被动语态：
被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式, 用来说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。如果主语是 动作的执行者(即某人做某事), 便叫主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者(即某事被做), 便叫被动语态。
英语中被动语态由“助动词be +动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be 有时态、人称和数的变化。被动语态后的by 短语有时可省去。
(1) 被动语态的用法：
A 不知道谁是动作的执行者(即不知道谁做) 时用被动语态, 省略by 短语。如：
A man was killed in the accident.
B 不说或者众所周知是谁做时, 用被动语态, 省略by 短语。如：Rice is also grown in this place.
C 强调动作的承受者, 句尾加by 短语。如：It was written by Lu Xun.
句式转换
①“动词+间接宾语+直接宾语”改为被动时, 可以用间接宾语做被动句的主语。如：
His teacher gave him a dictionary.→He was given a dictionary by his teacher.
也可以用直接宾语做被动句的主语, 但是需用to 或者for 引出原句的间接宾语。如：His teacher gave him a dictionary.→A dictionary was given to him by his teacher.
②“动词+宾语+动词原形”改为被动时, 动词原形前要加to. 如：The boss made the poor man work 12 hours a day.→The poor man was made to work 12 hours a day. ③“动词+…+介词”改为被动时, 介词一般在原位不动。如：The girl takes good care of her little brother.→The girl’s little brother is taken good care of by her.④“be+过去分词”未必表示被动语态, 而可能是系表结构。如：
He is pleased / worried / tired /…….(系表)
He was hit / knocked down / told / shot / …….(被动)
定语从句
定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。关系词常有3个作用：
①连接作用，引导定语从句。 ②代替主句中的先行词，甚至可能是主句中的一部分或者整个主句。 ③在定语从句中充当一句子成分。
注：关系代词有主语、宾语之分。一般whom 作为宾语。关系代词在从句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语等，关系副词在从句中作地点状语，时间状语，原因状语等。
1,who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，who 作主语指人，whom 作宾语指人，that 既可作主语又可作宾语（作宾语可以省略），可以指人也可以指物。 2,Whose 用来指人或物
(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换，指人的时候也可以用of whom 代替）
3,which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，作宾语时可以省略，例如：
(1)Prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在从句中作主语）
4,as
as 可以做主语，也可以作宾语，作宾语时一般不省略，指人或者物。常与such as,the same as等短语连用。
5，as 与which 的区别
①as 可以放在句首，而which 不行
②as 表示主观，which 表示客观事实
③as 引导非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句
关系代词：在句中作主语、宾语或定语
1. that既可代表事物也可代表人，which 代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that 在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which 在从句中作宾语也可以省略。[eg：This is the book （which ）you want.]
2. 如果which 在从句中作“不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which 的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置
3. 代表物时多用which ，但在下列情况中用that 而不用which ：
先行词是anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代词时； 先行词由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时，这时的that 常被省略；先行词前有序数词或被形容词最高级修饰时； 先行词中既有人又有物时； 整个句中前面已有which ，who,that 时；当先行词为物并作表语时； 先行词为one 时； 先行词同时又被the only,the very,the same修饰时；在there be句型中，句子的主语是先行词，而且又是物 以here is开头的句子；It is a high time+ 定语从句
4. who和whom 引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom 作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语
5. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格. 它引导的从句可以修饰人和物, 当它引导的从句修饰物体时, 可以与 of which 调换, 表达的意思一样。
关系副词
关系副词：在句中作状语
关系副词=介词+关系代词
why=for which
where=in/ at/ on/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配)
when=during/ on/ in/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配)
1. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句。
2. when引导定语从句表示时间[注]值得一提的是，表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when 引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that 引导。
名词性that-从句
1）由从属连词that 引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。 That 只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语，例如：
主语：That he is still alive is sheer luck. 他还活着全靠运气。
宾语：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday. 约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。
表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently. 事实是近来谁也没有见过他。
同位语：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office. 近来谁也没有见过他，这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。
形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.
你对工作满意我感到很高兴。
2）That-从句作主语通常用it 作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末，例如： It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure. 很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。
It's a pity that you should have to leave. 你非走不可真是件憾事。
用it 作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：
a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句
It is necessary that… 有必要……
It is important that… 重要的是……
It is obvious that… 很明显……
b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句
It is believed that… 人们相信……
It is known to all that… 从所周知……
It has been decided that… 已决定……
c. It + be +名词+ that-从句
It is common knowledge that… ……是常识
It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是……
It is a fact that… 事实是……
d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句
It appears that… 似乎……
It happens that… 碰巧……
It occurred to me that… 我突然想起……
1. argue v. 的用法
构词：argument n. 1. [C]争论 2. [U]讨论．辩论3. [C]论据
搭配：
① argue with / against sb. over /on / about sth. 与某人 争论某事
② argue for / against sth. 辩论赞成／反对某事
③ argue that... 主张，认为，争辩说
④ argue sb into / out of doing sth. 说服某人做／不做某事
提示：“说服某人做／不做某事”还可表达为：talk / persuade / reason sb. into / out of doing sth.
⑤ settle the argument 解决争端
提示：an argument with sb about / over sth. 为某事和某人而发生的争执
2. compare v. 的用法
构词：comparison n. 比较
搭配：① compare...to... 比拟；比作 ② compare... with / to... 将„„和„„相比较 ③ compare notes 对笔记；交换意见
3. consider v. 的用法
构词：consideration n. 考虑，思考；体谅，顾及
搭配：① consider doing sth. 考虑做某事 ② consider sb (to be / as)... 认为／觉得某人„„③ consider that- clause 认为„„ ④ take sth into consideration 考虑 ⑤ under consideration 在考虑中
4. deserted adj. 空无一人的；被遗弃的；被抛弃的
(1) 空无一人的a deserted street / area空无一人的街道，地区；The office was quite deserted. 办公室里空无一人。
(2) 被遗弃的 a deserted child 被遗弃的孩子
(3) desert ['dezot] n. 沙漠
desert [dI'zo:t] vt. 丢弃；遗弃
He deserted his wife and children after becoming rich.
5. difficulty n.
(1) difficulty (通常作复数) 难事，难点，难题She met with many difficulties when travelling.
(2) 在以下句型中，difficulty 是不可数名词，不能用复数形式。
have (some) difficulty (in) doing sth.
干某事有困难
there is (some) difficulty (in) doing sth.
have (some) difficulty with sth.
在某事上有困难
there is (some) difficulty with sth.
do sth. with difficulty / without difficulty 困难地／轻而易举地做某事 We had a lot of difficulty in finding your house.
Do you have any difficulty with your English?
(1) 以上句型中，difficulty 前可加some, little, much, a lot of, no, any修饰
(2) 以上句型中，亦可用trouble 来代替difficulty 。
6. favourite = favorite (A. E) 最喜爱的；最喜爱的人或事物
(1) adj. 最喜爱的My favorite sport is playing football.
(2) n. [C] 最喜爱的人或事物He is a favorite with his uncle.
7. fun的用法
构词：funny adj. 有趣的．滑稽的，好笑的；奇特的，古怪的
搭配：
① make fun of 取笑；嘲弄；开某人的玩笑
② (just)for / in fun = (just) for the fun of it 取乐，非认真地，说／做着玩的 ③ be full of fun„„ 很好玩
④ have fun with sb. 和某人开一个玩笑
⑤ have (some) fun 玩得(很) 高兴，玩得(很) 开心
⑥ It's (great) fun to do sth干某事很有趣；干某事真是一件趣事；干某事真开心 ⑦ What fun (it is) to do sth! 干某事多么有趣呀!
⑧ have a lot of fun doing sth 干某事玩得很开心
8. imagine的用法
构词：① imagination n. [C / U] 想像，想像力，想像的事物 ② imaginative adj. 富有想像力的
搭配：① imagine sth / doing sth ② beyond (all) imagination (完全) 出乎意料地
9. interest的用法
interest vt. 使„„感兴趣 n. 兴趣，爱好 [U] 利息；利润 He has a great interest in politics. 他对政治极感兴趣。/ a broad interest 广泛的利益 / a common interest 共同的利益 / a strong interest 极强的兴趣
构词：① interesting 令人感兴趣的(事物) ② interested (某人对某事) 有兴趣的 搭配：① interest sb in sth 使某人注意，关心或参入某事；使某人对某事感兴趣 ② be interested in 对„„感兴趣(关心) ③have an interest in sth. / in doing sth. 对某方面有兴趣 (关心) ；在„„中有股份、权益等 ④ hold one's interest 吸引住某人的兴趣 ⑤ in the interest(s) of 为„„利益；为„„起见；对„„有利 ⑥ lose interest in 对„„不再感兴趣, 有时interest 可与不定冠词连用。He developed an interest in science.
另外：interest 作“爱好”解时，是可数名词。 His interests include reading and tennis.
10. prove的用法
构词：① proof n. 证据。试验，考验，(印刷) 校样
搭配：① prove sth to sb 向某人证实„„ ② prove to sb that 从句向某人证实„„ ③ prove (oneself) to be 证明(自己) 是，表现出
11. provide的用法
构词：① provider n. 供给者，供应者，养家者 ② provided / providing conj. 倘若
搭配：provide sb with sth / sth to sb 给„„提供；以„„装备
12. total n. / adj. 全部(的)
(1) in total 加起来In total, there must have been 20000 people there.
(2) a total of 总共His expenses (支出) reached a total of $100.
(3) the total of...„„的总数 The total 0f the bill is 230 dollars.
13. when conj.
when 并列连词，= and then，表示“就在那时，突然”，常见以下句型中：
(1) be doing...when... 正在做„„突然„„I was wandering through the streets when l caught sight of a tailor's shop.
(2) had done...when...刚做了„„突然„„I had just sat down when the light went out.
(3) be about to do...when...刚要做„„突然„„I was just about to go swimming when our guide saw me and shouted at me.
14. while conj.
(1) while从属连词，引导时间状语从句，从句动词用延续性动词，主句的动作发生在从句动作发生的过程之中。Come on, get these things away while I make the tea.
(2) 并列连词，表前后两个分句意义相反或相对，意为“然而”。Some people waste food while others haven't enough.
(3) 放在句首，表示“尽管；虽然”，相当于although 。While we don't agree, we continue to be friendly.
15. at all
(1)用在肯定句中，“竟然” I'm surprised that you came at all.
(2)用在否定句中，“一点也不” There was nothing to worry about at all.
(3)用在疑问句中，“到底”“究竟” Have you been there at all?
(4)用在条件句中，“真的，确实” If you do it at all, do it well.
16. end up with...以„„结束
(1) end up with + n. 以„„结束
The party ended up with the singing of Auld Lang Syne.
(2) end up as...最后成为„He will end up as a president some day.
(3) end up + 地点状语最后(有„„结局) If you drive your car like that, you'll end (up) in hospital.
17 “make + 名词” 短语
① make a noise 吵闹
② make faces 做鬼脸，做苦脸
③ make room for 给„„腾出地方
④ make the bed 整理床铺
⑤ make phone calls 打电话
⑥ make friends with 交朋友
⑦ make money 赚钱
⑧ make use of 利用
⑨ make a decision 做出决定
⑩ make a mistake 犯错误
18 so的常见句型有：
(1) so + be / 助动词 / 情态动词 + 主语 (意为“主语也 „„” )
(2) neither / nor + be / 助动词 / 情态动词 + 主语(意为“主语也不„„” )
(3) so it is / was with sb / sth和so it is / was the same with sb / sth (意为“主语也„„” ) (用在前文有两个或以上的从句，而且分句有不同的谓语或既有肯定又有否定以及既有系动词义有行为动词的情况)
(4) so + 主语 + be / 助动词 / 情态动词 (意为“主讲确实如此”) ，表示进一步肯定。
(5) 主语 + did + so (意为“主语按照吩咐做了”) 。
19 Such和so
(1) such + a / an + 形容词 + 单数可数名词 + that clause
(2) such + 形容词 + 复数可数名词 + that clause
(3) such + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + that clause
(4) so + 形容词 + a / an + 单数可数名词 + that clause
(5) so + 形容词 / 副词 + that clause
(6) so + many / few + 复数可数名词 + that clause
(7) so + much / little + 不可数名词 + that clause
强调句的用法：
(1) 结构：It is / It was (过去时间) + 被强调部分 + that / who (专指人) + 其他部分
(2) 用法：除了谓语动词不能强调，句子的每部分均可强调。 Jim met the student in the street last week.
主语 宾语 地点状语 时间状语
强调主语：It was Jim who / that met the student in the street last week.
强调宾语：It was the student whom / that Jim met in the street last week. 强调地点状语：It was in the street that Jim met the student last week.
强调时间状语：It was last week that Jim met the student in the street.
(3) 注意点：
一般疑问句的强调句：
Was it Dr Wang who spoke to you just now?
特殊疑问句的强凋句：
Who is it that will visit our class?
Where is it that he has gone?
When was it that she went?
not „ until „ 用于强调句：
It was not until then that I realized I was wrong.
被动语态：
被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式, 用来说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。如果主语是 动作的执行者(即某人做某事), 便叫主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者(即某事被做), 便叫被动语态。
英语中被动语态由“助动词be +动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be 有时态、人称和数的变化。被动语态后的by 短语有时可省去。
(1) 被动语态的用法：
A 不知道谁是动作的执行者(即不知道谁做) 时用被动语态, 省略by 短语。如：
A man was killed in the accident.
B 不说或者众所周知是谁做时, 用被动语态, 省略by 短语。如：Rice is also grown in this place.
C 强调动作的承受者, 句尾加by 短语。如：It was written by Lu Xun.
句式转换
①“动词+间接宾语+直接宾语”改为被动时, 可以用间接宾语做被动句的主语。如：
His teacher gave him a dictionary.→He was given a dictionary by his teacher.
也可以用直接宾语做被动句的主语, 但是需用to 或者for 引出原句的间接宾语。如：His teacher gave him a dictionary.→A dictionary was given to him by his teacher.
②“动词+宾语+动词原形”改为被动时, 动词原形前要加to. 如：The boss made the poor man work 12 hours a day.→The poor man was made to work 12 hours a day. ③“动词+…+介词”改为被动时, 介词一般在原位不动。如：The girl takes good care of her little brother.→The girl’s little brother is taken good care of by her.④“be+过去分词”未必表示被动语态, 而可能是系表结构。如：
He is pleased / worried / tired /…….(系表)
He was hit / knocked down / told / shot / …….(被动)
定语从句
定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。关系词常有3个作用：
①连接作用，引导定语从句。 ②代替主句中的先行词，甚至可能是主句中的一部分或者整个主句。 ③在定语从句中充当一句子成分。
注：关系代词有主语、宾语之分。一般whom 作为宾语。关系代词在从句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语等，关系副词在从句中作地点状语，时间状语，原因状语等。
1,who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，who 作主语指人，whom 作宾语指人，that 既可作主语又可作宾语（作宾语可以省略），可以指人也可以指物。 2,Whose 用来指人或物
(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换，指人的时候也可以用of whom 代替）
3,which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，作宾语时可以省略，例如：
(1)Prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在从句中作主语）
4,as
as 可以做主语，也可以作宾语，作宾语时一般不省略，指人或者物。常与such as,the same as等短语连用。
5，as 与which 的区别
①as 可以放在句首，而which 不行
②as 表示主观，which 表示客观事实
③as 引导非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句
关系代词：在句中作主语、宾语或定语
1. that既可代表事物也可代表人，which 代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that 在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which 在从句中作宾语也可以省略。[eg：This is the book （which ）you want.]
2. 如果which 在从句中作“不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which 的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置
3. 代表物时多用which ，但在下列情况中用that 而不用which ：
先行词是anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代词时； 先行词由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时，这时的that 常被省略；先行词前有序数词或被形容词最高级修饰时； 先行词中既有人又有物时； 整个句中前面已有which ，who,that 时；当先行词为物并作表语时； 先行词为one 时； 先行词同时又被the only,the very,the same修饰时；在there be句型中，句子的主语是先行词，而且又是物 以here is开头的句子；It is a high time+ 定语从句
4. who和whom 引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom 作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语
5. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格. 它引导的从句可以修饰人和物, 当它引导的从句修饰物体时, 可以与 of which 调换, 表达的意思一样。
关系副词
关系副词：在句中作状语
关系副词=介词+关系代词
why=for which
where=in/ at/ on/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配)
when=during/ on/ in/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配)
1. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句。
2. when引导定语从句表示时间[注]值得一提的是，表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when 引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that 引导。
名词性that-从句
1）由从属连词that 引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。 That 只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语，例如：
主语：That he is still alive is sheer luck. 他还活着全靠运气。
宾语：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday. 约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。
表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently. 事实是近来谁也没有见过他。
同位语：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office. 近来谁也没有见过他，这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。
形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.
你对工作满意我感到很高兴。
2）That-从句作主语通常用it 作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末，例如： It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure. 很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。
It's a pity that you should have to leave. 你非走不可真是件憾事。
用it 作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：
a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句
It is necessary that… 有必要……
It is important that… 重要的是……
It is obvious that… 很明显……
b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句
It is believed that… 人们相信……
It is known to all that… 从所周知……
It has been decided that… 已决定……
c. It + be +名词+ that-从句
It is common knowledge that… ……是常识
It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是……
It is a fact that… 事实是……
d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句
It appears that… 似乎……
It happens that… 碰巧……
It occurred to me that… 我突然想起……
1. argue v. 的用法
构词：argument n. 1. [C]争论 2. [U]讨论．辩论3. [C]论据
搭配：
① argue with / against sb. over /on / about sth. 与某人 争论某事
② argue for / against sth. 辩论赞成／反对某事
③ argue that... 主张，认为，争辩说
④ argue sb into / out of doing sth. 说服某人做／不做某事
提示：“说服某人做／不做某事”还可表达为：talk / persuade / reason sb. into / out of doing sth.
⑤ settle the argument 解决争端
提示：an argument with sb about / over sth. 为某事和某人而发生的争执
2. compare v. 的用法
构词：comparison n. 比较
搭配：① compare...to... 比拟；比作 ② compare... with / to... 将„„和„„相比较 ③ compare notes 对笔记；交换意见
3. consider v. 的用法
构词：consideration n. 考虑，思考；体谅，顾及
搭配：① consider doing sth. 考虑做某事 ② consider sb (to be / as)... 认为／觉得某人„„③ consider that- clause 认为„„ ④ take sth into consideration 考虑 ⑤ under consideration 在考虑中
4. deserted adj. 空无一人的；被遗弃的；被抛弃的
(1) 空无一人的a deserted street / area空无一人的街道，地区；The office was quite deserted. 办公室里空无一人。
(2) 被遗弃的 a deserted child 被遗弃的孩子
(3) desert ['dezot] n. 沙漠
desert [dI'zo:t] vt. 丢弃；遗弃
He deserted his wife and children after becoming rich.
5. difficulty n.
(1) difficulty (通常作复数) 难事，难点，难题She met with many difficulties when travelling.
(2) 在以下句型中，difficulty 是不可数名词，不能用复数形式。
have (some) difficulty (in) doing sth.
干某事有困难
there is (some) difficulty (in) doing sth.
have (some) difficulty with sth.
在某事上有困难
there is (some) difficulty with sth.
do sth. with difficulty / without difficulty 困难地／轻而易举地做某事 We had a lot of difficulty in finding your house.
Do you have any difficulty with your English?
(1) 以上句型中，difficulty 前可加some, little, much, a lot of, no, any修饰
(2) 以上句型中，亦可用trouble 来代替difficulty 。
6. favourite = favorite (A. E) 最喜爱的；最喜爱的人或事物
(1) adj. 最喜爱的My favorite sport is playing football.
(2) n. [C] 最喜爱的人或事物He is a favorite with his uncle.
7. fun的用法
构词：funny adj. 有趣的．滑稽的，好笑的；奇特的，古怪的
搭配：
① make fun of 取笑；嘲弄；开某人的玩笑
② (just)for / in fun = (just) for the fun of it 取乐，非认真地，说／做着玩的 ③ be full of fun„„ 很好玩
④ have fun with sb. 和某人开一个玩笑
⑤ have (some) fun 玩得(很) 高兴，玩得(很) 开心
⑥ It's (great) fun to do sth干某事很有趣；干某事真是一件趣事；干某事真开心 ⑦ What fun (it is) to do sth! 干某事多么有趣呀!
⑧ have a lot of fun doing sth 干某事玩得很开心
8. imagine的用法
构词：① imagination n. [C / U] 想像，想像力，想像的事物 ② imaginative adj. 富有想像力的
搭配：① imagine sth / doing sth ② beyond (all) imagination (完全) 出乎意料地
9. interest的用法
interest vt. 使„„感兴趣 n. 兴趣，爱好 [U] 利息；利润 He has a great interest in politics. 他对政治极感兴趣。/ a broad interest 广泛的利益 / a common interest 共同的利益 / a strong interest 极强的兴趣
构词：① interesting 令人感兴趣的(事物) ② interested (某人对某事) 有兴趣的 搭配：① interest sb in sth 使某人注意，关心或参入某事；使某人对某事感兴趣 ② be interested in 对„„感兴趣(关心) ③have an interest in sth. / in doing sth. 对某方面有兴趣 (关心) ；在„„中有股份、权益等 ④ hold one's interest 吸引住某人的兴趣 ⑤ in the interest(s) of 为„„利益；为„„起见；对„„有利 ⑥ lose interest in 对„„不再感兴趣, 有时interest 可与不定冠词连用。He developed an interest in science.
另外：interest 作“爱好”解时，是可数名词。 His interests include reading and tennis.
10. prove的用法
构词：① proof n. 证据。试验，考验，(印刷) 校样
搭配：① prove sth to sb 向某人证实„„ ② prove to sb that 从句向某人证实„„ ③ prove (oneself) to be 证明(自己) 是，表现出
11. provide的用法
构词：① provider n. 供给者，供应者，养家者 ② provided / providing conj. 倘若
搭配：provide sb with sth / sth to sb 给„„提供；以„„装备
12. total n. / adj. 全部(的)
(1) in total 加起来In total, there must have been 20000 people there.
(2) a total of 总共His expenses (支出) reached a total of $100.
(3) the total of...„„的总数 The total 0f the bill is 230 dollars.
13. when conj.
when 并列连词，= and then，表示“就在那时，突然”，常见以下句型中：
(1) be doing...when... 正在做„„突然„„I was wandering through the streets when l caught sight of a tailor's shop.
(2) had done...when...刚做了„„突然„„I had just sat down when the light went out.
(3) be about to do...when...刚要做„„突然„„I was just about to go swimming when our guide saw me and shouted at me.
14. while conj.
(1) while从属连词，引导时间状语从句，从句动词用延续性动词，主句的动作发生在从句动作发生的过程之中。Come on, get these things away while I make the tea.
(2) 并列连词，表前后两个分句意义相反或相对，意为“然而”。Some people waste food while others haven't enough.
(3) 放在句首，表示“尽管；虽然”，相当于although 。While we don't agree, we continue to be friendly.
15. at all
(1)用在肯定句中，“竟然” I'm surprised that you came at all.
(2)用在否定句中，“一点也不” There was nothing to worry about at all.
(3)用在疑问句中，“到底”“究竟” Have you been there at all?
(4)用在条件句中，“真的，确实” If you do it at all, do it well.
16. end up with...以„„结束
(1) end up with + n. 以„„结束
The party ended up with the singing of Auld Lang Syne.
(2) end up as...最后成为„He will end up as a president some day.
(3) end up + 地点状语最后(有„„结局) If you drive your car like that, you'll end (up) in hospital.
17 “make + 名词” 短语
① make a noise 吵闹
② make faces 做鬼脸，做苦脸
③ make room for 给„„腾出地方
④ make the bed 整理床铺
⑤ make phone calls 打电话
⑥ make friends with 交朋友
⑦ make money 赚钱
⑧ make use of 利用
⑨ make a decision 做出决定
⑩ make a mistake 犯错误
18 so的常见句型有：
(1) so + be / 助动词 / 情态动词 + 主语 (意为“主语也 „„” )
(2) neither / nor + be / 助动词 / 情态动词 + 主语(意为“主语也不„„” )
(3) so it is / was with sb / sth和so it is / was the same with sb / sth (意为“主语也„„” ) (用在前文有两个或以上的从句，而且分句有不同的谓语或既有肯定又有否定以及既有系动词义有行为动词的情况)
(4) so + 主语 + be / 助动词 / 情态动词 (意为“主讲确实如此”) ，表示进一步肯定。
(5) 主语 + did + so (意为“主语按照吩咐做了”) 。
19 Such和so
(1) such + a / an + 形容词 + 单数可数名词 + that clause
(2) such + 形容词 + 复数可数名词 + that clause
(3) such + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + that clause
(4) so + 形容词 + a / an + 单数可数名词 + that clause
(5) so + 形容词 / 副词 + that clause
(6) so + many / few + 复数可数名词 + that clause
(7) so + much / little + 不可数名词 + that clause
强调句的用法：
(1) 结构：It is / It was (过去时间) + 被强调部分 + that / who (专指人) + 其他部分
(2) 用法：除了谓语动词不能强调，句子的每部分均可强调。 Jim met the student in the street last week.
主语 宾语 地点状语 时间状语
强调主语：It was Jim who / that met the student in the street last week.
强调宾语：It was the student whom / that Jim met in the street last week. 强调地点状语：It was in the street that Jim met the student last week.
强调时间状语：It was last week that Jim met the student in the street.
(3) 注意点：
一般疑问句的强调句：
Was it Dr Wang who spoke to you just now?
特殊疑问句的强凋句：
Who is it that will visit our class?
Where is it that he has gone?
When was it that she went?
not „ until „ 用于强调句：
It was not until then that I realized I was wrong.