英语语法与词汇(人教版)

初一英语语法与词汇解析(人教版)

一 短语识记:

a photo of一张„„的照片; a set of keys一副钥匙; sports collection体育收藏品; family photo全家福照片; family tree家谱; first name名字; Frenchfries 薯条; healthy food 健康食品; ID card 身份证; 1ast name/family name姓氏;

play sports 做运动; pencil sharpener 铅笔刀; running star 跑步明星; tennis racket 网球拍; watch TV 看电视; telephone number/phone number电话号码; video tape录像带; lost and found失物招领; thanks for为„„而感谢;

a lot of/lots of许多,大量; behind the sofa在沙发后面; in the drawer在抽屉里; on the floor/table 在地板,桌子上; On the dresser在梳妆台上; under the bed在床下; bring „to „把„„带(来) 到„„; call sb (at...)给某人打电话; play baseball/basketball 打棒球/篮球; play computer games玩电子游戏; sound good听起来很好; take „to „把„„

带(去) 到„„; watch „on TV 在电视上看 action movie 动作片; basketball /volleyball game 篮球,排球赛; Beijing Opera京剧: birthday party生日聚会; English speech contest英语演讲比赛; movie star电影明星; school day 学校上课日; school trip学校旅行; summer camp夏令营; talent show才艺表演; „year(s)old„„岁(年龄) ; a little少量;

at a very good price以很好的价钱; at home在家; at school在学校; in the morning在上午; in the afternoon在下午; in the evening在傍晚/晚上; on sale出售; on weekends在周末; do one’s homework~做作业; eat /have breakfast/lunch /dinner 吃早/午/晚饭; get to到达; get up起床; go home回家; go to a movie去看电影; go to bed上床睡觉; go to school去上学; go to work去上班; help with在„„(方面) 帮助; learn about了解有关„„; listen to听„„; look at/have a look at看一看„„;

play chess下棋; play the guitar/trumpet /violin /drum 弹吉他/吹喇叭,拉小提琴,敲鼓; play with„和„„; speak English说英语; take a shower淋浴,洗漂; take the number 17 bus乘17路公共汽车; how much(价钱) 多少; how old多大年记; what time几点,什么时候

二 复习本册主要内容,包括话题、词汇、句型及语法:

一 词汇分类记忆

1. school things ( 学习及相关用品):pencil pen book eraser ruler math book pencil case pencil sharpener backpack notebook computer watch key ring CD video cassette alarm clock ID card

学校的事情(学习及相关用品):铅笔 钢笔 书 橡皮 尺子 数学 书 文具盒 卷笔刀 背包 笔记本 电脑 观看 钥匙环CD 录影带 闹钟 身份证

2. family members (家庭成员):mother father parent sister brother grandmother grandfather grandparent uncle aunt cousin

2。家庭成员(家庭成员):母亲 父亲 父母 姐姐 哥哥 祖母 祖父 祖父母 叔叔 阿姨 表弟

3. furniture (家具) : table bed dresser bookcase sofa chair

3。家具(家具):表 床 衣柜 书柜 沙发 椅

4. sports and entertainment ( 运动与娱乐 ) : baseball basketball volleyball soccer bat tennis dance swimming paint play chess play the guitar

4。体育和娱乐(运动与娱乐):棒球 篮球 排球 足球 蝙蝠 网球 游泳 跳舞 画画 下棋 弹吉他

5. food(食物): hamburgers tomatoes broccoli oranges salad bananas eggs carrots apples chicken fruit vegetable breakfast lunch dinner French fries ice cream5。食物(食物):汉堡包西红柿西兰花橘子香蕉鸡蛋胡萝卜苹果鸡肉沙拉水果蔬菜早餐午餐晚餐炸薯条冰淇淋

6. clothes(衣物) : hat socks pants shorts sweater bag T-shirt

6。衣服(衣物):帽子袜子裤子短裤毛衣包的t 恤

7. number(数词) :cardinal(基数词 ) / ordinal(序数词)

one / first two / second three / third four / fourth five / fifth six / sixth seven / seventh eight / eighth nine / ninth ten / tenth eleven / eleventh twelve / twelfth thirteen / thirteenth fourteen / fourteenth fifteen / fifteenth nineteen / nineteenth twenty / twentieth

twenty-one/ twenty-first thirty / thirtieth

7。号(数词):红衣主教(基数词)/序数(序数词)

/第一个两个/秒三第三/四/五/第四第五六/第六七/七八/第八九/九10 /十11 /十一12 /十二13 / 13

8. month(月份) : January February March April May June July Au-gust September October November December

8。月(月份):1月2月3月4月5月6月7月Au-gust 9月10月11月12月

9. week (星期) : Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

9。周(星期):周一周二周三周四周五周六周日

10. movies(电影) : action movie comedy romance thriller

10。电影(电影):动作片喜剧片浪漫惊悚片

11. musical instrument ( 乐器 ):guitar drum piano trumpet violin

11。乐器(乐器):吉他鼓钢琴小号小提琴

12. subject(科目) : math science history art Chinese English Spanish Portuguese Korean French physical education(P.E.)

12。主题(科目):数学科学历史艺术中国英语西班牙语葡萄牙语韩国法国体育(体育)

13. countries and cities ( 国家与城市): Canada New Zealand Japan Australia Mexico Brazil Argentina

Seoul the United States the United Kingdom South Korea New York Mexico City Tokyo

13。国家和城市(国家与城市):加拿大新西兰日本澳大利亚墨西哥胡核

14. daily life( 日常生活): run clean read get up eat / have breakfast /lunch / supper go to school

do homework / housework watch TV go to bed take a shower

14。日常生活(日常生活):运行读起来吃/去学校吃早餐/午餐/晚餐

做作业和做家务看电视睡觉洗澡

15。形容词(形容词):有趣的无聊好玩困难放松的可怕

有趣的令人兴奋的悲伤大

15. adjectives ( 形容词 ) : interesting boring fun difficult relaxing scary

funny exciting sad gre15。形容词(形容词):有趣的无聊好玩困难放松的可怕

有趣的令人兴奋的悲伤大

二 主要语法项目

1.be 动词的一般现在时形式

be 动词的现在式有am ,is ,are 三种形式,原形均为be, 因此称它们为be 动词。

be 动词在一般现在时的句子当中,通常构成主系表句型, 表示当前所存在的状态, 句型如下:

肯定句:主语+be动词+其他 e .g .I am a teacher.

否定句:主语+be动词+not+其他 e .g .He isn’t a student.

疑问句:Be 动词+主语+其他 e .g .Are you a soccer player?

be 动词的三种不同的形式分别接在不同的主语后面,第一人称单数I am,第一人称复数we are.第二人称单复数you are, 第三人称的

单数she /he /it is,第三人称复数they are。注意下列缩写形式:

is not=isn’t are not=aren’t

I am not=I’m not

You are=You’re It is=It’s

看下列例句:

(1)It is not a book./It isn’t a book. -

(2)一Is Mary a nurse? 一Yes, she is.

2 do/does引导的一般疑问句、否定句及肯定、否定回答

be 动词(am,is ,are) 、助动词、情态动词以外的动词称为行为动词。行为动词通常用于主谓宾句型当中作谓语,表示一定的动作。在否定句和疑问句中,要加助动词d0/does ,这和be 动词不同。

句型如下:

肯定句:主语+动词(第三人称单数时, 动词一s /-es)

否定句:主语+do/does not(don’t /doesn ’t)+动词

一般疑问句:Do /Does+主语+动词?

e .g .

(1) You go to school every day.

(2) She likes singing very much.

(3) I don’t watchTv at home.

(4) He doesn’t study hard.

(5)一Do you have an examination in English? 一Yes, I do.

(6)一Does she walk to school? 一No, she doesn’t .

3.人称代词、物主代词用法巧记和提示

巧学妙记

1.人称代词的用法口诀

人称代词分两格, 主格宾格来分说;主格定把主语做,宾格作宾不会错。如:

He teaches us English.

2.物主代词用法口诀

物主代词两类型, 形容词性、名词性。形容词性作定语, 后面定把名词用①; 名词性, 独立用,主宾表语它都扮②

①形容词性物主代词具有形容词的特性,在句中用作定语,后面必须接名词。如:

Our teacher is a young woman.

②名词性物主代词应独立使用.后面不跟名词。相当于形容词性物主代词+名词。它在句中可作主语、宾语或表语。如:

Her English is better than mine.Her 作定语,mine=my English。

提示

当几个不同的人称代词作主语时。它们的排列顺序通常是:

①单数为:you ,he /she and I如:

You, she and I are good friends.我、你和她都是好朋友。

Mary and I are in Class One.我和玛丽在一班。 ’

②复数为:we, you and they如:

We, you and they all enjoymusic.我们、你们和他们都喜欢音乐。

但如果是做错了事,当事人应承担责任时,通常把第一人称放在最前面。如:

一Who broke the window? —I and Mike.

这正是:单数人称2、3、l ,复数人称l 、2、3。麻烦事情“我”站前, 其他人称没意见。

4. 情态动词梳理归纳 can(could), may(might), must, have to, need, should

Can 1.表示主观能力,意为“能;会”。其否定形式为cannot=can’to 如:

He can/can ’t swim.

2.表示请求、许可,常用于“Can I„? ”,意为“我可以„„吗? ”。比较口语化。如:Can I play football after I finish doing my homework?

3.表示推测,常用于否定和疑问句中。如:

Look at the name on the bag.It can’t be Lily’s .

Where can it be?

May 1.表示请求、许可,意为“可以”。如:

May I have a look at your CD player?

2.表示可能性(说话人的猜测) ,常用于肯定句中。如:

Your friend may be waiting for you now.

相关链接:

1.may 引起的一般疑问句,其肯定回答多用“Yes ,please .”或“Of course /Certainly .”;其否定回答多用“Please don ’t .”或“No ,youmustn ’t .”。如:

—May I smoke here?

一Yes .please ./No .you mustn’t .

2.might 是may 的过去式,可用于间接引语中指过去。如: ,

He told me that it might be true.

3.might 也可用于指现在,但语气比may 较委婉,含义更不确定。如:

That might be quite expensive.

Must 1.表示说话人的主观意志,意为“必须”,这种“必须”多出于义务、责任或强制命令。 如:You must do it yourself.

2.表示推测,意为“一定”,语气较肯定,只用于肯定句中。如:

Look at our neighbor’s new car.They must earn a lot of money.

相关链接:

1.对must 引起的一般疑问句, 作肯定回答佣must, 但作否定回答要用needn ’t 。如:

-- Must I wash the clothes now?

一Yes ,you must. / No,you needn’t .

2.must 的否定式为must not/mustn ’t, 意为“不允许;禁止”。如:

The children mustn’t play football in the street.

Have to 1.表示客观需要,意为“不得不”。有人称、时态和数的变化。如:

He has to wait for DrWang in the office.

2.have to的否定和疑问形式要借助于助动词do /does /did 构成。如:

Why do you have to work so hard?

Need 用作情态动词时,意为“需要”,主要用于否定和疑问句中。如:

You needn’t worry about her.

Need you go to school now?

相关链接:

1.need 引起的一般疑问旬,其肯定回答要用must ,而否定回答要用needn ’t 。如:

一Need I take the camera to your house?

一Yes ,you must./No ,you needn’t .

2.need 还可以作实义动词,除了有人称、时态和数的变化外,其否定和疑问形式要借助于助动词do /does /did 构成。如: He needed to escape.

I don’t need anything special.

3.need 作实义动词时,后面既可以跟v —ing 形式也可以跟动词不定式。

Should 表示道义上或责任上的“应该”。可用于各种句式。如:

You should call the pohce if you see something unusual.

You shouldn’t make such a foolish decision.

Unit One

1. How often do you exercise ? → How often + 助动词do(does或did) + 主语 + do sth. ? 疑问词how often是问频率(多经常), 在这里助动词do(does或did) 是起帮助构成疑问的作用

Every day / Once a week / Twice a month / Three times a month / Three or four times a month .

2. What do you usually do on weekends ? 第一个do 为助动词, 在这起帮助构成疑问的作用;而第二个 do 则是实义动词。 I usually play soccer .

3. What’s your favorite program ? It’s Animal World .

4. What do students do at Green High School ? 第一个do 为助动词, 在这起帮助构成疑问的作用;而第二个 do 则是实义动词。

5. As for homework , most students do homework every day . as for...意思是“至于;关于”,常用于句首作状语,其后跟名词、代词或动词的-ing 形式(即动名词)。如:

As for him,I never want to see him here. 至于他,我永远不希望在这里见到。

As for the story,you'd better not believe it. 关于那故事,你最好不要相信。

6. The results for “ watch TV ” are interesting .

7. Mom wants me to get up at 6:00 and play ping-pong with her . → want to do sth.意思是“想要做某事”;want sb. to do sth.意思是“想要某人做某事”。如:

Do you want to go to the movies with me?你想和我一起去看电影吗?

The teacher doesn't want us to eat hamburgers.老师不想让我们吃汉堡包。

8. She says it’s good for my health . → be good for...表示“对„„有益(有好处)”。其反义为:be bad for...。(这里for 是介词,后跟名词、代词或动名词)如:

It's good for us to do more reading. 多读书对我们有好处。

Reading in bed is bad for your eyes.在床上读书对你的眼睛有害。

9. How many hours do you sleep every night ?

10. I exercise every day , usually when I come home from school .

11. My eating habits are pretty good . 这里pretty 相当于very 。

12. I try to eat a lot of vegetables , usually ten to eleven times a week . → try to do sth.表示“ 尽力做某事 ” ,不包含是否成功的意思 / try

doing sth. 表示“ (用某一办法)试着去做某事”。 如:You’d better try doing the experiment in another way. 你最好试试用另一种方法做这个试验。

13. My healthy lifestyle helps me get good grades . → help sb.(to) do sth.帮助某人做某事

14. Good food and exercise help me to study better . → help sb. (to) do sth.帮助某人做某事 / 这里better 是well 的比较级,而不是good 的比较级

15. Is her lifestyle the same as yours or different ? =Is her lifestyle the same as your lifestyle or is her lifestyle different from your lifestyle ? → be the same as „ / be different from „

16. I think I’m kind of unhealthy . kind of = a little / a kind of 意思是“一种”

17. What sports do you play ?

18. A lot of vegetables help you to keep in good health . keep in good health = keep healthy = stay healthy

19. You must try to eat less meat . → try to do sth. 表示“ 尽力做某事 ” , 不包含是否成功的意思 / less是little 的比较级

20. That sounds interesting. 这是“主语+系动词+表语”结构的简单句。sound (听起来),look (看起来),smell (闻起来),taste (尝起来),feel (觉得),seem (好象),grow (变得) , get(变得)等词在英语中可用作系动词,后跟形容词作表语。如: It tastes good. 这味道好。

The music sounds very sweet. 这音乐听起来很入耳。

The smoke grew heavier and heavier. 烟雾变得越来越浓了。

Unit Two

1. What’s the matter ? What’s the mater with you ? with为介词,后跟名词、代词或动名词。人称代词必须用它的宾格。

I have a cold / have a sore back / have a stomachache

2. You should lie down and rest / drink hot tea with honey / see a dentist / see a doctor .

3. I’m not felling well . 这里well 表示身体状况,不能用good 代替

4. When did it start ? About two days ago .

5. That’s too bad .

6. I hope you fell better soon . 这里better 是well 的比较级

7. Traditional Chinese doctors believe we need a balance of yin and yang to be healthy . 这里 to be healthy是动词不定式短语,作目的状语

8. Maybe you have too much yin . too much后跟不可数名词,而too many后跟可数名词复数

9. It’s easy to have a healthy lifestyle ,and it’s important to eat a balanced diet . → It ’s easy to do sth . 做某事容易 / It’s important to do sth . 做某事重要

10. Everyone gets tired sometimes . 这里get 连系动词,tired 是形容词作表语,属系表结构

11. A sore throat can give you a fever . → give sb. sth . = give sth. to sb. 把某物给某人

12. Don’t get stressed out. It’s not healthy . 在这里get 是连系动词,stressed out是表语

13. I have a toothache . I need to see a dentist . → need 意思为 “需要” ,作实义动词时,后跟动词不定式,否定式为don ’t /doesn’t / didn ’t need (to do sth.) ;作情态动词时,只能用于否定句或疑问句中,否定式为needn ’t(do sth.) ,除有过去式外,没有其它的形态变化

14. Eat a balanced diet to stay healthy . to stay healthy是动词不定式短语,作目的状语

15. I’m not feeling very well at the moment . at the moment = now

Unit Three

1. What are you doing for vacation ? I’m babysitting my sister .

Where are you going for vacation ? Italy .

这是现在进行时的一种比较特殊的用法,用来表示按计划或安排要做的事情,现在还没有去做。

2. Who are you going with ? I’m going with my parents . with my parents是介词短语,在这里作伴随状语,起修饰谓语动词are going的作用

3. When are you going ? I’m going on Monday .

4. What are you doing there ? I’m going hiking in the mountains .

5. How long are you staying ? Just for four days . I don’t like going away for too long .疑问词hwo long是对时间长短或事物的长度提问,在这里是对时间的长短进行提问。

6. Have a good time . = Enjoy oneself . 玩得开心、愉快

7. Show me your photos when we get back to school . → show sb. sth. = show sth. to sb. 把某给某人看

8. I’m going to Hawaii for vacation . for vacation是介词短语,在这里作目的状语,起修饰谓语动词的作用

9. What’s it like there ? 这里like 是介词,而不是动词

10. Can I ask you some questions about your vacation plans ? → ask sb. sth . 问某人某事

11. Ben Lambert , the famous French singer , is taking a long vacation this summer ! → take a vacation 度假

12. He thought about going to Greece or Spain , but decided on Canada . → think about 考虑 / decide on 决定 这里的about 和on 都是介词

13. “ I always take vacation in Europe ,” he said . “ This time I want to do something different .” → (1). want to do sth. (2). 修饰不定代词(something , nothing , anything等) 的定语常放在不定代词的后面

14. He plans to have a very relaxing vacation . → plan to do sth. 计划做某事

15. I’m planning to spend time in the beautiful countryside .

16. I just finished making my last movies . → finish doing sth. 完成做某事

17. I hear that Thailand is a good place to go sightseeing . to go sightseeing是动词不定式短语,作a good place的后置定语

18. She’s leaving for Hong Kong on Tuesday . → leave A for B 离开A 地去B 地

19. I want to ask you about places to visit China . to visit China是动词不定式短语,作places 的后置定语

20. I’m planning my vacation to Italy this weekend . to Italy是动词不定式短语,作my vacation的后置定语

21. What should tourists take with them ? with them是介词短语,在这里作伴随状语,起修饰谓语动词take 的作用

22. Where are you leaving from ? leave from 离开某地(注:from 是介词)

Unit Four

1. How do you get to school ? 疑问词how 在这里是对方式进行提问

I ride my bike / walk / take the subway . By bike / bicycle / bus / train / subway / taxi / air / plane / ship / boat . On foot .

How do I get there ? 因there 是副词, 所以不能说get to there Don’t worry . Let me look at your map . Ok , first „ , next „ . Then „ .

2. How long does it take ? 疑问词hwo long是对时间长短或事物的长度提问

It takes about 25 minutes to walk and 10 minutes by bus .

How long does t take you to get from home to school ?

It takes twenty-five minutes . → take sb. some time to do sth. 花费某人„„时间做某事

3. Lin Fei’s home is about Kilometers from school .

4. How far is it from your home to school ? It’s three miles .

How far do you live from school ? I live 10 miles from school .

疑问词how far在这里是对距离进行提问

5. In other parts of the world , things are different .

6. In China , it depends on where you are . → depend on 视„„而定;决定于

7. That must be a lot more fun than taking a bus .

8. In North America , not all students take the bus to school . not all是部分否定,意思是并不是所有的;不是全部的

9. Other parts of the world are different from the United States .

10. A small number of students take the subway . → a number of = many 许多

11. What do you think of the transportation in your town ? → think of 对„„有某种看法

12. When it rains I take a taxi .

13. I have a map but in Chinese .

14. If you have a problem , you can ask a policeman .

Unit Five

1. Can you come to my party ?

Sure , I’d love(like) to . / I’m sorry , I can’t . I have to help my parents .

Can you play tennis with me ?

情态动词can 在这里起征求对方意见的作用。

2. I have too much homework this weekend . too much后跟不可数名词;too many后跟可数名词复数

3. That’s too bad .

4. Maybe another time .

5. Thanks for asking . for介词,后跟名词,代词或动名词

6. Come and have fun . / Come and join us .

7. On Wednesday , I’m playing tennis with the school team .

8. I have to study for my science test on Thursday . have to强调客观原因;而must 强调主观原因

9. Please keep quiet ! I’m trying to study . → try to do sth. 表示“ 尽力做某事 ” , 不包含是否成功的意思

10. Do you want to come to my birthday party ? → want to do sth.意思是“想要做某事”

11. Li Lei is going fishing with grandpa the whole day . the whole day = all day 整天

12. Can you come over to my house ?

13. I’m free till 22:00 .

Unit Six

1. I’m more outgoing than my sister . → 主语 + 动词 + 形容词比较级别 + than + 比较对象

2. As you can see , in some ways we look the same , and in some ways we look different .

3. However , we both enjoy going to parties . → enjoy doing sth. = like doing sth. 喜欢做某事

4. Liu Li has more than one sister . more than 不止

5. Liu Li and Liu Ying have some things in common . → in common (团体)共同的;公有的

6. Liu Ying is not as good at sports as her sister . as „as 和„„一样 (其中as „as 之间的形容词必须用原级);它的否定式是:not as(so) „ as

7. Liu Ying talks more than Liu Li . 这里more 是much 的比较级,而不是many 的比较级

8. Both girls go to lots of parties . lots of = a lot of 许多

9. My friend is the same as me . → be the same as „ 与„„一样 / be different from „与„„不同

10. I think a good friend makes me laugh . → make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事

11. For me , a good friend likes to do the same things as me . → like to do sth.

12. That’s not very important for me ….

13. What’s your opinion ?

14. Should friends be different or the same ? same前常有定冠词the

15. I like to have friends who are like me . / I like to have friends who are different from me . → like to do sth.中的like 是动词, 意思是“ 喜欢 ”;而are like me 中的like 是介词,意思是“ 像 ”。要注意区别like 的词性。

16. I’m quieter than most of the kids in my class .

17. We both like doing the same things . → like doing sth. 喜欢做某事

18. Who do you think should get the job , Ruth or Rose ?

19. You must be good with children / enjoy telling jokes . → be good with sb. 对某人好;与某人相处融洽 / enjoy doing = like doing sth. 喜欢做某事

20. He can’t stop talking . → stop doing sth. 意为“ 停止(正在)做的事情” ,doing 在句中是stop 的宾语。如:When the teacher came in , the students stopped talking and laugh . 老师走了进来,学生们停止了谈笑。 / stop to do sth. 意为“ 停下(正在做的事)去做某事” ,动词不定式短语to do sth.在句中作动词 stop 的目的状语。 如:He stopped to write a letter to her . 他停下手边的工作,给她写信。

21. He always helps others .

22. She likes to stay at home and read . → like to do sth. 喜欢做某事 / stay at home 呆在家里

Review of units 1-6

1. You use milk to make cheese and you can drink it , too . 动词不定式短语to make cheese在这里作目的状语,修饰use milk

2. A part of your body beginning with “ a ” . → begin with 以„„开始 (注意:with 是介词)

3. The opposite of short is long or tall .

4. The neck is between your head and your body . → between „ and 在„„和„„之间

5. Carrots , onions and peppers are all vegetables . → all 用于三者或三者以上;both 用于两者。同时要注意它们在句中的位置,即位于连系动词(be ),助动词(be , will , shall , should 等),情态动词(can , may , must , have to等)的后面;其它动词的前面。

6. I like reading books in my free time . like doing sth. 喜欢做某事 / in one’s free time 在空余时间

7. I feel terrible , doctor . 在这里feel 是连系动词,terrible 是形容词作表语,feel terrible是系表结构作复合谓语

8. I usually relax in my swimming pool .

9. I’m very excited to be taking a vacation around China ! → be excited to do sth. 做某事很激动 10. Who is more athletic , Gao Yan or Li Tong ?

1、名词

A )、名词的数

我们知道名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词,而不可数名词它没有复数形式,但可数名词却有单数和复数之分,复数的构成如下:

一)在后面加s 。如:fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas

二)x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es 。如:boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes

三)1)以辅音字母加y 结尾的变y 为i 再加es 如:baby-babies, family-families, duty-duties, comedy-comedies, documentary-documentaries, story-stories

2)以元音字母加y 结尾的直接加s 。如:day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways

四)以o 结尾加s (外来词)。如:radios, photos, 但如是辅音加o 的加es :如: tomatoes西红柿, potatoes马铃薯

五)以f 或fe 结尾的变f 为v 再加es(s)。如:knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves

六)单复数相同(不变的)有:fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese

七)一般只有复数,没有单数的有:people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks

八)单词形式不变,既可以是单数也可以是复数的有:police 警察局,警察, class班,同学, family家,家庭成员

九)合成的复数一般只加主要名词,多数为后一个单词。如:action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals; 但如果是由man 或woman 所组成的合成词的复数则同时为复数。如:man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers

十)有的单复数意思不同。如:fish 鱼 fishes 鱼的种类, paper 纸 papers 报纸,卷子,论文, work 工作 works 作品,工厂, glass 玻璃 glasses 玻璃杯,眼镜, orange 桔子水 oranges 橙子, light 光线 lights 灯, people 人 peoples 民族, time 时间 times 时代, 次数, chicken 鸡肉 chickens 小鸡

十一) 单个字母的复数可以有两种形式直接加s 或’s。如:Is (I’s), Ks (K’s)。但如是缩略词则只加s 。如:IDs, VCDs, SARs

十二) 特殊形式的有:child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-mice, policeman-policemen, Englishman-Englishmen

B )名词的格

当我们要表示某人的什么东西或人时,我们就要使用所有格形式。构成如下:

一)单数在后面加’s。如:brother’s, Mike’s, teacher’s

二)复数以s 结尾的直接在s 后加’,如果不是以s 结尾的与单数一样处理。如:Teachers’ Day教师节, classmates’; Children’s Day六一节, Women’s Day三八节

三)由and 并列的名词所有时,如果是共同所有同一人或物时,只加最后一个’s,但分别拥有时却分别按单数形式处理。如:Mike and Ben’s room迈克和本的房间(共住一间),Mike’s and Ben’s rooms迈克和本的房间(各自的房间)

2、代词

项目 人称代词 物主代词 指示代词 反身代词

人称 主格 宾格 形容词 名词性

第一人称 单数 I me my mine myself

复数 we us our ours ourselves

第二人称 单数 you you your yours yourself

复数 you you your yours yourselves

第三人称 单数 she her her hers herself he him his his himself it it its its this that itself

复数 they them their theirs these those themselves

3、动词

A ) 第三人称单数

当动词是第三人称单数时,动词应该像名词的单数变动词那样加s ,如下:

一)一般在词后加s 。如:comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains

二)在x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es 。如:watches, washes, wishes, finishes

三)1)以辅音字母加y 结尾的变y 为i 再加es 。如:study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries

2)以元音字母加y 结尾的直接加s 。如:plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys

四)以o 结尾加es 。如:does, goes

五)特殊的有:are-is, have-has B ) 现在分词

当我们说某人正在做什么事时,动词要使用分词形式,不能用原形,构成如下:

一)一般在后加ing 。如:spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing, train-training, play-playing, hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, go-going, do-doing

二)以不发音e 的结尾的去掉e 再加ing 。如:dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking, practice-practicing, write-writing, have-having 三)以重读闭音节结尾且一个元音字母+一个辅音字母(注意除开字母组合如show –showing, draw-drawing)要双写最后的辅音字母再加ing 。如:put-putting, run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning 四)以ie 结尾的变ie 为y 再加ing 。如:tie-tying 系 die-dying 死 lie-lying 位于 4、形容词的级

我们在对两个或以上的人或物进行对比时,则要使用比较或最高级形式。构成如下:

一) 一般在词后加er 或est(如果是以e 结尾则直接加r 或st) 。如:greater-greatest, shorter –shortest, taller –tallest, longer –longest, nicer- nicest, larger -largest

二)以重读闭音节结尾且1个元音字母+1个辅音字母(字母组合除外,如few-fewer fewest)结尾的双写结尾的辅音再加er /est。如:big-bigger biggest, red-redder reddest, hot-hotter hottest

三) 以辅音字母+y 结尾的变y 为i 加er/est。如:happy-happier happiest, sorry-sorrier sorriest, friendly-friendlier friendliest(more friendly most friendly), busy-busier busiest, easy-easier easiest 四)特殊情况:(两好多坏,一少老远)

good/well - better best many/much - more most bad/ill – worse worst

little- less least old- older/elder oldest/eldest far- farther/further farthest/furthest

5、数词 (基变序,有规则;一、二、三,自己背;五、八、九、十二;其它后接th ;y 结尾,变为i, eth跟上去。) first, second, third; fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth; seventh, tenth, thirteenth, hundredth; twenty-twentieth, forty-fortieth, ninety-ninetieth 二、初一英语语法——句式

1. 陈述句 肯定陈述句 a) This is a book. (be动词) b) He looks very young. (连系动词) c) I want a sweat like this. (实义动词)

d) I can bring some things to school. (情态动词) e) There’s a computer on my desk. (There be结构)

否定陈述句 a) These aren’t their books. b) They don’t look nice. c) Kate doesn’t go to No. 4 Middle School. d) Kate can’t find her doll. e) There isn’t a cat here. (=There’s no cat here.) 2. 祈使句

肯定祈使句 a) Please go and ask the man. b) Let’s learn English! c) Come in, please.

否定祈使句a) Don’t be late. b) Don’t hurry. 3. 疑问句

1) 一般疑问句 a) Is Jim a student? b) Can I help you? c) Does she like salad?吉姆是一个学生吗?b) 我能帮助你吗?c) 她喜欢沙拉吗? d) Do they watch TV? e) Is she reading?d) 他们看电视吗?e) 她阅读吗?

肯定回答: a) Yes, he is. b) Yes, you can. c) Yes, she does. d) Yes, they do. e) Yes, she is.

否定回答: a) No, he isn’t. b) No, you can’t. c) No, she doesn’t. d) No, they don’t. e) No, she isn’t.不, 他不是。b) 不, 你不能。c) 不, 她不。d) 不, 他们不。e) 不, 她不是。

2) 选择疑问句 Is the table big or small? 回答 It’s big./ It’s small.

3) 特殊疑问句① 问年龄 How old is Lucy? She is twelve露西多大了? 她是12 .

② 问种类 What kind of movies do you like? I like action movies and comedies. 你喜欢什么样的电影? 我喜欢动作片和喜剧片 ③ 问身体状况 How is your uncle? He is well/fine. 你的叔叔怎么样? 他很好 ④ 问方式 How do/can you spell it? L-double O-K. /你会拼写它吗?L-double O-K。

How do we contact you? My e-mail address is [email protected]. 我们怎么联系你呢? 我的电子邮件地址是[email protected]

⑤ 问原因 Why do you want to join the club? 你为什么想加入这个俱乐部吗?

⑥ 问时间 What’s the time? (=What time is it?) It’s a quarter to ten a.m. 时间是什么?(=现在几点?) 这是一个季度到10点. . What time do you usually get up, Rick? At five o’clock你通常什么时候起床, 瑞克?5点钟. When do you want to go? Let’s go at 7:00. 你什么时候想去? 我们七点去吧。

⑦ 问地方 Where’s my backpack? It’s under the table我的背包在哪里? 它是在桌子底下。. ⑧ 问颜色 What color are they? They are light blue. 他们是什么颜色的? 他们是浅蓝色 What’s your favourite color? It’s black. 你最喜欢的颜色是什么? 它是黑色的。 ⑨ 问人物 Who’s that? It’s my sister. 那是谁? 这是我的妹妹。

⑩ 问东西 What’s this/that (in English)? It’s a pencil case. 这/那是什么(英文)? 这是一个文具盒。 11问姓名What’s your family name? My family name’s Smith. 你的姓是什么? 我姓史密斯。 12 问哪一个 Which do you like? I like one in the box. 你喜欢哪一个? 我喜欢一个盒子里。 13 问字母 What letter is it? It’s big D/small f. 什么字母是吗? 这是大D /小f

14 问价格 How much are these pants? They’re 15 dollars. 这些裤子多少钱? 他们是15美元。 15 问电话号码 What’s your phone number? It’s 576-8349你的电话号码是什么? 这是576 - 8349。. 16 问谓语(动作) What’s he doing? He’s watching TV. 他在做什么? 他在看电视 17 问职业(身份) What do you do? I’m a teacher.你做什么工作? 我是一个老师。 三、初一英语语法——时态

1、一般现在时 表示普遍、经常性的或长期性的动作时使用一般现在时,它有: Be 动词:She’s a worker. Is she a worker? She isn’t a worker. 她是一个工人。她是一个工人吗? 她不是一个工人

情态动词的定义:情态动词有词义,但它不能单独作谓语,它必须和其他动词一起构成谓语。情态动词没有人称和数的变化;它的后面必须跟动词原形

一、

行为动词:They want to eat some tomatoes. Do they want to eat any tomatoes? They don’t want to eat any tomatoes. 他们想要吃一些西红柿。他们想要吃西红柿吗? 他们不想吃西红柿。

2、现在进行时 表示动词在此时正在发生或进行就使用进行时态,结构为sb be v-ing sth + 其它.

I’m playing baseball. Are you playing baseball? I’m not pla ying baseball. 一.规则变化 1. 一般在动词原形后加-ed look looked l 2. 以-e 结尾的动词加-d move phone phoned phoned 3. 以辅音字母加y 结尾的动词,变y 为i ,再加-ed study studied studied 4. 以原音字母加y 结尾的词,直接加-ed play played 5. 末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词,双写该辅音字母,再加-ed stop stopped stopped 6. 以 -r音节结尾的词,双写r 字母, 再加-ed prefer preferred preferred二.不规则变化:英语中有些动词的过去式和过去分词形式变化不规则,可分为五种情况。 1.动词原形、过去式和过去分词完全同形。 cut (切) cut cut hit (打) hit hit cast (扔) cast cast hurt (伤害) hurt hurt put (放) put put let (让) let let shut (关) shut shut cost (花费) cost cost set (放) set set rid (清除) rid rid 2.过去式与过去分词完全同形。 find (找到) found found pay (支付) paid paid leave (离开) left left lend (借出) lent lent meet (遇见) met met keep (保持) kept kept lose (丢失) lost lost teach (教) taught taught sit (坐) sat sat lead (引导) led led win (赢)除) won won 3.动词原形与过去分词同形 come (来) came come run (跑) ran run become (成为) became become 4.动词原形、过去式、过去分词形式完全不同。 give (给) gave given fly (飞) flew flown 见) saw seen 道

knew known

drink (喝) drank drunk

see (看know (知

speak

go (去) went gone wear

穿

wore worn

(说) spoke spoken 5.过去式和过去分词有两种形式 burn (燃

烧) burned burnt burned burnt learn (学习) learned learnt learned learnt smell (闻) smelled smelt smelled smelt spell (拼写) spelled spelt spelled spelt shine 照射) shined shoneshined shone eap (跳) leaped leapt leaped leapt 提示 :A . beat的过去式与原形同形: 比:beat (打击) beat (过去式) beaten (过去分词) B . lie有规则变化和不规则变化两种,含义不同 比:lie lied, lied(说谎) lay, lain(躺,位于) C . hang 有规则变化和不规则变化两种,含义不同 hung, hung(挂,吊) D . welcome(欢迎)一词是规则动词,不可误用为不规则动词 比:welcome welcomed, welcomed(正)welcome, welcome(误) E . 不要将不规则动词误用为规则动词 比:hit (打) hit, hit(正) hitted, hitted(误)

初一英语语法与词汇解析(人教版)

一 短语识记:

a photo of一张„„的照片; a set of keys一副钥匙; sports collection体育收藏品; family photo全家福照片; family tree家谱; first name名字; Frenchfries 薯条; healthy food 健康食品; ID card 身份证; 1ast name/family name姓氏;

play sports 做运动; pencil sharpener 铅笔刀; running star 跑步明星; tennis racket 网球拍; watch TV 看电视; telephone number/phone number电话号码; video tape录像带; lost and found失物招领; thanks for为„„而感谢;

a lot of/lots of许多,大量; behind the sofa在沙发后面; in the drawer在抽屉里; on the floor/table 在地板,桌子上; On the dresser在梳妆台上; under the bed在床下; bring „to „把„„带(来) 到„„; call sb (at...)给某人打电话; play baseball/basketball 打棒球/篮球; play computer games玩电子游戏; sound good听起来很好; take „to „把„„

带(去) 到„„; watch „on TV 在电视上看 action movie 动作片; basketball /volleyball game 篮球,排球赛; Beijing Opera京剧: birthday party生日聚会; English speech contest英语演讲比赛; movie star电影明星; school day 学校上课日; school trip学校旅行; summer camp夏令营; talent show才艺表演; „year(s)old„„岁(年龄) ; a little少量;

at a very good price以很好的价钱; at home在家; at school在学校; in the morning在上午; in the afternoon在下午; in the evening在傍晚/晚上; on sale出售; on weekends在周末; do one’s homework~做作业; eat /have breakfast/lunch /dinner 吃早/午/晚饭; get to到达; get up起床; go home回家; go to a movie去看电影; go to bed上床睡觉; go to school去上学; go to work去上班; help with在„„(方面) 帮助; learn about了解有关„„; listen to听„„; look at/have a look at看一看„„;

play chess下棋; play the guitar/trumpet /violin /drum 弹吉他/吹喇叭,拉小提琴,敲鼓; play with„和„„; speak English说英语; take a shower淋浴,洗漂; take the number 17 bus乘17路公共汽车; how much(价钱) 多少; how old多大年记; what time几点,什么时候

二 复习本册主要内容,包括话题、词汇、句型及语法:

一 词汇分类记忆

1. school things ( 学习及相关用品):pencil pen book eraser ruler math book pencil case pencil sharpener backpack notebook computer watch key ring CD video cassette alarm clock ID card

学校的事情(学习及相关用品):铅笔 钢笔 书 橡皮 尺子 数学 书 文具盒 卷笔刀 背包 笔记本 电脑 观看 钥匙环CD 录影带 闹钟 身份证

2. family members (家庭成员):mother father parent sister brother grandmother grandfather grandparent uncle aunt cousin

2。家庭成员(家庭成员):母亲 父亲 父母 姐姐 哥哥 祖母 祖父 祖父母 叔叔 阿姨 表弟

3. furniture (家具) : table bed dresser bookcase sofa chair

3。家具(家具):表 床 衣柜 书柜 沙发 椅

4. sports and entertainment ( 运动与娱乐 ) : baseball basketball volleyball soccer bat tennis dance swimming paint play chess play the guitar

4。体育和娱乐(运动与娱乐):棒球 篮球 排球 足球 蝙蝠 网球 游泳 跳舞 画画 下棋 弹吉他

5. food(食物): hamburgers tomatoes broccoli oranges salad bananas eggs carrots apples chicken fruit vegetable breakfast lunch dinner French fries ice cream5。食物(食物):汉堡包西红柿西兰花橘子香蕉鸡蛋胡萝卜苹果鸡肉沙拉水果蔬菜早餐午餐晚餐炸薯条冰淇淋

6. clothes(衣物) : hat socks pants shorts sweater bag T-shirt

6。衣服(衣物):帽子袜子裤子短裤毛衣包的t 恤

7. number(数词) :cardinal(基数词 ) / ordinal(序数词)

one / first two / second three / third four / fourth five / fifth six / sixth seven / seventh eight / eighth nine / ninth ten / tenth eleven / eleventh twelve / twelfth thirteen / thirteenth fourteen / fourteenth fifteen / fifteenth nineteen / nineteenth twenty / twentieth

twenty-one/ twenty-first thirty / thirtieth

7。号(数词):红衣主教(基数词)/序数(序数词)

/第一个两个/秒三第三/四/五/第四第五六/第六七/七八/第八九/九10 /十11 /十一12 /十二13 / 13

8. month(月份) : January February March April May June July Au-gust September October November December

8。月(月份):1月2月3月4月5月6月7月Au-gust 9月10月11月12月

9. week (星期) : Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

9。周(星期):周一周二周三周四周五周六周日

10. movies(电影) : action movie comedy romance thriller

10。电影(电影):动作片喜剧片浪漫惊悚片

11. musical instrument ( 乐器 ):guitar drum piano trumpet violin

11。乐器(乐器):吉他鼓钢琴小号小提琴

12. subject(科目) : math science history art Chinese English Spanish Portuguese Korean French physical education(P.E.)

12。主题(科目):数学科学历史艺术中国英语西班牙语葡萄牙语韩国法国体育(体育)

13. countries and cities ( 国家与城市): Canada New Zealand Japan Australia Mexico Brazil Argentina

Seoul the United States the United Kingdom South Korea New York Mexico City Tokyo

13。国家和城市(国家与城市):加拿大新西兰日本澳大利亚墨西哥胡核

14. daily life( 日常生活): run clean read get up eat / have breakfast /lunch / supper go to school

do homework / housework watch TV go to bed take a shower

14。日常生活(日常生活):运行读起来吃/去学校吃早餐/午餐/晚餐

做作业和做家务看电视睡觉洗澡

15。形容词(形容词):有趣的无聊好玩困难放松的可怕

有趣的令人兴奋的悲伤大

15. adjectives ( 形容词 ) : interesting boring fun difficult relaxing scary

funny exciting sad gre15。形容词(形容词):有趣的无聊好玩困难放松的可怕

有趣的令人兴奋的悲伤大

二 主要语法项目

1.be 动词的一般现在时形式

be 动词的现在式有am ,is ,are 三种形式,原形均为be, 因此称它们为be 动词。

be 动词在一般现在时的句子当中,通常构成主系表句型, 表示当前所存在的状态, 句型如下:

肯定句:主语+be动词+其他 e .g .I am a teacher.

否定句:主语+be动词+not+其他 e .g .He isn’t a student.

疑问句:Be 动词+主语+其他 e .g .Are you a soccer player?

be 动词的三种不同的形式分别接在不同的主语后面,第一人称单数I am,第一人称复数we are.第二人称单复数you are, 第三人称的

单数she /he /it is,第三人称复数they are。注意下列缩写形式:

is not=isn’t are not=aren’t

I am not=I’m not

You are=You’re It is=It’s

看下列例句:

(1)It is not a book./It isn’t a book. -

(2)一Is Mary a nurse? 一Yes, she is.

2 do/does引导的一般疑问句、否定句及肯定、否定回答

be 动词(am,is ,are) 、助动词、情态动词以外的动词称为行为动词。行为动词通常用于主谓宾句型当中作谓语,表示一定的动作。在否定句和疑问句中,要加助动词d0/does ,这和be 动词不同。

句型如下:

肯定句:主语+动词(第三人称单数时, 动词一s /-es)

否定句:主语+do/does not(don’t /doesn ’t)+动词

一般疑问句:Do /Does+主语+动词?

e .g .

(1) You go to school every day.

(2) She likes singing very much.

(3) I don’t watchTv at home.

(4) He doesn’t study hard.

(5)一Do you have an examination in English? 一Yes, I do.

(6)一Does she walk to school? 一No, she doesn’t .

3.人称代词、物主代词用法巧记和提示

巧学妙记

1.人称代词的用法口诀

人称代词分两格, 主格宾格来分说;主格定把主语做,宾格作宾不会错。如:

He teaches us English.

2.物主代词用法口诀

物主代词两类型, 形容词性、名词性。形容词性作定语, 后面定把名词用①; 名词性, 独立用,主宾表语它都扮②

①形容词性物主代词具有形容词的特性,在句中用作定语,后面必须接名词。如:

Our teacher is a young woman.

②名词性物主代词应独立使用.后面不跟名词。相当于形容词性物主代词+名词。它在句中可作主语、宾语或表语。如:

Her English is better than mine.Her 作定语,mine=my English。

提示

当几个不同的人称代词作主语时。它们的排列顺序通常是:

①单数为:you ,he /she and I如:

You, she and I are good friends.我、你和她都是好朋友。

Mary and I are in Class One.我和玛丽在一班。 ’

②复数为:we, you and they如:

We, you and they all enjoymusic.我们、你们和他们都喜欢音乐。

但如果是做错了事,当事人应承担责任时,通常把第一人称放在最前面。如:

一Who broke the window? —I and Mike.

这正是:单数人称2、3、l ,复数人称l 、2、3。麻烦事情“我”站前, 其他人称没意见。

4. 情态动词梳理归纳 can(could), may(might), must, have to, need, should

Can 1.表示主观能力,意为“能;会”。其否定形式为cannot=can’to 如:

He can/can ’t swim.

2.表示请求、许可,常用于“Can I„? ”,意为“我可以„„吗? ”。比较口语化。如:Can I play football after I finish doing my homework?

3.表示推测,常用于否定和疑问句中。如:

Look at the name on the bag.It can’t be Lily’s .

Where can it be?

May 1.表示请求、许可,意为“可以”。如:

May I have a look at your CD player?

2.表示可能性(说话人的猜测) ,常用于肯定句中。如:

Your friend may be waiting for you now.

相关链接:

1.may 引起的一般疑问句,其肯定回答多用“Yes ,please .”或“Of course /Certainly .”;其否定回答多用“Please don ’t .”或“No ,youmustn ’t .”。如:

—May I smoke here?

一Yes .please ./No .you mustn’t .

2.might 是may 的过去式,可用于间接引语中指过去。如: ,

He told me that it might be true.

3.might 也可用于指现在,但语气比may 较委婉,含义更不确定。如:

That might be quite expensive.

Must 1.表示说话人的主观意志,意为“必须”,这种“必须”多出于义务、责任或强制命令。 如:You must do it yourself.

2.表示推测,意为“一定”,语气较肯定,只用于肯定句中。如:

Look at our neighbor’s new car.They must earn a lot of money.

相关链接:

1.对must 引起的一般疑问句, 作肯定回答佣must, 但作否定回答要用needn ’t 。如:

-- Must I wash the clothes now?

一Yes ,you must. / No,you needn’t .

2.must 的否定式为must not/mustn ’t, 意为“不允许;禁止”。如:

The children mustn’t play football in the street.

Have to 1.表示客观需要,意为“不得不”。有人称、时态和数的变化。如:

He has to wait for DrWang in the office.

2.have to的否定和疑问形式要借助于助动词do /does /did 构成。如:

Why do you have to work so hard?

Need 用作情态动词时,意为“需要”,主要用于否定和疑问句中。如:

You needn’t worry about her.

Need you go to school now?

相关链接:

1.need 引起的一般疑问旬,其肯定回答要用must ,而否定回答要用needn ’t 。如:

一Need I take the camera to your house?

一Yes ,you must./No ,you needn’t .

2.need 还可以作实义动词,除了有人称、时态和数的变化外,其否定和疑问形式要借助于助动词do /does /did 构成。如: He needed to escape.

I don’t need anything special.

3.need 作实义动词时,后面既可以跟v —ing 形式也可以跟动词不定式。

Should 表示道义上或责任上的“应该”。可用于各种句式。如:

You should call the pohce if you see something unusual.

You shouldn’t make such a foolish decision.

Unit One

1. How often do you exercise ? → How often + 助动词do(does或did) + 主语 + do sth. ? 疑问词how often是问频率(多经常), 在这里助动词do(does或did) 是起帮助构成疑问的作用

Every day / Once a week / Twice a month / Three times a month / Three or four times a month .

2. What do you usually do on weekends ? 第一个do 为助动词, 在这起帮助构成疑问的作用;而第二个 do 则是实义动词。 I usually play soccer .

3. What’s your favorite program ? It’s Animal World .

4. What do students do at Green High School ? 第一个do 为助动词, 在这起帮助构成疑问的作用;而第二个 do 则是实义动词。

5. As for homework , most students do homework every day . as for...意思是“至于;关于”,常用于句首作状语,其后跟名词、代词或动词的-ing 形式(即动名词)。如:

As for him,I never want to see him here. 至于他,我永远不希望在这里见到。

As for the story,you'd better not believe it. 关于那故事,你最好不要相信。

6. The results for “ watch TV ” are interesting .

7. Mom wants me to get up at 6:00 and play ping-pong with her . → want to do sth.意思是“想要做某事”;want sb. to do sth.意思是“想要某人做某事”。如:

Do you want to go to the movies with me?你想和我一起去看电影吗?

The teacher doesn't want us to eat hamburgers.老师不想让我们吃汉堡包。

8. She says it’s good for my health . → be good for...表示“对„„有益(有好处)”。其反义为:be bad for...。(这里for 是介词,后跟名词、代词或动名词)如:

It's good for us to do more reading. 多读书对我们有好处。

Reading in bed is bad for your eyes.在床上读书对你的眼睛有害。

9. How many hours do you sleep every night ?

10. I exercise every day , usually when I come home from school .

11. My eating habits are pretty good . 这里pretty 相当于very 。

12. I try to eat a lot of vegetables , usually ten to eleven times a week . → try to do sth.表示“ 尽力做某事 ” ,不包含是否成功的意思 / try

doing sth. 表示“ (用某一办法)试着去做某事”。 如:You’d better try doing the experiment in another way. 你最好试试用另一种方法做这个试验。

13. My healthy lifestyle helps me get good grades . → help sb.(to) do sth.帮助某人做某事

14. Good food and exercise help me to study better . → help sb. (to) do sth.帮助某人做某事 / 这里better 是well 的比较级,而不是good 的比较级

15. Is her lifestyle the same as yours or different ? =Is her lifestyle the same as your lifestyle or is her lifestyle different from your lifestyle ? → be the same as „ / be different from „

16. I think I’m kind of unhealthy . kind of = a little / a kind of 意思是“一种”

17. What sports do you play ?

18. A lot of vegetables help you to keep in good health . keep in good health = keep healthy = stay healthy

19. You must try to eat less meat . → try to do sth. 表示“ 尽力做某事 ” , 不包含是否成功的意思 / less是little 的比较级

20. That sounds interesting. 这是“主语+系动词+表语”结构的简单句。sound (听起来),look (看起来),smell (闻起来),taste (尝起来),feel (觉得),seem (好象),grow (变得) , get(变得)等词在英语中可用作系动词,后跟形容词作表语。如: It tastes good. 这味道好。

The music sounds very sweet. 这音乐听起来很入耳。

The smoke grew heavier and heavier. 烟雾变得越来越浓了。

Unit Two

1. What’s the matter ? What’s the mater with you ? with为介词,后跟名词、代词或动名词。人称代词必须用它的宾格。

I have a cold / have a sore back / have a stomachache

2. You should lie down and rest / drink hot tea with honey / see a dentist / see a doctor .

3. I’m not felling well . 这里well 表示身体状况,不能用good 代替

4. When did it start ? About two days ago .

5. That’s too bad .

6. I hope you fell better soon . 这里better 是well 的比较级

7. Traditional Chinese doctors believe we need a balance of yin and yang to be healthy . 这里 to be healthy是动词不定式短语,作目的状语

8. Maybe you have too much yin . too much后跟不可数名词,而too many后跟可数名词复数

9. It’s easy to have a healthy lifestyle ,and it’s important to eat a balanced diet . → It ’s easy to do sth . 做某事容易 / It’s important to do sth . 做某事重要

10. Everyone gets tired sometimes . 这里get 连系动词,tired 是形容词作表语,属系表结构

11. A sore throat can give you a fever . → give sb. sth . = give sth. to sb. 把某物给某人

12. Don’t get stressed out. It’s not healthy . 在这里get 是连系动词,stressed out是表语

13. I have a toothache . I need to see a dentist . → need 意思为 “需要” ,作实义动词时,后跟动词不定式,否定式为don ’t /doesn’t / didn ’t need (to do sth.) ;作情态动词时,只能用于否定句或疑问句中,否定式为needn ’t(do sth.) ,除有过去式外,没有其它的形态变化

14. Eat a balanced diet to stay healthy . to stay healthy是动词不定式短语,作目的状语

15. I’m not feeling very well at the moment . at the moment = now

Unit Three

1. What are you doing for vacation ? I’m babysitting my sister .

Where are you going for vacation ? Italy .

这是现在进行时的一种比较特殊的用法,用来表示按计划或安排要做的事情,现在还没有去做。

2. Who are you going with ? I’m going with my parents . with my parents是介词短语,在这里作伴随状语,起修饰谓语动词are going的作用

3. When are you going ? I’m going on Monday .

4. What are you doing there ? I’m going hiking in the mountains .

5. How long are you staying ? Just for four days . I don’t like going away for too long .疑问词hwo long是对时间长短或事物的长度提问,在这里是对时间的长短进行提问。

6. Have a good time . = Enjoy oneself . 玩得开心、愉快

7. Show me your photos when we get back to school . → show sb. sth. = show sth. to sb. 把某给某人看

8. I’m going to Hawaii for vacation . for vacation是介词短语,在这里作目的状语,起修饰谓语动词的作用

9. What’s it like there ? 这里like 是介词,而不是动词

10. Can I ask you some questions about your vacation plans ? → ask sb. sth . 问某人某事

11. Ben Lambert , the famous French singer , is taking a long vacation this summer ! → take a vacation 度假

12. He thought about going to Greece or Spain , but decided on Canada . → think about 考虑 / decide on 决定 这里的about 和on 都是介词

13. “ I always take vacation in Europe ,” he said . “ This time I want to do something different .” → (1). want to do sth. (2). 修饰不定代词(something , nothing , anything等) 的定语常放在不定代词的后面

14. He plans to have a very relaxing vacation . → plan to do sth. 计划做某事

15. I’m planning to spend time in the beautiful countryside .

16. I just finished making my last movies . → finish doing sth. 完成做某事

17. I hear that Thailand is a good place to go sightseeing . to go sightseeing是动词不定式短语,作a good place的后置定语

18. She’s leaving for Hong Kong on Tuesday . → leave A for B 离开A 地去B 地

19. I want to ask you about places to visit China . to visit China是动词不定式短语,作places 的后置定语

20. I’m planning my vacation to Italy this weekend . to Italy是动词不定式短语,作my vacation的后置定语

21. What should tourists take with them ? with them是介词短语,在这里作伴随状语,起修饰谓语动词take 的作用

22. Where are you leaving from ? leave from 离开某地(注:from 是介词)

Unit Four

1. How do you get to school ? 疑问词how 在这里是对方式进行提问

I ride my bike / walk / take the subway . By bike / bicycle / bus / train / subway / taxi / air / plane / ship / boat . On foot .

How do I get there ? 因there 是副词, 所以不能说get to there Don’t worry . Let me look at your map . Ok , first „ , next „ . Then „ .

2. How long does it take ? 疑问词hwo long是对时间长短或事物的长度提问

It takes about 25 minutes to walk and 10 minutes by bus .

How long does t take you to get from home to school ?

It takes twenty-five minutes . → take sb. some time to do sth. 花费某人„„时间做某事

3. Lin Fei’s home is about Kilometers from school .

4. How far is it from your home to school ? It’s three miles .

How far do you live from school ? I live 10 miles from school .

疑问词how far在这里是对距离进行提问

5. In other parts of the world , things are different .

6. In China , it depends on where you are . → depend on 视„„而定;决定于

7. That must be a lot more fun than taking a bus .

8. In North America , not all students take the bus to school . not all是部分否定,意思是并不是所有的;不是全部的

9. Other parts of the world are different from the United States .

10. A small number of students take the subway . → a number of = many 许多

11. What do you think of the transportation in your town ? → think of 对„„有某种看法

12. When it rains I take a taxi .

13. I have a map but in Chinese .

14. If you have a problem , you can ask a policeman .

Unit Five

1. Can you come to my party ?

Sure , I’d love(like) to . / I’m sorry , I can’t . I have to help my parents .

Can you play tennis with me ?

情态动词can 在这里起征求对方意见的作用。

2. I have too much homework this weekend . too much后跟不可数名词;too many后跟可数名词复数

3. That’s too bad .

4. Maybe another time .

5. Thanks for asking . for介词,后跟名词,代词或动名词

6. Come and have fun . / Come and join us .

7. On Wednesday , I’m playing tennis with the school team .

8. I have to study for my science test on Thursday . have to强调客观原因;而must 强调主观原因

9. Please keep quiet ! I’m trying to study . → try to do sth. 表示“ 尽力做某事 ” , 不包含是否成功的意思

10. Do you want to come to my birthday party ? → want to do sth.意思是“想要做某事”

11. Li Lei is going fishing with grandpa the whole day . the whole day = all day 整天

12. Can you come over to my house ?

13. I’m free till 22:00 .

Unit Six

1. I’m more outgoing than my sister . → 主语 + 动词 + 形容词比较级别 + than + 比较对象

2. As you can see , in some ways we look the same , and in some ways we look different .

3. However , we both enjoy going to parties . → enjoy doing sth. = like doing sth. 喜欢做某事

4. Liu Li has more than one sister . more than 不止

5. Liu Li and Liu Ying have some things in common . → in common (团体)共同的;公有的

6. Liu Ying is not as good at sports as her sister . as „as 和„„一样 (其中as „as 之间的形容词必须用原级);它的否定式是:not as(so) „ as

7. Liu Ying talks more than Liu Li . 这里more 是much 的比较级,而不是many 的比较级

8. Both girls go to lots of parties . lots of = a lot of 许多

9. My friend is the same as me . → be the same as „ 与„„一样 / be different from „与„„不同

10. I think a good friend makes me laugh . → make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事

11. For me , a good friend likes to do the same things as me . → like to do sth.

12. That’s not very important for me ….

13. What’s your opinion ?

14. Should friends be different or the same ? same前常有定冠词the

15. I like to have friends who are like me . / I like to have friends who are different from me . → like to do sth.中的like 是动词, 意思是“ 喜欢 ”;而are like me 中的like 是介词,意思是“ 像 ”。要注意区别like 的词性。

16. I’m quieter than most of the kids in my class .

17. We both like doing the same things . → like doing sth. 喜欢做某事

18. Who do you think should get the job , Ruth or Rose ?

19. You must be good with children / enjoy telling jokes . → be good with sb. 对某人好;与某人相处融洽 / enjoy doing = like doing sth. 喜欢做某事

20. He can’t stop talking . → stop doing sth. 意为“ 停止(正在)做的事情” ,doing 在句中是stop 的宾语。如:When the teacher came in , the students stopped talking and laugh . 老师走了进来,学生们停止了谈笑。 / stop to do sth. 意为“ 停下(正在做的事)去做某事” ,动词不定式短语to do sth.在句中作动词 stop 的目的状语。 如:He stopped to write a letter to her . 他停下手边的工作,给她写信。

21. He always helps others .

22. She likes to stay at home and read . → like to do sth. 喜欢做某事 / stay at home 呆在家里

Review of units 1-6

1. You use milk to make cheese and you can drink it , too . 动词不定式短语to make cheese在这里作目的状语,修饰use milk

2. A part of your body beginning with “ a ” . → begin with 以„„开始 (注意:with 是介词)

3. The opposite of short is long or tall .

4. The neck is between your head and your body . → between „ and 在„„和„„之间

5. Carrots , onions and peppers are all vegetables . → all 用于三者或三者以上;both 用于两者。同时要注意它们在句中的位置,即位于连系动词(be ),助动词(be , will , shall , should 等),情态动词(can , may , must , have to等)的后面;其它动词的前面。

6. I like reading books in my free time . like doing sth. 喜欢做某事 / in one’s free time 在空余时间

7. I feel terrible , doctor . 在这里feel 是连系动词,terrible 是形容词作表语,feel terrible是系表结构作复合谓语

8. I usually relax in my swimming pool .

9. I’m very excited to be taking a vacation around China ! → be excited to do sth. 做某事很激动 10. Who is more athletic , Gao Yan or Li Tong ?

1、名词

A )、名词的数

我们知道名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词,而不可数名词它没有复数形式,但可数名词却有单数和复数之分,复数的构成如下:

一)在后面加s 。如:fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas

二)x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es 。如:boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes

三)1)以辅音字母加y 结尾的变y 为i 再加es 如:baby-babies, family-families, duty-duties, comedy-comedies, documentary-documentaries, story-stories

2)以元音字母加y 结尾的直接加s 。如:day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways

四)以o 结尾加s (外来词)。如:radios, photos, 但如是辅音加o 的加es :如: tomatoes西红柿, potatoes马铃薯

五)以f 或fe 结尾的变f 为v 再加es(s)。如:knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves

六)单复数相同(不变的)有:fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese

七)一般只有复数,没有单数的有:people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks

八)单词形式不变,既可以是单数也可以是复数的有:police 警察局,警察, class班,同学, family家,家庭成员

九)合成的复数一般只加主要名词,多数为后一个单词。如:action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals; 但如果是由man 或woman 所组成的合成词的复数则同时为复数。如:man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers

十)有的单复数意思不同。如:fish 鱼 fishes 鱼的种类, paper 纸 papers 报纸,卷子,论文, work 工作 works 作品,工厂, glass 玻璃 glasses 玻璃杯,眼镜, orange 桔子水 oranges 橙子, light 光线 lights 灯, people 人 peoples 民族, time 时间 times 时代, 次数, chicken 鸡肉 chickens 小鸡

十一) 单个字母的复数可以有两种形式直接加s 或’s。如:Is (I’s), Ks (K’s)。但如是缩略词则只加s 。如:IDs, VCDs, SARs

十二) 特殊形式的有:child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-mice, policeman-policemen, Englishman-Englishmen

B )名词的格

当我们要表示某人的什么东西或人时,我们就要使用所有格形式。构成如下:

一)单数在后面加’s。如:brother’s, Mike’s, teacher’s

二)复数以s 结尾的直接在s 后加’,如果不是以s 结尾的与单数一样处理。如:Teachers’ Day教师节, classmates’; Children’s Day六一节, Women’s Day三八节

三)由and 并列的名词所有时,如果是共同所有同一人或物时,只加最后一个’s,但分别拥有时却分别按单数形式处理。如:Mike and Ben’s room迈克和本的房间(共住一间),Mike’s and Ben’s rooms迈克和本的房间(各自的房间)

2、代词

项目 人称代词 物主代词 指示代词 反身代词

人称 主格 宾格 形容词 名词性

第一人称 单数 I me my mine myself

复数 we us our ours ourselves

第二人称 单数 you you your yours yourself

复数 you you your yours yourselves

第三人称 单数 she her her hers herself he him his his himself it it its its this that itself

复数 they them their theirs these those themselves

3、动词

A ) 第三人称单数

当动词是第三人称单数时,动词应该像名词的单数变动词那样加s ,如下:

一)一般在词后加s 。如:comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains

二)在x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es 。如:watches, washes, wishes, finishes

三)1)以辅音字母加y 结尾的变y 为i 再加es 。如:study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries

2)以元音字母加y 结尾的直接加s 。如:plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys

四)以o 结尾加es 。如:does, goes

五)特殊的有:are-is, have-has B ) 现在分词

当我们说某人正在做什么事时,动词要使用分词形式,不能用原形,构成如下:

一)一般在后加ing 。如:spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing, train-training, play-playing, hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, go-going, do-doing

二)以不发音e 的结尾的去掉e 再加ing 。如:dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking, practice-practicing, write-writing, have-having 三)以重读闭音节结尾且一个元音字母+一个辅音字母(注意除开字母组合如show –showing, draw-drawing)要双写最后的辅音字母再加ing 。如:put-putting, run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning 四)以ie 结尾的变ie 为y 再加ing 。如:tie-tying 系 die-dying 死 lie-lying 位于 4、形容词的级

我们在对两个或以上的人或物进行对比时,则要使用比较或最高级形式。构成如下:

一) 一般在词后加er 或est(如果是以e 结尾则直接加r 或st) 。如:greater-greatest, shorter –shortest, taller –tallest, longer –longest, nicer- nicest, larger -largest

二)以重读闭音节结尾且1个元音字母+1个辅音字母(字母组合除外,如few-fewer fewest)结尾的双写结尾的辅音再加er /est。如:big-bigger biggest, red-redder reddest, hot-hotter hottest

三) 以辅音字母+y 结尾的变y 为i 加er/est。如:happy-happier happiest, sorry-sorrier sorriest, friendly-friendlier friendliest(more friendly most friendly), busy-busier busiest, easy-easier easiest 四)特殊情况:(两好多坏,一少老远)

good/well - better best many/much - more most bad/ill – worse worst

little- less least old- older/elder oldest/eldest far- farther/further farthest/furthest

5、数词 (基变序,有规则;一、二、三,自己背;五、八、九、十二;其它后接th ;y 结尾,变为i, eth跟上去。) first, second, third; fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth; seventh, tenth, thirteenth, hundredth; twenty-twentieth, forty-fortieth, ninety-ninetieth 二、初一英语语法——句式

1. 陈述句 肯定陈述句 a) This is a book. (be动词) b) He looks very young. (连系动词) c) I want a sweat like this. (实义动词)

d) I can bring some things to school. (情态动词) e) There’s a computer on my desk. (There be结构)

否定陈述句 a) These aren’t their books. b) They don’t look nice. c) Kate doesn’t go to No. 4 Middle School. d) Kate can’t find her doll. e) There isn’t a cat here. (=There’s no cat here.) 2. 祈使句

肯定祈使句 a) Please go and ask the man. b) Let’s learn English! c) Come in, please.

否定祈使句a) Don’t be late. b) Don’t hurry. 3. 疑问句

1) 一般疑问句 a) Is Jim a student? b) Can I help you? c) Does she like salad?吉姆是一个学生吗?b) 我能帮助你吗?c) 她喜欢沙拉吗? d) Do they watch TV? e) Is she reading?d) 他们看电视吗?e) 她阅读吗?

肯定回答: a) Yes, he is. b) Yes, you can. c) Yes, she does. d) Yes, they do. e) Yes, she is.

否定回答: a) No, he isn’t. b) No, you can’t. c) No, she doesn’t. d) No, they don’t. e) No, she isn’t.不, 他不是。b) 不, 你不能。c) 不, 她不。d) 不, 他们不。e) 不, 她不是。

2) 选择疑问句 Is the table big or small? 回答 It’s big./ It’s small.

3) 特殊疑问句① 问年龄 How old is Lucy? She is twelve露西多大了? 她是12 .

② 问种类 What kind of movies do you like? I like action movies and comedies. 你喜欢什么样的电影? 我喜欢动作片和喜剧片 ③ 问身体状况 How is your uncle? He is well/fine. 你的叔叔怎么样? 他很好 ④ 问方式 How do/can you spell it? L-double O-K. /你会拼写它吗?L-double O-K。

How do we contact you? My e-mail address is [email protected]. 我们怎么联系你呢? 我的电子邮件地址是[email protected]

⑤ 问原因 Why do you want to join the club? 你为什么想加入这个俱乐部吗?

⑥ 问时间 What’s the time? (=What time is it?) It’s a quarter to ten a.m. 时间是什么?(=现在几点?) 这是一个季度到10点. . What time do you usually get up, Rick? At five o’clock你通常什么时候起床, 瑞克?5点钟. When do you want to go? Let’s go at 7:00. 你什么时候想去? 我们七点去吧。

⑦ 问地方 Where’s my backpack? It’s under the table我的背包在哪里? 它是在桌子底下。. ⑧ 问颜色 What color are they? They are light blue. 他们是什么颜色的? 他们是浅蓝色 What’s your favourite color? It’s black. 你最喜欢的颜色是什么? 它是黑色的。 ⑨ 问人物 Who’s that? It’s my sister. 那是谁? 这是我的妹妹。

⑩ 问东西 What’s this/that (in English)? It’s a pencil case. 这/那是什么(英文)? 这是一个文具盒。 11问姓名What’s your family name? My family name’s Smith. 你的姓是什么? 我姓史密斯。 12 问哪一个 Which do you like? I like one in the box. 你喜欢哪一个? 我喜欢一个盒子里。 13 问字母 What letter is it? It’s big D/small f. 什么字母是吗? 这是大D /小f

14 问价格 How much are these pants? They’re 15 dollars. 这些裤子多少钱? 他们是15美元。 15 问电话号码 What’s your phone number? It’s 576-8349你的电话号码是什么? 这是576 - 8349。. 16 问谓语(动作) What’s he doing? He’s watching TV. 他在做什么? 他在看电视 17 问职业(身份) What do you do? I’m a teacher.你做什么工作? 我是一个老师。 三、初一英语语法——时态

1、一般现在时 表示普遍、经常性的或长期性的动作时使用一般现在时,它有: Be 动词:She’s a worker. Is she a worker? She isn’t a worker. 她是一个工人。她是一个工人吗? 她不是一个工人

情态动词的定义:情态动词有词义,但它不能单独作谓语,它必须和其他动词一起构成谓语。情态动词没有人称和数的变化;它的后面必须跟动词原形

一、

行为动词:They want to eat some tomatoes. Do they want to eat any tomatoes? They don’t want to eat any tomatoes. 他们想要吃一些西红柿。他们想要吃西红柿吗? 他们不想吃西红柿。

2、现在进行时 表示动词在此时正在发生或进行就使用进行时态,结构为sb be v-ing sth + 其它.

I’m playing baseball. Are you playing baseball? I’m not pla ying baseball. 一.规则变化 1. 一般在动词原形后加-ed look looked l 2. 以-e 结尾的动词加-d move phone phoned phoned 3. 以辅音字母加y 结尾的动词,变y 为i ,再加-ed study studied studied 4. 以原音字母加y 结尾的词,直接加-ed play played 5. 末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词,双写该辅音字母,再加-ed stop stopped stopped 6. 以 -r音节结尾的词,双写r 字母, 再加-ed prefer preferred preferred二.不规则变化:英语中有些动词的过去式和过去分词形式变化不规则,可分为五种情况。 1.动词原形、过去式和过去分词完全同形。 cut (切) cut cut hit (打) hit hit cast (扔) cast cast hurt (伤害) hurt hurt put (放) put put let (让) let let shut (关) shut shut cost (花费) cost cost set (放) set set rid (清除) rid rid 2.过去式与过去分词完全同形。 find (找到) found found pay (支付) paid paid leave (离开) left left lend (借出) lent lent meet (遇见) met met keep (保持) kept kept lose (丢失) lost lost teach (教) taught taught sit (坐) sat sat lead (引导) led led win (赢)除) won won 3.动词原形与过去分词同形 come (来) came come run (跑) ran run become (成为) became become 4.动词原形、过去式、过去分词形式完全不同。 give (给) gave given fly (飞) flew flown 见) saw seen 道

knew known

drink (喝) drank drunk

see (看know (知

speak

go (去) went gone wear

穿

wore worn

(说) spoke spoken 5.过去式和过去分词有两种形式 burn (燃

烧) burned burnt burned burnt learn (学习) learned learnt learned learnt smell (闻) smelled smelt smelled smelt spell (拼写) spelled spelt spelled spelt shine 照射) shined shoneshined shone eap (跳) leaped leapt leaped leapt 提示 :A . beat的过去式与原形同形: 比:beat (打击) beat (过去式) beaten (过去分词) B . lie有规则变化和不规则变化两种,含义不同 比:lie lied, lied(说谎) lay, lain(躺,位于) C . hang 有规则变化和不规则变化两种,含义不同 hung, hung(挂,吊) D . welcome(欢迎)一词是规则动词,不可误用为不规则动词 比:welcome welcomed, welcomed(正)welcome, welcome(误) E . 不要将不规则动词误用为规则动词 比:hit (打) hit, hit(正) hitted, hitted(误)


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