger’s曲g
mor
to
sadre?PersonaUv.bothsocialinnuenceand
rolesin
success削story丘m_y
che
civil
war
estab】ishedhjsrep—
personalencou呲ersP12y
to
cridcalsa石re
chan百r培his
toward
humoristandstoⅣtelkr.
was
a
wridn立丘omhumor
】i癌aswell.
andhisacdtude
In自ct,
t11mi“g—pointin
a
Twain’s1icerarycareer,a11dit、抛s越sowate耐1ed
be—
tweenhishumorandsatire.Thus,tlleware’币erience
II.Socialin丑uences
BodltheAmericancivil
andlastedtill1865)war
great】y
forhimwas
an
。poch—maki“g
eventandithad
war(h3ppened
wfitingstyle.
in1861
最r.reachingTwain
in丑uence“pon墙wrid“g.
and
eVe
We
know,
andthere—coIlstrucdonaRertheTwain’s
fullydil螗endy
ofthe
eInbracedint0thesteamboat
hisorig—
a舵ctedMark
piloton山e
ciⅧwar.Presumablyh叩piness
of
Twainwasbominberinl835,intotheciv丑war,boatpnot,
3
a
F10rida,Missouri,on30“Novem—
inalpursuitwas丘ghtfo‘peace,在eedom,andreuni右一
lawyer矗m订y.Wim山e
adventof
a
cation“the
Atthat
nation
and
AJnerica“people.
He
a
youngTwainin1856
bec枷e
steam—
dme,Tw血’s。yes、vere
as
6Uedwithhopesand
pro任ssionaboutwhichhe、Ⅳrotethir七y
oPpornlnides
welI
as
con丑ictsand
6曲ts.
6肌ly
yeaIslaterintheallyspeabog,ware。pedence
book三妊叩如此铷出勃耐Gener—
the
uphddth武hecouldbeself.nladeandmade
fbr吣ne
Americanpeoplee埘oyregardi”g
byjlIlme商“g
inthe
waT.Hawever,onlytheopposite
ev一
as
theircherisheda11dvaluableforcLlne,
no
Ⅵ礓sin6cttn】e.Itmmedout幻be出athetook
at
姐d
Twainw勰also
excepdon.
As
3
pilotheac—
cast
。ry血i“gfo‘granted
to
an
6璐t.shordya丘erthewarcame
dvelyparcicipated
characters
set
intheciv丑war抽1857.Theof
end,itleRnotllingbutcherislledremembrances,
beforehimillhispr0忙ssionwas—cha11d
whichmade11im
ex仕emely
a
upsetand
disheanened…
V撕ed一一a
l洫,
cosmos.
to
Hetookabundamnyparcinthis
p订oth。use
F。rnlmtely,
hisfourand
halfyea巧inthe
ste删boat
listeni“g
talkoffeuds,
piracies,
madehimselfeducatedandacquaimedwi出everypos—
siblecypeofhuman
naturc,
1ynchin昏,medicineNamely,
sho、Ⅳs,a11dsavlge
wate商deslurm.
柚dmost
ofwhichⅡ1ade
hemade11imselfveryInuch矗nliharwidla11
him
ulti呦tely
dig画“g
recogIlizedthathi8pen、vould
m培hder
he
Ⅵ,aIksafli南aIldeachcomerofchesocietv.Twain.attheVery
t11anhiswe3pom.b。昏m
his
Without
way
to
hedtadonanymore,
as
a
be百nni“舀Ⅵ郴actuaⅡyopdmisdc
HoweveL
aboutⅥ士at
to
rc垂onalfame
and
corre一
hesawandwhathedid.the
hehadleave
5pondentandhumoristwitllrichwar8Xperience.Due
to
rivercountrvindlewakeofthe
a
endoftlle
c砌
In
hisphon。g‘aphicmemories
descriptiv。genius
waraRerfourand
holf
vears
inthe
ste枷b。at.
end
to
hemadescoresof
a11h3ppenedindlew盯vividlyresurfaced.
set
ocherwords,cheendofci啊1wa‘put
as
3
an
hish岳
succes血1
work8graduaⅡyhimapart疗0m
p丑ot.Thenhetdedsoldieri“g。nceagainfoftwo
t王lecommonmenofJettersandiceVenmaIhrmadehim
a
weeks、Ⅳithmodeybandofconfederateguerr司1as,who
diIigentlyaVoideda&erdecidi“g,
contact
reputedspok。sperson
forthere“ismand
a
wicll出eenemy.Twai“quit
wo订d—widerem盯kablehumoristinpanicular.
As
a
“I
k11ewmoreaboutrc七read“gthan
witnessofdledvilwar,changes
Twainsawckady
developITlent
theSouthpowerincon丑ict
at
chemanthatinventedretreatj“g”A丘erthat,hemadellis
th。great
innadon’seconomic
the矗nalvictorv
m抽d
to
establish
his矗meby
wfi石ng.
Icw弧
andpoliticaltheNorth
1ife.Whh
39ain
over
proVed山athi5penwasreally
ax
mi出derthallhi3pick—and
ad。pted
once
enjoyed
itswieldi“g
acute
In1861hebecome
pen
a
joumalist
thenadon’sadminis七ra石on.Nowthe
“Mark
Twaill”ashis
n蛐e.
Fouryears1ater,
homewasundenninedandt11eAmerica“peopleagaln
覃承华
fbcusedtheir{bⅡatten石on
、var
on
马克・吐温:从幽默到讽刺
。pcimist
instaflce,
to
a
re—cons衄lcdona丘er山e
oftheslaVes
misanthrope,bslacer
行omhumor
to
s撕re.
For
Because
the
l"ost
majori‘y
wefe锄an—
de南ated
case,
in
works,刀缸日磁一4尹柚d
intemelyaIld丘crcelys撕ri2ed
Unlike
e)中an矗on
cipated,
skLve—based
econoIny。fdle
只d扬旅2一形岱豌卫
the
he
Sou出haditsprosperitybecameroocless.
clusters
ofgroundless
Indlis
山eranlpanteVnsanddarknessofches。ciety.
sou出empoorwhitesandthee砷eriences
ofwafandthewescward
newly在eed
davesheaded
to
directly
or
indirecclyfor山e
Itm3ybe
was
chacmadellimbecam。quiteoptilllistic,theand
co肌pdon
new一1iberacedcitiescalledthe”G01dso—caⅡed
che
seek。ppor【11ni6es.
Rush”rejuvenated,orra出er,it
Dream”
rudli“g
bv
to
injusticemadehimbecamee]【七remelypessimi难c.He缸1edto6ndw棚c0eradicatetheexacerbatedso—
cialdis髓se;wafdsb麾.
heheldThus.
a
’’American
noc
somecridcs.
to
helplessanddusiveatcimdcto—
Twainalsocould
helP
t11ewestwillTwainbecame
doub血1
aboutthe
hisAmericandrcam.Heveloprnent
once
behevedmeideaofde—
ideaofdeVdopmentand出epticalofmegoodneSsof
andindustrializationsinceitwouldmod—
emizedl。you“gcoun在yandencouragetheent。rpris—
i“g5piritoftheAmericanwhohad10ngbeen6mou5forit.Hewas6m_llyenthIaⅡedbysuchagain
he
held
an
砌蚴由矗越嘲he
human
nadon.s
imperia
and
nacLlre.历尼肠M奶矿幽点舭and乃咖
severely
condemed
t0
dle
aggressivc
behaviorother
fher,so
once
countries,especi柚1y山eSpanish—American可旷ar.Since出。P“blica60n
opdmiscic
actjc【Ide亡owardsche
of乃口^参硝∞扫螂冱船留可i11
m血妇ined
a
1916
posc—wescwarde。pansi。n丘omthe“nparalleledand
Hedrewmuchi11spirad。“
un石lhisdeachinl910.hebittersadreand
ma口洫cent
roob
eVent
3工1dspoke
skepddsm
toa
la‘ge
deg弦e.乃f以I幺日,五甜(妇瑙p船矿
0f
lligh】yofi如deci虹on—makefsanditspeople.
占k跨而比秽and职协矗咖4知are。印resent撕ves
a
Soc试consciomness
jnsocialbei“g.As
出j
ssort.
kindofsocialconscioumess.1iteracllreshouldrenect
a
thethensocidrealityinwhichit在m[1】yro。ts.Bei“grealisdcIitenti,andsawhe
III.Personal
AsI
ed
encounters
foregoing,socialin丑1lenceasserc—
oVer
Tw撕“graduaUynoticedthedarkness
me埘oned
c0
he血laUvfoundthedi自睡rencebetweenwhathe
predorninant五铲语c蛆ce
s撕re.
Icis
Twain’sconVe巧i。n
sodd
5upemciallymd
also
found
to
whatcheyreallywerein—dep出;
丘Dmhumor
the
di位rencebe附een
no“3嚣ention出at
what
pe。ple
i11丑uenceofhkday,cowardsb南,and
so
on
chimcdbe越d
whatth。yreallywere.
Herealized
his
so
do皿nandya&ccedllisa晒mdeoutlookofsocie坼hwridng5叫e
山atpeopkbecameamora:Iandt11enlhngclassbecame
impotentint}lccourse。fmaterialprosperity.,U—
andfbr七h.I{owever.tllereisaIlomerel—
ement,hispersonal虹agedieswllichakocanItbeig—
Iloredwhen
thou曲b。th
ter
theciv丑warandthere—coIls七rtlctionaf-
ofthewestward
we岫es
as
co
analyzehiswfi石“gstyle.
the
war(正ennach
to
abledhim1ifc,
to
be‰iliarwith
e坤amion)en—
a11walks0f
Regarded
a百aIlt
inbo出Americanhteratllre
encountered
coundess
people丘om
at
aIld、voddHccrature.personal
Tw缸n
bedchinwIid”gmaterialsⅥrhich1edhimto
large,
andt0acquire
as
hardships柚dsu伍:rill昏.Itislikely
t11atTwain
becomeAmericana埘bassador
an
ismorc丘moIlsforhispersonaltragediesthan船ahu—
intemadona1
reputadon
。n
morista11d
a
represenbdveofrealism.
to
Itis
no
wander
ex—
humo^stcum一矗ontier—philosopher;
cheother
thathehadperienci“g仃agedies
、vas
chan辨hishumor
into
satire抵ersu跽rin昏
hand,1t“socaIkedhimintoobseⅣi“gdeIibentely血eside—e饪jctofindustrializationand山e
darknessoftheonlybmught
unexpectedpersonal
and
Inthe矗rstplace,
llisfatherdiedwhenhe
bro“ghcab。ucche
Twaillwe
sode母.Namely,山ematerialful右l】menc
about
8piritvacan。y.
Because
onlytwelveandw}lichdirecdy
hisde。pso‘ryandin—
endofhlsfound
educ撕on.
3
However.
creasingdissatisfacdontowardthesecoI】ld
not
phenomena,Twain
on
an
knowwasbomin
pedod
thacchetwosideswere
bellumorousandoptimistica“ym。re.
Twaininhjs1aterworksshi在ed丘om
矗gh矗“g
Ⅵ阻s
at
throatandwhentheconnictendeddlewest
o臼en.The
thecontnrv.
s皿wide
nationwide
a丘e瑚a山of
wescward
movement
and
once
oppo枷des
a铲in缸Ⅱofchances扭d
oneout
a&r
anonler.UIlIikeStlal=espearesdlIcouIdwrite
comedies
a盘er
his
four
he山e雎forewasuttedydeHghtcd
sonle
铲eaceSc
wi出出c丘cshhndmdiIlvi学。糟cedby出epioncefingsD砸t.Chanc舒aredlathis丘tbe,bdeathdid
not
world—known锄gedies,
s州e
hishumor.
Twamchangedhiswfiting
nlake
intobjt亡er强drea丘ermaki“gthewoddlaughby
HislastyearsⅥ陀rc丘Uedwidlacutepes—
di睡rence“ponhisemo矗on.Lifewas棚edwi出i乜mysteries,ala帆edbyits
musedbvi皓contrasc.
b—ghtforhim,teⅡors,anda—
siIllism,stro“gskepticism姐dbi仕er钳tire.Twaindied
on
Thushewasableto1aughwi山
April21,1910,atthe39eofseVenty一丘Ve.
h曲mess
However,
as
th。greatwhenthe
humoristin山;Paci丘cslope.
agedTwainuldIllatelyrealized
IV.Conclusion
To
【hatthematerialwealdlonlvresulted缸corrupdonand
s啪up'血ndamentaⅡy,Twain拓a乒eat
once
hu—
injusdce
humor
insteadofman’smoraHtyimproVement,
hisand
morist.Hesaid.”thert
are
severalkindsofsto—
to
mdhu咖、耽托rePhced
was
by
bi啦r
s11eer
ries,butonly
one
di伍cuh一一thehumorous.”So
I
be
sadre.Indlesecondplace,whenhecatcdhe
once
bec锄e
sophisd—
hum。rousin王lisw^ti“g
pursuit.Icis
vemure
to
5ayish虹1ifelo“g
al:ainhaunted
in山econ出tent
ak。und朗iable出ac
Meanwhne
Twainisthe
ordy百一
dea山sofhisloved
by
a
ones:
hisbrodlerHenrvwaskilled
姐t
to
who
hdbroughtbothlocalc010rismandhumor
he
once
ste枷b03t
at
explosion;
血edea出ofhis
son
Lar培一
woddnme
a
claimedthathe
conceⅡ】edwidl
dom
sPinal
19months;
hisddest
dau曲cer
susydiedof
to
a
wasseriouswritera舯dⅥmsacdvelv
menin峁s;
Mnclemens
and
aIl
succ哪bed
hem
an
moralideasinⅡlanyw3ys.ontllispoint,Twainwas
by
no
attadkinFlorence;
youngestdaughter
JeaIl
meallsshan。wor角volousandwecan’t正mply
a
印丑ep∞drowned
encounccrs
in
upstairsbachmb.
such
tra西c
caⅡhimhumorist
oran
ironicwriter.Infact,most
TwainexperierlcedisreaⅡy1ikcthede—
”Bit_。
“Twain’s
aIld
sadre
二国国
scfi口don
in』j锄}乃耽功1能i冠矿∥o脚日呃:oz
on
a11d刀殆爿函珊m蝌口/’酗r£阮6e口y砌
one
wofksare山ecombinationofbochhumor
tcmesSfbdthemanwhohadmadedle
wodd
w越ansein口oint.ontheh卸d,it
ishismascer—
can
1augh.The
州thbitcer
morahzing
of磕eadier
wrid“ghadbeen
piece
a
as
a
humori5twh丑ethenovdaho
sen6mencahtvand
beeyed
on
3s
weⅡpaddedwi血hum饼.Now(hegIoVes
not
c嬲K砸‘
re4son
sa6re
on
Rom甜西cism
the
Sa6re.”Thelastbutmeleast
0ther.Roughly
edinhe
sPeaki“g,Twain’shumor
alldllispersonal
deeply
root—
whvTwailltIlmedhumorintosatire加llishterwoiks
isdntd”total矗ilufeofllis可pe一一setd“gandpub—lishingcomp4nyin
soc试ch血ges
su位血乎.Whcn
ofchances
mou曲th危wasbrightforbimand如n
1894.The蜘ufe
ones
mbusinessalld
a
andifeverythingwentsmoothly,
However.
hewasquiteopd—whenhefbundthe
personaI
dledeadlsofhis10ved
madeTwainmajn“ned
misdcandhumorous.
bitterskepddsmin11ishtcrSpaired
p舡t硷.Twain是lt
was
so
de—
in
darkness,cornlption,injusticeand出e
encouncers
na百c
and在us啦ted
tllathe
de印1y
inVolved
hehad
to
withs亡andinparticu】a‘
hebe—Itf0110ws
con~
skepdcismandpredesdnadon.Just如heputin11is
ownautobio铲aphy:
c拗e丘rSdv
se—ousand出enbic七erironic.
”…
no
出eyvanishhDm
cons。qucnce;
a
wofldthey
a
出ereforethatweshouldtaketheseelemen拓into
where血eywereof
achievednothing;
where
dderadonwhenaIlalyzi“gTwain'swridngcharacceris—dcs
as
wheretheywereaⅡ血takeand
wheremeyhave
1e庇no
weⅡashimse堆Inshort,bothdle
锄ure
出em
a
ch柚gillg
so—
andf001ishnesS;
si辨
cialreahty卸dtheu’lpredictabl。persona1trlgediesdi—
出atthevhavee)dsted一一awoddwhichwiⅡlament
d3yandfo。getchemforever.”
a
rect坤andevenmally
mort0
sa臼re
resultedinhischang。f曲mhu~
In
word,
Mark
Twain飞hteryearS
was甜l
of
cotal缸1ure
infkquent6nanc瑚specul撕on—the
spec—
uladonbothintyP。一sec七i“gandpubhshillgcompalliesandhis
personal
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bereavement—thebeIoved
ones
died
覃承华
[2]wu
马克-吐温:从幽默到讽刺
[5]陶洁.美国文学选读[M].北京:高等教育出版社2000[6]王恩铭当代蔓国社会与文化[M].上海:上海外语教育
出版社,1997
ed.
wehen崩抛少耐^埘觚移’∥z拙咖“豳船P
TeachiIlg越d
(Vol眦e2)[M].BeUjng:ForeignL孤guagc
R髓earchPr∞s.1990.
[3]zhaIlgH蛐d,wang
Lm.爿西黜耐点警茹域Rev
Boo“)[M]Be】=jing:Fo耐gIl
L柚guageTeacJlingand
[7]张伯香.英美文学选读自学辅导[M].北京:外语教学与
研究出版社.2001.
Rese“hP”女.1995
[4]李套昭.二十世纪美国文学导论[M].西安:西安变通大
学出版社.2000.
【收稿日期2005-09—19】【责任编辑谢文海】
(上接第40页)
提到,但是雅各(J∞ob)和比尔哈(B丑hah)所生的儿子,希伯来人的族长。《牛津当代百科大词典》对“D∞”这一名字的解释是“神的审判”瑚(““’从但(Dan)的一生中,很难找出他有什么优点。在位期问,他没有干出什么成就来;在他父亲的眼里,他是叛逆的毒蛇。作者在小说中给老太太的儿子取这么个姓名,是为了突出蒂勒老太太的儿子但(D”)是个有着叛逆精神的人。与喜欢一辈子呆在林中过宁静生活的西尔维亚不一样,他不愿意一辈子都呆在深山老林中,他要到外面去闯荡,去奋斗。他有着一切游子的共性,那就是不爱写信回家。他既让家人感到骄傲和自豪。又让家人时刻为他牵肠挂肚。他的所作所为,普通人,包括他的母亲,是无法作出正确的评价的,那就只好让神去评判了。
采用具有象征意蕴的暗示命名法,是欧蓑小说一种富有生命力的传统,很多作家都在他们的作品中反复运用。在《白苍鹭》中,作者朱厄特分别给文本中出现的部分人和物取了名字,并且巧妙地通过特定的语境赋予了这些普通的姓名丰富的象征意义,从而大大增强了小说的表现力和感染力,使它
读起来义蕴深长,耐人寻味,深受读者喜爱。
■
【参考文献】
[1]Andl0109y
ofAmedcan
II)[z].New
York:Macmiu柚Pub‰g
Li胁mre(secorldEdidon)(Volme
co,Inc.,1980
[2]陈新.英美名家短篇小说精品赏析[M].北京:中国时外翻译出版公司,1999[3]李正桂,李翠亭.英国文学学习指南[z].北京:清华大学
出版社,1999
[4]张世君.欧蔓小说模式[M].广西:广西教育出版社,1995[5]霍恩比(著)。李北迭(译)牛津高阶英汉双解词典(第
四版)[z]北京:商务印书馆,1997
[6]封教.英文字椎字典[z].北京:外文出版社,1999[7]李慎廉英语姓名词典[z].北京:外语教学与研究出版社.2002[8]昊衡康.牛津当代百科大词典[z].北京:中国人民太学
出版社.2002
【收稿日期【责任编辑
2005—1
1—30】吴庆丰】
第27卷第2期
2006年
JOuRNAL
玉林师范学院学报(哲学社会科学)
0F
YULIN
TEACHERS
V01.27No.2
COLLEGE(Philosophy&SocialScience)
ll
马克・吐温:从幽默到讽刺
覃承华
(南宁师范高等专科学校外语系助教,广西龙州532400)
【摘要】美国的幽默大师和现实主义作家马克・土温,被认为是一个世界文学巨匠。他的幽默对
其后辈文人产生了巨大的影响。批评家对此亦高度重视并就此提出了不同的阐释。然而,幽默在马克・土温后期的作品里非但消失殆尽反而被辛辣讽刺所取代。马克・土温为何改变了他的写作风格和人生态度?什么原因导致了他的这种巨变?紧紧围绕上述问题,文章从社会影响和个人遭遇两个方面分别分
析了引起马克・吐温写作风格和人生态度改变的原因。旨在就他的这些改变提出理性分析,从而使其作品更加通俗易懂。
l
j
I
l
【关键词】马克・土温;幽默;讽刺
【中图分类号】1206【文献标识码】A【文章编号】1004—4671(2006)02一004卜05
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磷;嗣
I.Introduction
Americanliterature”.
the
”thetme白therof
our
national
田
erature.
ark
Twain,
pseud。nym。fSamuel
istheforerunnerand
arena
1iterature”,used
”MarkTwain一一Mirr。r。fAmerica”are
hispinnaclesin1iterature・His白ithful
Lan曲。meclemens,
reputedrealistinthe
t。highli曲t
ofAmerican1it—
to
disciple,EmestHerllingway,moreoVer,onceputit,
”a11modem1iteraturecomes在om
Becauseofhisremarkablecontribution
the
nati。n,1iterarycriticssp。keFor
instance.
hi曲1y。fhisachievements.
Linc01n
of
Twain,called月删叼7局埘…”
As矗r
as
a
one
bookby
Mark
thesevenerabletitles”the
literary舀ant
isconcemed,
Twainwas
remen】beredbv
lnen
of1etcers6rstLv
a
asa
maste删nd
Inother
a
码e
c&6瑚据d,廿蹲哦宇Rqg《c幽P黜c。“n咎
“coklmn
withhis
ofhumorandthenwor出,
Twain
as
bittersadricwIiter.
career
waspubhshed.jumpi“g疗og一岫e‘
andCgothilnC’sfrogfuu
inhhwritiIlge冲erienced
co
st“Lng#r¥50一一stra“gerhadno丘og,
one一一inthemeandme,ofshotandwon.”Thhutadon
as
3
cha“ge丘ombelngchee血11andopdmisdc
ingandpessirnjstic.Butwhat
cause
despair-
stra”gef衄ed
jump.
The
hisshiR丘omhu—he
couldn’t
str柚ger’s曲g
mor
to
sadre?PersonaUv.bothsocialinnuenceand
rolesin
success削story丘m_y
che
civil
war
estab】ishedhjsrep—
personalencou呲ersP12y
to
cridcalsa石re
chan百r培his
toward
humoristandstoⅣtelkr.
was
a
wridn立丘omhumor
】i癌aswell.
andhisacdtude
In自ct,
t11mi“g—pointin
a
Twain’s1icerarycareer,a11dit、抛s越sowate耐1ed
be—
tweenhishumorandsatire.Thus,tlleware’币erience
II.Socialin丑uences
BodltheAmericancivil
andlastedtill1865)war
great】y
forhimwas
an
。poch—maki“g
eventandithad
war(h3ppened
wfitingstyle.
in1861
最r.reachingTwain
in丑uence“pon墙wrid“g.
and
eVe
We
know,
andthere—coIlstrucdonaRertheTwain’s
fullydil螗endy
ofthe
eInbracedint0thesteamboat
hisorig—
a舵ctedMark
piloton山e
ciⅧwar.Presumablyh叩piness
of
Twainwasbominberinl835,intotheciv丑war,boatpnot,
3
a
F10rida,Missouri,on30“Novem—
inalpursuitwas丘ghtfo‘peace,在eedom,andreuni右一
lawyer矗m订y.Wim山e
adventof
a
cation“the
Atthat
nation
and
AJnerica“people.
He
a
youngTwainin1856
bec枷e
steam—
dme,Tw血’s。yes、vere
as
6Uedwithhopesand
pro任ssionaboutwhichhe、Ⅳrotethir七y
oPpornlnides
welI
as
con丑ictsand
6曲ts.
6肌ly
yeaIslaterintheallyspeabog,ware。pedence
book三妊叩如此铷出勃耐Gener—
the
uphddth武hecouldbeself.nladeandmade
fbr吣ne
Americanpeoplee埘oyregardi”g
byjlIlme商“g
inthe
waT.Hawever,onlytheopposite
ev一
as
theircherisheda11dvaluableforcLlne,
no
Ⅵ礓sin6cttn】e.Itmmedout幻be出athetook
at
姐d
Twainw勰also
excepdon.
As
3
pilotheac—
cast
。ry血i“gfo‘granted
to
an
6璐t.shordya丘erthewarcame
dvelyparcicipated
characters
set
intheciv丑war抽1857.Theof
end,itleRnotllingbutcherislledremembrances,
beforehimillhispr0忙ssionwas—cha11d
whichmade11im
ex仕emely
a
upsetand
disheanened…
V撕ed一一a
l洫,
cosmos.
to
Hetookabundamnyparcinthis
p订oth。use
F。rnlmtely,
hisfourand
halfyea巧inthe
ste删boat
listeni“g
talkoffeuds,
piracies,
madehimselfeducatedandacquaimedwi出everypos—
siblecypeofhuman
naturc,
1ynchin昏,medicineNamely,
sho、Ⅳs,a11dsavlge
wate商deslurm.
柚dmost
ofwhichⅡ1ade
hemade11imselfveryInuch矗nliharwidla11
him
ulti呦tely
dig画“g
recogIlizedthathi8pen、vould
m培hder
he
Ⅵ,aIksafli南aIldeachcomerofchesocietv.Twain.attheVery
t11anhiswe3pom.b。昏m
his
Without
way
to
hedtadonanymore,
as
a
be百nni“舀Ⅵ郴actuaⅡyopdmisdc
HoweveL
aboutⅥ士at
to
rc垂onalfame
and
corre一
hesawandwhathedid.the
hehadleave
5pondentandhumoristwitllrichwar8Xperience.Due
to
rivercountrvindlewakeofthe
a
endoftlle
c砌
In
hisphon。g‘aphicmemories
descriptiv。genius
waraRerfourand
holf
vears
inthe
ste枷b。at.
end
to
hemadescoresof
a11h3ppenedindlew盯vividlyresurfaced.
set
ocherwords,cheendofci啊1wa‘put
as
3
an
hish岳
succes血1
work8graduaⅡyhimapart疗0m
p丑ot.Thenhetdedsoldieri“g。nceagainfoftwo
t王lecommonmenofJettersandiceVenmaIhrmadehim
a
weeks、Ⅳithmodeybandofconfederateguerr司1as,who
diIigentlyaVoideda&erdecidi“g,
contact
reputedspok。sperson
forthere“ismand
a
wicll出eenemy.Twai“quit
wo订d—widerem盯kablehumoristinpanicular.
As
a
“I
k11ewmoreaboutrc七read“gthan
witnessofdledvilwar,changes
Twainsawckady
developITlent
theSouthpowerincon丑ict
at
chemanthatinventedretreatj“g”A丘erthat,hemadellis
th。great
innadon’seconomic
the矗nalvictorv
m抽d
to
establish
his矗meby
wfi石ng.
Icw弧
andpoliticaltheNorth
1ife.Whh
39ain
over
proVed山athi5penwasreally
ax
mi出derthallhi3pick—and
ad。pted
once
enjoyed
itswieldi“g
acute
In1861hebecome
pen
a
joumalist
thenadon’sadminis七ra石on.Nowthe
“Mark
Twaill”ashis
n蛐e.
Fouryears1ater,
homewasundenninedandt11eAmerica“peopleagaln
覃承华
fbcusedtheir{bⅡatten石on
、var
on
马克・吐温:从幽默到讽刺
。pcimist
instaflce,
to
a
re—cons衄lcdona丘er山e
oftheslaVes
misanthrope,bslacer
行omhumor
to
s撕re.
For
Because
the
l"ost
majori‘y
wefe锄an—
de南ated
case,
in
works,刀缸日磁一4尹柚d
intemelyaIld丘crcelys撕ri2ed
Unlike
e)中an矗on
cipated,
skLve—based
econoIny。fdle
只d扬旅2一形岱豌卫
the
he
Sou出haditsprosperitybecameroocless.
clusters
ofgroundless
Indlis
山eranlpanteVnsanddarknessofches。ciety.
sou出empoorwhitesandthee砷eriences
ofwafandthewescward
newly在eed
davesheaded
to
directly
or
indirecclyfor山e
Itm3ybe
was
chacmadellimbecam。quiteoptilllistic,theand
co肌pdon
new一1iberacedcitiescalledthe”G01dso—caⅡed
che
seek。ppor【11ni6es.
Rush”rejuvenated,orra出er,it
Dream”
rudli“g
bv
to
injusticemadehimbecamee]【七remelypessimi难c.He缸1edto6ndw棚c0eradicatetheexacerbatedso—
cialdis髓se;wafdsb麾.
heheldThus.
a
’’American
noc
somecridcs.
to
helplessanddusiveatcimdcto—
Twainalsocould
helP
t11ewestwillTwainbecame
doub血1
aboutthe
hisAmericandrcam.Heveloprnent
once
behevedmeideaofde—
ideaofdeVdopmentand出epticalofmegoodneSsof
andindustrializationsinceitwouldmod—
emizedl。you“gcoun在yandencouragetheent。rpris—
i“g5piritoftheAmericanwhohad10ngbeen6mou5forit.Hewas6m_llyenthIaⅡedbysuchagain
he
held
an
砌蚴由矗越嘲he
human
nadon.s
imperia
and
nacLlre.历尼肠M奶矿幽点舭and乃咖
severely
condemed
t0
dle
aggressivc
behaviorother
fher,so
once
countries,especi柚1y山eSpanish—American可旷ar.Since出。P“blica60n
opdmiscic
actjc【Ide亡owardsche
of乃口^参硝∞扫螂冱船留可i11
m血妇ined
a
1916
posc—wescwarde。pansi。n丘omthe“nparalleledand
Hedrewmuchi11spirad。“
un石lhisdeachinl910.hebittersadreand
ma口洫cent
roob
eVent
3工1dspoke
skepddsm
toa
la‘ge
deg弦e.乃f以I幺日,五甜(妇瑙p船矿
0f
lligh】yofi如deci虹on—makefsanditspeople.
占k跨而比秽and职协矗咖4知are。印resent撕ves
a
Soc试consciomness
jnsocialbei“g.As
出j
ssort.
kindofsocialconscioumess.1iteracllreshouldrenect
a
thethensocidrealityinwhichit在m[1】yro。ts.Bei“grealisdcIitenti,andsawhe
III.Personal
AsI
ed
encounters
foregoing,socialin丑1lenceasserc—
oVer
Tw撕“graduaUynoticedthedarkness
me埘oned
c0
he血laUvfoundthedi自睡rencebetweenwhathe
predorninant五铲语c蛆ce
s撕re.
Icis
Twain’sconVe巧i。n
sodd
5upemciallymd
also
found
to
whatcheyreallywerein—dep出;
丘Dmhumor
the
di位rencebe附een
no“3嚣ention出at
what
pe。ple
i11丑uenceofhkday,cowardsb南,and
so
on
chimcdbe越d
whatth。yreallywere.
Herealized
his
so
do皿nandya&ccedllisa晒mdeoutlookofsocie坼hwridng5叫e
山atpeopkbecameamora:Iandt11enlhngclassbecame
impotentint}lccourse。fmaterialprosperity.,U—
andfbr七h.I{owever.tllereisaIlomerel—
ement,hispersonal虹agedieswllichakocanItbeig—
Iloredwhen
thou曲b。th
ter
theciv丑warandthere—coIls七rtlctionaf-
ofthewestward
we岫es
as
co
analyzehiswfi石“gstyle.
the
war(正ennach
to
abledhim1ifc,
to
be‰iliarwith
e坤amion)en—
a11walks0f
Regarded
a百aIlt
inbo出Americanhteratllre
encountered
coundess
people丘om
at
aIld、voddHccrature.personal
Tw缸n
bedchinwIid”gmaterialsⅥrhich1edhimto
large,
andt0acquire
as
hardships柚dsu伍:rill昏.Itislikely
t11atTwain
becomeAmericana埘bassador
an
ismorc丘moIlsforhispersonaltragediesthan船ahu—
intemadona1
reputadon
。n
morista11d
a
represenbdveofrealism.
to
Itis
no
wander
ex—
humo^stcum一矗ontier—philosopher;
cheother
thathehadperienci“g仃agedies
、vas
chan辨hishumor
into
satire抵ersu跽rin昏
hand,1t“socaIkedhimintoobseⅣi“gdeIibentely血eside—e饪jctofindustrializationand山e
darknessoftheonlybmught
unexpectedpersonal
and
Inthe矗rstplace,
llisfatherdiedwhenhe
bro“ghcab。ucche
Twaillwe
sode母.Namely,山ematerialful右l】menc
about
8piritvacan。y.
Because
onlytwelveandw}lichdirecdy
hisde。pso‘ryandin—
endofhlsfound
educ撕on.
3
However.
creasingdissatisfacdontowardthesecoI】ld
not
phenomena,Twain
on
an
knowwasbomin
pedod
thacchetwosideswere
bellumorousandoptimistica“ym。re.
Twaininhjs1aterworksshi在ed丘om
矗gh矗“g
Ⅵ阻s
at
throatandwhentheconnictendeddlewest
o臼en.The
thecontnrv.
s皿wide
nationwide
a丘e瑚a山of
wescward
movement
and
once
oppo枷des
a铲in缸Ⅱofchances扭d
oneout
a&r
anonler.UIlIikeStlal=espearesdlIcouIdwrite
comedies
a盘er
his
four
he山e雎forewasuttedydeHghtcd
sonle
铲eaceSc
wi出出c丘cshhndmdiIlvi学。糟cedby出epioncefingsD砸t.Chanc舒aredlathis丘tbe,bdeathdid
not
world—known锄gedies,
s州e
hishumor.
Twamchangedhiswfiting
nlake
intobjt亡er强drea丘ermaki“gthewoddlaughby
HislastyearsⅥ陀rc丘Uedwidlacutepes—
di睡rence“ponhisemo矗on.Lifewas棚edwi出i乜mysteries,ala帆edbyits
musedbvi皓contrasc.
b—ghtforhim,teⅡors,anda—
siIllism,stro“gskepticism姐dbi仕er钳tire.Twaindied
on
Thushewasableto1aughwi山
April21,1910,atthe39eofseVenty一丘Ve.
h曲mess
However,
as
th。greatwhenthe
humoristin山;Paci丘cslope.
agedTwainuldIllatelyrealized
IV.Conclusion
To
【hatthematerialwealdlonlvresulted缸corrupdonand
s啪up'血ndamentaⅡy,Twain拓a乒eat
once
hu—
injusdce
humor
insteadofman’smoraHtyimproVement,
hisand
morist.Hesaid.”thert
are
severalkindsofsto—
to
mdhu咖、耽托rePhced
was
by
bi啦r
s11eer
ries,butonly
one
di伍cuh一一thehumorous.”So
I
be
sadre.Indlesecondplace,whenhecatcdhe
once
bec锄e
sophisd—
hum。rousin王lisw^ti“g
pursuit.Icis
vemure
to
5ayish虹1ifelo“g
al:ainhaunted
in山econ出tent
ak。und朗iable出ac
Meanwhne
Twainisthe
ordy百一
dea山sofhisloved
by
a
ones:
hisbrodlerHenrvwaskilled
姐t
to
who
hdbroughtbothlocalc010rismandhumor
he
once
ste枷b03t
at
explosion;
血edea出ofhis
son
Lar培一
woddnme
a
claimedthathe
conceⅡ】edwidl
dom
sPinal
19months;
hisddest
dau曲cer
susydiedof
to
a
wasseriouswritera舯dⅥmsacdvelv
menin峁s;
Mnclemens
and
aIl
succ哪bed
hem
an
moralideasinⅡlanyw3ys.ontllispoint,Twainwas
by
no
attadkinFlorence;
youngestdaughter
JeaIl
meallsshan。wor角volousandwecan’t正mply
a
印丑ep∞drowned
encounccrs
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the
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0ther.Roughly
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alldllispersonal
deeply
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isdntd”total矗ilufeofllis可pe一一setd“gandpub—lishingcomp4nyin
soc试ch血ges
su位血乎.Whcn
ofchances
mou曲th危wasbrightforbimand如n
1894.The蜘ufe
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andifeverythingwentsmoothly,
However.
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so
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in
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encouncers
na百c
and在us啦ted
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hehad
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withs亡andinparticu】a‘
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wheremeyhave
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andf001ishnesS;
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rect坤andevenmally
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In
word,
Mark
Twain飞hteryearS
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马克-吐温:从幽默到讽刺
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【收稿日期2005-09—19】【责任编辑谢文海】
(上接第40页)
提到,但是雅各(J∞ob)和比尔哈(B丑hah)所生的儿子,希伯来人的族长。《牛津当代百科大词典》对“D∞”这一名字的解释是“神的审判”瑚(““’从但(Dan)的一生中,很难找出他有什么优点。在位期问,他没有干出什么成就来;在他父亲的眼里,他是叛逆的毒蛇。作者在小说中给老太太的儿子取这么个姓名,是为了突出蒂勒老太太的儿子但(D”)是个有着叛逆精神的人。与喜欢一辈子呆在林中过宁静生活的西尔维亚不一样,他不愿意一辈子都呆在深山老林中,他要到外面去闯荡,去奋斗。他有着一切游子的共性,那就是不爱写信回家。他既让家人感到骄傲和自豪。又让家人时刻为他牵肠挂肚。他的所作所为,普通人,包括他的母亲,是无法作出正确的评价的,那就只好让神去评判了。
采用具有象征意蕴的暗示命名法,是欧蓑小说一种富有生命力的传统,很多作家都在他们的作品中反复运用。在《白苍鹭》中,作者朱厄特分别给文本中出现的部分人和物取了名字,并且巧妙地通过特定的语境赋予了这些普通的姓名丰富的象征意义,从而大大增强了小说的表现力和感染力,使它
读起来义蕴深长,耐人寻味,深受读者喜爱。
■
【参考文献】
[1]Andl0109y
ofAmedcan
II)[z].New
York:Macmiu柚Pub‰g
Li胁mre(secorldEdidon)(Volme
co,Inc.,1980
[2]陈新.英美名家短篇小说精品赏析[M].北京:中国时外翻译出版公司,1999[3]李正桂,李翠亭.英国文学学习指南[z].北京:清华大学
出版社,1999
[4]张世君.欧蔓小说模式[M].广西:广西教育出版社,1995[5]霍恩比(著)。李北迭(译)牛津高阶英汉双解词典(第
四版)[z]北京:商务印书馆,1997
[6]封教.英文字椎字典[z].北京:外文出版社,1999[7]李慎廉英语姓名词典[z].北京:外语教学与研究出版社.2002[8]昊衡康.牛津当代百科大词典[z].北京:中国人民太学
出版社.2002
【收稿日期【责任编辑
2005—1
1—30】吴庆丰】