初中英语语法大全 新目标语法网络图
一、名词
1、名词的种类:
2. 名词的数:
1. 规则名词的复数形式:名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现
将构成方法与读音规则列表如下:
2. 不规则名词复数:英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,现归纳如下:
3. 名词的所有格:
名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加’s构成,二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。
1. ’s所有格的构成:
2. ’s所有格的用法:
3. of所有格的用法:
用于无生命的东西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book
用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词:the struggle of the oppressed 二、冠词
冠词分为不定冠词(a, an),定冠词(the),和零冠词。
I.不定冠词的用法:
2. 定冠词的用法:
3. 零冠词的用法:
三、代词:
I.代词可以分为以下七大类:
2. 不定代词用法注意点:
1. one, some与any:
1) one可以泛指任何人,也可特指,复数为ones。some多用于肯定句,any多用于疑问句和否定句。
One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any
bookmarks.
I have some questions to ask.
2) some可用于疑问句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答复,或者表示建议,请求等。 Would you like some bananas?Could you give me some money?
3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时,some表示某个,any表示任何一个。 I have read this article in some magazine.Please correct the mistakes, if any. 4) some和数词连用表示“大约”,any可与比较级连用表示程度。 There are some 3,000 students in this school.Do you feel any better today? 2. each和every:
each强调个别,代表的数可以是两个或两个以上,而every强调整体,所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。
Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary.
Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points. 3. none和no:
no等于not any,作定语。none作主语或宾语,代替不可数名词,谓语用单数,代替可数名词,谓语单复数皆可以。There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle? None.
None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties. 4. other和another:
1) other泛指“另外的,别的”常与其他词连用,如:the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way,
the other特指两者中的另外一个,复数为the others。如:He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.
Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.
2) another指“又一个,另一个”无所指,复数形式是others,泛指“别的人或事”如:
I don’t like this shirt, please show me another (one).The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.
Some like football, while others like basketball. 5. all和both, neither和either
all表示不可数名词时,其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定,全部否定用neither和none.
All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English.
Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher. 四、形容词和副词
I.形容词: 1. 形容词的位置:
1) 形容词作定语通常前置,但在下列情况后置:
2) 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序:
3) 复合形容词的构成:
2. 副词
副词的分类: 3. 形容词和副词比较等级:
形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级,比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est,多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。 1. 同级比较时常常用 as…as…以及not so(as)…as…如:I am not so good a player as you are. 2. 可以修饰比较级的词有:much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。
3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more…the more…”句型。
如:The harder you work, the more progress you will make.
4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如:I have never spent a more worrying day. 5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型:Our school is three times larger than yours. Our school is four times as large as yours.Our school is four times the size of yours.
6. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如:favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。
五、介词
I.介词分类:
2. 常用介词区别:
六、动词
I.动词的时态:
1. 动词的时态一共有16种,以ask为例,将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下:
2. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:
1) 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况,但和现在有联系,强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果,它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之,利用过去,说明现在。如:
I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已经看过,且了解这本书的内容)
2) 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态,和现在无关,它可和表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“过”,“了”等词。简言之,仅谈过去,不关现在。如:
I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了,不涉及现在是否记住) I lived in Beijing for ten years.(只说明在北京住过十年,与现在无关) 3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别:两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”,在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时,多用现在完成时,如着重表示动作一直在进行,即动作的延续性时,则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。
I have read that book.我读过那本书了。I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在读那本书。 4. 一般将来时的表达方式:
2. 动词的被动语态:
七、情态动词
1.情态动词基本用法:
2. 情态动词must, may, might, could, can表示推测:
以must为例。must + do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行;must + be doing 推测可能正在进行的事情;must +have done是推测可能已经发生过的事情。 1. must“肯定,一定”语气强,只用于肯定句中。
He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there.
2. may和might“也许”,后者语气弱,更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。
He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task.
3. can和could“可能”,could表示可疑的可能性,不及can’t语气强,用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。
The weather in that city could be cold now.
We could have walked there; it was so near.(推测某事本来可能发生,但实际上没有发生)
Can he be in the office now? No, he can’t be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(语气很强,常用于疑问句和否定句中)
3. 情态动词注意点:
1. can和be able to: 都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表达“某事终于成功”,而can无法表达此意。Be able to有更多的时态。另外,两者不能重叠使用。 2. used to和would:
used to表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯,而would只表示过去的习惯或
喜好,不涉及现在。 3. need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别:
两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为:needn’t/daren’t do;Need/dare…do…?
做实义动词时可用于肯定句,否定句和疑问句。其形式为:need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, don’t(doesn’t/didn’t) need/dare to do 八、非谓语动词
1.非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成:
2. 做宾语的非谓语动词比较:
3.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别:
4. 非谓语动词做定语的区别:
初中英语语法大全 新目标语法网络图
一、名词
1、名词的种类:
2. 名词的数:
1. 规则名词的复数形式:名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现
将构成方法与读音规则列表如下:
2. 不规则名词复数:英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,现归纳如下:
3. 名词的所有格:
名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加’s构成,二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。
1. ’s所有格的构成:
2. ’s所有格的用法:
3. of所有格的用法:
用于无生命的东西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book
用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词:the struggle of the oppressed 二、冠词
冠词分为不定冠词(a, an),定冠词(the),和零冠词。
I.不定冠词的用法:
2. 定冠词的用法:
3. 零冠词的用法:
三、代词:
I.代词可以分为以下七大类:
2. 不定代词用法注意点:
1. one, some与any:
1) one可以泛指任何人,也可特指,复数为ones。some多用于肯定句,any多用于疑问句和否定句。
One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any
bookmarks.
I have some questions to ask.
2) some可用于疑问句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答复,或者表示建议,请求等。 Would you like some bananas?Could you give me some money?
3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时,some表示某个,any表示任何一个。 I have read this article in some magazine.Please correct the mistakes, if any. 4) some和数词连用表示“大约”,any可与比较级连用表示程度。 There are some 3,000 students in this school.Do you feel any better today? 2. each和every:
each强调个别,代表的数可以是两个或两个以上,而every强调整体,所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。
Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary.
Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points. 3. none和no:
no等于not any,作定语。none作主语或宾语,代替不可数名词,谓语用单数,代替可数名词,谓语单复数皆可以。There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle? None.
None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties. 4. other和another:
1) other泛指“另外的,别的”常与其他词连用,如:the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way,
the other特指两者中的另外一个,复数为the others。如:He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.
Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.
2) another指“又一个,另一个”无所指,复数形式是others,泛指“别的人或事”如:
I don’t like this shirt, please show me another (one).The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.
Some like football, while others like basketball. 5. all和both, neither和either
all表示不可数名词时,其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定,全部否定用neither和none.
All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English.
Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher. 四、形容词和副词
I.形容词: 1. 形容词的位置:
1) 形容词作定语通常前置,但在下列情况后置:
2) 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序:
3) 复合形容词的构成:
2. 副词
副词的分类: 3. 形容词和副词比较等级:
形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级,比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est,多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。 1. 同级比较时常常用 as…as…以及not so(as)…as…如:I am not so good a player as you are. 2. 可以修饰比较级的词有:much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。
3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more…the more…”句型。
如:The harder you work, the more progress you will make.
4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如:I have never spent a more worrying day. 5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型:Our school is three times larger than yours. Our school is four times as large as yours.Our school is four times the size of yours.
6. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如:favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。
五、介词
I.介词分类:
2. 常用介词区别:
六、动词
I.动词的时态:
1. 动词的时态一共有16种,以ask为例,将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下:
2. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:
1) 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况,但和现在有联系,强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果,它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之,利用过去,说明现在。如:
I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已经看过,且了解这本书的内容)
2) 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态,和现在无关,它可和表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“过”,“了”等词。简言之,仅谈过去,不关现在。如:
I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了,不涉及现在是否记住) I lived in Beijing for ten years.(只说明在北京住过十年,与现在无关) 3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别:两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”,在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时,多用现在完成时,如着重表示动作一直在进行,即动作的延续性时,则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。
I have read that book.我读过那本书了。I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在读那本书。 4. 一般将来时的表达方式:
2. 动词的被动语态:
七、情态动词
1.情态动词基本用法:
2. 情态动词must, may, might, could, can表示推测:
以must为例。must + do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行;must + be doing 推测可能正在进行的事情;must +have done是推测可能已经发生过的事情。 1. must“肯定,一定”语气强,只用于肯定句中。
He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there.
2. may和might“也许”,后者语气弱,更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。
He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task.
3. can和could“可能”,could表示可疑的可能性,不及can’t语气强,用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。
The weather in that city could be cold now.
We could have walked there; it was so near.(推测某事本来可能发生,但实际上没有发生)
Can he be in the office now? No, he can’t be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(语气很强,常用于疑问句和否定句中)
3. 情态动词注意点:
1. can和be able to: 都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表达“某事终于成功”,而can无法表达此意。Be able to有更多的时态。另外,两者不能重叠使用。 2. used to和would:
used to表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯,而would只表示过去的习惯或
喜好,不涉及现在。 3. need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别:
两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为:needn’t/daren’t do;Need/dare…do…?
做实义动词时可用于肯定句,否定句和疑问句。其形式为:need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, don’t(doesn’t/didn’t) need/dare to do 八、非谓语动词
1.非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成:
2. 做宾语的非谓语动词比较:
3.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别:
4. 非谓语动词做定语的区别: