高三英语语法复习资料[精品-全套]
名 词 篇
纵观高考试题,试题中出现的考点主要有:名词的复数形式;不可数名词的辨认;抽象名词转换成普通名词的名词一体词;名词作定语;双重所有格;名词前多个形容词排列。
一、名词可数与不可数及修饰词:
常考的抽象名词有:advice, chalk, furniture, patience, paper, clothing, fun, power, work, oil, jewelery, homework, sugar, information, salt, knowledge, luck, weather, progress, news (word), money
注意:another不能修饰不可数名词,可说another book,不可说another news。
二、复合名词的复数形式因词而异:
1. a man driver (men drivers) a woman doctor ( women doctors)
2. a film-goer (film-goers) 电影爱好者
3. a looker-on (lookers-on) 旁观者 passers-by
4. a grown-up (grown-ups) 成年人
三、部分名词的复数形式表示特殊意义:
goods, looks(表情、外貌), manners, papers, greens(青菜、蔬菜), irons(熨斗), forces(军队), sands(做作的样子、架子) →put on airs 3. Wood can be made into paper.
He likes going out for fresh air.
四、
1. 单复数相同:sheep, deer, fish, Chinese, Japanese, means, works
2. 只有复数:cattle, people
3. 常以复数形式出现:trousers, glasses, thanks, clothes, remains(遗物), contents, goods, congratulations, means, sports, preparations(准备), tears, repairs, regards, games(运动会)
4. 以s结尾的学科或专有名词常作单数:
politics, maths, physics, the United States, The United Nations
五、几组易错名词的用法:
1. many a + 单数名词 = many + 复数名词
2. 集合名词:family, team, audience, enemy, public, group, class, government, company, police, party 作主语时,若看作一个整体时,谓语动词用单数;若表示组成分子,则用复数。
e.g. The police are on duty at the street corner.
My family is / are going to have a long journey.
3. population:
1)作为“人口”的总称或“居民”的总数是不可数名词,谓语用单数。
2)问“多少人口”时,不说how many或how much,而用what。
3)在谈到“人口比„„多”时,常用large,great;“人口少”时,常用small,而不用much,little。
4)当谈及“有人口”时, 习惯上用have a population of„。
5)当“百分数/分数+ of the population”作主语时,谓语用复数。
6)表示某个地区人口时,其前应有定冠词。
7)population不能与people连用。
e.g. The population in China is very large, and 80% of the population are farmers.
The city has a population of the million.
六、表示“许多”的词组:
1. 代替many,修饰可数名词的有:a
2. 代替much,修饰不可数名词的有:a great deal of
3. large quantities of
七、 the Smiths
八、1. ’s
2. ,another,some,every,several,such,any,which,what修
九、
+//形式+颜色/形状+起源/出处+材料/目的分类
an old stone bridge
the dirty old green coat
十、名词用来作定语,修饰名词:
有生命的多用’s或s’的所有格,无生命的多用of短语。
一个名词直接做定语修饰另一个名词,往往属于固定的搭配。
telephone number, school education, air pollution, research work,
bus driver, coffee cup, sports meet, village people
十一、表示具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的人或事,表示变化了的词义,这一类抽象名词已完
全名词化变为可数名词:
1. in surprise / a surprise
2. with pleasure / a pleasure
3. have pity on sb. / It’s a pity. ( What a pity.)
4. a man with experience / an experience
5. light(光) / a light(灯)
6. have difficulty in doing sth. / meet with many difficulties
7. failure ( success )
8. danger(危险) / a danger(危险物)
十二、常用名词辨异:
1. accident / incident:
accident常指不幸的,预料不到的,突发性的意外事件,如灾祸、灾难等;还常与偶然
类似: come across, happen to do, chance to do, by chance
incident2. affair / business / matter
affair business作“生意”“行业”,没有复数形式。
matter
另外:1)the matter麻烦事
2)v.
3)no matter „ 4)matter 物质
3. clothesmany(a few,those,my)clothes,
,其后的谓语动词用复数形式。
cloth“抹布”等是可数名词,复数形式为
,不能说a suit of clothing
fun和fun是不可数名词,而joke可用做动词,表示“开玩笑”,而fun不能用作动词。
同某人开玩笑:make fun of, play a joke / jokes on sb.
make a joke / jokes about sb. / sth.
5. e moment (that)… / for the moment
in a moment“一会儿后”,指从现在往后的一段时间,也可指“很短的一段时间内”。
after a moment“一会儿后”,用于过去或将来的某时起往后一段时间。
for a moment作一段时间解时,指“很短暂的一整段时间”。
at the moment“当时”“目前”(= at this moment, then)
the moment that表示“一„„就„„” for the moment暂时、目前
6. pay / wage / salary
pay是不可数名词,是个常用词,可替代其他两个词。
salary是可数名词、不可数名词,按月、季或年发给的工资,一般指脑力劳动者的工资。
wage(常用复数),一般指体力劳动者的工资,按日或星期来计算的。
7. strength / force / energy / power
strength常指固有的潜在力量,指人时,着重力气。
force主要指自然界的力量,如暴力、势力、军事力量等。
energy主要指“人的精力、自然界的能量”
power主要指做一件事情所依靠的能力。
十三、Repeat:
2. Shortly after the accident, two dozen police were sent there to keep order.
3. We have worked out the plan and now put it into practice.
4. He is going camping with two other little boys.
5. We’ve missed the last bus. I’6. He gained his wealth by printing works of famous writers.
8. You’
代 词 篇
一、 it的用法:
1. 代替指示代词this或that
2. 用作人称代词
3.
4. 1) It seems that ≯
„ 事实证明„„
10) It is time ( that ) „(虚拟语气)
11) It is necessary that „(虚拟语气)
12) Sb. + v. + it + n. / adj. + to do sth. / doing sth. / that…
feel it an honour to do…
make it clear to sb. to do
find it no use doing
13) It is / was + 被强调的部分 + that / who „
14) It was ( not ) / will ( not ) long ( hours ) before …
15) It is not until „ that „≯ Not until „
16) It takes sb. some time to do sth.
二、反身代词:
come to oneself(苏醒)/ be not oneself(身体不舒服)
congratulate oneself on(暗自庆幸)
enjoy oneself
express oneself(表达)
devote oneself to(致力于)
dress oneself(穿衣)
find oneself(发觉自己在)
help oneself to(随便吃)
hide oneself(躲藏)
keep sth. to oneself(保守秘密)
make oneself at home(不要拘束,就像在自己家里一样)
make oneself + p.p.
seat oneself
三、替代词so的用法:
1. So do I. 后者与前者相同,两个不同的主语。
2. So I do. 重复前面的内容,同一个主语。
3. I do so. 指代前面的内容。
4. So it is with„ so可以替代从句中的that
5. 常用结构:
I’m afraid so. ≯ I’I think so. ≯ I don’I believe so. ≯ I hope so. ≯ 四、some / any / every / many / all / no之后。
so interesting a book
/名词的复数形式
可数/不可数名词
so many people / so little money / such a little girl
4. such用于特殊结构 Such is our study plan.
5. so that(目的/结果)≯ in case(没有such that)
such … as…
五、常用代词辨异:
1. one, ones, that, those, it
◆one与ones可以用来代替前面提到过的可数名词,one指单数,ones指复数。
▲ ①one与ones既可指人也可指物,ones不可单独使用,也不可用those,these直接修饰,但可用the修饰,或these + adj. + ones。
▲ ②one可代替可数名词为中心的整个名词词组,而ones不能。
▲ ③one不能加不定冠词,除非中间有形容词。
▲ ④one可单独使用,作“任何人”解。
◆that与those,that代替前面提到过的不可数名词,those代替前面提到过的复数名词。That,those后面跟定语从句时,关系代词不能用that。
◆one和it都可以用来代替前面出现过的单数名词。one代替这类东西的任何一个,it代替前面所指的特定的东西。
2. no one, none
① no one = nobody,只指人,不指物,谓语动词用单数。
② no one没有固定范围,故其后不接of短语。none可接of短语。
No one,nobody用于简略回答时,不能用来对“How many”或“How much e.g. Is there anyone who can do the experiment? No one.
③ none谓语用单数;表示可数名词时,单复数均可。
④ none常用来对“How many”或“How much短语构成的一般疑问句做否定回答。而no one用来回答“Who3. both, either, neither
◆ both两者都, the,物主代词或指示代词修饰名词,需置both之后。复数名词搭配。
◆ either时,可单独使用,也可跟of◆ neither六、Repeat:
冠 词 篇
一、a与one的对比
1. 尽管a和one这两个在意义上有些相似,但它们几乎不能互换使用。
2. 在连续记数时,习惯上,用one而不用a。
3. 在名词前使用one往往表示数量上的对比。
4. 用在某些固定词组中。
e.g. all of a sudden(突然),as a matter of fact(事实上),in a hurry,in a word,do sb. a favour,pay a visit to,a hand of(少量的),a length of(一根、一段),a variety of(种种),a depth of(深度为),an article of(一件),a total of(总共),an average of(平均),one by one,one after another,one day
二、不定冠词的基本用法
1. 具有泛指的概念,表示“一类”或“其中的一个”。
2. 初次提到某人或某物。
3. 速度、比率、价格等,其意义相等于one或every。
4. 用在某些物质名词前,该物质名词便具体化了。
a coffee, a heavy rain
5. 用在某些抽象名词前,该抽象名词前便具体化了。
He has a knowledge of chemistry. The get-together was a great success.
6. 用在专有名词前,表示类似的一个或某一个。
He is a Kong Fansen. A Mrs Smith wishes to speak to you.
7. 表示“同一个”的意思。
The two boys are of an age.
These umbrellas are of a (=the same) colour and size.
8. 不定冠词的特殊位置:how/so/as/too+形容词+不定冠词+名词
so kind a man = such a kind man too difficult a book
三、定冠词的主要用法
1. 表示特指和第二次提到的人或物。
2. 表示世界上独一无二的事物。
3. 用在序数词、形容词最高级前面。
4.
5. 6.
7. 8. 9. 10.
11.
2.
3.
4.
5. 称呼、头衔、职务等表示抽象性质的名词前,不加冠词。
6. 在与by连用交通工具名称前不加冠词。]
7. 在turn,go(变成、成为)变成后面的名词做短语时,名词前不加冠词。但become后面的名词前一定要加冠词。
8. 在一个以“普通名词+as”所引导的让步状语从句中,该普通名词前不加冠词。
9. 泛指复数名词前不用冠词。
10. 固定搭配。
in debt,in good (bad) health,in good condition,in great demand,in great need of,in time of danger,in office(就职),in honour of,in trouble (difficulty),in favour of,with anger,in general,in size,in character(在性格上),in sight,in (out of) order,on business,on holiday, on leave,on watch,on fire,heart and soul,knife and fork,at sea,husband and wife,brother and sister,from morning till night,on horseback
五、特殊情况
1. 部分词组中有冠词和没有冠词其含义不同。一般说来,名词前
无冠词,则表示抽象意义;名词前有冠词,则表示具体意义。
out of problem(不成问题),out of the problem(不可能),take place,take the place of,in hospital,in the hospital,at table,at the table,in front of,in the front of,three of us,the three of us,on earth,of age(成年),of an age(同岁数),lose colour(脸色苍白),lose the colour(褪色),
2. 有些词组中用定冠词the还是不定冠词a ,意义不同。
a number of the number of
3. 注意当单数可数名词被so、as、how、toosuch。
4. 注意习惯用法。在某些词组、成语中,名词前不用冠词。
六、表示类别的三种情况
1. 定冠词+单数可数名词(用特指的那一类事物代表一类事物)。
2. 不定冠词+单数可数名词(用“任意一个”。
3. 可数名词复数或不可数名词,指“类别”。
介 词 篇
一、 考点精析
复习介词时要把握三点:
1.
2. ,from,of,to,for。
3.
二、
1. at
,be sold at three yuan a dozen,come at us
,at the beginning of,at the post office,at the airport,at dawn,at the weekend,,at birth,at present,at any time,at a time,at times,at the speed of ,at a /闻„„而”。 at the news
2.
in English be sold in pairs
主要用来表示较长的时间单位,如月份、季节、年份等
in the 1990s in the late 19th century
形成“in+时段名词”的词组或固定搭配
in those days,in the daytime,in a short while,in no time,in time
介词in在短语或句型中的省略:
1) 某些形容词/过去分词后接v-ing形式时,v-ing形式前的介词in可以省略。
be busy (in) doing be engaged (in) doing (忙于„„)
2) 某些动词如busy、occupy、employ等,常与反身代词连用,其后的in也可以省略。 busy oneself (in) doing occupy oneself (in) doing
3) 某些动词如spend、pass、waste等与表示时间的名词连用,后面的介词也可以省略。 spend time (in) doing waste time (in) doing
4) 在have no difficulty in doing sth.、have no trouble in doing sth.、have no business in doing sth.等句型中介词也可以省略。
5) 在句型There is no use (in)doing sth.中,介词也可省略。
固定搭配:in the world,in (the)future,in the snow /rain / storm,in ink,in short,in public,in return,in turn,in danger,in this way,in that case,in search of,in place of,in the air,in case,in common,,in other words,in praise of,in silence,in space,in one’s opinion,in modern times,,in the open air
3. on:主要表示在上面、根据或基础、有关或涉及的方面、表示某天。
固定搭配:on doing sth.,on the afternoon of October,on Tuesday evening,on foot,on the right/ left,on fire,
on duty,on sale,on the radio,on and on,on show,on earth,
on average,on one’s own
注意:一般带有宗教色彩的节日名词前面用at,如圣诞节。
一般的节日名词前用on。
4. by固定搭配:by the village,be paid by the month,by chance,by foot(=on foot),by hand,by mistake,by accident,by force,stone by stone,by now / then
5. for
固定搭配:make sth. for sb.
thank sb. for sth.,
for the time being,,for nothing
6. of
of1) 2) 3 4) (知识丰富的教授)
5) the city of Beijing
6) the study of the map(研究地图)
7) the determination of the workers(工人们的决心)
固定搭配:be of much use,rob sb. of sth.,be fond of,make fun of,be tired of,of one’s own,instead of,run out of
7. to 主要表示方向、程度、结果、关系和位置。
固定搭配:rise to / by „,to one’s surprise / joy/ astonishment,
to the east of,key to„,come up to,add up to,be open to the public,to the point,thanks to,suit „ to „,stick to,refer to
三、 容易错、常考的介词及搭配
1. be made of,be made from,be made into,be made in
2. call on = visit,call for = go and pick up,call at one’s house or office
3. on business (出差)/ strike()罢工 / duty(值日) / holiday / fire / vacation / watch(警戒) / sale(出售) / leave(请假) / guard(警戒)
4. have some trouble / difficulty (in) doing sth.,have a habit / idea / plan of doing sth.
5. A is pleased to B,B is pleased with A(对„„感到满意)
6. be tired of,be tired from
7. with the help of,under the leadership of
8. by means of(使用),by way of(经由),by heart(记住),by the way
9. out of question(毫无疑问),out of the question(毫不可能)
10. prevent / stop / keep sb. from doing sth.
11. be thankful to sb. for sth.
12. steal sth. from sb.,rob sb. of sth.
13. insist on doing sth.,persist in doing sth.,stick to,go on doing sth.
14. set about doing sth.,set out to do sth.
15. look sb. in the face,hit sb. on the face,16. do a favour for sb. = do sb. a favour
17. tell A from B
四、 介词的惯用型
1. above all(首先),after all,at all(全然),2. day after day,year after year,3. at peace(和平),at war4. by oneself,by all means,by chance,by accident,
by no means(决不、并没有),,by the way
5. in her teensin need
6. to one’7. with care(高兴地),with one’s help,
(毫不困难地),without exception(毫不例外),without delay8. (和„„一起),as to(至于„„),because of,except for(除„„之外)9 ,out of date,out of trouble(脱离困境),out of sight,
,out of touch(没有联系)
10 ,at the centre of,at the end of,at the top of,
at the sight of,at the thought of,at a speed of
11. (纪念),in favour of(同意),in the habit of(有„„习惯),in touch with(与„„保持联系),on the left of,on the eve of(在„„前夕)
12. from time to time(不时地), from day to day(天天), from hand to hand(一个传一个),from side to side(左右地),from car to car(一个车厢一个车厢地),from bad to worse(越来越差),from beginning to end(从头到尾),from hand to mouth(仅能糊口),from head to foot,from start to finish,from one to another
五、 掌握方式、手段、工具的表达方法
1) in +文字、语言、材料名词
in English (ink, pencil, capital letters)
2) with +工具、机器;人体器官;情绪、情感、态度的名词
with a branch, with one’s nose, with pride, with satisfaction,
with the help of, with one’s permission
3) by 表示泛指的方式、手段
by bus, by land, by means of(用„„方法), by way of(经由) , by doing sth.,
by hand(手工), by post(由邮局传递), by letter(用写信的方式), by electricity, by hard work, by the year, by the hour(by + the + 单位名词) 按„„
4) 其它表示方式(情况、状况、手段)的表示法
through the radio / by radio / on the radio, through / by / from practice,
comfort, in sorrow, in high / good / poor spirits,
in anger, in safety, in debt, in good order, in good / poor health, in tears,
in use, in pain,
六、 某些名词和介词的固定搭配
1) 要求to:key, answer, visit, apology, introduction
2) 要求in:interest, satisfaction, expert
3) 要求on:mercy, congratulation
4) 要求其它:七、 某些形容词和介词的固定搭配
1) be afraid of 担心 be afraid for替„„而担心
2) be angry about / at sth.
3) be anxious for sth.渴望 4) be different from „ „„不关心
5) be good at „擅长 友好
6) be strict with sb. 7) 流行在 „„
be popular for
8) 抽象名词 听、看到而高兴
9) 对„„失望
10) 或从句 ;be known for因„„而著名
11)
13
14 „
15) „替/为„„后悔
16) „ be interested in „
17) be proud of (take pride in)
18) be satisfied with / by „ be sure of / about „
19) be fond of, be fit for, be busy with sth. (in doing sth.)
20) be late for, be ready for
21) be similar to „ ;be wrong with „
八、 以to为中心构成短语的归纳
belong to, come to(苏醒), look forward to, lead to, stick to, refer to, turn to,
drink to(为„„干杯), object to(反对), reply to the letter, help oneself to,
sing / dance to the music(和着„„在„„声中唱/跳), devote oneself to
九、 以for为中心构成短语的归纳
ask for, call for(去接某人), care for(关心), go in for(从事), answer for(对„„负责), send for, pay for, praise sb. for(赞扬某人某事), head for(向„„方向移动), search for, take „ for „(误以为), leave for, prepare for(为„„准备), thank sb. for, make a dive for(向„„猛冲), make up for(弥补„„损失)
十、 以on为中心构成短语的归纳
come on来吧, call on拜访, pass on传递, carry on进行下去, live on sth.靠„„生活, depend on依靠, have on穿着, have pity on同情, look on „ as „把„„看作,
push on推动, spy on窥探, switch / turn on旋开, wait on服侍, walk on继续走, spend„on 间、金钱, operate on给„„动手术,
take on a new look呈现新面貌
十一、吊尾介词
1) 某些形容词后接不及物动词或“V+
A) fit, easy, hard, good, difficult, comfortable, heavye.g. The girl is easy to get along with.
B) 表反射,常用吊尾介词。
e.g. The problem is worth dealing with.
The book is worthy of being referred to.
2) 带吊尾介词。
3) V+介”4) 以what,。
5) (去哪儿?)Who with?(和谁去?)
6) 介”短语常用吊尾介词。
He has never been spoken to in this way.
重介词用在一个介词难以全面表达含义的场合,或者是需要从两个角度来描述其具体意义的场合,一般地,前一个介词意义含糊,后一个介词比较具体或从另一个角度对前者进行补充完善。
e.g. New shoots will come up from round roots.新芽从旧根周围长出。
(from和round同属地点位置范畴,但一个介词均不足以全面表意。)
He won’t come back until after sunset.到太阳落山之后他才回来。
(until与after同属时间范畴。)
He has traveled everywhere except in Japan.
Water began to flow out instead of into the bottle.
十三、常用介词辨异
1. about, on, of 关于
on多用于慎重的、正式的语言交际场合。常见于“学术上”的“论文”或“演说”等题目,可供专门研究这一问题的人阅读,有“论及”之意。
about表示的内容多为普遍、不那么正式,有“述及”之意。
of作“关于”讲,表示提及、涉及某人(事)时,只表示事情存在或发生,并不涉及详情;有时与about意义相近,但有时意义很不同,常与动词know、hear、learn(听说)、speak、talk、think、tell等连用。
2. except, except for, except that, but, besides, beside
except“除„„之外”,指不包括„„,后面常接名词、代词(人称代词常用宾格)词和动词不定式,此时相当于but,但不定式常不带to。
except for“除了,只有”,意思和except名词性短语。
except that“除了,只是”,意思和except、except for可接when、where等词引导的其它从句。
but所含“除„„外”的意思不如except明确。but之后。
besides表示“除„„外还有”besides可用作副词,相当于also,有“而且,加之,何况”之意。
beside也是介词,表示“在附近”,只不过形似besides
except for。
3. including, included
including
included
4.
1) inin + 时段名词”,一般用于将来时。
2) + later”,常与过去时连用。
3) during + 时段名词”,常与现在时或将来时等连用。
5
with
by
in
动 词 篇
动词和动词短语是NMET考查的重点。通常考查:动词的辨异、动词的不规则变化、某些动词的习惯用法和动词短语等。
一、 动词的基本形式
1. 第三人称单数形式
2. 过去式
3. 过去分词
4. 现在分词
(同学们应在课下将各个词的形式熟记。)
二、 形状相似的动词的误用
这类动词的误用主要是由于其拼法相同或相似、词根同或在不规则变化中因某些相似而引起。
1. lie与lay的区别
lie ---- lay ---- lain ---- lying lie ---- lied ---- lied ---- lying
lay ---- laid ---- laid ---- laying
2. hang(悬挂)与hang(绞死、吊死)的区别
hang ----hung ---- hung ---- hanging
hang ---- hanged ---- hanged ---- hanging
3. rise与raise
rise ---- rose ---- risen (vi.) raise ---- raised ---- raised (vt.)
4. experience(v. & n. 经历 n. 经验)与experiment(
5. loose(松开、解开)与lose(丢失)
6. insist on(坚持)与stick to(坚持)
7. effect(n. 效果 v. 使有效)与affect(v. 影响)三、 动词与其它词因词形相似而引起的误用
常见的词有:
accept ---- expert ---- except ---- expect
bath ---- bathe / breath ---- breathe
choose ---- choice
pass ---- passed ---- past
四、
HA1. „ / do „ 用在否定句中have可表示“允许、忍受、容忍”。
(不允许)
(容忍)
I’(不容忍)
2. 表示“有”时带不定式做定语表“将来”,带分词做定语表“正在进行”
【比较】He has a lot of work to do. (带to的不定式做定语,逻辑主语是句子主语,to do与work之间是动宾关系且不定式为及物动词或相当于及物动词(vi.+介)的主动式)
I’ll go to the post office; do you have a letter to be posted?(post不是由句子主语执行,故用及物或相当于及物动词的被动式)
MAKE
1. 句型:make + 宾语,make + 双宾语,make + 宾语 + 名词,make + 宾语 + adj.,make + it + adj.
/ n. +to do sth. / that-clause,make sb. / sth. do,
make sth. / oneself done
2. 短语:
make an apology to „;make a face;make a living;make a mistake;make a speech(作演讲);make friends with;make fun of;make room for;make use of;make the best of(尽量利用、善用);;make sentences with;make repairs;make great / rapid progress;make trouble(引起麻烦);(前进、行进);make up one’s mind;make up(构成、弥补、虚构、打扮);(铺床);make a decision;make a discovery;make a journey;make a plan for;make difference(区别);make laws(制订法律);make tea(沏茶);make a record;make a choice(进行选择);make a suggestion(提建议),make war(开战) DO
注意do和make:一般说来,“do思。
do business(做买卖),do sb. a favour,,do sb. good / harm / wrong(do good to sb.)(对„„有益/有害/冤枉),do the room,do copies(复制),do one’s hair(做头发),do one’s duty,,do the deed(生效) GO
go upstairs,go to prison,go to sea ,go to the cinema / movie / pictures,go shopping,be gone((人)不在、,go hungry,go by((时间)过去;经过(地点)),go down(下去;go by);继续),go out(出去;(灯或火的)熄灭),,go on with sth.,go for a walk,go a visit to,go to college
SUPPOSE
1.
e.g. I supp
’t suppose so (I suppose not.)
’m afraid so (not), I fear so (not), I’m sure so (not).
2. e.g. Who do you suppose telephoned me yesterday?
3. to be做补足语,不用to do结构,但有时可用完成式或进行式。
She was supposed to have left home / to be writing.
4. be (not) supposed to do “应当(不应该)”
e.g. He was supposed to arrive there an hour ago.(是否到不知道,表示按道理应该„„)
He should have come an hour ago.(表责备,说明没有按时到)
比较:1)He is supposed to be a student.
2)He is supposed to come early.
5. 提出建议,请求
Suppose we go / went for a walk? = What about us going for a walk?(用went语气更婉转)
6. 假设
Suppose / Supposing that he comes, what shall we do?
CONSIDER
1. consider + 宾语(名词、代词、从句、动名词或不定式的疑问式) 考虑
2. consider + 宾语 + 宾补(名词、形容词、不定式to be或to have done)认为
3. consider it + 名词或形容词 + to do sth.
4. consider „ as „ 比较:take „ as „ 与take „ for „
五、常用动词的词义与搭配
CATCH
1. 抓住 catch sb. by the arm,catch sb. by surprise(乘其不备抓住„„)
2. 钩住、挂住 3. 染(患)上;搭(赶)上(交通工具);听(懂、清)
catch a cold,catch the bus,catch what you said,catch up with
4. 偶然(突然)撞见、发觉;偶然碰上(风雨等)catch sb. stealing money,be / get caught in / by the storm
GIVE
give a concert,give lessons to,give a lecture,,give sb. a ring,give a report to sb.(向„„汇报),give birth to(产仔),,give out(耗尽),give off(发出(光、热等)),give up,’s life for(为„„而献身),give in TAKE
take pictures / photographs / photos,,take an interest in(对„„发生兴趣),take notes(记笔记),take notice,take one’s leave(告辞),take office,take pity on(怜悯),(主持开会),take it easy(别着急),take sides in(站在„„一边),’,take one’s temperature,take one’s place,take „ for example,,take an action(采取行动),take off,take away,take up,take hold of,,take examinations,take it for granted that „(认为„„当然)
,call for,call in (a doctor),call out,call up,call for help,
1. (谈到)
He came to see you. (=came and saw)
Finally it came to (itself). (苏醒)
The book came to how to learn English. (涉及)
It comes to the same thing. (结果是)
The number comes to 1000. (达到)
2. 其它短语:
come after(跟着„„、为找„„而来),come out(出来、(花)开、出版),come at =jump upon(扑向),
come up to sb.,come on / upon = come across,come down(下来、减少),come into power(上台),come into being(形成),come into use(使用起来),come true,come along(一起走、快点)
GET
get out of = get away from = escape(躲避、逃避),get along / on (well / badly) with,(进来),get in the crops,get in touch with,get into trouble,get into the habit of,get off = start off,get off the boot,get off work(下班),get off a good start(起了个好头),,get over the river,get rid of,get round = get about(传开),get through the worktest,get sb. through to(给某人接通电话),get down on one’s knees,(开始做),get down to,get back to sth.(重新做„„、重谈„„),,get the car going
TURN
turn against,turn over,turn in,turn up,turn to sb. for help,turn doctor LOOK
look through the book(浏览),look on the book,look up(查阅、仰视),look about(看四周),look down upon / on,,look out,look over(看过一遍),look forward to
PUT
put away(放好),put off(推迟),,put out(发行、熄灭),put down(放下、记下、镇压),put up ,put sb. to bed(哄某人睡觉),put forward„„„,put up with(容忍、忍受)
1. bring,fetch,,teach,offer,tell,wish
2. 1) ,name,make,elect,think,find,leave
2) cause,force,intend,prefer,remind,hear
3 make,paint,cut,keep,find,prove,leave
4) hear,feel,have,make
3. return,repeat等。
六、
1. put on,wear,have on,dress,be in,pull on,try on
dress作及物动词时,意思是“给„„穿衣服”,可跟别人,也可跟反身代词。
dress既可表示状态,也可表示动作。be dressed in和be in后常接颜色一类的名词或衣服名称。
wear和have on都表示状态。Wear用于一般式时表示经常的穿戴情况,用于进行式时表示暂时的穿戴情况。have on不用于进行时态。put on表示动作,其反义词为take off。have on、wear、put on可广义地用于穿(戴)衣服、袜、鞋、手套、首饰、眼镜等。
pull on表示动作迅速,其反义词为“pull off”。try on、fit … on表示穿戴的动作,意为“试穿(衣服)、试戴(帽子)”。
2. 三建议:advise,persuade,suggest
advise表示“劝说、建议”,而persuade表示“说服”的结果和结论。
搭配:advise sb. (not) to do sth.,advise doing sth.,advise that-clause(虚拟语气),persuade sb. (not) to do sth.,persuade / talk sb. into doing sth.,persuade sb. out of doing sth.,persuade sb. of sth.(使某人想起某事),suggest doing sth.,suggest that-clause(虚拟语气或不用)
3. 三个看起来:seem,look,appear
以上三个词都可表示“好像”,而且往往可以相互替换。但是look强调根据外部表象作出的判断;seem强调说话人的主观判断;appear表示根据外部表象作出判断时,等于look,但appear种假象。
seem和appear后接形容词或名词时,动词可加to be,而look不能。
seem和appear还可接其它的动词不定式作宾语,而look不能。
seem和look均可接like + 名词或v.-ing形式。
seem、look均可接as if + 从句。(虚拟语气或陈述语气)
seem、appear可用在it作形式主语的句式中,而look appear、seem、look4. 四打击:beat,hit,strike,knock
beat着重连续性地打,如殴打或体罚,也指在游戏、与win、defeat同义。 hit strike knock撞倒、重敲:,5. 五输赢:win,defeat,beat beat
win。 defeat sb.在
gainwin换用。
fail,fail to do sth.(没能做„„)
6. hopehope to do sth.,hope +(作最好的打算)。
,后接宾语从句,从句中表示不可能实现或与事实相反wish (sb.) to do sth.,wish sb. + n. & adj.,wish + that-clause 表示因缺乏而产生的欲望,其搭配有:want sth.,want (sb.) to do sth.,want sth. 预期、料想,表示预期某事即将发生,与预计的必然性有关,其搭配有:expect a letter from sb.,expect (sb.) to do sth.,expect that-clause。
总之,1)hope (want, wish, expect) to do sth.
2)hope( expect, wish) + that-clause,但want不能。
3)expect(wish, want) + sb. to do sth.,但hope不能。
4)wish后接双宾语,但其它词不能。
7. 七花费:spend,cost,pay,take,charge,buy,sell
spend、cost和take都是“花费”的意思,但spend的动作执行者往往是人,cost和take则往往是
事,而且,cost一般用于花钱,take一般用于花时间较多。
pay和charge的区别在于pay意在“支出”,charge却意在“收入”,试比较:
e.g. I paid the owner 100 yuan for the coat.
The owner charged me 100 yuan for the coat.
buy和sell的区别很明显,一个是“买”,另一个是“卖”,都可跟双宾语。
注意:1)与pay有关的习惯短语:pay back,pay off,pay attention to,pay one’s respects to(向„„表示敬意),pay a visit to
2)cost和pay都作名词:the production cost(生产成本)
3)cost与be worth的区别,cost是“花费”,而be worth意在“价值”。
8. 四收到:receive,accept,admit,get
receive系被动地“收到”、“接到”,与主观愿望,几乎没有任何联系。
accept系主动地“接受”,其动作是由主观愿望所决定的。
admit强调准许、接纳,与accept相比较,程度更深刻,有认同之意。
get在“接到”、“收到”之义上可与receive交换。
注意:1)在表示“接纳”、。如:admit / receive sb. into the Party吸收某人入党
2)receive是动词send(送)的结果,而accept是动词refuse
3)在英语中,像receive与accept look (at) / see,listen (to) / hear,look for / find,get to know / know,try to do sth. / manage to do sth.,
advise / persuade,shoot at / shoot,9. add up to,add up,add „ add up to“等于”。 add up add … to …上(中)”。
add to
10. agree to, 。
。
that从句。
用得普遍,是个比较正式的用语,可做及物或不及物动词,
to。
12. ,be made from,be made of, be made into,be made up of,
be made by
13. become,get,go,grow,turn
become、get、go通常表示过程已经完成,become比较正式,get和go比较口语化。 grow有逐渐变成新的状态的含义。
turn有成为完全不同的事物的含义。用作连系动词时,后面也可接名词作表语,
名词前不用a或an。但在become后面作表语的名词前,则要用a或an。
14. begin,start
begin和start都有“开始”的意思,大多数场合可以通用,不过,start较为口语化。
另外,start还可以表示“动身、出发”的意思,而begin不能这样用。
begin和start后面可接不定式,也可接v.-ing形式,但接动词不定式主要用于以下几种情况: 当主语是物而不是人时。
当begin或start用于进行时态时。
当begin或start后面的非谓语动词指心理状态或精神活动时。
15. believe,believe in
believe作及物动词,表示“相信”“认为”,后接sb.时表示相信某人的话是真的。而believe in则表示“信任某人”,“相信„„是有价值的”。当believe用于被动语态时,后面只能跟动词不定式。
【类似】
trust sb.指信任某人或对某种观念的信仰,同believe in sb.。trust in指依靠或依赖某人。
16. build,put up,set up 建立
build一般用于房屋、桥梁、道路等,也可以用于抽象的事物。
put up用于盖临时性的房屋。在现代英语中,put up与build set up用于把物架起来或立起来,比较口语化。
17. call on,visit,go to see,drop in
call on比go to see、drop in正式,而visit又比call on更正式。visit
pay a visit(进行访问)。
go to see一般用于人。drop in特指顺路探访,on,即drop in on sb.;后接地方时,地点前应加介词at,即18. can,be able to
can因而只能用be able to来代替。 be able to态中。
was(were)able to,不能用could。
【类似】
unableenable是动词“使„„能”。
19. ,具有“精选”的意思。
20 ,die out,pass away
die from,die of一般表示“因(患)„„ 而死”,常指由于疾病、情感、饥寒等原die from表示“由于„„ 而死”,一般指除疾病或情感以外的原因造成的
die out表示“灭绝”。pass away表示“死去、逝世”,是比较委婉的用法。
21. discover,invent
22. drill,exercise,practise,train
drill指为身心锻炼或为养成良好习惯而进行一套有规则的严格训练,尤指学校课堂内的练习或军事训练。
exercise主要用于指为强壮体魄而进行的体育活动,其引申意义同practise,指为保持某些已获得的技能进行的练习。
practise指为了完善而达到熟练而有规则地、反复地做某事。
train着重为了某一特定的目标而进行的专门性的、有一定期限的培养。
23. do with,deal with
do with一般构成疑问句或用在否定句中,构成的句子也可用作宾语或表语,大致含义为“把某事或某物怎样处理”。
deal with表示“对付、论述,与„„打交道”,常用于肯定陈述句中。当与how连用引起问句时,how用作句子的状语,在know等词后可用what作deal with的宾语,作为处理的对象,又可用how作状语表示方式,但deal with后则需要另接处理的对象作宾语。
24. finish,complete,end
finish和complete都可以表示“完成、结束”,finish与complete的含义相近。
finish(普通)“完成”,一般指把某事做完,常用v.-ing complete(正式)“完成”名词或代词作宾语,不能接v.-ing end争等。
25. give in,give up
26. join,connect,unite 连结、结合
join接,像国与国、田与田、线与线等
connect来。
unitethe United States
27. offer,give,spare,
offer基本含义是:1”,后跟不定式作宾语。
2)“
give
spare
,搭配不能带双宾语。
28. promiseallowallow和permit在很多情况下,意义相同,可以通用,但
29 prepare for sth.,prepare to do sth.,be prepared to do sth.,
指为了某目的而直接动手处理、整理、安排某事。
prepare for sth.指为了达到某一目的做好相应的准备工作,意为“为„„进行„„准备”,从而使句子的含义更为明确。
prepare to do sth.表示“因为要„„而准备”,指准备去做这一具体动作。
be prepared to do sth.(提前)作好了某事的准备,表示已做好准备和状态,也可指一种自己意愿。 be prepared for sth.主要强调在思想上作好了准备,它不是被动结构。
30. remain,stay
remain和stay作为动词,都有“停留”的意思,有时可以通用。remain和stay作为系动词,表示“保持某
一状态”时,可以通用。
remain着重指在别人已离去,或事情有变动以后,仍“继续停留”、或“保持原来的状态”。stay则指“停留、逗留”。
31. save,spare
save意为“储蓄、节省”,指把钱、时间及其它东西储蓄起来以备将来用或节省可节省的东西,从而避免浪费;save也可指“救命”。spare意为“省”,指小心地省下或节省钱、时间、力气等,常表示省出一部分以作它用。
32. seat,sit
seat sb. = seat oneself = be seated = sit down
33. sleep,asleep,sleepy,sleeping
这几个词都有“睡”之意。从词性来分析,sleep为动词或名词,asleep都为形容词。从语法结构来分析,asleep只能作表语,而sleepy和sleeping上来分析,sleepy有“欲睡、困乏的”含义,而asleep和sleeping
asleep往往与fall或drop搭配,形成fall(drop)asleep。
34. support,keep,raise
support意为“赡养、养活” keep意为“赡养、养活”或“饲养”
raise指饲养动物,若养大孩子,应用bring up。
35. take part in,join,attend
36. take place,happen
37. try to do sth.,manage to do sth.attempt to do sth.意为“企图、试图”
38. used to do „,,would
would +文,应该有时间状语修饰。
39. would rather would rather
后面可接状语)
----(should) + 动词原形)
40. ,hurt,injure
,但wound往往是指超出类似跌破、皮伤范围的重伤,如战斗负伤或枪伤等;hurt着重指精神或肉体上的伤害;injure多用于事故、车祸中的“伤害、损伤”,而且多强调容貌或机能的损坏。
【注意】用wound、injure或hurt表示“受伤”时,一定要用“ be +过去分词”形式。
hurt的过去分词只能用作表语,不能作定语,而wound和injured既可作表语又可作定语。如:a wounded soldier,an injured man
高三英语语法复习资料[精品-全套]
名 词 篇
纵观高考试题,试题中出现的考点主要有:名词的复数形式;不可数名词的辨认;抽象名词转换成普通名词的名词一体词;名词作定语;双重所有格;名词前多个形容词排列。
一、名词可数与不可数及修饰词:
常考的抽象名词有:advice, chalk, furniture, patience, paper, clothing, fun, power, work, oil, jewelery, homework, sugar, information, salt, knowledge, luck, weather, progress, news (word), money
注意:another不能修饰不可数名词,可说another book,不可说another news。
二、复合名词的复数形式因词而异:
1. a man driver (men drivers) a woman doctor ( women doctors)
2. a film-goer (film-goers) 电影爱好者
3. a looker-on (lookers-on) 旁观者 passers-by
4. a grown-up (grown-ups) 成年人
三、部分名词的复数形式表示特殊意义:
goods, looks(表情、外貌), manners, papers, greens(青菜、蔬菜), irons(熨斗), forces(军队), sands(做作的样子、架子) →put on airs 3. Wood can be made into paper.
He likes going out for fresh air.
四、
1. 单复数相同:sheep, deer, fish, Chinese, Japanese, means, works
2. 只有复数:cattle, people
3. 常以复数形式出现:trousers, glasses, thanks, clothes, remains(遗物), contents, goods, congratulations, means, sports, preparations(准备), tears, repairs, regards, games(运动会)
4. 以s结尾的学科或专有名词常作单数:
politics, maths, physics, the United States, The United Nations
五、几组易错名词的用法:
1. many a + 单数名词 = many + 复数名词
2. 集合名词:family, team, audience, enemy, public, group, class, government, company, police, party 作主语时,若看作一个整体时,谓语动词用单数;若表示组成分子,则用复数。
e.g. The police are on duty at the street corner.
My family is / are going to have a long journey.
3. population:
1)作为“人口”的总称或“居民”的总数是不可数名词,谓语用单数。
2)问“多少人口”时,不说how many或how much,而用what。
3)在谈到“人口比„„多”时,常用large,great;“人口少”时,常用small,而不用much,little。
4)当谈及“有人口”时, 习惯上用have a population of„。
5)当“百分数/分数+ of the population”作主语时,谓语用复数。
6)表示某个地区人口时,其前应有定冠词。
7)population不能与people连用。
e.g. The population in China is very large, and 80% of the population are farmers.
The city has a population of the million.
六、表示“许多”的词组:
1. 代替many,修饰可数名词的有:a
2. 代替much,修饰不可数名词的有:a great deal of
3. large quantities of
七、 the Smiths
八、1. ’s
2. ,another,some,every,several,such,any,which,what修
九、
+//形式+颜色/形状+起源/出处+材料/目的分类
an old stone bridge
the dirty old green coat
十、名词用来作定语,修饰名词:
有生命的多用’s或s’的所有格,无生命的多用of短语。
一个名词直接做定语修饰另一个名词,往往属于固定的搭配。
telephone number, school education, air pollution, research work,
bus driver, coffee cup, sports meet, village people
十一、表示具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的人或事,表示变化了的词义,这一类抽象名词已完
全名词化变为可数名词:
1. in surprise / a surprise
2. with pleasure / a pleasure
3. have pity on sb. / It’s a pity. ( What a pity.)
4. a man with experience / an experience
5. light(光) / a light(灯)
6. have difficulty in doing sth. / meet with many difficulties
7. failure ( success )
8. danger(危险) / a danger(危险物)
十二、常用名词辨异:
1. accident / incident:
accident常指不幸的,预料不到的,突发性的意外事件,如灾祸、灾难等;还常与偶然
类似: come across, happen to do, chance to do, by chance
incident2. affair / business / matter
affair business作“生意”“行业”,没有复数形式。
matter
另外:1)the matter麻烦事
2)v.
3)no matter „ 4)matter 物质
3. clothesmany(a few,those,my)clothes,
,其后的谓语动词用复数形式。
cloth“抹布”等是可数名词,复数形式为
,不能说a suit of clothing
fun和fun是不可数名词,而joke可用做动词,表示“开玩笑”,而fun不能用作动词。
同某人开玩笑:make fun of, play a joke / jokes on sb.
make a joke / jokes about sb. / sth.
5. e moment (that)… / for the moment
in a moment“一会儿后”,指从现在往后的一段时间,也可指“很短的一段时间内”。
after a moment“一会儿后”,用于过去或将来的某时起往后一段时间。
for a moment作一段时间解时,指“很短暂的一整段时间”。
at the moment“当时”“目前”(= at this moment, then)
the moment that表示“一„„就„„” for the moment暂时、目前
6. pay / wage / salary
pay是不可数名词,是个常用词,可替代其他两个词。
salary是可数名词、不可数名词,按月、季或年发给的工资,一般指脑力劳动者的工资。
wage(常用复数),一般指体力劳动者的工资,按日或星期来计算的。
7. strength / force / energy / power
strength常指固有的潜在力量,指人时,着重力气。
force主要指自然界的力量,如暴力、势力、军事力量等。
energy主要指“人的精力、自然界的能量”
power主要指做一件事情所依靠的能力。
十三、Repeat:
2. Shortly after the accident, two dozen police were sent there to keep order.
3. We have worked out the plan and now put it into practice.
4. He is going camping with two other little boys.
5. We’ve missed the last bus. I’6. He gained his wealth by printing works of famous writers.
8. You’
代 词 篇
一、 it的用法:
1. 代替指示代词this或that
2. 用作人称代词
3.
4. 1) It seems that ≯
„ 事实证明„„
10) It is time ( that ) „(虚拟语气)
11) It is necessary that „(虚拟语气)
12) Sb. + v. + it + n. / adj. + to do sth. / doing sth. / that…
feel it an honour to do…
make it clear to sb. to do
find it no use doing
13) It is / was + 被强调的部分 + that / who „
14) It was ( not ) / will ( not ) long ( hours ) before …
15) It is not until „ that „≯ Not until „
16) It takes sb. some time to do sth.
二、反身代词:
come to oneself(苏醒)/ be not oneself(身体不舒服)
congratulate oneself on(暗自庆幸)
enjoy oneself
express oneself(表达)
devote oneself to(致力于)
dress oneself(穿衣)
find oneself(发觉自己在)
help oneself to(随便吃)
hide oneself(躲藏)
keep sth. to oneself(保守秘密)
make oneself at home(不要拘束,就像在自己家里一样)
make oneself + p.p.
seat oneself
三、替代词so的用法:
1. So do I. 后者与前者相同,两个不同的主语。
2. So I do. 重复前面的内容,同一个主语。
3. I do so. 指代前面的内容。
4. So it is with„ so可以替代从句中的that
5. 常用结构:
I’m afraid so. ≯ I’I think so. ≯ I don’I believe so. ≯ I hope so. ≯ 四、some / any / every / many / all / no之后。
so interesting a book
/名词的复数形式
可数/不可数名词
so many people / so little money / such a little girl
4. such用于特殊结构 Such is our study plan.
5. so that(目的/结果)≯ in case(没有such that)
such … as…
五、常用代词辨异:
1. one, ones, that, those, it
◆one与ones可以用来代替前面提到过的可数名词,one指单数,ones指复数。
▲ ①one与ones既可指人也可指物,ones不可单独使用,也不可用those,these直接修饰,但可用the修饰,或these + adj. + ones。
▲ ②one可代替可数名词为中心的整个名词词组,而ones不能。
▲ ③one不能加不定冠词,除非中间有形容词。
▲ ④one可单独使用,作“任何人”解。
◆that与those,that代替前面提到过的不可数名词,those代替前面提到过的复数名词。That,those后面跟定语从句时,关系代词不能用that。
◆one和it都可以用来代替前面出现过的单数名词。one代替这类东西的任何一个,it代替前面所指的特定的东西。
2. no one, none
① no one = nobody,只指人,不指物,谓语动词用单数。
② no one没有固定范围,故其后不接of短语。none可接of短语。
No one,nobody用于简略回答时,不能用来对“How many”或“How much e.g. Is there anyone who can do the experiment? No one.
③ none谓语用单数;表示可数名词时,单复数均可。
④ none常用来对“How many”或“How much短语构成的一般疑问句做否定回答。而no one用来回答“Who3. both, either, neither
◆ both两者都, the,物主代词或指示代词修饰名词,需置both之后。复数名词搭配。
◆ either时,可单独使用,也可跟of◆ neither六、Repeat:
冠 词 篇
一、a与one的对比
1. 尽管a和one这两个在意义上有些相似,但它们几乎不能互换使用。
2. 在连续记数时,习惯上,用one而不用a。
3. 在名词前使用one往往表示数量上的对比。
4. 用在某些固定词组中。
e.g. all of a sudden(突然),as a matter of fact(事实上),in a hurry,in a word,do sb. a favour,pay a visit to,a hand of(少量的),a length of(一根、一段),a variety of(种种),a depth of(深度为),an article of(一件),a total of(总共),an average of(平均),one by one,one after another,one day
二、不定冠词的基本用法
1. 具有泛指的概念,表示“一类”或“其中的一个”。
2. 初次提到某人或某物。
3. 速度、比率、价格等,其意义相等于one或every。
4. 用在某些物质名词前,该物质名词便具体化了。
a coffee, a heavy rain
5. 用在某些抽象名词前,该抽象名词前便具体化了。
He has a knowledge of chemistry. The get-together was a great success.
6. 用在专有名词前,表示类似的一个或某一个。
He is a Kong Fansen. A Mrs Smith wishes to speak to you.
7. 表示“同一个”的意思。
The two boys are of an age.
These umbrellas are of a (=the same) colour and size.
8. 不定冠词的特殊位置:how/so/as/too+形容词+不定冠词+名词
so kind a man = such a kind man too difficult a book
三、定冠词的主要用法
1. 表示特指和第二次提到的人或物。
2. 表示世界上独一无二的事物。
3. 用在序数词、形容词最高级前面。
4.
5. 6.
7. 8. 9. 10.
11.
2.
3.
4.
5. 称呼、头衔、职务等表示抽象性质的名词前,不加冠词。
6. 在与by连用交通工具名称前不加冠词。]
7. 在turn,go(变成、成为)变成后面的名词做短语时,名词前不加冠词。但become后面的名词前一定要加冠词。
8. 在一个以“普通名词+as”所引导的让步状语从句中,该普通名词前不加冠词。
9. 泛指复数名词前不用冠词。
10. 固定搭配。
in debt,in good (bad) health,in good condition,in great demand,in great need of,in time of danger,in office(就职),in honour of,in trouble (difficulty),in favour of,with anger,in general,in size,in character(在性格上),in sight,in (out of) order,on business,on holiday, on leave,on watch,on fire,heart and soul,knife and fork,at sea,husband and wife,brother and sister,from morning till night,on horseback
五、特殊情况
1. 部分词组中有冠词和没有冠词其含义不同。一般说来,名词前
无冠词,则表示抽象意义;名词前有冠词,则表示具体意义。
out of problem(不成问题),out of the problem(不可能),take place,take the place of,in hospital,in the hospital,at table,at the table,in front of,in the front of,three of us,the three of us,on earth,of age(成年),of an age(同岁数),lose colour(脸色苍白),lose the colour(褪色),
2. 有些词组中用定冠词the还是不定冠词a ,意义不同。
a number of the number of
3. 注意当单数可数名词被so、as、how、toosuch。
4. 注意习惯用法。在某些词组、成语中,名词前不用冠词。
六、表示类别的三种情况
1. 定冠词+单数可数名词(用特指的那一类事物代表一类事物)。
2. 不定冠词+单数可数名词(用“任意一个”。
3. 可数名词复数或不可数名词,指“类别”。
介 词 篇
一、 考点精析
复习介词时要把握三点:
1.
2. ,from,of,to,for。
3.
二、
1. at
,be sold at three yuan a dozen,come at us
,at the beginning of,at the post office,at the airport,at dawn,at the weekend,,at birth,at present,at any time,at a time,at times,at the speed of ,at a /闻„„而”。 at the news
2.
in English be sold in pairs
主要用来表示较长的时间单位,如月份、季节、年份等
in the 1990s in the late 19th century
形成“in+时段名词”的词组或固定搭配
in those days,in the daytime,in a short while,in no time,in time
介词in在短语或句型中的省略:
1) 某些形容词/过去分词后接v-ing形式时,v-ing形式前的介词in可以省略。
be busy (in) doing be engaged (in) doing (忙于„„)
2) 某些动词如busy、occupy、employ等,常与反身代词连用,其后的in也可以省略。 busy oneself (in) doing occupy oneself (in) doing
3) 某些动词如spend、pass、waste等与表示时间的名词连用,后面的介词也可以省略。 spend time (in) doing waste time (in) doing
4) 在have no difficulty in doing sth.、have no trouble in doing sth.、have no business in doing sth.等句型中介词也可以省略。
5) 在句型There is no use (in)doing sth.中,介词也可省略。
固定搭配:in the world,in (the)future,in the snow /rain / storm,in ink,in short,in public,in return,in turn,in danger,in this way,in that case,in search of,in place of,in the air,in case,in common,,in other words,in praise of,in silence,in space,in one’s opinion,in modern times,,in the open air
3. on:主要表示在上面、根据或基础、有关或涉及的方面、表示某天。
固定搭配:on doing sth.,on the afternoon of October,on Tuesday evening,on foot,on the right/ left,on fire,
on duty,on sale,on the radio,on and on,on show,on earth,
on average,on one’s own
注意:一般带有宗教色彩的节日名词前面用at,如圣诞节。
一般的节日名词前用on。
4. by固定搭配:by the village,be paid by the month,by chance,by foot(=on foot),by hand,by mistake,by accident,by force,stone by stone,by now / then
5. for
固定搭配:make sth. for sb.
thank sb. for sth.,
for the time being,,for nothing
6. of
of1) 2) 3 4) (知识丰富的教授)
5) the city of Beijing
6) the study of the map(研究地图)
7) the determination of the workers(工人们的决心)
固定搭配:be of much use,rob sb. of sth.,be fond of,make fun of,be tired of,of one’s own,instead of,run out of
7. to 主要表示方向、程度、结果、关系和位置。
固定搭配:rise to / by „,to one’s surprise / joy/ astonishment,
to the east of,key to„,come up to,add up to,be open to the public,to the point,thanks to,suit „ to „,stick to,refer to
三、 容易错、常考的介词及搭配
1. be made of,be made from,be made into,be made in
2. call on = visit,call for = go and pick up,call at one’s house or office
3. on business (出差)/ strike()罢工 / duty(值日) / holiday / fire / vacation / watch(警戒) / sale(出售) / leave(请假) / guard(警戒)
4. have some trouble / difficulty (in) doing sth.,have a habit / idea / plan of doing sth.
5. A is pleased to B,B is pleased with A(对„„感到满意)
6. be tired of,be tired from
7. with the help of,under the leadership of
8. by means of(使用),by way of(经由),by heart(记住),by the way
9. out of question(毫无疑问),out of the question(毫不可能)
10. prevent / stop / keep sb. from doing sth.
11. be thankful to sb. for sth.
12. steal sth. from sb.,rob sb. of sth.
13. insist on doing sth.,persist in doing sth.,stick to,go on doing sth.
14. set about doing sth.,set out to do sth.
15. look sb. in the face,hit sb. on the face,16. do a favour for sb. = do sb. a favour
17. tell A from B
四、 介词的惯用型
1. above all(首先),after all,at all(全然),2. day after day,year after year,3. at peace(和平),at war4. by oneself,by all means,by chance,by accident,
by no means(决不、并没有),,by the way
5. in her teensin need
6. to one’7. with care(高兴地),with one’s help,
(毫不困难地),without exception(毫不例外),without delay8. (和„„一起),as to(至于„„),because of,except for(除„„之外)9 ,out of date,out of trouble(脱离困境),out of sight,
,out of touch(没有联系)
10 ,at the centre of,at the end of,at the top of,
at the sight of,at the thought of,at a speed of
11. (纪念),in favour of(同意),in the habit of(有„„习惯),in touch with(与„„保持联系),on the left of,on the eve of(在„„前夕)
12. from time to time(不时地), from day to day(天天), from hand to hand(一个传一个),from side to side(左右地),from car to car(一个车厢一个车厢地),from bad to worse(越来越差),from beginning to end(从头到尾),from hand to mouth(仅能糊口),from head to foot,from start to finish,from one to another
五、 掌握方式、手段、工具的表达方法
1) in +文字、语言、材料名词
in English (ink, pencil, capital letters)
2) with +工具、机器;人体器官;情绪、情感、态度的名词
with a branch, with one’s nose, with pride, with satisfaction,
with the help of, with one’s permission
3) by 表示泛指的方式、手段
by bus, by land, by means of(用„„方法), by way of(经由) , by doing sth.,
by hand(手工), by post(由邮局传递), by letter(用写信的方式), by electricity, by hard work, by the year, by the hour(by + the + 单位名词) 按„„
4) 其它表示方式(情况、状况、手段)的表示法
through the radio / by radio / on the radio, through / by / from practice,
comfort, in sorrow, in high / good / poor spirits,
in anger, in safety, in debt, in good order, in good / poor health, in tears,
in use, in pain,
六、 某些名词和介词的固定搭配
1) 要求to:key, answer, visit, apology, introduction
2) 要求in:interest, satisfaction, expert
3) 要求on:mercy, congratulation
4) 要求其它:七、 某些形容词和介词的固定搭配
1) be afraid of 担心 be afraid for替„„而担心
2) be angry about / at sth.
3) be anxious for sth.渴望 4) be different from „ „„不关心
5) be good at „擅长 友好
6) be strict with sb. 7) 流行在 „„
be popular for
8) 抽象名词 听、看到而高兴
9) 对„„失望
10) 或从句 ;be known for因„„而著名
11)
13
14 „
15) „替/为„„后悔
16) „ be interested in „
17) be proud of (take pride in)
18) be satisfied with / by „ be sure of / about „
19) be fond of, be fit for, be busy with sth. (in doing sth.)
20) be late for, be ready for
21) be similar to „ ;be wrong with „
八、 以to为中心构成短语的归纳
belong to, come to(苏醒), look forward to, lead to, stick to, refer to, turn to,
drink to(为„„干杯), object to(反对), reply to the letter, help oneself to,
sing / dance to the music(和着„„在„„声中唱/跳), devote oneself to
九、 以for为中心构成短语的归纳
ask for, call for(去接某人), care for(关心), go in for(从事), answer for(对„„负责), send for, pay for, praise sb. for(赞扬某人某事), head for(向„„方向移动), search for, take „ for „(误以为), leave for, prepare for(为„„准备), thank sb. for, make a dive for(向„„猛冲), make up for(弥补„„损失)
十、 以on为中心构成短语的归纳
come on来吧, call on拜访, pass on传递, carry on进行下去, live on sth.靠„„生活, depend on依靠, have on穿着, have pity on同情, look on „ as „把„„看作,
push on推动, spy on窥探, switch / turn on旋开, wait on服侍, walk on继续走, spend„on 间、金钱, operate on给„„动手术,
take on a new look呈现新面貌
十一、吊尾介词
1) 某些形容词后接不及物动词或“V+
A) fit, easy, hard, good, difficult, comfortable, heavye.g. The girl is easy to get along with.
B) 表反射,常用吊尾介词。
e.g. The problem is worth dealing with.
The book is worthy of being referred to.
2) 带吊尾介词。
3) V+介”4) 以what,。
5) (去哪儿?)Who with?(和谁去?)
6) 介”短语常用吊尾介词。
He has never been spoken to in this way.
重介词用在一个介词难以全面表达含义的场合,或者是需要从两个角度来描述其具体意义的场合,一般地,前一个介词意义含糊,后一个介词比较具体或从另一个角度对前者进行补充完善。
e.g. New shoots will come up from round roots.新芽从旧根周围长出。
(from和round同属地点位置范畴,但一个介词均不足以全面表意。)
He won’t come back until after sunset.到太阳落山之后他才回来。
(until与after同属时间范畴。)
He has traveled everywhere except in Japan.
Water began to flow out instead of into the bottle.
十三、常用介词辨异
1. about, on, of 关于
on多用于慎重的、正式的语言交际场合。常见于“学术上”的“论文”或“演说”等题目,可供专门研究这一问题的人阅读,有“论及”之意。
about表示的内容多为普遍、不那么正式,有“述及”之意。
of作“关于”讲,表示提及、涉及某人(事)时,只表示事情存在或发生,并不涉及详情;有时与about意义相近,但有时意义很不同,常与动词know、hear、learn(听说)、speak、talk、think、tell等连用。
2. except, except for, except that, but, besides, beside
except“除„„之外”,指不包括„„,后面常接名词、代词(人称代词常用宾格)词和动词不定式,此时相当于but,但不定式常不带to。
except for“除了,只有”,意思和except名词性短语。
except that“除了,只是”,意思和except、except for可接when、where等词引导的其它从句。
but所含“除„„外”的意思不如except明确。but之后。
besides表示“除„„外还有”besides可用作副词,相当于also,有“而且,加之,何况”之意。
beside也是介词,表示“在附近”,只不过形似besides
except for。
3. including, included
including
included
4.
1) inin + 时段名词”,一般用于将来时。
2) + later”,常与过去时连用。
3) during + 时段名词”,常与现在时或将来时等连用。
5
with
by
in
动 词 篇
动词和动词短语是NMET考查的重点。通常考查:动词的辨异、动词的不规则变化、某些动词的习惯用法和动词短语等。
一、 动词的基本形式
1. 第三人称单数形式
2. 过去式
3. 过去分词
4. 现在分词
(同学们应在课下将各个词的形式熟记。)
二、 形状相似的动词的误用
这类动词的误用主要是由于其拼法相同或相似、词根同或在不规则变化中因某些相似而引起。
1. lie与lay的区别
lie ---- lay ---- lain ---- lying lie ---- lied ---- lied ---- lying
lay ---- laid ---- laid ---- laying
2. hang(悬挂)与hang(绞死、吊死)的区别
hang ----hung ---- hung ---- hanging
hang ---- hanged ---- hanged ---- hanging
3. rise与raise
rise ---- rose ---- risen (vi.) raise ---- raised ---- raised (vt.)
4. experience(v. & n. 经历 n. 经验)与experiment(
5. loose(松开、解开)与lose(丢失)
6. insist on(坚持)与stick to(坚持)
7. effect(n. 效果 v. 使有效)与affect(v. 影响)三、 动词与其它词因词形相似而引起的误用
常见的词有:
accept ---- expert ---- except ---- expect
bath ---- bathe / breath ---- breathe
choose ---- choice
pass ---- passed ---- past
四、
HA1. „ / do „ 用在否定句中have可表示“允许、忍受、容忍”。
(不允许)
(容忍)
I’(不容忍)
2. 表示“有”时带不定式做定语表“将来”,带分词做定语表“正在进行”
【比较】He has a lot of work to do. (带to的不定式做定语,逻辑主语是句子主语,to do与work之间是动宾关系且不定式为及物动词或相当于及物动词(vi.+介)的主动式)
I’ll go to the post office; do you have a letter to be posted?(post不是由句子主语执行,故用及物或相当于及物动词的被动式)
MAKE
1. 句型:make + 宾语,make + 双宾语,make + 宾语 + 名词,make + 宾语 + adj.,make + it + adj.
/ n. +to do sth. / that-clause,make sb. / sth. do,
make sth. / oneself done
2. 短语:
make an apology to „;make a face;make a living;make a mistake;make a speech(作演讲);make friends with;make fun of;make room for;make use of;make the best of(尽量利用、善用);;make sentences with;make repairs;make great / rapid progress;make trouble(引起麻烦);(前进、行进);make up one’s mind;make up(构成、弥补、虚构、打扮);(铺床);make a decision;make a discovery;make a journey;make a plan for;make difference(区别);make laws(制订法律);make tea(沏茶);make a record;make a choice(进行选择);make a suggestion(提建议),make war(开战) DO
注意do和make:一般说来,“do思。
do business(做买卖),do sb. a favour,,do sb. good / harm / wrong(do good to sb.)(对„„有益/有害/冤枉),do the room,do copies(复制),do one’s hair(做头发),do one’s duty,,do the deed(生效) GO
go upstairs,go to prison,go to sea ,go to the cinema / movie / pictures,go shopping,be gone((人)不在、,go hungry,go by((时间)过去;经过(地点)),go down(下去;go by);继续),go out(出去;(灯或火的)熄灭),,go on with sth.,go for a walk,go a visit to,go to college
SUPPOSE
1.
e.g. I supp
’t suppose so (I suppose not.)
’m afraid so (not), I fear so (not), I’m sure so (not).
2. e.g. Who do you suppose telephoned me yesterday?
3. to be做补足语,不用to do结构,但有时可用完成式或进行式。
She was supposed to have left home / to be writing.
4. be (not) supposed to do “应当(不应该)”
e.g. He was supposed to arrive there an hour ago.(是否到不知道,表示按道理应该„„)
He should have come an hour ago.(表责备,说明没有按时到)
比较:1)He is supposed to be a student.
2)He is supposed to come early.
5. 提出建议,请求
Suppose we go / went for a walk? = What about us going for a walk?(用went语气更婉转)
6. 假设
Suppose / Supposing that he comes, what shall we do?
CONSIDER
1. consider + 宾语(名词、代词、从句、动名词或不定式的疑问式) 考虑
2. consider + 宾语 + 宾补(名词、形容词、不定式to be或to have done)认为
3. consider it + 名词或形容词 + to do sth.
4. consider „ as „ 比较:take „ as „ 与take „ for „
五、常用动词的词义与搭配
CATCH
1. 抓住 catch sb. by the arm,catch sb. by surprise(乘其不备抓住„„)
2. 钩住、挂住 3. 染(患)上;搭(赶)上(交通工具);听(懂、清)
catch a cold,catch the bus,catch what you said,catch up with
4. 偶然(突然)撞见、发觉;偶然碰上(风雨等)catch sb. stealing money,be / get caught in / by the storm
GIVE
give a concert,give lessons to,give a lecture,,give sb. a ring,give a report to sb.(向„„汇报),give birth to(产仔),,give out(耗尽),give off(发出(光、热等)),give up,’s life for(为„„而献身),give in TAKE
take pictures / photographs / photos,,take an interest in(对„„发生兴趣),take notes(记笔记),take notice,take one’s leave(告辞),take office,take pity on(怜悯),(主持开会),take it easy(别着急),take sides in(站在„„一边),’,take one’s temperature,take one’s place,take „ for example,,take an action(采取行动),take off,take away,take up,take hold of,,take examinations,take it for granted that „(认为„„当然)
,call for,call in (a doctor),call out,call up,call for help,
1. (谈到)
He came to see you. (=came and saw)
Finally it came to (itself). (苏醒)
The book came to how to learn English. (涉及)
It comes to the same thing. (结果是)
The number comes to 1000. (达到)
2. 其它短语:
come after(跟着„„、为找„„而来),come out(出来、(花)开、出版),come at =jump upon(扑向),
come up to sb.,come on / upon = come across,come down(下来、减少),come into power(上台),come into being(形成),come into use(使用起来),come true,come along(一起走、快点)
GET
get out of = get away from = escape(躲避、逃避),get along / on (well / badly) with,(进来),get in the crops,get in touch with,get into trouble,get into the habit of,get off = start off,get off the boot,get off work(下班),get off a good start(起了个好头),,get over the river,get rid of,get round = get about(传开),get through the worktest,get sb. through to(给某人接通电话),get down on one’s knees,(开始做),get down to,get back to sth.(重新做„„、重谈„„),,get the car going
TURN
turn against,turn over,turn in,turn up,turn to sb. for help,turn doctor LOOK
look through the book(浏览),look on the book,look up(查阅、仰视),look about(看四周),look down upon / on,,look out,look over(看过一遍),look forward to
PUT
put away(放好),put off(推迟),,put out(发行、熄灭),put down(放下、记下、镇压),put up ,put sb. to bed(哄某人睡觉),put forward„„„,put up with(容忍、忍受)
1. bring,fetch,,teach,offer,tell,wish
2. 1) ,name,make,elect,think,find,leave
2) cause,force,intend,prefer,remind,hear
3 make,paint,cut,keep,find,prove,leave
4) hear,feel,have,make
3. return,repeat等。
六、
1. put on,wear,have on,dress,be in,pull on,try on
dress作及物动词时,意思是“给„„穿衣服”,可跟别人,也可跟反身代词。
dress既可表示状态,也可表示动作。be dressed in和be in后常接颜色一类的名词或衣服名称。
wear和have on都表示状态。Wear用于一般式时表示经常的穿戴情况,用于进行式时表示暂时的穿戴情况。have on不用于进行时态。put on表示动作,其反义词为take off。have on、wear、put on可广义地用于穿(戴)衣服、袜、鞋、手套、首饰、眼镜等。
pull on表示动作迅速,其反义词为“pull off”。try on、fit … on表示穿戴的动作,意为“试穿(衣服)、试戴(帽子)”。
2. 三建议:advise,persuade,suggest
advise表示“劝说、建议”,而persuade表示“说服”的结果和结论。
搭配:advise sb. (not) to do sth.,advise doing sth.,advise that-clause(虚拟语气),persuade sb. (not) to do sth.,persuade / talk sb. into doing sth.,persuade sb. out of doing sth.,persuade sb. of sth.(使某人想起某事),suggest doing sth.,suggest that-clause(虚拟语气或不用)
3. 三个看起来:seem,look,appear
以上三个词都可表示“好像”,而且往往可以相互替换。但是look强调根据外部表象作出的判断;seem强调说话人的主观判断;appear表示根据外部表象作出判断时,等于look,但appear种假象。
seem和appear后接形容词或名词时,动词可加to be,而look不能。
seem和appear还可接其它的动词不定式作宾语,而look不能。
seem和look均可接like + 名词或v.-ing形式。
seem、look均可接as if + 从句。(虚拟语气或陈述语气)
seem、appear可用在it作形式主语的句式中,而look appear、seem、look4. 四打击:beat,hit,strike,knock
beat着重连续性地打,如殴打或体罚,也指在游戏、与win、defeat同义。 hit strike knock撞倒、重敲:,5. 五输赢:win,defeat,beat beat
win。 defeat sb.在
gainwin换用。
fail,fail to do sth.(没能做„„)
6. hopehope to do sth.,hope +(作最好的打算)。
,后接宾语从句,从句中表示不可能实现或与事实相反wish (sb.) to do sth.,wish sb. + n. & adj.,wish + that-clause 表示因缺乏而产生的欲望,其搭配有:want sth.,want (sb.) to do sth.,want sth. 预期、料想,表示预期某事即将发生,与预计的必然性有关,其搭配有:expect a letter from sb.,expect (sb.) to do sth.,expect that-clause。
总之,1)hope (want, wish, expect) to do sth.
2)hope( expect, wish) + that-clause,但want不能。
3)expect(wish, want) + sb. to do sth.,但hope不能。
4)wish后接双宾语,但其它词不能。
7. 七花费:spend,cost,pay,take,charge,buy,sell
spend、cost和take都是“花费”的意思,但spend的动作执行者往往是人,cost和take则往往是
事,而且,cost一般用于花钱,take一般用于花时间较多。
pay和charge的区别在于pay意在“支出”,charge却意在“收入”,试比较:
e.g. I paid the owner 100 yuan for the coat.
The owner charged me 100 yuan for the coat.
buy和sell的区别很明显,一个是“买”,另一个是“卖”,都可跟双宾语。
注意:1)与pay有关的习惯短语:pay back,pay off,pay attention to,pay one’s respects to(向„„表示敬意),pay a visit to
2)cost和pay都作名词:the production cost(生产成本)
3)cost与be worth的区别,cost是“花费”,而be worth意在“价值”。
8. 四收到:receive,accept,admit,get
receive系被动地“收到”、“接到”,与主观愿望,几乎没有任何联系。
accept系主动地“接受”,其动作是由主观愿望所决定的。
admit强调准许、接纳,与accept相比较,程度更深刻,有认同之意。
get在“接到”、“收到”之义上可与receive交换。
注意:1)在表示“接纳”、。如:admit / receive sb. into the Party吸收某人入党
2)receive是动词send(送)的结果,而accept是动词refuse
3)在英语中,像receive与accept look (at) / see,listen (to) / hear,look for / find,get to know / know,try to do sth. / manage to do sth.,
advise / persuade,shoot at / shoot,9. add up to,add up,add „ add up to“等于”。 add up add … to …上(中)”。
add to
10. agree to, 。
。
that从句。
用得普遍,是个比较正式的用语,可做及物或不及物动词,
to。
12. ,be made from,be made of, be made into,be made up of,
be made by
13. become,get,go,grow,turn
become、get、go通常表示过程已经完成,become比较正式,get和go比较口语化。 grow有逐渐变成新的状态的含义。
turn有成为完全不同的事物的含义。用作连系动词时,后面也可接名词作表语,
名词前不用a或an。但在become后面作表语的名词前,则要用a或an。
14. begin,start
begin和start都有“开始”的意思,大多数场合可以通用,不过,start较为口语化。
另外,start还可以表示“动身、出发”的意思,而begin不能这样用。
begin和start后面可接不定式,也可接v.-ing形式,但接动词不定式主要用于以下几种情况: 当主语是物而不是人时。
当begin或start用于进行时态时。
当begin或start后面的非谓语动词指心理状态或精神活动时。
15. believe,believe in
believe作及物动词,表示“相信”“认为”,后接sb.时表示相信某人的话是真的。而believe in则表示“信任某人”,“相信„„是有价值的”。当believe用于被动语态时,后面只能跟动词不定式。
【类似】
trust sb.指信任某人或对某种观念的信仰,同believe in sb.。trust in指依靠或依赖某人。
16. build,put up,set up 建立
build一般用于房屋、桥梁、道路等,也可以用于抽象的事物。
put up用于盖临时性的房屋。在现代英语中,put up与build set up用于把物架起来或立起来,比较口语化。
17. call on,visit,go to see,drop in
call on比go to see、drop in正式,而visit又比call on更正式。visit
pay a visit(进行访问)。
go to see一般用于人。drop in特指顺路探访,on,即drop in on sb.;后接地方时,地点前应加介词at,即18. can,be able to
can因而只能用be able to来代替。 be able to态中。
was(were)able to,不能用could。
【类似】
unableenable是动词“使„„能”。
19. ,具有“精选”的意思。
20 ,die out,pass away
die from,die of一般表示“因(患)„„ 而死”,常指由于疾病、情感、饥寒等原die from表示“由于„„ 而死”,一般指除疾病或情感以外的原因造成的
die out表示“灭绝”。pass away表示“死去、逝世”,是比较委婉的用法。
21. discover,invent
22. drill,exercise,practise,train
drill指为身心锻炼或为养成良好习惯而进行一套有规则的严格训练,尤指学校课堂内的练习或军事训练。
exercise主要用于指为强壮体魄而进行的体育活动,其引申意义同practise,指为保持某些已获得的技能进行的练习。
practise指为了完善而达到熟练而有规则地、反复地做某事。
train着重为了某一特定的目标而进行的专门性的、有一定期限的培养。
23. do with,deal with
do with一般构成疑问句或用在否定句中,构成的句子也可用作宾语或表语,大致含义为“把某事或某物怎样处理”。
deal with表示“对付、论述,与„„打交道”,常用于肯定陈述句中。当与how连用引起问句时,how用作句子的状语,在know等词后可用what作deal with的宾语,作为处理的对象,又可用how作状语表示方式,但deal with后则需要另接处理的对象作宾语。
24. finish,complete,end
finish和complete都可以表示“完成、结束”,finish与complete的含义相近。
finish(普通)“完成”,一般指把某事做完,常用v.-ing complete(正式)“完成”名词或代词作宾语,不能接v.-ing end争等。
25. give in,give up
26. join,connect,unite 连结、结合
join接,像国与国、田与田、线与线等
connect来。
unitethe United States
27. offer,give,spare,
offer基本含义是:1”,后跟不定式作宾语。
2)“
give
spare
,搭配不能带双宾语。
28. promiseallowallow和permit在很多情况下,意义相同,可以通用,但
29 prepare for sth.,prepare to do sth.,be prepared to do sth.,
指为了某目的而直接动手处理、整理、安排某事。
prepare for sth.指为了达到某一目的做好相应的准备工作,意为“为„„进行„„准备”,从而使句子的含义更为明确。
prepare to do sth.表示“因为要„„而准备”,指准备去做这一具体动作。
be prepared to do sth.(提前)作好了某事的准备,表示已做好准备和状态,也可指一种自己意愿。 be prepared for sth.主要强调在思想上作好了准备,它不是被动结构。
30. remain,stay
remain和stay作为动词,都有“停留”的意思,有时可以通用。remain和stay作为系动词,表示“保持某
一状态”时,可以通用。
remain着重指在别人已离去,或事情有变动以后,仍“继续停留”、或“保持原来的状态”。stay则指“停留、逗留”。
31. save,spare
save意为“储蓄、节省”,指把钱、时间及其它东西储蓄起来以备将来用或节省可节省的东西,从而避免浪费;save也可指“救命”。spare意为“省”,指小心地省下或节省钱、时间、力气等,常表示省出一部分以作它用。
32. seat,sit
seat sb. = seat oneself = be seated = sit down
33. sleep,asleep,sleepy,sleeping
这几个词都有“睡”之意。从词性来分析,sleep为动词或名词,asleep都为形容词。从语法结构来分析,asleep只能作表语,而sleepy和sleeping上来分析,sleepy有“欲睡、困乏的”含义,而asleep和sleeping
asleep往往与fall或drop搭配,形成fall(drop)asleep。
34. support,keep,raise
support意为“赡养、养活” keep意为“赡养、养活”或“饲养”
raise指饲养动物,若养大孩子,应用bring up。
35. take part in,join,attend
36. take place,happen
37. try to do sth.,manage to do sth.attempt to do sth.意为“企图、试图”
38. used to do „,,would
would +文,应该有时间状语修饰。
39. would rather would rather
后面可接状语)
----(should) + 动词原形)
40. ,hurt,injure
,但wound往往是指超出类似跌破、皮伤范围的重伤,如战斗负伤或枪伤等;hurt着重指精神或肉体上的伤害;injure多用于事故、车祸中的“伤害、损伤”,而且多强调容貌或机能的损坏。
【注意】用wound、injure或hurt表示“受伤”时,一定要用“ be +过去分词”形式。
hurt的过去分词只能用作表语,不能作定语,而wound和injured既可作表语又可作定语。如:a wounded soldier,an injured man