综合教程第四册
Unit Five
I. Background
世上有一朵美丽的花，不是生长在土壤里，而是开放在人们心灵的旷野中，像一朵火红的月季：
世上有一股清泉，在天涯海角，年年岁岁地流淌着，流淌着。我们每一个行路者都在执著地追求着，仿佛是在酷热如火、口干舌燥的夏季渴望有一片凉爽的绿荫一样。于是，这股清泉就成了止渴的梅，就成了大漠深处的绿洲，给我们以鼓舞和力量。
这便是友情。 真正的友情没有距离。 不管两个好朋友相隔得有多么远，她们的心，始终是彼此挨着彼此的，始终是彼此牵挂着彼此的。她们也会为自己在遥远的另一方有一位知心的朋友而感到骄傲和欣慰。还记得留言簿上朋友的赠言：“不通音讯并不意味着忘记，不再相见并不意味着分离。离开并不意味着真正的离开。因为,心的一角还系在那方。”
真正的友情应该真诚、信任。 真诚，是待人处世的最好方法；真诚，也是沟通心灵的桥梁。人与人之间需要真诚，真正的朋友之间更加需要真诚。敞开心扉，与朋友坦诚相待，就不会有隔膜，心与心也就因此而靠得更近，连得更紧。如果一个人对待自己的朋友真心付出过，换来的却是种种谎言，那是友情的天空下起雨的缘故，而湿漉漉的感觉会让人很难受。失去朋友信任的人也是最可悲的，曾经有人说过“或许最叫人心伤的，不是你最爱的人说不再爱你，而是最重视你的人说不信任你。” 真正的友情是一株成长缓慢的植物。 它需要我们用真心去慢慢地培养，常用水轻轻地浇灌，给它充足的阳光，让它渐渐地成长为一颗成熟的植物。
在你遭遇不章的时候，友情就是你避风的港湾，它会帮助你走出不幸，给予你最贴心，最真切的关怀，使你不再悲伤，不再忧郁，重新扬起生活的风帆；在你获得了荣誉，取得了成功的时候，友情就是鞭策你的绳索，让你不要骄傲，朝着更新的目标前进。
把自己的快乐分给自己的朋友，就会变成两份快乐，当自己的痛苦与朋友一起承担，它就变成了半个痛苦。
友情，是点缀青春的乐章，它是我们的人生中最美妙、最动听、最能打动人心弦的乐章，它每一个音符无时无刻都在我们每个人的心灵中跳动着；友情，是我们生活中的阳光，它使我们每个人的心都变得更加温暖，使人与人之间更近了。
友情至真便是一份自私的情感，便是可以为之痛为之心碎。朋友之间的情感有如亲情又有如爱情，朋友是世界上最美丽的名词之一。不是每个人都希望功成名就，但是每个人都希望能有朋友。
只有真正懂得友情的人，才能真正懂得什么是生活。我们都应该学会珍惜身边的友情，用自己．的心去体会“友情”这个美妙的词语！你会感觉到，它，
就在你心灵的最深处缓缓地流过！
II. Analysis of the Text
本篇文章讨论了两类友谊：男人间的友谊和女人间的友谊。共分为四部
分：第一部分作者介绍了“她”所看过的电影c第二部分中作者进而谈到了男
女友谊的双重标准。第三部分作者细述了两类友谊的区别。第四部分作者 归纳男人之间和女人之间友谊的显著区别。
Part I(Paragraphs l-2)：作者介绍了“她”看过的电影以及“她”对这些 电影的态度
PartⅡ（Paragraphs 3-6）：作者讲述了电影内容焦点的转移并讨论了两种
友谊的区别。
PartⅢ（Paragraphs 7-18）：作者细述了两类友谊的区别。总的来说，前者
以行动为基础，后者以感情为基础。男人间的友谊是建立在相互合作需要的 基础上，男人们面对逆境共同进退。女人的友谊则是建立在爱的基础上，需 要共同的感情支持。
PartⅣ(paragraph 19)：这是文章的结尾部分。作者重申了这两类友谊
的区别。
III．Words & Phrases Study
文中出现的重难点单词及短语: chase, reflect, capacity, count, confidence，confess，restraint，grieve，intimate
1. chase
v. follow rapidly in order to catch or overtake; pursue追赶，追捕
Liverpool are chasing their third league title in four years．利物浦队正全力以赴准备四年后第三次赢得联赛冠军。
（点拨）chase和pursue都含有“追随”的意思。chase意为“为了某种目的主动追逐、追赶”，句子的主语，宾语一般都是有生命力的人或动物，
如：The little boy watched a cat chasing birds．小男孩看见猫追
小鸟。pursue意为“为了达到目的而追赶，追逐”，有坚持不懈，穷追
不舍的劲头，被追逐的可以是具体的人（物），也可以是抽象的事物。
2. reflect
v. manifest as a result of sth．反映，表现
（释例）The election results do not always reflect back the views of the
voters．选举的结果并不总能真实地反映选民的意见。
（点拨）①后接on或upon,意为“思索、蒙受、招致、博得”，如：reflect
on a problem仔细思考一个问题／ reflection one's conduct指责某
人的行为/Such results reflected great credit upon us.这些成绩给我们带来了莫大的光荣。②被动结构和过去分词作后置定语时，后
接in或from，如：The mountains are reflected in the water．群
山倒映在水中。③作及物动词，后接宾语从句，如：She reflected that
life is short．她认为生命太短暂了。
3. capacity
n. ability，quality of being suitable for or receptive to specified
treatment能力；性能，品质
（释例）Housewives who do not go out to work often feel they are not
working to their full capacity.没有外出工作的家庭主妇们常常觉得
没有充分体现出她们的工作才能。①capacity和ability都有“能力”
的意思，但capacity指人接受、容纳、吸收、理解方面的能力，亦可
表示无生命的事物的承受、容纳、装载能力；ability则一般指人办事
等实际应用上的能力，或智力和体力方面的才能，本领。②capacity
后可接介词for, of或不定式，如：The library has a capacity of
more than 250，000 volumes.这个图书馆藏书达25万多册。/He
succeeded for he had infinite capacity for taking pains．他之所
以成功在于他能吃苦耐劳。/The country has the capacity to
compete with Japan in export trade．这个国家在出口贸易方面有
能力和日本竞争。
4. count
v. to believe or consider to be；deem认为，相信或认为是；认为
（释例）She counts among the most gifted of the current generation of
composers．她算是当代最有才华的作曲家。
（点拨）①作动词，后可接as, against, among, for, on 或upon;等介词。后
接as时，意为“把... ...看作”，但as常可省略，如：He counted himself
(as) lucky．他认为自己很幸运。后接against，意为“不利于”，如：
His age counted against him．他的年龄对他不利。后接among,
意为“算在 … … 内”，如：You count among my best friends．你
算是我最要好的朋友之一。后接介词for，意为“有„„价值或作用”，
如:For him fame does not count for much．在他看来，出名算不
了什么。后接介词on或upon，意为 “指望，依靠”，如：I have counted
upon having it completed by March.我原来指望到三月份能完成此
事。②作名词，常用短语有：lost count of数不清/on all counts从
所有方面说，如：On all counts，I have been greatly benefited by
his counsel.从各方面说，他的劝告使我受益匪浅。
5．confidence
n．( often confidences ) a secret or private matter told to someone
under a condition of trust秘密;私事;私房话
(释例)A friend does not betray confidences.朋友是不会泄露秘密的。
(点拨)confidence和assurance都表示一种信心。confidence是对某人能力的
一种坚定的信任，例如：I have every confidence in your ability to
succeed.我对你的成功有“绝对把握。assurance更加强调把握性甚至暗
示傲慢，例如:How can a nonscientist explain an abstruse theory with
such assurance?怎么一个非科学家时这一抽象理论的解释如此自信?
6. confess
v. admit or acknowledge something reluctantly, typically because one
feels slightly ashamed or embarrassed 承认，坦白，忏悔
(释例)He confessed himself to be totally ignorant of their plans.他承认
自己对于他们的计划一无所知。
(点拨)confess后接介词宾语为名词或动名词，如:He confessed to cheating on
the exam.承认考试作弊。
7. restraint
n. deprivation or restriction of personal liberty or freedom of
movement抑制，制止，克制
(释例)He exercised considerable restraint in not, suing for a divorce. 他
极力克制自己，不提出离婚诉讼。
(点拨)后接in，意为“自我克制” ；后接on，意为“限制”，如：His restraint in not s owing his anger was admirable．他对怒气的克制真令人佩服。/The government places a restraint on public spending．政府限制公费开支。
8．grieve
v. cause to be sorrowful; distress使人伤心，为„„伤心
(释例)It grieves me to hear how disobedient you've been．听说你很不听
话，使我感到非常难过。
① grieve, mourn和deplore有“悲痛，哀悼”的意思，但三者有所区别。grieve常有独自一人内心悲痛的含义，比mourn的词义强，如：The nation grieved for its war dead．全国都为战死的人悲伤。mourn常指表现出来的悲痛，多用于哀悼死者。如：She mourned for him so constantly that she became
seriously ill．她天天为他的死而悲伤，以致得了重病。deplore多用于不可挽回的悲惨之事，如：He deplored the loss of his dear friend．他失去一位亲密的朋友，深感惋惜。②grieve的宾语通常是人，不可以是物，如:Her death grieved him.她的死使他很悲伤。
9. intimate
adj . having or being a very close and friendly relationship亲密的，密切的
(释例)We're not exactly on intimate terms，but we see each other fairly
often 我们虽算不上关系亲密，但还常见面。
(点拨）①作形容词，后接with，意为“与某人很亲密”，如I am intimate with
Joe; we have been friends for many years.我同乔关系密切，我们
是多年的知己。②作名词，意为“知己，密友”，通常要受到前置或后置
的定语修饰，几乎不单独出现在句中，如:My intimate我的知己，an
intimate of the president's ,总统的一位密友。
IV. Class Check
1. He was punished _____ he should make the same mistake again.
A) unless B) lest C)if D)provided
2. In Africa, educational costs are very low for those who are _____ get into universities.
A) ambitious B) fortunate C) aggressive D)substantial
3. The film provides a deep _____ into a wide range of human qualities and feelings.
A) insight B) imagination C) fancy D) outlook
4. In the Chinese household, grandparents and other relatives play
_____ roles in raising children.
A) incapable B) indispensable C) insensible D) infinite
5. The group technicians are engaged in a study which _____ all aspects of urban planning.
A) embraces B) performs C) inserts D) grips
6. On New Years’ Eve, New York City holds an out door _____ which attracts a crowd a million or more people.
A) incident B) event C) case D) affair
V. Text Explanation
1. Ellen Goodman:埃伦·古德曼:1941年出生的古德曼毕业子美国女子学院。她从1957年开始，成为《波士顿环球报》的一名编辑兼专栏作家。她在1979年出版过一本名为《转折点》的书。1980年，她荣获普利策杰出评论奖。2000年，她和另一位作家合作山版了一本书，名为《我完全理解你的意思—友谊在女性人生中的份量》。
2. 1t was, in many ways，a light movie.本句话可理解为In many respects it was a simple and ordinary film.
3. Claudia Weill:克劳迪亚·威尔是拍实验电影和纪录片山身的导演，她最有名的纪录片是和莎莉·麦克琳合拍的《半边夭中国记怀》(THE OTHER HALF OF THE SKY: A CHINAMEHOIR)，记录中国妇女的现状，获奥斯卡提名。她的剧情片《女朋友》( GIRLFRIENDS，1978）也是对女性生活、处境有深刻反映的电影。
4. Slowly，it panned across the tapestry of friendship„:本句话可理
解为:Step by step it gave an all-sided view of the complex structure of friendship...
5. Hemingways:海明威(1899-1961)美国小说家、诺贝尔文学奖获得者。1899年7月21日生于芝加路市郊像胶园小镇。父亲是医生和体育爱好者，母亲从事音乐教育。6个兄弟姐妹中，他排行第二，从小酷爱体育、捕鱼和狩猎。中学毕业后曾去法国等地旅行，回国后当过见习记者。第一次大战爆发后，他志愿赴意大利当战地救护车司机。1918年夏在前线被炮弹炸成重伤，回国休养。后来去加拿大多伦多市星报任记者。1921年重返巴黎，结识美国女作家斯坦因、青年作家安德森和诗人庞德等。1923年发表处女作《三个短篇小说和十首诗》，随后游历欧洲各国。1926年出版了长篇小说《太阳照样升起》，初获成功，被斯坦因称为“迷惘的一代”。1929年，反映第一次世界大战的长篇巨著《永别了，武器》的问世给作家带来了声誉。 30年代初，海明威到非洲旅行和狩猎。 1935年写成《非洲的青山》和一些短篇小说。 1937年发表了描写美国与古巴之间海上走私活动的小说《有的和无的》。西班牙内战期间，他3次以记者身份亲临前线，在炮火中写了剧本《第五纵队》，并创作了以美国人参加西班牙人民反法西斯战争为题材的长篇小说《丧钟为谁而鸣》(1940)。他曾与许多美国知名作家和学者捐款支援西班牙人民正义斗争。1941年偕夫人玛莎访问中国，支
持我国抗日战争。后又以战地记者身份重赴欧洲，并多次参加战。战后客居古巴，潜心写作。 1952年，《老人与海》问世，深受好评，翌年获普利策奖。 1954年获诺贝尔文学奖。卡斯特罗掌权后，他离开古巴返美定居。因身上多处旧伤，百病缠身，精神忧郁，1961年7月2日用猎枪自杀。海明威去世后发表的遗作主要有：《海流中的岛屿》(1970)和《伊甸园》(1986)。他那独特的风格和塑造的硬汉子形象对现代欧美文学产生了深远的影响。
6. In contrast, they portrayed women picking on each other, the way they once picked berries:本句话可理解为：On the contrary, women were described fastidious and superficial in films who chose friends just as picked berries.
7. A man once told her that men weren't real buddies until they had been ... until和till两者都可作介词、连词，一般情况下可以互换使用。用于肯定句时，主句的动词只用延续性的，它所表示的动作一直延续到ill或until表示的时间为止，意为“直到„„为止”；用于否定句时，主句的动词一般是非延续性的，也可以是延续性的，它所表示的动作直到till或until所表示的时间才发生，意为“直到„„（才）"。如：She watched TV until／till her mother came back．她看电视直到她母亲回来。（看电视的动作延续到母来才结束）She didn't watch TV until／till her mother came back．直到她母亲回来她才（开始）看电视。（看电视的动作直到她母亲回来才发生）现将一相关知识点作具体的介绍：
1)until和till以作介词或连词。作介词用时，后面接名词或副词；作连词用时，常用来引导一个时间状语从句。当它们用于肯定句中，主句动词常为延续性动词，表示这个动作一直延续到till／until所表示的时间为止。当它们引导时间状语从句时往往要用一般现在时代替一般将来时。如：They worked until/till six o'clock．他们一直工作到六点钟。 He will wait for until/till your mother comes.他将等你直到你母亲来。
2)not until/till意为“直到„„才”，主句常用终止性动词（即非延续性），表示until/till所表示的时间一到，该动作就发生。如：He didn't go to bed until/till eleven last night.昨天夜里他直到十一点才上床睡觉。She didn't know me until/till last week.她直到上一周才认识我。Einstein was not able to return to his homeland until the war was over．直到战争结束后爱因斯坦才得以回国。
注意：not until放在句首时要用倒装语序，如上面第三个例句可以改为放 在句首的倒装句：Not until the war was over was Einstein able to return to his homeland。
3)如果要放在句首，只能用until而不能用till，如：误：Till I finished my homework, mother didn't let me out．正：Until I finished my homework, mother didn't let me out．直到我做完家庭作业妈妈才准我出去。
4)强调结构中也常常出现not until结构，常见句型为：It is／was not until„that。如下面这个句子：She didn't find me until I called her from behind.直到我从后面叫她之后.她才发现了我。改为强调结构:It was not until I called her from behind that she found me.
注:但在强调句型中，not until置于句首构成倒装句以及until放在句首时，均不能用till替换until。例如:It was not until 1920 that regular radio broadcast began.直到1920年才开始有定期的无线电广播。Not until 12 o'clock last night did Tom come back.(倒装句)昨晚直到十二点汤姆才回来。Until I was 20 I had never been away from my hometown.我二十岁以前，从未离开过家乡。
8.Babbitt《巴比特》是一部反映美国商业文化繁盛时期城市商人生活的小说。
这本小说不仅塑造了一个典型的商人形象“巴比特”，还漫画式地表现出美国上个世纪二十年代商业文化的方方面面，具有文化对照和艺术欣赏的双重价值。巴比特是一位成功的房地产商人，过着富足而又平板的中产阶级生活。然而作为一个人，他受到虚空的袭击，于是企图寻找另一种“真正的生活”。为此，他外出漫游，尝试过一种玩世不恭的生活，甚至染上了革命情绪。但巴比特又没有勇气去承受接之而来的社会冷落，于是，他重新投入了家庭生活和商人生涯的怀抱，在小说的结尾，巴比特将希望寄托在他的儿子身上。
9. The only relationship that gave meaning to the claustrophobic life...: 本句话可理解为: What made the claustrophobic life of George Babbitt meaningful has been his relationship with Paul Riesling, without his relationship with Paul Riesling George Babbitt would have found his claustrophobic meaningless.
VI．Writing Practice
What is a good friend?
As we all know, human is collective animal, which cannot be isolated from the society. In the society, people build many different relationships with others among these relationships, there are some basic ones which are necessary to all the people. Everyone has parents, friends, relatives and lovers. Today we will talk about friends? Everyone needs friends. From childhood to the old age, people will get many friends during different periods. You need friend to help you, to praise you, to protect you, to warm you ...
It is people's nature to make friends but it is not easy to get good friends. What is a good friend? A good friend has share the sweetness and hardness with you. He or she trust you and understand you. When you make success, they will feel happy as you and keep you cold mind as
usual. When you are hurt, they will comfort you and encourage you to recover. They can understand your minds though maybe they do not agree with you. You need not see them very often but in your hearts, they are always there.
I have a good friend named Fang. Fang and l am both born in peasant families. The same ambitions and interests tied us when we were children. We had studied in the same school for six years. We both hoped to pass the National College Entrance Examinations and change our poor families. so we studied hard in the high school and imagined our bright future together. But one month before we attended the National College Entrance Examinations, Fang left school. She even did not say good-bye to me. I did not know why she gave up the chance to study in the college. At that time she was the top student in our class and every student and teacher thought she could enter a good university. One year later, 1 received a letter from her. From her letter I knew that her father had got serious illness before the National College Entrance Examinations and her whole family could not afford her study in university so she chose to give up. She worked in a factory in South China. She said she never gave up study. Followed the letter, she supported me five hundred RMB every year till l graduated from the university She encourages me to realize our common dreams.
VII. Translation exercises
I. Translate the following sentences into English, using the words or
phrases given in the brackets.
1. Your remarks border on rudeness.
2. Any unemployed person counts as deserving government help.
3. On the whole I am quite satisfied with the experiment.
4. A person’s appearance makes a difference in how others judge him.
5. Advertising tends to portray women in very traditional roles.
6. Having inherited a considerable wealth, the twin sisters were eager
to show off their jewelry.
7. Public interest has once again shifted focus on the changes in the
urban environment.
8. In contrast, even the most modern aircraft look clumsy and slow. II. Translate the following passage into Chinese.
如同在其它许多欧美国家一样，在法国，朋友通常是相同性别的，友谊则基本上被认为是男人之间的一种关系。法国妇女嘲笑“女人不能为朋友”这种说法，但他们有时也承认，对女人来说，朋友是“另外一回事儿”。另外，许多法国人对男女之间是否存在的友谊表示怀疑。在一个团体中还存在着这样一种关系，男女在一起工作了很久一段时间，他们之间的关系可能很密切，彼此忠诚，感觉亲切。他们可能互称“copains”——这个词的英文意思是朋友，但却更接近“老铁”或“哥们”的含义。在法国人眼里这不是友谊，虽然这种团体中两个成员很可能成为朋友。
IV. Class Check答案1－6： B B A B A B
综合教程第四册
Unit Five
I. Background
世上有一朵美丽的花，不是生长在土壤里，而是开放在人们心灵的旷野中，像一朵火红的月季：
世上有一股清泉，在天涯海角，年年岁岁地流淌着，流淌着。我们每一个行路者都在执著地追求着，仿佛是在酷热如火、口干舌燥的夏季渴望有一片凉爽的绿荫一样。于是，这股清泉就成了止渴的梅，就成了大漠深处的绿洲，给我们以鼓舞和力量。
这便是友情。 真正的友情没有距离。 不管两个好朋友相隔得有多么远，她们的心，始终是彼此挨着彼此的，始终是彼此牵挂着彼此的。她们也会为自己在遥远的另一方有一位知心的朋友而感到骄傲和欣慰。还记得留言簿上朋友的赠言：“不通音讯并不意味着忘记，不再相见并不意味着分离。离开并不意味着真正的离开。因为,心的一角还系在那方。”
真正的友情应该真诚、信任。 真诚，是待人处世的最好方法；真诚，也是沟通心灵的桥梁。人与人之间需要真诚，真正的朋友之间更加需要真诚。敞开心扉，与朋友坦诚相待，就不会有隔膜，心与心也就因此而靠得更近，连得更紧。如果一个人对待自己的朋友真心付出过，换来的却是种种谎言，那是友情的天空下起雨的缘故，而湿漉漉的感觉会让人很难受。失去朋友信任的人也是最可悲的，曾经有人说过“或许最叫人心伤的，不是你最爱的人说不再爱你，而是最重视你的人说不信任你。” 真正的友情是一株成长缓慢的植物。 它需要我们用真心去慢慢地培养，常用水轻轻地浇灌，给它充足的阳光，让它渐渐地成长为一颗成熟的植物。
在你遭遇不章的时候，友情就是你避风的港湾，它会帮助你走出不幸，给予你最贴心，最真切的关怀，使你不再悲伤，不再忧郁，重新扬起生活的风帆；在你获得了荣誉，取得了成功的时候，友情就是鞭策你的绳索，让你不要骄傲，朝着更新的目标前进。
把自己的快乐分给自己的朋友，就会变成两份快乐，当自己的痛苦与朋友一起承担，它就变成了半个痛苦。
友情，是点缀青春的乐章，它是我们的人生中最美妙、最动听、最能打动人心弦的乐章，它每一个音符无时无刻都在我们每个人的心灵中跳动着；友情，是我们生活中的阳光，它使我们每个人的心都变得更加温暖，使人与人之间更近了。
友情至真便是一份自私的情感，便是可以为之痛为之心碎。朋友之间的情感有如亲情又有如爱情，朋友是世界上最美丽的名词之一。不是每个人都希望功成名就，但是每个人都希望能有朋友。
只有真正懂得友情的人，才能真正懂得什么是生活。我们都应该学会珍惜身边的友情，用自己．的心去体会“友情”这个美妙的词语！你会感觉到，它，
就在你心灵的最深处缓缓地流过！
II. Analysis of the Text
本篇文章讨论了两类友谊：男人间的友谊和女人间的友谊。共分为四部
分：第一部分作者介绍了“她”所看过的电影c第二部分中作者进而谈到了男
女友谊的双重标准。第三部分作者细述了两类友谊的区别。第四部分作者 归纳男人之间和女人之间友谊的显著区别。
Part I(Paragraphs l-2)：作者介绍了“她”看过的电影以及“她”对这些 电影的态度
PartⅡ（Paragraphs 3-6）：作者讲述了电影内容焦点的转移并讨论了两种
友谊的区别。
PartⅢ（Paragraphs 7-18）：作者细述了两类友谊的区别。总的来说，前者
以行动为基础，后者以感情为基础。男人间的友谊是建立在相互合作需要的 基础上，男人们面对逆境共同进退。女人的友谊则是建立在爱的基础上，需 要共同的感情支持。
PartⅣ(paragraph 19)：这是文章的结尾部分。作者重申了这两类友谊
的区别。
III．Words & Phrases Study
文中出现的重难点单词及短语: chase, reflect, capacity, count, confidence，confess，restraint，grieve，intimate
1. chase
v. follow rapidly in order to catch or overtake; pursue追赶，追捕
Liverpool are chasing their third league title in four years．利物浦队正全力以赴准备四年后第三次赢得联赛冠军。
（点拨）chase和pursue都含有“追随”的意思。chase意为“为了某种目的主动追逐、追赶”，句子的主语，宾语一般都是有生命力的人或动物，
如：The little boy watched a cat chasing birds．小男孩看见猫追
小鸟。pursue意为“为了达到目的而追赶，追逐”，有坚持不懈，穷追
不舍的劲头，被追逐的可以是具体的人（物），也可以是抽象的事物。
2. reflect
v. manifest as a result of sth．反映，表现
（释例）The election results do not always reflect back the views of the
voters．选举的结果并不总能真实地反映选民的意见。
（点拨）①后接on或upon,意为“思索、蒙受、招致、博得”，如：reflect
on a problem仔细思考一个问题／ reflection one's conduct指责某
人的行为/Such results reflected great credit upon us.这些成绩给我们带来了莫大的光荣。②被动结构和过去分词作后置定语时，后
接in或from，如：The mountains are reflected in the water．群
山倒映在水中。③作及物动词，后接宾语从句，如：She reflected that
life is short．她认为生命太短暂了。
3. capacity
n. ability，quality of being suitable for or receptive to specified
treatment能力；性能，品质
（释例）Housewives who do not go out to work often feel they are not
working to their full capacity.没有外出工作的家庭主妇们常常觉得
没有充分体现出她们的工作才能。①capacity和ability都有“能力”
的意思，但capacity指人接受、容纳、吸收、理解方面的能力，亦可
表示无生命的事物的承受、容纳、装载能力；ability则一般指人办事
等实际应用上的能力，或智力和体力方面的才能，本领。②capacity
后可接介词for, of或不定式，如：The library has a capacity of
more than 250，000 volumes.这个图书馆藏书达25万多册。/He
succeeded for he had infinite capacity for taking pains．他之所
以成功在于他能吃苦耐劳。/The country has the capacity to
compete with Japan in export trade．这个国家在出口贸易方面有
能力和日本竞争。
4. count
v. to believe or consider to be；deem认为，相信或认为是；认为
（释例）She counts among the most gifted of the current generation of
composers．她算是当代最有才华的作曲家。
（点拨）①作动词，后可接as, against, among, for, on 或upon;等介词。后
接as时，意为“把... ...看作”，但as常可省略，如：He counted himself
(as) lucky．他认为自己很幸运。后接against，意为“不利于”，如：
His age counted against him．他的年龄对他不利。后接among,
意为“算在 … … 内”，如：You count among my best friends．你
算是我最要好的朋友之一。后接介词for，意为“有„„价值或作用”，
如:For him fame does not count for much．在他看来，出名算不
了什么。后接介词on或upon，意为 “指望，依靠”，如：I have counted
upon having it completed by March.我原来指望到三月份能完成此
事。②作名词，常用短语有：lost count of数不清/on all counts从
所有方面说，如：On all counts，I have been greatly benefited by
his counsel.从各方面说，他的劝告使我受益匪浅。
5．confidence
n．( often confidences ) a secret or private matter told to someone
under a condition of trust秘密;私事;私房话
(释例)A friend does not betray confidences.朋友是不会泄露秘密的。
(点拨)confidence和assurance都表示一种信心。confidence是对某人能力的
一种坚定的信任，例如：I have every confidence in your ability to
succeed.我对你的成功有“绝对把握。assurance更加强调把握性甚至暗
示傲慢，例如:How can a nonscientist explain an abstruse theory with
such assurance?怎么一个非科学家时这一抽象理论的解释如此自信?
6. confess
v. admit or acknowledge something reluctantly, typically because one
feels slightly ashamed or embarrassed 承认，坦白，忏悔
(释例)He confessed himself to be totally ignorant of their plans.他承认
自己对于他们的计划一无所知。
(点拨)confess后接介词宾语为名词或动名词，如:He confessed to cheating on
the exam.承认考试作弊。
7. restraint
n. deprivation or restriction of personal liberty or freedom of
movement抑制，制止，克制
(释例)He exercised considerable restraint in not, suing for a divorce. 他
极力克制自己，不提出离婚诉讼。
(点拨)后接in，意为“自我克制” ；后接on，意为“限制”，如：His restraint in not s owing his anger was admirable．他对怒气的克制真令人佩服。/The government places a restraint on public spending．政府限制公费开支。
8．grieve
v. cause to be sorrowful; distress使人伤心，为„„伤心
(释例)It grieves me to hear how disobedient you've been．听说你很不听
话，使我感到非常难过。
① grieve, mourn和deplore有“悲痛，哀悼”的意思，但三者有所区别。grieve常有独自一人内心悲痛的含义，比mourn的词义强，如：The nation grieved for its war dead．全国都为战死的人悲伤。mourn常指表现出来的悲痛，多用于哀悼死者。如：She mourned for him so constantly that she became
seriously ill．她天天为他的死而悲伤，以致得了重病。deplore多用于不可挽回的悲惨之事，如：He deplored the loss of his dear friend．他失去一位亲密的朋友，深感惋惜。②grieve的宾语通常是人，不可以是物，如:Her death grieved him.她的死使他很悲伤。
9. intimate
adj . having or being a very close and friendly relationship亲密的，密切的
(释例)We're not exactly on intimate terms，but we see each other fairly
often 我们虽算不上关系亲密，但还常见面。
(点拨）①作形容词，后接with，意为“与某人很亲密”，如I am intimate with
Joe; we have been friends for many years.我同乔关系密切，我们
是多年的知己。②作名词，意为“知己，密友”，通常要受到前置或后置
的定语修饰，几乎不单独出现在句中，如:My intimate我的知己，an
intimate of the president's ,总统的一位密友。
IV. Class Check
1. He was punished _____ he should make the same mistake again.
A) unless B) lest C)if D)provided
2. In Africa, educational costs are very low for those who are _____ get into universities.
A) ambitious B) fortunate C) aggressive D)substantial
3. The film provides a deep _____ into a wide range of human qualities and feelings.
A) insight B) imagination C) fancy D) outlook
4. In the Chinese household, grandparents and other relatives play
_____ roles in raising children.
A) incapable B) indispensable C) insensible D) infinite
5. The group technicians are engaged in a study which _____ all aspects of urban planning.
A) embraces B) performs C) inserts D) grips
6. On New Years’ Eve, New York City holds an out door _____ which attracts a crowd a million or more people.
A) incident B) event C) case D) affair
V. Text Explanation
1. Ellen Goodman:埃伦·古德曼:1941年出生的古德曼毕业子美国女子学院。她从1957年开始，成为《波士顿环球报》的一名编辑兼专栏作家。她在1979年出版过一本名为《转折点》的书。1980年，她荣获普利策杰出评论奖。2000年，她和另一位作家合作山版了一本书，名为《我完全理解你的意思—友谊在女性人生中的份量》。
2. 1t was, in many ways，a light movie.本句话可理解为In many respects it was a simple and ordinary film.
3. Claudia Weill:克劳迪亚·威尔是拍实验电影和纪录片山身的导演，她最有名的纪录片是和莎莉·麦克琳合拍的《半边夭中国记怀》(THE OTHER HALF OF THE SKY: A CHINAMEHOIR)，记录中国妇女的现状，获奥斯卡提名。她的剧情片《女朋友》( GIRLFRIENDS，1978）也是对女性生活、处境有深刻反映的电影。
4. Slowly，it panned across the tapestry of friendship„:本句话可理
解为:Step by step it gave an all-sided view of the complex structure of friendship...
5. Hemingways:海明威(1899-1961)美国小说家、诺贝尔文学奖获得者。1899年7月21日生于芝加路市郊像胶园小镇。父亲是医生和体育爱好者，母亲从事音乐教育。6个兄弟姐妹中，他排行第二，从小酷爱体育、捕鱼和狩猎。中学毕业后曾去法国等地旅行，回国后当过见习记者。第一次大战爆发后，他志愿赴意大利当战地救护车司机。1918年夏在前线被炮弹炸成重伤，回国休养。后来去加拿大多伦多市星报任记者。1921年重返巴黎，结识美国女作家斯坦因、青年作家安德森和诗人庞德等。1923年发表处女作《三个短篇小说和十首诗》，随后游历欧洲各国。1926年出版了长篇小说《太阳照样升起》，初获成功，被斯坦因称为“迷惘的一代”。1929年，反映第一次世界大战的长篇巨著《永别了，武器》的问世给作家带来了声誉。 30年代初，海明威到非洲旅行和狩猎。 1935年写成《非洲的青山》和一些短篇小说。 1937年发表了描写美国与古巴之间海上走私活动的小说《有的和无的》。西班牙内战期间，他3次以记者身份亲临前线，在炮火中写了剧本《第五纵队》，并创作了以美国人参加西班牙人民反法西斯战争为题材的长篇小说《丧钟为谁而鸣》(1940)。他曾与许多美国知名作家和学者捐款支援西班牙人民正义斗争。1941年偕夫人玛莎访问中国，支
持我国抗日战争。后又以战地记者身份重赴欧洲，并多次参加战。战后客居古巴，潜心写作。 1952年，《老人与海》问世，深受好评，翌年获普利策奖。 1954年获诺贝尔文学奖。卡斯特罗掌权后，他离开古巴返美定居。因身上多处旧伤，百病缠身，精神忧郁，1961年7月2日用猎枪自杀。海明威去世后发表的遗作主要有：《海流中的岛屿》(1970)和《伊甸园》(1986)。他那独特的风格和塑造的硬汉子形象对现代欧美文学产生了深远的影响。
6. In contrast, they portrayed women picking on each other, the way they once picked berries:本句话可理解为：On the contrary, women were described fastidious and superficial in films who chose friends just as picked berries.
7. A man once told her that men weren't real buddies until they had been ... until和till两者都可作介词、连词，一般情况下可以互换使用。用于肯定句时，主句的动词只用延续性的，它所表示的动作一直延续到ill或until表示的时间为止，意为“直到„„为止”；用于否定句时，主句的动词一般是非延续性的，也可以是延续性的，它所表示的动作直到till或until所表示的时间才发生，意为“直到„„（才）"。如：She watched TV until／till her mother came back．她看电视直到她母亲回来。（看电视的动作延续到母来才结束）She didn't watch TV until／till her mother came back．直到她母亲回来她才（开始）看电视。（看电视的动作直到她母亲回来才发生）现将一相关知识点作具体的介绍：
1)until和till以作介词或连词。作介词用时，后面接名词或副词；作连词用时，常用来引导一个时间状语从句。当它们用于肯定句中，主句动词常为延续性动词，表示这个动作一直延续到till／until所表示的时间为止。当它们引导时间状语从句时往往要用一般现在时代替一般将来时。如：They worked until/till six o'clock．他们一直工作到六点钟。 He will wait for until/till your mother comes.他将等你直到你母亲来。
2)not until/till意为“直到„„才”，主句常用终止性动词（即非延续性），表示until/till所表示的时间一到，该动作就发生。如：He didn't go to bed until/till eleven last night.昨天夜里他直到十一点才上床睡觉。She didn't know me until/till last week.她直到上一周才认识我。Einstein was not able to return to his homeland until the war was over．直到战争结束后爱因斯坦才得以回国。
注意：not until放在句首时要用倒装语序，如上面第三个例句可以改为放 在句首的倒装句：Not until the war was over was Einstein able to return to his homeland。
3)如果要放在句首，只能用until而不能用till，如：误：Till I finished my homework, mother didn't let me out．正：Until I finished my homework, mother didn't let me out．直到我做完家庭作业妈妈才准我出去。
4)强调结构中也常常出现not until结构，常见句型为：It is／was not until„that。如下面这个句子：She didn't find me until I called her from behind.直到我从后面叫她之后.她才发现了我。改为强调结构:It was not until I called her from behind that she found me.
注:但在强调句型中，not until置于句首构成倒装句以及until放在句首时，均不能用till替换until。例如:It was not until 1920 that regular radio broadcast began.直到1920年才开始有定期的无线电广播。Not until 12 o'clock last night did Tom come back.(倒装句)昨晚直到十二点汤姆才回来。Until I was 20 I had never been away from my hometown.我二十岁以前，从未离开过家乡。
8.Babbitt《巴比特》是一部反映美国商业文化繁盛时期城市商人生活的小说。
这本小说不仅塑造了一个典型的商人形象“巴比特”，还漫画式地表现出美国上个世纪二十年代商业文化的方方面面，具有文化对照和艺术欣赏的双重价值。巴比特是一位成功的房地产商人，过着富足而又平板的中产阶级生活。然而作为一个人，他受到虚空的袭击，于是企图寻找另一种“真正的生活”。为此，他外出漫游，尝试过一种玩世不恭的生活，甚至染上了革命情绪。但巴比特又没有勇气去承受接之而来的社会冷落，于是，他重新投入了家庭生活和商人生涯的怀抱，在小说的结尾，巴比特将希望寄托在他的儿子身上。
9. The only relationship that gave meaning to the claustrophobic life...: 本句话可理解为: What made the claustrophobic life of George Babbitt meaningful has been his relationship with Paul Riesling, without his relationship with Paul Riesling George Babbitt would have found his claustrophobic meaningless.
VI．Writing Practice
What is a good friend?
As we all know, human is collective animal, which cannot be isolated from the society. In the society, people build many different relationships with others among these relationships, there are some basic ones which are necessary to all the people. Everyone has parents, friends, relatives and lovers. Today we will talk about friends? Everyone needs friends. From childhood to the old age, people will get many friends during different periods. You need friend to help you, to praise you, to protect you, to warm you ...
It is people's nature to make friends but it is not easy to get good friends. What is a good friend? A good friend has share the sweetness and hardness with you. He or she trust you and understand you. When you make success, they will feel happy as you and keep you cold mind as
usual. When you are hurt, they will comfort you and encourage you to recover. They can understand your minds though maybe they do not agree with you. You need not see them very often but in your hearts, they are always there.
I have a good friend named Fang. Fang and l am both born in peasant families. The same ambitions and interests tied us when we were children. We had studied in the same school for six years. We both hoped to pass the National College Entrance Examinations and change our poor families. so we studied hard in the high school and imagined our bright future together. But one month before we attended the National College Entrance Examinations, Fang left school. She even did not say good-bye to me. I did not know why she gave up the chance to study in the college. At that time she was the top student in our class and every student and teacher thought she could enter a good university. One year later, 1 received a letter from her. From her letter I knew that her father had got serious illness before the National College Entrance Examinations and her whole family could not afford her study in university so she chose to give up. She worked in a factory in South China. She said she never gave up study. Followed the letter, she supported me five hundred RMB every year till l graduated from the university She encourages me to realize our common dreams.
VII. Translation exercises
I. Translate the following sentences into English, using the words or
phrases given in the brackets.
1. Your remarks border on rudeness.
2. Any unemployed person counts as deserving government help.
3. On the whole I am quite satisfied with the experiment.
4. A person’s appearance makes a difference in how others judge him.
5. Advertising tends to portray women in very traditional roles.
6. Having inherited a considerable wealth, the twin sisters were eager
to show off their jewelry.
7. Public interest has once again shifted focus on the changes in the
urban environment.
8. In contrast, even the most modern aircraft look clumsy and slow. II. Translate the following passage into Chinese.
如同在其它许多欧美国家一样，在法国，朋友通常是相同性别的，友谊则基本上被认为是男人之间的一种关系。法国妇女嘲笑“女人不能为朋友”这种说法，但他们有时也承认，对女人来说，朋友是“另外一回事儿”。另外，许多法国人对男女之间是否存在的友谊表示怀疑。在一个团体中还存在着这样一种关系，男女在一起工作了很久一段时间，他们之间的关系可能很密切，彼此忠诚，感觉亲切。他们可能互称“copains”——这个词的英文意思是朋友，但却更接近“老铁”或“哥们”的含义。在法国人眼里这不是友谊，虽然这种团体中两个成员很可能成为朋友。
IV. Class Check答案1－6： B B A B A B