Unit Eight
Tumor Immunology
Section A
1—c 2—d 3—h 4—b 5—j
6—g 7—i 8—f 9—a 10—e
Section B
Passage 1
I. Reading Comprehension
1. What does tumor immunology deal with?
It deals with the antigenic properties of transformed cells, the host immune response to these tumor cells, the immunologic consequences to the host of the growth of malignant cells, and the means by which the immune system can be modulated to recognize tumor cells and promote tumor eradication.
2. What is the basis of malignant disease?
The autonomous growth of transformed cells of monoclonal origin represents the basis of malignant disease.
3. How were chemical carcinogens discovered?
Chemical carcinogens were discovered in 18th century when chimney sweeps were observed to have an unusually high incidence of carcinoma of the scrotum.
4. What are two major categories of relevant tumor antigens ?
They are unique tumor-specific antigens found only in tumor cells and tumor-associated determinants found in tumor cells and also in some normal cells
5. Why is viral oncogenesis of particular interest in tumor immunology?
Because it seems that cells transformed by the introduction of viral genes will express new virus-associated antigens that can be recognized by the immune system.
6—B 7—A 8—C 9—A 10—B
II. Vocabulary Study
Part A
1—Metastasis 2—Retroviruses 3—oncogenesis 4—carcinogen
5—Mutations 6—genome 7—Leukemia 8—phenotype
9—antigen 10—Radioactivity
Part B
1—terminate 2—eradicated 3—propensity 4—code
5—proliferate 6—accrue 7—disparate 8—modulate
9—generate 10—differentiate
III. Translation
Part A
1. These cell activities are tightly coordinated within an organ or tissue, so that the
rate of cell loss due to the natural death of mature differentiated cells is equal to the rate of appearance of new cells from the less mature proliferating cell pool. 这些细胞活性在器官或组织中严密协调，使得成熟分化细胞的正常死亡率等
同于那些欠成熟的增殖细胞群中新细胞的出现率。
2. Although historically much skepticism surrounded this presumption, modern
approaches facilitated by technologic advances in cellular and molecular immunology have convincingly demonstrated that many human tumors express antigens that can induce and be targets of cellular and humoral responses.
尽管历史上对这种假设有怀疑，但由细胞免疫和分子免疫技术所支撑的当代研究有力地表明，许多人类肿瘤都能表达某些抗原，这些抗原既能诱导细胞和体液免疫，又是细胞和体液免疫应答的靶点。
3. Oncogenic RNA viruses contain genes for a polymerase called reverse
transcriptase, which permits the use of the viral RNA as a template for transcription of a DNA copy that can be integrated into the host genome. Because this is a reversal of the normal DNA-to-RNA transcription of genetic information, these viruses are often referred to as retroviruses.
肿瘤RNA 病毒含有一种反转录酶的聚合酶基因，这种酶允许将病毒RNA 作为模板反转录生成DNA ，进而整合进宿主基因组中。由于这种转录是从DNA 到RNA 正常基因信息转录的反向转录，因此这些病毒也称为反转录病毒。
4. Viral oncogenesis is of particular interest in tumor immunology because of the
great likelihood that cells transformed by the introduction of viral genes will express new virus-associated antigens that can be recognized by the immune system.
病毒诱导肿瘤形成在肿瘤免疫学方面特别有意义，因为很可能由病毒基因导入细胞中引起其变异而表达出新的病毒相关抗原，这种抗原可以被免疫系统识别。
5. Evidence of tumor induction by physical carcinogens accrued rapidly following
the discovery of X-rays and radioactivity in the late 19th century when many of the early radiologists developed skin cancer.
物理致癌物质诱发癌症的证据随着19世纪末X 线和辐射能的发现而迅速增加，因为那个时期许多早期的放射学家患了皮肤癌。
Part B
1. 为了推进教学改革，这所实验中学正尝试将数学课与电脑学习整合为一体。(integrate)
To carry forward educational reform , the experimental middle school is trying to integrate math lessons with computer study as a whole.
2. 先前的研究已成功鉴别出一些单基因突变, 这些基因突变与癌症或与其他遗传性疾病有关。(identify)
The previous studies have successfully identified single gene mutations that cause cancer or are linked to other inherited diseases.
3. 文献的保留期是文字记录管理的一个方面，表示某个文献的电子和纸质版应该保存的期限。(retention)
The retention period of a document is an aspect of records management. It represents the period of time a document should be retained/kept both electronically and in paper format.
4. 在分子生物学领域，变异就是细胞基因的改变，原因是从周围环境直接吸收、接纳、并表达外来基因物质。(transformation)
In molecular biology transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake, incorporation and expression of exogenous genetic material from its surroundings.
5. 转移性疾病是指某种疾病从一个器官或机体的一部分扩散到该机体另一个不相邻的器官或部分。(metastasis)
Metastasis, or metastatic disease is the spread of a disease from one organ or part of the body to another non-adjacent organ or part.
Passage 2
1—T 2—T 3—F 4—T 5—T
6—T 7—F 8—T 9—T 10—T
Unit Eight
Tumor Immunology
Section A
1—c 2—d 3—h 4—b 5—j
6—g 7—i 8—f 9—a 10—e
Section B
Passage 1
I. Reading Comprehension
1. What does tumor immunology deal with?
It deals with the antigenic properties of transformed cells, the host immune response to these tumor cells, the immunologic consequences to the host of the growth of malignant cells, and the means by which the immune system can be modulated to recognize tumor cells and promote tumor eradication.
2. What is the basis of malignant disease?
The autonomous growth of transformed cells of monoclonal origin represents the basis of malignant disease.
3. How were chemical carcinogens discovered?
Chemical carcinogens were discovered in 18th century when chimney sweeps were observed to have an unusually high incidence of carcinoma of the scrotum.
4. What are two major categories of relevant tumor antigens ?
They are unique tumor-specific antigens found only in tumor cells and tumor-associated determinants found in tumor cells and also in some normal cells
5. Why is viral oncogenesis of particular interest in tumor immunology?
Because it seems that cells transformed by the introduction of viral genes will express new virus-associated antigens that can be recognized by the immune system.
6—B 7—A 8—C 9—A 10—B
II. Vocabulary Study
Part A
1—Metastasis 2—Retroviruses 3—oncogenesis 4—carcinogen
5—Mutations 6—genome 7—Leukemia 8—phenotype
9—antigen 10—Radioactivity
Part B
1—terminate 2—eradicated 3—propensity 4—code
5—proliferate 6—accrue 7—disparate 8—modulate
9—generate 10—differentiate
III. Translation
Part A
1. These cell activities are tightly coordinated within an organ or tissue, so that the
rate of cell loss due to the natural death of mature differentiated cells is equal to the rate of appearance of new cells from the less mature proliferating cell pool. 这些细胞活性在器官或组织中严密协调，使得成熟分化细胞的正常死亡率等
同于那些欠成熟的增殖细胞群中新细胞的出现率。
2. Although historically much skepticism surrounded this presumption, modern
approaches facilitated by technologic advances in cellular and molecular immunology have convincingly demonstrated that many human tumors express antigens that can induce and be targets of cellular and humoral responses.
尽管历史上对这种假设有怀疑，但由细胞免疫和分子免疫技术所支撑的当代研究有力地表明，许多人类肿瘤都能表达某些抗原，这些抗原既能诱导细胞和体液免疫，又是细胞和体液免疫应答的靶点。
3. Oncogenic RNA viruses contain genes for a polymerase called reverse
transcriptase, which permits the use of the viral RNA as a template for transcription of a DNA copy that can be integrated into the host genome. Because this is a reversal of the normal DNA-to-RNA transcription of genetic information, these viruses are often referred to as retroviruses.
肿瘤RNA 病毒含有一种反转录酶的聚合酶基因，这种酶允许将病毒RNA 作为模板反转录生成DNA ，进而整合进宿主基因组中。由于这种转录是从DNA 到RNA 正常基因信息转录的反向转录，因此这些病毒也称为反转录病毒。
4. Viral oncogenesis is of particular interest in tumor immunology because of the
great likelihood that cells transformed by the introduction of viral genes will express new virus-associated antigens that can be recognized by the immune system.
病毒诱导肿瘤形成在肿瘤免疫学方面特别有意义，因为很可能由病毒基因导入细胞中引起其变异而表达出新的病毒相关抗原，这种抗原可以被免疫系统识别。
5. Evidence of tumor induction by physical carcinogens accrued rapidly following
the discovery of X-rays and radioactivity in the late 19th century when many of the early radiologists developed skin cancer.
物理致癌物质诱发癌症的证据随着19世纪末X 线和辐射能的发现而迅速增加，因为那个时期许多早期的放射学家患了皮肤癌。
Part B
1. 为了推进教学改革，这所实验中学正尝试将数学课与电脑学习整合为一体。(integrate)
To carry forward educational reform , the experimental middle school is trying to integrate math lessons with computer study as a whole.
2. 先前的研究已成功鉴别出一些单基因突变, 这些基因突变与癌症或与其他遗传性疾病有关。(identify)
The previous studies have successfully identified single gene mutations that cause cancer or are linked to other inherited diseases.
3. 文献的保留期是文字记录管理的一个方面，表示某个文献的电子和纸质版应该保存的期限。(retention)
The retention period of a document is an aspect of records management. It represents the period of time a document should be retained/kept both electronically and in paper format.
4. 在分子生物学领域，变异就是细胞基因的改变，原因是从周围环境直接吸收、接纳、并表达外来基因物质。(transformation)
In molecular biology transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake, incorporation and expression of exogenous genetic material from its surroundings.
5. 转移性疾病是指某种疾病从一个器官或机体的一部分扩散到该机体另一个不相邻的器官或部分。(metastasis)
Metastasis, or metastatic disease is the spread of a disease from one organ or part of the body to another non-adjacent organ or part.
Passage 2
1—T 2—T 3—F 4—T 5—T
6—T 7—F 8—T 9—T 10—T