长难句分析（一）
句子1
In a countercurrent exchange system, the blood vessels carrying cooled blood from the flippers run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm blood from the body to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus, the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before it reaches the flipper itself.
【难点解析】
本句的难点在于复杂的后置定语干扰了阅读，给我们理解句子带来了影响。在这个句子中就是现在分词短语carrying cooled blood…做了后置定语，造成了主语the blood vessels和谓语run 被分割，后面接着出现了另一个the blood vessels carrying warm blood……，进一步加大了理解难度，让我们一时无法理清句子结构。找到这种后置定语，划分句子主干的时候直接忽视这种修饰性成分，句子的主要信息就变得非常清晰：
In a countercurrent exchange system, the blood vessels carrying cooled blood from the flippers[定语] run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm blood from the body[定语] to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus, the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before it reaches the flipper itself.
完成了句子主干划分之后，根据汉语的表述顺序，将后置定语往前放，这样整个句子的意思就出来了。
【参考翻译】
在逆流交换系统中，携带着来自脚蹼冷却血液的血管与携带着来自身体温暖血液的血管足够靠近，这样就可以从更温暖的血管中吸收一些热量；因此，在热量到达脚蹼之前，其从流出身体的血管转移到了流入身体的血管。
【成分划分】
并列句一
In a countercurrent exchange system, [状语] the blood vessels [主语] carrying cooled blood from the flippers [定语] run [谓语] close enough to the blood vessels
[状语] carrying warm blood from the body [定语] to pick up some heat [状语] from the warmer blood vessels. [状语]
并列句二
The heat [主语] is transferred [谓语] from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels. [状语]
状语从句
It [主语] reaches [谓语] the flipper[宾语] itself. [状语]
句子2
If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension
holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.
【难点解析】
本句的难点是定语（例如too heavy for surface tension to hold）放在了被修饰词（例如drops ）的后面，与汉语表述习惯不一致，给我们理解的带来了一定的困难。另外，后置定语中嵌套了另一个后置定语，更加增加了难度（too light to overcome the force of surface tension[定语] holding them in place. [定语]）。根据定语的特点（限定或者修饰名词性成分），遇到后置定语，先忽略这些修饰性的定语，找到句子主干，再按照自己的理解，将英语句子切分成一小段一小段来翻译，最后再组合成一句话，这样整句话意思就清晰了。
If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold[定语], and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension[定语] holding them in place[定语]; then the water will be firmly held.
【参考翻译】
如果孔隙很大，其中的水分会以水滴的形态而存在，水滴的重量足以克服表面张力的束缚，随后水分就会渐渐流失；但是，如果孔隙足够小，其中的水会以薄膜形态而存在，薄膜太轻无法克服表面张力的束缚，因此，这种形态的水会稳稳地附着在孔隙表面上。
【成分划分】
状语从句
The pores [主语] are [系动词] large. [表语]
并列句
The water [主语] in them [定语] will exist [谓语] as drops [状语] too heavy for surface tension to hold. [定语]
并列句
It [主语] will drain away. [谓语]
状语从句
The pores [主语] are [系动词] small enough. [表语]
并列句
The water [主语] in them [定语] will exist [谓语] as thin films, [状语] too light to overcome the force of surface tension[定语] holding them in place. [定语]
并列句
The water [主语] will be firmly held. [谓语]
句子3
The images produced by the camera obscura, a boxlike device that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper, were already familiar—the device had been much employed by topographical
artists like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice.
【难点解析】
本句的难点是定语（produced by the camera obscura）放在了被修饰词（the images）的后面，与汉语表述习惯不一致，另外，出现同位语（a boxlike device）修饰定语中的名词性部分（the camera obscura），而又有一个定语从句（that used a……）又修饰改同位语（a boxlike device），使得主语和谓语被很多成分隔开，给我们理解的带来了一定的困难。找到那些修饰性成分，先忽略它们，再看句子主干就清楚了。
The images produced by the camera obscura[定语], a boxlike device[同位语] that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper[定语从句], were already familiar—the device had been much employed by topographical artists like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice.
【参考翻译】
针孔照相机（一种盒状的装置）产生的影像已经为大家所熟知，它是一种使用小孔或透镜将影像投射到毛玻璃屏或一张白纸上的盒状装置——这种装置已经为很多地貌风景画家所用，例如意大利画家Canaletto 在他所创作的威尼斯精致风景画中（使用了这种装置）。
【成分划分】
并列句
The images [主语] produced by the camera obscura, [定语] a boxlike device, [同位语] were [系动词] already familiar. [表语]
并列句
The device [主语] had been much employed [谓语] by topographical artists [状语] like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice. [同位语]
定语从句
A boxlike device [主语] used [谓语] a pinhole or lens [宾语] to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper. [宾语补足语]
句子4
A maritime code known as the Consulate of the Sea which originated in the western Mediterranean region in the fourteenth century, won acceptance by a majority of sea goers as the normative code for maritime conduct; it defined such matters as the authority of a ship's officers, protocols of command, pay structures, the rights of sailors, and the rules of engagement when ships met one another on the sea-lanes.
【难点解析】
本句的难点一是后置定语和定语从句分割了句子主干，造成了理解问题。主语A maritime code 先是被过去分词短语known as the Consulate of the Sea修饰，而这个短语后面紧接着又出现了一个定语从句来进一步修饰A maritime code，当我们再看到won 时，就得费心思寻找won 这个动词的发出者。
难点二是对when 引导的定语从句的理解。我们在阅读的时候还需要根据语义逻辑来对理解句子，这里when ships met one another on the sea-lanes显然不能作为时间状语从
句来修饰defined……as……，意思理解不通。这时我们就要考虑其他可能被修饰的成分， the rules of engagement正好可以作为when 从句的修饰对象，本身when 可以引导定语从句，另外从意思上也合情合理。
忽略修饰性定语和定语从句，句子主要信息如下：
A maritime code known as the Consulate of the Sea[定语] which originated in the western Mediterranean region in the fourteenth century,[定语从句] won acceptance by a majority of sea goers[定语] as the normative code for maritime conduct; it defined such matters as the authority of a ship's officers, protocols of command, pay structures, the rights of sailors, and the rules of engagement when ships met one another on the sea-lanes.[定语从句]
另外需要注意的是，by 短语虽然经常引导方式状语，但是这里by a majority of sea goers修饰的是acceptance 这一名词，所以它实际上做了acceptance 的后置定语。
【参考翻译】
一部在14世纪起源于西地中海地区的海洋法典（被称为《康索拉度海法》）赢得了大多数航海员的认可，成为了海上管理的规范法典；它对一些事物做了界定，比如，高级船员的权利、命令的发布规范、薪资结构、海员的权利，以及当船只在航路上遇到别的船时的交战准则。
【成分划分】
并列句一
A maritime code [主语] known as the Consulate of the Sea [定语] won [谓语] acceptance [宾语] by a majority of sea goers [定语] as the normative code for maritime conduct. [状语]
定语从句
A maritime code [主语] originated [谓语] in the western Mediterranean region [状语] in the fourteenth century. [状语]
并列句二
It [主语] defined [谓语] such matters [宾语] as the authority of a ship's officers, protocols of command, pay structures, the rights of sailors, and the rules of engagement. [同位语]
定语从句
Ships [主语] met [谓语] one another [宾语] on the sea-lanes. [状语]
句子5
In the 1970s when the study of Australian archaeology was in an exciting phase of development, with the great antiquity of rock art becoming clear Lesley Maynard the archaeologist who coined the phrase “Panaramitee style,” suggested that a sequence could be determined for Australian rock art in which a geometric style gave way to a simple figurative style that, unlike the pan-Australian geometric tradition tended to much greater regional diversity.
【难点解析】
本句的难点在于修饰性成分比较复杂，而且句子主语和谓语被定语从句分隔开，不容易找到句子主干。遇到这种句子，我们需要先舍弃修饰性的定语和状语，包括定语从句和状语从句，
然后再看句子会清爽很多。
In the 1970s[状语] when the study of Australian archaeology was in an exciting phase of development,[定语从句] with the great antiquity of rock art becoming clear
[状语] Lesley Maynard the archaeologist who coined the phrase “Panaramitee style,”[定语从句] suggested that a sequence could be determined for Australian rock art in which a geometric style gave way to a simple figurative style [定语从句] that, unlike the pan-Australian geometric tradition tended to much greater regional diversity. [定语从句]
翻译的时候，我们可以分别翻译出主句和从句的含义，然后用汉语习惯的表达顺序表述出来就可以了。
【参考翻译】
20世纪70年代，澳大利亚考古学研究处于一个令人兴奋的发展时期，随着岩画明显成为重要古物，考古学家Lesley Maynard指出，澳大利亚岩画的发展顺序能够被确定下来，在岩画中，几何学风格被简单的具象风格所替代，而这种简单的具象风格和澳大利亚的几何学传统不一样，具象风格的地域性差异往往要大得多。
【成分划分】
主句
In the 1970s, [状语] with the great antiquity of rock art becoming clear [状语] Lesley Maynard [主语] the archaeologist [同位语] suggested [谓语] something. [宾语]
定语从句
The study of Australian archaeology [主语] was [系动词] in an exciting phase of development. [表语]
定语从句
Lesley Maynard [主语] the archaeologist [同位语] coined [谓语] the phrase “Panaramitee style”. [宾语]
宾语从句
A sequence [主语] could be determined [谓语] for Australian rock art. [状语]
定语从句
In Australian rock art [状语] a geometric style [主语] gave way to [谓语] a simple figurative style. [宾语]
定语从句
A simple figurative style, [主语] unlike the pan-Australian geometric tradition [状语] tended to much greater regional diversity. [谓语]
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长难句分析（一）
句子1
In a countercurrent exchange system, the blood vessels carrying cooled blood from the flippers run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm blood from the body to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus, the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before it reaches the flipper itself.
【难点解析】
本句的难点在于复杂的后置定语干扰了阅读，给我们理解句子带来了影响。在这个句子中就是现在分词短语carrying cooled blood…做了后置定语，造成了主语the blood vessels和谓语run 被分割，后面接着出现了另一个the blood vessels carrying warm blood……，进一步加大了理解难度，让我们一时无法理清句子结构。找到这种后置定语，划分句子主干的时候直接忽视这种修饰性成分，句子的主要信息就变得非常清晰：
In a countercurrent exchange system, the blood vessels carrying cooled blood from the flippers[定语] run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm blood from the body[定语] to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus, the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before it reaches the flipper itself.
完成了句子主干划分之后，根据汉语的表述顺序，将后置定语往前放，这样整个句子的意思就出来了。
【参考翻译】
在逆流交换系统中，携带着来自脚蹼冷却血液的血管与携带着来自身体温暖血液的血管足够靠近，这样就可以从更温暖的血管中吸收一些热量；因此，在热量到达脚蹼之前，其从流出身体的血管转移到了流入身体的血管。
【成分划分】
并列句一
In a countercurrent exchange system, [状语] the blood vessels [主语] carrying cooled blood from the flippers [定语] run [谓语] close enough to the blood vessels
[状语] carrying warm blood from the body [定语] to pick up some heat [状语] from the warmer blood vessels. [状语]
并列句二
The heat [主语] is transferred [谓语] from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels. [状语]
状语从句
It [主语] reaches [谓语] the flipper[宾语] itself. [状语]
句子2
If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension
holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.
【难点解析】
本句的难点是定语（例如too heavy for surface tension to hold）放在了被修饰词（例如drops ）的后面，与汉语表述习惯不一致，给我们理解的带来了一定的困难。另外，后置定语中嵌套了另一个后置定语，更加增加了难度（too light to overcome the force of surface tension[定语] holding them in place. [定语]）。根据定语的特点（限定或者修饰名词性成分），遇到后置定语，先忽略这些修饰性的定语，找到句子主干，再按照自己的理解，将英语句子切分成一小段一小段来翻译，最后再组合成一句话，这样整句话意思就清晰了。
If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold[定语], and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension[定语] holding them in place[定语]; then the water will be firmly held.
【参考翻译】
如果孔隙很大，其中的水分会以水滴的形态而存在，水滴的重量足以克服表面张力的束缚，随后水分就会渐渐流失；但是，如果孔隙足够小，其中的水会以薄膜形态而存在，薄膜太轻无法克服表面张力的束缚，因此，这种形态的水会稳稳地附着在孔隙表面上。
【成分划分】
状语从句
The pores [主语] are [系动词] large. [表语]
并列句
The water [主语] in them [定语] will exist [谓语] as drops [状语] too heavy for surface tension to hold. [定语]
并列句
It [主语] will drain away. [谓语]
状语从句
The pores [主语] are [系动词] small enough. [表语]
并列句
The water [主语] in them [定语] will exist [谓语] as thin films, [状语] too light to overcome the force of surface tension[定语] holding them in place. [定语]
并列句
The water [主语] will be firmly held. [谓语]
句子3
The images produced by the camera obscura, a boxlike device that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper, were already familiar—the device had been much employed by topographical
artists like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice.
【难点解析】
本句的难点是定语（produced by the camera obscura）放在了被修饰词（the images）的后面，与汉语表述习惯不一致，另外，出现同位语（a boxlike device）修饰定语中的名词性部分（the camera obscura），而又有一个定语从句（that used a……）又修饰改同位语（a boxlike device），使得主语和谓语被很多成分隔开，给我们理解的带来了一定的困难。找到那些修饰性成分，先忽略它们，再看句子主干就清楚了。
The images produced by the camera obscura[定语], a boxlike device[同位语] that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper[定语从句], were already familiar—the device had been much employed by topographical artists like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice.
【参考翻译】
针孔照相机（一种盒状的装置）产生的影像已经为大家所熟知，它是一种使用小孔或透镜将影像投射到毛玻璃屏或一张白纸上的盒状装置——这种装置已经为很多地貌风景画家所用，例如意大利画家Canaletto 在他所创作的威尼斯精致风景画中（使用了这种装置）。
【成分划分】
并列句
The images [主语] produced by the camera obscura, [定语] a boxlike device, [同位语] were [系动词] already familiar. [表语]
并列句
The device [主语] had been much employed [谓语] by topographical artists [状语] like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice. [同位语]
定语从句
A boxlike device [主语] used [谓语] a pinhole or lens [宾语] to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper. [宾语补足语]
句子4
A maritime code known as the Consulate of the Sea which originated in the western Mediterranean region in the fourteenth century, won acceptance by a majority of sea goers as the normative code for maritime conduct; it defined such matters as the authority of a ship's officers, protocols of command, pay structures, the rights of sailors, and the rules of engagement when ships met one another on the sea-lanes.
【难点解析】
本句的难点一是后置定语和定语从句分割了句子主干，造成了理解问题。主语A maritime code 先是被过去分词短语known as the Consulate of the Sea修饰，而这个短语后面紧接着又出现了一个定语从句来进一步修饰A maritime code，当我们再看到won 时，就得费心思寻找won 这个动词的发出者。
难点二是对when 引导的定语从句的理解。我们在阅读的时候还需要根据语义逻辑来对理解句子，这里when ships met one another on the sea-lanes显然不能作为时间状语从
句来修饰defined……as……，意思理解不通。这时我们就要考虑其他可能被修饰的成分， the rules of engagement正好可以作为when 从句的修饰对象，本身when 可以引导定语从句，另外从意思上也合情合理。
忽略修饰性定语和定语从句，句子主要信息如下：
A maritime code known as the Consulate of the Sea[定语] which originated in the western Mediterranean region in the fourteenth century,[定语从句] won acceptance by a majority of sea goers[定语] as the normative code for maritime conduct; it defined such matters as the authority of a ship's officers, protocols of command, pay structures, the rights of sailors, and the rules of engagement when ships met one another on the sea-lanes.[定语从句]
另外需要注意的是，by 短语虽然经常引导方式状语，但是这里by a majority of sea goers修饰的是acceptance 这一名词，所以它实际上做了acceptance 的后置定语。
【参考翻译】
一部在14世纪起源于西地中海地区的海洋法典（被称为《康索拉度海法》）赢得了大多数航海员的认可，成为了海上管理的规范法典；它对一些事物做了界定，比如，高级船员的权利、命令的发布规范、薪资结构、海员的权利，以及当船只在航路上遇到别的船时的交战准则。
【成分划分】
并列句一
A maritime code [主语] known as the Consulate of the Sea [定语] won [谓语] acceptance [宾语] by a majority of sea goers [定语] as the normative code for maritime conduct. [状语]
定语从句
A maritime code [主语] originated [谓语] in the western Mediterranean region [状语] in the fourteenth century. [状语]
并列句二
It [主语] defined [谓语] such matters [宾语] as the authority of a ship's officers, protocols of command, pay structures, the rights of sailors, and the rules of engagement. [同位语]
定语从句
Ships [主语] met [谓语] one another [宾语] on the sea-lanes. [状语]
句子5
In the 1970s when the study of Australian archaeology was in an exciting phase of development, with the great antiquity of rock art becoming clear Lesley Maynard the archaeologist who coined the phrase “Panaramitee style,” suggested that a sequence could be determined for Australian rock art in which a geometric style gave way to a simple figurative style that, unlike the pan-Australian geometric tradition tended to much greater regional diversity.
【难点解析】
本句的难点在于修饰性成分比较复杂，而且句子主语和谓语被定语从句分隔开，不容易找到句子主干。遇到这种句子，我们需要先舍弃修饰性的定语和状语，包括定语从句和状语从句，
然后再看句子会清爽很多。
In the 1970s[状语] when the study of Australian archaeology was in an exciting phase of development,[定语从句] with the great antiquity of rock art becoming clear
[状语] Lesley Maynard the archaeologist who coined the phrase “Panaramitee style,”[定语从句] suggested that a sequence could be determined for Australian rock art in which a geometric style gave way to a simple figurative style [定语从句] that, unlike the pan-Australian geometric tradition tended to much greater regional diversity. [定语从句]
翻译的时候，我们可以分别翻译出主句和从句的含义，然后用汉语习惯的表达顺序表述出来就可以了。
【参考翻译】
20世纪70年代，澳大利亚考古学研究处于一个令人兴奋的发展时期，随着岩画明显成为重要古物，考古学家Lesley Maynard指出，澳大利亚岩画的发展顺序能够被确定下来，在岩画中，几何学风格被简单的具象风格所替代，而这种简单的具象风格和澳大利亚的几何学传统不一样，具象风格的地域性差异往往要大得多。
【成分划分】
主句
In the 1970s, [状语] with the great antiquity of rock art becoming clear [状语] Lesley Maynard [主语] the archaeologist [同位语] suggested [谓语] something. [宾语]
定语从句
The study of Australian archaeology [主语] was [系动词] in an exciting phase of development. [表语]
定语从句
Lesley Maynard [主语] the archaeologist [同位语] coined [谓语] the phrase “Panaramitee style”. [宾语]
宾语从句
A sequence [主语] could be determined [谓语] for Australian rock art. [状语]
定语从句
In Australian rock art [状语] a geometric style [主语] gave way to [谓语] a simple figurative style. [宾语]
定语从句
A simple figurative style, [主语] unlike the pan-Australian geometric tradition [状语] tended to much greater regional diversity. [谓语]
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