第四课就职演说(1961年1月20日) 约翰?F?肯尼迪
我们今天举行的不是一个政党的祝捷大会，而是一次自由的庆典。这是一个承先启后、继往开来的大事件。因为刚才我已依照我们的先辈在将近一又四分之三个世纪以前拟好的誓言在诸位和全能的上帝面前庄严宣誓。
当今的世界已与往昔大不相同了。人类手中已掌握的力量，既足以消除一切形式的人类贫困，也足以结束一切形式的人类生活。然而，我们的先辈曾为之奋斗的革命信念至今仍未能为举世所公认。这信念就是认定人权出自上帝所赐而非得自政府的恩典。
我们今天仍未敢忘记我们是第一次革命战争的接班人。此时此地我谨向我们的朋友，同时也向我们的敌人宣告：火炬已传到我们新一代美国人手中。这一代人在本世纪成长起来，经受过战火的锻炼，经历过冷峻的和平的考验，以珍视古老的传统而自豪，又决不愿坐视或容许人权逐渐遭到践踏。美国对这些人权一向负有责任，今天我们也正在本国及全世界范围内为之奋斗。
必须让每一个友邦和敌国都知道：为维护自由，使其长存不灭，我们将会不惜付出任何代价，肩负任何重担，迎战一切困难，援助一切朋友，反击一切敌人。
以上这些是我们保证要做到的——但我们保证要做到的还不止这些。
对于那些与我们有着共同的文化和精神渊源的传统盟邦，我们保证将报之以真诚不渝的友谊。只要我们团结起来，我们在许多合作性事业中就会无往而不胜；而一旦彼此分裂，我们就会无所作为。因为我们之间若起争端，彼此离异，便难以与我们面临的强大对手抗衡。
对于那些我们欢迎其加入自由国家行列的各新兴国家，浅们发誓，一种形式的殖民统治的结束绝不应仅是为了被另一种远为残酷的暴政所取代。我们并不期望这些国家总是支持我们的观点，但我们希望他们始终能够坚决地卫护自己的自由，并时刻牢记，过去那些企图骑上虎背为自己壮声势的愚人结果都没能逃脱葬身虎腹的命运。
对于那些居住在遍布半个地球的茅舍荒村中，正奋力冲破集体贫困的桎梏的各民族，我们保证将尽最大努力帮助他们脱贫自救，不管这样做需要多长时间。这样做并不是因为怕共产党会抢先这样做，也不是因为我们想获得那些国家的赞成票，而是因为这样做是正确的。一个自由社会如若不能帮助众多的穷人，也就无法保全少数的富人。
对于我国边界以南的各姊妹国家，我们要作一项特别的保证：把我们美妙的言辞付诸行动，为谋求进步而进行新的合作。帮助自由的人民和自由的国家政府挣脱贫困的锁链。但我们绝不能让这个充满希望的和平革命成为敌对国家的牺牲品。要让所有的邻邦都知道，我们将和他们一起反对外国在美洲任何地区进行的侵略或颠覆。也要让所有别的国家知道，我们这个半球仍得由自己当家做主。 在一个战争因素远远超过和平因素的时代，对于我们唯一的最好的希望赖以寄托的世界主权国家的联盟组织一一联合国，我们重申对它给予支持的保证：阻止其成为一个仅供谩骂的讲坛，加强其对新兴国家及弱小国家的保护作用，并扩大其职能范围。
最后，对于那些不惜与我们为敌的国家，我们要提出的不是保证而是呼吁：希望双方重新开始努力寻求和平，不要等到科学所释放出来的可怕的破坏力将整个人类推向有计划的或偶然发生的自我毁灭之时。 我们不敢以示弱去诱惑他们。因为只有当我们有了无可置疑的足够的武力时，我们才能有无可置疑的把握避免使用武力。
然而，目前的局势使两大国家集团都感到不安——双方都因现代军备的庞大开支而感到不堪重负，双方都为极端危险的原子武器的不断扩散而理所当然地感到惊慌不安，但双方又都在竞相谋求改变那种使双方都不敢轻易发动导致全人类毁灭的最后决战的小稳定的恐怖均势。
因此，让我们重新开始，双方都记住：礼让并不表示软弱，而诚意则永远需要验证。我们决不能因为惧怕而谈判，但我们也决不要惧怕谈判。
让双方寻求彼此的共同利益所在，而不要在引起分歧的问题上徒费精力。
让双方进行首次谈判，对监督和控制军备制订出严格可行的计划?并且把足以毁灭其他国家的绝对力量置于世界各国的绝对管制之下。 让双方致力于揭开科学的奥秘，而不是科学的恐怖。让我们共同努力去探测星空，征服沙漠，消除疾病，开发洋底，并促进艺术和贸易的发展。
让双方一起在世界各个角落听取以赛亚的指示，去“卸下沉重的负担……(并)让被压迫者获得自由”。 如果初次的合作能够减少彼此之间的疑虑的话，那就让我们双方进而开始新的合作吧，不是寻求新的力量均衡，而是建立一个有法制的新世界，使强者公正，弱者安全，和平得以维持。
所有这一切不会在第一个一百天内完成，也不会在第一个一千天内完成，不会在本届政府任期内完成，甚至也许不会在我们这一辈子完成。但我们要让它从我们手上开始。
同胞们，我们事业的成败关键不仅仅是握在我的手中，更大一部分是握在你们手中。自从我国建立以来，每一代美国人都曾应召验证自己对祖国的忠诚。应召服役的美国青年的坟墓已遍布全球。
如今那号角又在召唤我们了。它不是在号召我们扛起武器一一尽管我们也需要武器，不是在号召我们去参战——尽管我们也准备应战，而是在号召我们肩负起一场长期的艰苦斗争的重任，年复一年，“忍受困苦，向往未来”，为反对人类共同的敌人——暴政、贫困、疾病以及战争本身——而斗争。 我们能否建立一个把东西南北联在一起的伟大的全球联盟来对付这些敌人，以确保人类享有更为富有成效的生活呢?你是否愿意参加这一具有历史意义的行动呢?
在世界漫长的历史上，只有少数几代人能在自由面临极大危险的时刻被赋予保卫自由的任务。在这一重任面前，我不退缩，我欢迎这一重任。我认为我们中间不会有人愿意与别人或另一代人调换位置。我们从事这一事业的那种精力、信念和献身精神将照耀我们的国家和一切为此出力的人们。这一火焰所发出的光芒将真正照亮这个世界。
因此，美国同胞们，你们应该问的不是你们的国家能为你们做些什么，而是你们自己能为你们的国家做些什么。
和我处在同样地位的世界各国的公民们，你们应该问的不是美国会为你们做些什么，而是我们一起能为人类自由做些什么。
最后，无论你们是美国公民还是世界各国的公民，请以我们在此要求于你们的那种力量和牺牲的高标准反过来要求我们。良心是我们唯一可靠的报酬，历史是我们所作所为的最后裁判。让我们迈步向前，去领导我们所热爱的国家吧，我们祈求上帝的保佑和帮助，但我们知道，上帝在人间的工作就是我们自己的工作。
习题全解
Ⅰ.John F. Kennedy(1917--1963),35th President of the United States
A. His family background
John Kennedy, whose ancestors came from Ireland, was the first Roman Catholic to become president of the United States. At 43 he was also the youngest man ever elected to the highest office of his country, although he was not the youngest to serve in it. Theodore Roosevelt was not quite 43 when the assasination of President McKinley elevated him to the Presidency. John Fitzgerald Francis Kennedy was born on May 29,1917, in Brookline, Massachusetts. Brookline was the suburb of Boston where his grandfather had been elected to many public offices. Joseph P. Kennedy, father of the future presi- dent, was at 25 the youngest bank president in the country. He was to build one of the great private fortunes of his time. He and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy raised a family of nine children. John was the second born.
When the first Kennedy child, Joseph, Jr. , was born, father Joe was reported to have said,
Thus young John Kennedy, often called Jack, inherited a background of polities, wealth and determination. The family circle was close and warm. The boys learned competition first in sports. They played hard to win, a family trait in sports and politics all their lives. Young Kennedy attended private schools in Brookline and New York City; and then, in 1931, he entered Choate School, in Wallingford, Connecticut to prepare for college. Young Kennedy, after a short spell at the London School of Economics and Princeton, entered Harvard. In 1940 he graduated from Harvard cure laude.
B. His political career and election as president
In 1945 the Hearst newspapers hired Kennedy to cover the United Nations preliminary conference in San Francisco. He covered the British elections that year, then decided he had had enough of journalism. He did not know whether he would like politics, but decided to try it. In 1946 he ran for Congress as a Democrat, in a Boston district. Though he did not live there, Kennedy, by hard compaigning, defeated a large field of rivals. He was re-elected twice. Then he tried for election to the United States Senate against Republican Henry Cabot Lodge, who was supposed to be unbeatable in Massachusetts. It was a big Republican year in 1952, in Massachusetts and
elsewhere, but Jack Kennedy beat Lodge by 70,000 votes. On September 12, 1953, Kennedy and Jacqueline Bouvier were married at Newport, Rhode Island. They had three children—Caroline; John, Jr. , whom his father called John-John; and Patrick Bouvier, who lived but a few days. Kennedy missed being nominated for vice-president by a few votes in 1956. But he gained an introduction to millions of Americans who watched the Chicago Democratic Convention on television. When he decided to run for president in1960, his name was widely known. Many thought that his religion and his youthful appearance would handicap him. Kennedy faced the religion issue frankly. He declared his firm belief in the separation of church and state. His wealth enabled him to assemble a staff and to get around the country in a private plane.
Kennedy’ s four television debates with Republican candidate, Richard M. Nixon, were a highlight of the 1960 campaign. The debates probably were important in Kennedy’s close victory electoral votes to 219 for Nixon. The popular vote was breathtakingly close Kennedy received only18,574 more votes than Nixon--a fraction of 1 precent of the total vote. (excerpts from the New Book of Knowledge)
C. Assasination
In November 1963, President Kennedy journeyed to Texas for a speech-making tour. In Dallas on November 22, he and his wife were cheered enthusiastically as their open car passed through the streets. Suddenly, at 12
On the day of the assasination, the police arrested Lee Harvey Oswald, a 24-year-old ex-marine, for the president’s murder. Oswald, who had lived for a time in the Soviet
Union, killed Dallas policeman J. D. Tippit while resisting at-rest. Two days later, in the station, Oswald himself was basement of the Dallas police fatally shot by Jack Ruby, a nightclub owner. On November 29, President Johnson appointed a seven- member commission, headed by Chief Justice Earl Warren, to conduct a thorough investigation of the assassination and report to the nation. The commission’s report made public on Sept. 27, 1964, held that Oswald fired the shots that killed the president. Further, to allay suspicions that the murder was a conspiratorial plot, it stated that the committee
Ⅱ. 1. Kennedy thinks the world is different now because man has made great progress in science and technology and has not only the power (scientific farming, speedy transportation, mass production, etc. ) to abolish poverty, but also the power(missiles，H_bombs，etc．)to destroy all forms of human life．I agree with him． 2．According to Kennedy，the belief still at issue around the globe is the belief that all man are created equal and God has given them certain inalienable rights which no state or ruler can take away from them． 3．Kennedy considers as friends： a)the old allies of the U．S．， such as Britain，Canada，Australia，New Zealand and the western European countries； b) the countries in South America and；c)many of the developing countries in Asia and Africa that rely on U．S．aid．He considers all socialist countries as foes(all that time the socialist camp headed by the Soviet Union)and those developing countries preparing to take the socialist road．
4． Britain，Canada，Australia，New Zealand．and in a wider sense one may also include France．
5．Many new nations were born after World WarⅡ．especially in Africa． In 1 960 alone， just one year before Kennedy’s inaugural speech， the following countries in Africa declared their independence：The Republic of Cen—tral Africa，The Republic of Chad，The Republic of Da-homey，The People’s Republic of the Congo。The(jabon Republic，The Republic of Ghana．etc． 6．The people who are in huts and villages are the poor people in backward developing countries in Africa and Asia．(Student give comments on the rest of the answer．) 7．The stated policy of Kennedy towards Latin America is summed up in the phrase “alliance for progress”．Kennedy pledged to take concrete steps to assist these governments and people in casting off the
chains of poverty．
8．Kennedy’s policy towards “his adversary” is negotiation from a position of strength．The U．S．must first be strong enough to deter her adversary． From this strong position of absolute military superiority Kennedy proposes negotiating with the socialist camp(or the Soviet Union)on the following problems：a) arms control，b) cooperation in the fields of science，technology，arts and commerce，c)a new world system．
9．He calls on his fellow—Americans to make new sacrifices．to do what his country calls on him to do． He should be prepared to sacrifice everything，even his life if necessary， to defend freedom，to wage constant war against tyranny，poverty，disease and war．The“long twilight struggle”is not a hot war but a constant，persevering fight against tyranny，poverty，disease and the threat of war．
10．There are probably some exaggeration in the claim that freedom was in its hour of maximum danger when Kennedy assumed office．However，it is historically justifiable that Kennedy assumed office at a time when freedom was in a most critical hour．The new president had to face many dangers and crises． At home，freedom was endangered by the witch hunting campaign against government workers accused of being communists started by Senator McCarthy． So Kennedy made himself a strong supporter of civil rights．
Ⅲ． 1． The rhetorical devices employed included： figures of speech，parallel and ballanced structures，repetition of important words and phrases，and antitheses． 2． Yes，the address is well organized．Kennedy addressed his old friends first with sweetest words and then his foes with sharp words．The order is clear and appropriate．
3．In this highly rhetorical address，there are many examples to show that Kennedy is very particular and careful in his choice of and use of words as well as his choice of sentence patterns and structures. For example, in the sentence
enemies. It is the other side that is challenging the U. S. , and the latter is forced to take the challenge although it really wants peace.
4.Nermedy carefully made his tone and message suited to the different groups he addresses. In his address there is proclaimed loyalty to old allies to sustain unity, assured help and support to minor friends to keep them closely tied to the U. S. , warning advice to newborns to make them over, and veiled threat, warning and! advice to the enemy camp to check ambitions on the part of the enemies.
5. Among the passages most likely to be quoted: may be
6. Kennedy' s argument and persuasion is based mainly on e-motional appeal rather than facts. This type of speech would not be successful on all occasions. It can be successful only when the audience is already excited and does not have much time to think or when the audience is already susceptible to the message of the speaker.
IV. 1. Our ancestors fought a revolutionary war to maintain that all men were created equal and God had given them certain unalienable rights which no state or ruler could take away from them. But today this issue has not yet been decided in many countries around the world.
2. This much we promise to do and we promise to do more.
3. United and working together we can accomplish a lot of things in a great number of joint undertakings.
4. We will not allow any enemy country to subvert this peaceful revolution which brings hope of progress to all our countries.
5. The United Nations is our last and best hope of survival in an age where the instruments of war have far surpassed the instruments of peace.
6. We pledge to help the United Nations enlarge the area in which its authority and mandate would continue to be in effect or in force.
7. before the terrible forces of destruction, which
science can now release, overwhelm mankind; before this self-destruction, which may be planned or brought about by an accident, takes place
8. Yet both groups of nations are trying to change as quickly as possible this uncertain balance of terrible military power which restrains each group from launching mankind's final war.
9. So let us start once again (to discuss and negotiate)and let us remember that being polite is not a sign of weakness. 10. Let both sides try to call forth the wonderful things that science can do for mankind instead of the frightful things it can do.
11. Americans of every generation have been called upon to prove their loyalty to their country (by fighting and dying for their country's cause).
12.Let history finally judge whether we have done our task welt or not, but our sure reward will be a good con-science for we will have worked sincerely and to the best of our ability.
Ⅴ.See the translation of the text. Ⅵ.1.prescribe, set down or impose
2.mortal: of man (as a being who must eventually die) 3.at issue, in dispite; still to be decided
4.disciplined, received training that developed self-control and character
5.committed, bound by promise, pledged 6.undoing : abolishing
7. at odds: .in disagreement ; quarreling split asunder : split apart ; disunited
8. iron: cruel; merciless 9. bounds: chains; fetters
10. invective: a violent verbal attack; strong criticism, insuits, curses, etc.
11. writ : (archaic) a formal written document ; specifically, a legal instrument in letter form issued under seal in the name of the English monarch from Anglo—Saxon times to declare its grants，wishes and commands(Here it refers to the United Nations Charter．) run：continue in effect or force 12．stays：restrains
13．tap：draw upon or make use of 14．bear：take on；sustain
Ⅶ．1．fatal可用来指一切已经造成死亡或者可能导致死亡的事物 (不能指人)，侧重于其不可避免性。如an illness which might not be serious for a young person．but which will almost certainly prove fatal to the old lady(一种对于年轻人来说也许并不严重，但对于一个老太婆来说却无疑是致命的病症)。deadly在表示“必然致命”这一
点上与fatal完全相同，可互换使用。但deadly还有一种为fatal所没有的用法，它可以指一个欲置他人于死地的人。如：The murdered man had many deady enemies．(被害者有很多不共戴天的死敌。)mortal像deadly一样．，可以指能置人于死的人或物。如：Because of an ancient family feud，the two cousins had been mortal enemies from birth．用于指物时， mortal之不同于fatal及deadly之处在于它往往只在已有提及死亡发生的前文后使用。如：He was struck down by a mortal blow upon to head．(他的死是由于头上受了致命一击)。lethal指的是某物质因其构成成分中含有毒素而定可造成死亡，而且其物存在的目的即是为了致人于死地。如：Cyanide is a lethal poison．(氰化物是一种致命的毒药。) 除lethal之外，以上各词均可用来形容某种造成恐慌或极度不安，会带来灾祸但不一定造成生命伤亡的事物。如：a fatal mistake(十分严重的错误)；a deadly insult(难以容忍的侮辱)；in mortal terror(极端的恐怖之中)。
2．faithful指出于对个人荣誉、友谊或爱情等的珍惜而体现出的信义和忠诚，如a faithful wife(忠实的妻子)。loyal则指因受道德良心或正义感、责任感的驱使而对某人、某项事业或某个组织表现出坚定不移的耿耿忠心，如a loyal friend(忠实可靠的朋友)。constant一般指爱情或事业上的用心专一，不见异思迁，朝秦暮楚，如a constant lover(用情专一的情人)。staunch(或stanch)指为维护某种原则或信念而表现出毫不动摇的意志和决心，如a staunch defender of the truth(真理的坚决捍卫者)。resolute也表示坚定不动摇的决心，不过多指在小事上或为私人目的而表现出的决心，如：She was resolute in her decision to stay．(她决定留下，很难改变。)
Ⅷ．tyranny，despotism，terrorism。domination．oppression．iron hand，iron heel, club law，big stick，reign of terror
Ⅸ．wealth，riches。opulence，affluence．abundance，prosperity．prosperousness，easy circumstances，richness，opulency
Ⅹ．1．pay a price 7．tay the(ocean)depths 2．bear a burden 8．encourage teh arts 3．pledge(one’s)word 9．forge a(great)alliance 4．explore the stars 1 O．support friends 5．conquer the deserts 11．oppose foes 6．eradicate disease l 2．formulate proposals
Ⅺ． 1． United，there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures．Divided，there is little we can do．for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder． 2．If a free society cannot help the many who are poor．it cannot save the few who are rich． 3．Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us． 4． And so，my fellow Americans ask not what your country can do for you；ask what you can do for your country．
Ⅻ.Paragraphs 6，7，8，10，11 begin with the same type of phrases：“To those old allies„”，“To those new states „”，“To those peoples„”。“To our sister republics„”．
ⅩⅢ. 1, But we shall not always expect
2. We will not allow any enemy country to subvert this peaceful revolution which will bring hope of progress to all our countries.
3. And let every other power know that this hemisphere will not tolerate any interference in their affairs by countries outside this hemisphere.
4. We renew our pledge: to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective, to strengthen its power so that it can protect the newly independent and weak nations.
5. And if a little bit of co-operation can lessen the deep suspicion that exists on both sides
6. The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will inspire not only the United States and her people but also the whole world.
ⅩⅣ. 1. Addition 2. Comparison 3.Contrast 4.Emphasis 5.Exemplification 6. Place 7. Reason 8.Result 9.Summary 10. Time
ⅩⅤ. Para. 1: 1) First 2) for example 3) on the other hand 4) second 5) For instance 6) In particular 7) Last908) For these three reasons
Para. 2: 1) indeed 2) also 3) thus 4) Later 5) But 6) So 7) Before long 8) at last 9) Then 10) after that 11) finally 12) for ever
ⅩⅥ. Omitted.
ⅩⅦ. The outline of the address is that the United States, the self- appointed leader of the
第四课就职演说(1961年1月20日) 约翰?F?肯尼迪
我们今天举行的不是一个政党的祝捷大会，而是一次自由的庆典。这是一个承先启后、继往开来的大事件。因为刚才我已依照我们的先辈在将近一又四分之三个世纪以前拟好的誓言在诸位和全能的上帝面前庄严宣誓。
当今的世界已与往昔大不相同了。人类手中已掌握的力量，既足以消除一切形式的人类贫困，也足以结束一切形式的人类生活。然而，我们的先辈曾为之奋斗的革命信念至今仍未能为举世所公认。这信念就是认定人权出自上帝所赐而非得自政府的恩典。
我们今天仍未敢忘记我们是第一次革命战争的接班人。此时此地我谨向我们的朋友，同时也向我们的敌人宣告：火炬已传到我们新一代美国人手中。这一代人在本世纪成长起来，经受过战火的锻炼，经历过冷峻的和平的考验，以珍视古老的传统而自豪，又决不愿坐视或容许人权逐渐遭到践踏。美国对这些人权一向负有责任，今天我们也正在本国及全世界范围内为之奋斗。
必须让每一个友邦和敌国都知道：为维护自由，使其长存不灭，我们将会不惜付出任何代价，肩负任何重担，迎战一切困难，援助一切朋友，反击一切敌人。
以上这些是我们保证要做到的——但我们保证要做到的还不止这些。
对于那些与我们有着共同的文化和精神渊源的传统盟邦，我们保证将报之以真诚不渝的友谊。只要我们团结起来，我们在许多合作性事业中就会无往而不胜；而一旦彼此分裂，我们就会无所作为。因为我们之间若起争端，彼此离异，便难以与我们面临的强大对手抗衡。
对于那些我们欢迎其加入自由国家行列的各新兴国家，浅们发誓，一种形式的殖民统治的结束绝不应仅是为了被另一种远为残酷的暴政所取代。我们并不期望这些国家总是支持我们的观点，但我们希望他们始终能够坚决地卫护自己的自由，并时刻牢记，过去那些企图骑上虎背为自己壮声势的愚人结果都没能逃脱葬身虎腹的命运。
对于那些居住在遍布半个地球的茅舍荒村中，正奋力冲破集体贫困的桎梏的各民族，我们保证将尽最大努力帮助他们脱贫自救，不管这样做需要多长时间。这样做并不是因为怕共产党会抢先这样做，也不是因为我们想获得那些国家的赞成票，而是因为这样做是正确的。一个自由社会如若不能帮助众多的穷人，也就无法保全少数的富人。
对于我国边界以南的各姊妹国家，我们要作一项特别的保证：把我们美妙的言辞付诸行动，为谋求进步而进行新的合作。帮助自由的人民和自由的国家政府挣脱贫困的锁链。但我们绝不能让这个充满希望的和平革命成为敌对国家的牺牲品。要让所有的邻邦都知道，我们将和他们一起反对外国在美洲任何地区进行的侵略或颠覆。也要让所有别的国家知道，我们这个半球仍得由自己当家做主。 在一个战争因素远远超过和平因素的时代，对于我们唯一的最好的希望赖以寄托的世界主权国家的联盟组织一一联合国，我们重申对它给予支持的保证：阻止其成为一个仅供谩骂的讲坛，加强其对新兴国家及弱小国家的保护作用，并扩大其职能范围。
最后，对于那些不惜与我们为敌的国家，我们要提出的不是保证而是呼吁：希望双方重新开始努力寻求和平，不要等到科学所释放出来的可怕的破坏力将整个人类推向有计划的或偶然发生的自我毁灭之时。 我们不敢以示弱去诱惑他们。因为只有当我们有了无可置疑的足够的武力时，我们才能有无可置疑的把握避免使用武力。
然而，目前的局势使两大国家集团都感到不安——双方都因现代军备的庞大开支而感到不堪重负，双方都为极端危险的原子武器的不断扩散而理所当然地感到惊慌不安，但双方又都在竞相谋求改变那种使双方都不敢轻易发动导致全人类毁灭的最后决战的小稳定的恐怖均势。
因此，让我们重新开始，双方都记住：礼让并不表示软弱，而诚意则永远需要验证。我们决不能因为惧怕而谈判，但我们也决不要惧怕谈判。
让双方寻求彼此的共同利益所在，而不要在引起分歧的问题上徒费精力。
让双方进行首次谈判，对监督和控制军备制订出严格可行的计划?并且把足以毁灭其他国家的绝对力量置于世界各国的绝对管制之下。 让双方致力于揭开科学的奥秘，而不是科学的恐怖。让我们共同努力去探测星空，征服沙漠，消除疾病，开发洋底，并促进艺术和贸易的发展。
让双方一起在世界各个角落听取以赛亚的指示，去“卸下沉重的负担……(并)让被压迫者获得自由”。 如果初次的合作能够减少彼此之间的疑虑的话，那就让我们双方进而开始新的合作吧，不是寻求新的力量均衡，而是建立一个有法制的新世界，使强者公正，弱者安全，和平得以维持。
所有这一切不会在第一个一百天内完成，也不会在第一个一千天内完成，不会在本届政府任期内完成，甚至也许不会在我们这一辈子完成。但我们要让它从我们手上开始。
同胞们，我们事业的成败关键不仅仅是握在我的手中，更大一部分是握在你们手中。自从我国建立以来，每一代美国人都曾应召验证自己对祖国的忠诚。应召服役的美国青年的坟墓已遍布全球。
如今那号角又在召唤我们了。它不是在号召我们扛起武器一一尽管我们也需要武器，不是在号召我们去参战——尽管我们也准备应战，而是在号召我们肩负起一场长期的艰苦斗争的重任，年复一年，“忍受困苦，向往未来”，为反对人类共同的敌人——暴政、贫困、疾病以及战争本身——而斗争。 我们能否建立一个把东西南北联在一起的伟大的全球联盟来对付这些敌人，以确保人类享有更为富有成效的生活呢?你是否愿意参加这一具有历史意义的行动呢?
在世界漫长的历史上，只有少数几代人能在自由面临极大危险的时刻被赋予保卫自由的任务。在这一重任面前，我不退缩，我欢迎这一重任。我认为我们中间不会有人愿意与别人或另一代人调换位置。我们从事这一事业的那种精力、信念和献身精神将照耀我们的国家和一切为此出力的人们。这一火焰所发出的光芒将真正照亮这个世界。
因此，美国同胞们，你们应该问的不是你们的国家能为你们做些什么，而是你们自己能为你们的国家做些什么。
和我处在同样地位的世界各国的公民们，你们应该问的不是美国会为你们做些什么，而是我们一起能为人类自由做些什么。
最后，无论你们是美国公民还是世界各国的公民，请以我们在此要求于你们的那种力量和牺牲的高标准反过来要求我们。良心是我们唯一可靠的报酬，历史是我们所作所为的最后裁判。让我们迈步向前，去领导我们所热爱的国家吧，我们祈求上帝的保佑和帮助，但我们知道，上帝在人间的工作就是我们自己的工作。
习题全解
Ⅰ.John F. Kennedy(1917--1963),35th President of the United States
A. His family background
John Kennedy, whose ancestors came from Ireland, was the first Roman Catholic to become president of the United States. At 43 he was also the youngest man ever elected to the highest office of his country, although he was not the youngest to serve in it. Theodore Roosevelt was not quite 43 when the assasination of President McKinley elevated him to the Presidency. John Fitzgerald Francis Kennedy was born on May 29,1917, in Brookline, Massachusetts. Brookline was the suburb of Boston where his grandfather had been elected to many public offices. Joseph P. Kennedy, father of the future presi- dent, was at 25 the youngest bank president in the country. He was to build one of the great private fortunes of his time. He and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy raised a family of nine children. John was the second born.
When the first Kennedy child, Joseph, Jr. , was born, father Joe was reported to have said,
Thus young John Kennedy, often called Jack, inherited a background of polities, wealth and determination. The family circle was close and warm. The boys learned competition first in sports. They played hard to win, a family trait in sports and politics all their lives. Young Kennedy attended private schools in Brookline and New York City; and then, in 1931, he entered Choate School, in Wallingford, Connecticut to prepare for college. Young Kennedy, after a short spell at the London School of Economics and Princeton, entered Harvard. In 1940 he graduated from Harvard cure laude.
B. His political career and election as president
In 1945 the Hearst newspapers hired Kennedy to cover the United Nations preliminary conference in San Francisco. He covered the British elections that year, then decided he had had enough of journalism. He did not know whether he would like politics, but decided to try it. In 1946 he ran for Congress as a Democrat, in a Boston district. Though he did not live there, Kennedy, by hard compaigning, defeated a large field of rivals. He was re-elected twice. Then he tried for election to the United States Senate against Republican Henry Cabot Lodge, who was supposed to be unbeatable in Massachusetts. It was a big Republican year in 1952, in Massachusetts and
elsewhere, but Jack Kennedy beat Lodge by 70,000 votes. On September 12, 1953, Kennedy and Jacqueline Bouvier were married at Newport, Rhode Island. They had three children—Caroline; John, Jr. , whom his father called John-John; and Patrick Bouvier, who lived but a few days. Kennedy missed being nominated for vice-president by a few votes in 1956. But he gained an introduction to millions of Americans who watched the Chicago Democratic Convention on television. When he decided to run for president in1960, his name was widely known. Many thought that his religion and his youthful appearance would handicap him. Kennedy faced the religion issue frankly. He declared his firm belief in the separation of church and state. His wealth enabled him to assemble a staff and to get around the country in a private plane.
Kennedy’ s four television debates with Republican candidate, Richard M. Nixon, were a highlight of the 1960 campaign. The debates probably were important in Kennedy’s close victory electoral votes to 219 for Nixon. The popular vote was breathtakingly close Kennedy received only18,574 more votes than Nixon--a fraction of 1 precent of the total vote. (excerpts from the New Book of Knowledge)
C. Assasination
In November 1963, President Kennedy journeyed to Texas for a speech-making tour. In Dallas on November 22, he and his wife were cheered enthusiastically as their open car passed through the streets. Suddenly, at 12
On the day of the assasination, the police arrested Lee Harvey Oswald, a 24-year-old ex-marine, for the president’s murder. Oswald, who had lived for a time in the Soviet
Union, killed Dallas policeman J. D. Tippit while resisting at-rest. Two days later, in the station, Oswald himself was basement of the Dallas police fatally shot by Jack Ruby, a nightclub owner. On November 29, President Johnson appointed a seven- member commission, headed by Chief Justice Earl Warren, to conduct a thorough investigation of the assassination and report to the nation. The commission’s report made public on Sept. 27, 1964, held that Oswald fired the shots that killed the president. Further, to allay suspicions that the murder was a conspiratorial plot, it stated that the committee
Ⅱ. 1. Kennedy thinks the world is different now because man has made great progress in science and technology and has not only the power (scientific farming, speedy transportation, mass production, etc. ) to abolish poverty, but also the power(missiles，H_bombs，etc．)to destroy all forms of human life．I agree with him． 2．According to Kennedy，the belief still at issue around the globe is the belief that all man are created equal and God has given them certain inalienable rights which no state or ruler can take away from them． 3．Kennedy considers as friends： a)the old allies of the U．S．， such as Britain，Canada，Australia，New Zealand and the western European countries； b) the countries in South America and；c)many of the developing countries in Asia and Africa that rely on U．S．aid．He considers all socialist countries as foes(all that time the socialist camp headed by the Soviet Union)and those developing countries preparing to take the socialist road．
4． Britain，Canada，Australia，New Zealand．and in a wider sense one may also include France．
5．Many new nations were born after World WarⅡ．especially in Africa． In 1 960 alone， just one year before Kennedy’s inaugural speech， the following countries in Africa declared their independence：The Republic of Cen—tral Africa，The Republic of Chad，The Republic of Da-homey，The People’s Republic of the Congo。The(jabon Republic，The Republic of Ghana．etc． 6．The people who are in huts and villages are the poor people in backward developing countries in Africa and Asia．(Student give comments on the rest of the answer．) 7．The stated policy of Kennedy towards Latin America is summed up in the phrase “alliance for progress”．Kennedy pledged to take concrete steps to assist these governments and people in casting off the
chains of poverty．
8．Kennedy’s policy towards “his adversary” is negotiation from a position of strength．The U．S．must first be strong enough to deter her adversary． From this strong position of absolute military superiority Kennedy proposes negotiating with the socialist camp(or the Soviet Union)on the following problems：a) arms control，b) cooperation in the fields of science，technology，arts and commerce，c)a new world system．
9．He calls on his fellow—Americans to make new sacrifices．to do what his country calls on him to do． He should be prepared to sacrifice everything，even his life if necessary， to defend freedom，to wage constant war against tyranny，poverty，disease and war．The“long twilight struggle”is not a hot war but a constant，persevering fight against tyranny，poverty，disease and the threat of war．
10．There are probably some exaggeration in the claim that freedom was in its hour of maximum danger when Kennedy assumed office．However，it is historically justifiable that Kennedy assumed office at a time when freedom was in a most critical hour．The new president had to face many dangers and crises． At home，freedom was endangered by the witch hunting campaign against government workers accused of being communists started by Senator McCarthy． So Kennedy made himself a strong supporter of civil rights．
Ⅲ． 1． The rhetorical devices employed included： figures of speech，parallel and ballanced structures，repetition of important words and phrases，and antitheses． 2． Yes，the address is well organized．Kennedy addressed his old friends first with sweetest words and then his foes with sharp words．The order is clear and appropriate．
3．In this highly rhetorical address，there are many examples to show that Kennedy is very particular and careful in his choice of and use of words as well as his choice of sentence patterns and structures. For example, in the sentence
enemies. It is the other side that is challenging the U. S. , and the latter is forced to take the challenge although it really wants peace.
4.Nermedy carefully made his tone and message suited to the different groups he addresses. In his address there is proclaimed loyalty to old allies to sustain unity, assured help and support to minor friends to keep them closely tied to the U. S. , warning advice to newborns to make them over, and veiled threat, warning and! advice to the enemy camp to check ambitions on the part of the enemies.
5. Among the passages most likely to be quoted: may be
6. Kennedy' s argument and persuasion is based mainly on e-motional appeal rather than facts. This type of speech would not be successful on all occasions. It can be successful only when the audience is already excited and does not have much time to think or when the audience is already susceptible to the message of the speaker.
IV. 1. Our ancestors fought a revolutionary war to maintain that all men were created equal and God had given them certain unalienable rights which no state or ruler could take away from them. But today this issue has not yet been decided in many countries around the world.
2. This much we promise to do and we promise to do more.
3. United and working together we can accomplish a lot of things in a great number of joint undertakings.
4. We will not allow any enemy country to subvert this peaceful revolution which brings hope of progress to all our countries.
5. The United Nations is our last and best hope of survival in an age where the instruments of war have far surpassed the instruments of peace.
6. We pledge to help the United Nations enlarge the area in which its authority and mandate would continue to be in effect or in force.
7. before the terrible forces of destruction, which
science can now release, overwhelm mankind; before this self-destruction, which may be planned or brought about by an accident, takes place
8. Yet both groups of nations are trying to change as quickly as possible this uncertain balance of terrible military power which restrains each group from launching mankind's final war.
9. So let us start once again (to discuss and negotiate)and let us remember that being polite is not a sign of weakness. 10. Let both sides try to call forth the wonderful things that science can do for mankind instead of the frightful things it can do.
11. Americans of every generation have been called upon to prove their loyalty to their country (by fighting and dying for their country's cause).
12.Let history finally judge whether we have done our task welt or not, but our sure reward will be a good con-science for we will have worked sincerely and to the best of our ability.
Ⅴ.See the translation of the text. Ⅵ.1.prescribe, set down or impose
2.mortal: of man (as a being who must eventually die) 3.at issue, in dispite; still to be decided
4.disciplined, received training that developed self-control and character
5.committed, bound by promise, pledged 6.undoing : abolishing
7. at odds: .in disagreement ; quarreling split asunder : split apart ; disunited
8. iron: cruel; merciless 9. bounds: chains; fetters
10. invective: a violent verbal attack; strong criticism, insuits, curses, etc.
11. writ : (archaic) a formal written document ; specifically, a legal instrument in letter form issued under seal in the name of the English monarch from Anglo—Saxon times to declare its grants，wishes and commands(Here it refers to the United Nations Charter．) run：continue in effect or force 12．stays：restrains
13．tap：draw upon or make use of 14．bear：take on；sustain
Ⅶ．1．fatal可用来指一切已经造成死亡或者可能导致死亡的事物 (不能指人)，侧重于其不可避免性。如an illness which might not be serious for a young person．but which will almost certainly prove fatal to the old lady(一种对于年轻人来说也许并不严重，但对于一个老太婆来说却无疑是致命的病症)。deadly在表示“必然致命”这一
点上与fatal完全相同，可互换使用。但deadly还有一种为fatal所没有的用法，它可以指一个欲置他人于死地的人。如：The murdered man had many deady enemies．(被害者有很多不共戴天的死敌。)mortal像deadly一样．，可以指能置人于死的人或物。如：Because of an ancient family feud，the two cousins had been mortal enemies from birth．用于指物时， mortal之不同于fatal及deadly之处在于它往往只在已有提及死亡发生的前文后使用。如：He was struck down by a mortal blow upon to head．(他的死是由于头上受了致命一击)。lethal指的是某物质因其构成成分中含有毒素而定可造成死亡，而且其物存在的目的即是为了致人于死地。如：Cyanide is a lethal poison．(氰化物是一种致命的毒药。) 除lethal之外，以上各词均可用来形容某种造成恐慌或极度不安，会带来灾祸但不一定造成生命伤亡的事物。如：a fatal mistake(十分严重的错误)；a deadly insult(难以容忍的侮辱)；in mortal terror(极端的恐怖之中)。
2．faithful指出于对个人荣誉、友谊或爱情等的珍惜而体现出的信义和忠诚，如a faithful wife(忠实的妻子)。loyal则指因受道德良心或正义感、责任感的驱使而对某人、某项事业或某个组织表现出坚定不移的耿耿忠心，如a loyal friend(忠实可靠的朋友)。constant一般指爱情或事业上的用心专一，不见异思迁，朝秦暮楚，如a constant lover(用情专一的情人)。staunch(或stanch)指为维护某种原则或信念而表现出毫不动摇的意志和决心，如a staunch defender of the truth(真理的坚决捍卫者)。resolute也表示坚定不动摇的决心，不过多指在小事上或为私人目的而表现出的决心，如：She was resolute in her decision to stay．(她决定留下，很难改变。)
Ⅷ．tyranny，despotism，terrorism。domination．oppression．iron hand，iron heel, club law，big stick，reign of terror
Ⅸ．wealth，riches。opulence，affluence．abundance，prosperity．prosperousness，easy circumstances，richness，opulency
Ⅹ．1．pay a price 7．tay the(ocean)depths 2．bear a burden 8．encourage teh arts 3．pledge(one’s)word 9．forge a(great)alliance 4．explore the stars 1 O．support friends 5．conquer the deserts 11．oppose foes 6．eradicate disease l 2．formulate proposals
Ⅺ． 1． United，there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures．Divided，there is little we can do．for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder． 2．If a free society cannot help the many who are poor．it cannot save the few who are rich． 3．Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us． 4． And so，my fellow Americans ask not what your country can do for you；ask what you can do for your country．
Ⅻ.Paragraphs 6，7，8，10，11 begin with the same type of phrases：“To those old allies„”，“To those new states „”，“To those peoples„”。“To our sister republics„”．
ⅩⅢ. 1, But we shall not always expect
2. We will not allow any enemy country to subvert this peaceful revolution which will bring hope of progress to all our countries.
3. And let every other power know that this hemisphere will not tolerate any interference in their affairs by countries outside this hemisphere.
4. We renew our pledge: to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective, to strengthen its power so that it can protect the newly independent and weak nations.
5. And if a little bit of co-operation can lessen the deep suspicion that exists on both sides
6. The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will inspire not only the United States and her people but also the whole world.
ⅩⅣ. 1. Addition 2. Comparison 3.Contrast 4.Emphasis 5.Exemplification 6. Place 7. Reason 8.Result 9.Summary 10. Time
ⅩⅤ. Para. 1: 1) First 2) for example 3) on the other hand 4) second 5) For instance 6) In particular 7) Last908) For these three reasons
Para. 2: 1) indeed 2) also 3) thus 4) Later 5) But 6) So 7) Before long 8) at last 9) Then 10) after that 11) finally 12) for ever
ⅩⅥ. Omitted.
ⅩⅦ. The outline of the address is that the United States, the self- appointed leader of the