Petroleum Scinece in English Paper
Part One Please give the following Chinese their English versions (15 points) 1. 石油化工 2. 开发井 3. 火成岩 4. 汽油 5. 吸收 6. 地球物理学 7. 粘稠度 8. 露头 16. 环空 17. 氮 18. 沉积岩 19. 完井 20. 石油 21. 地球化学 22. 粘稠度 23. 化石
Part Two Match the words in Column A with the words in Column B (10 points)
9. 古生物学家 10. 大钩 11. 司钻 12. 固井 13. 渗透率 14. 背斜圈闭 15. 水龙头
24. 油藏 25. 酸化 26. 井架工 27. 烃 28. 油苗 29. 背斜圈闭 30. 柴油
Column A 1. fault 2. formation 3. viscosity 4. drawwork 5. valve 6. silt 7. derrick 8. shale 9. shale shaker 10. erosion 11. limestone 12. porosity 13. kelly
14. hydraulic fracturing 15. saturation 16. Primary recovery 17. asphalt 18. kerosene 19. acid 20. lubricant
Column B a. 绞车 b. 阀门，凡尔 c. 孔隙度 d. 断层 e. 石灰岩 f. 井架 g. 泥岩 h. 蚀，冲蚀 i. 粘稠度 j. 地层k. 方钻杆 l. 水力压裂 m. 一次采收率 n. 饱和 o. 页岩 p. 震动筛 q. 沥青 r. 煤油、 s. 酸 t. 润滑剂
Part Three Read the following statements and fill in the blanks with missing words. (25 points) 1. The
three
sections
divided
in
petroleum
industry
are
________________, __________________, __________________. 2. The production mechanisms which owe their existence to these sources
of
energy
are
referred
to
as
____________________,______________________,__________________ respectively.
3. The three main categories of rocks are ________________, _______________, __________________.
4. The two commonly used drilling methods are _________________, _____________; ____________ is the characteristic of the latter one. 5．At the head of most production wells is a device that is called _______________.
6.. Classification by degree of proof includes______________, ___________, ______________, and_______________ reserves 7. ___________________ and ____________________ wells are the wells classified according to their direction.
8. There are mainly tow types of drilling mud they are ______________, __________________. 9. Types
of bits available
include:___________________,
________________, ____________________.
10. ______________________ is one that is drilled primarily for the purpose of determining that oil or gas actually exists in a subsurface rock formation.
11. The usual unit of measure used for oil is ______________, it approximately equals to __________ liters or ___________ gallons. 12. ___________________ and ____________________ are the tow path of seismic survey in geophysical exploration for oil. 13. The
EOR
processes
can
be
divided
into
three
categories___________,_______________and__________________, which can be further subdivided into various categories. 14. The
three
main
steps
of
oil
exploration
include
__________________,___________________, _____________. 15.
The
three
main
units
of
the
earth ’s
interior
are
___________,___________,____________.
16. Diagenesis （成岩作用）is a process through which the loose sediments are compacted and cemented into sedimentary rocks. There are several
ways
of
diagenesis.
They
are
_________,
__________,___________,_______________. 17.
The
three
strategies
of
PetroChina
are
____________,_____________,________________.
18. Geophysical Exploration includes _____________survey and
______________ survey. 19.
There
are
a
number
of
types
of
completions,
including________________,_________________,________________. 20. Separators （分离器） are built in various designs, such as _________, __________ and _________________.
Part Four Read the following statements and decide whether it is correct or not , use T for correct and F for wrong. (10 points)
1. A jug is a device to clean a pipeline. It is forced along by the pressure or flow of the oil. ( )
2. A place in the earth’s surface where layers of rock have formed an arch or dome. This type of formation in which oil can be trapped is called anticline. ( )
3. Thermal processes have been used extensively for the recovery of light oil, where as chemical and miscible displacement processes have been employed for the displacement of heavy oil. ( ) 4. The stem transmits a turning or rotating action to the bit. ( ) 5. mud pits are where drilling mud is mixed and recycled ( ) 6. Petroleum is squeezed out of source beds and is accepted by a receiver bed is called secondary petroleum migration. ( ) 7. The casing in the middle is called production casing. ( ) 8. Large, more continuous cylindrical rock sample, called cuttings, can
also be cut using a special coring bit. ( )
9. Gasoline, Kerosene, Asphalt are the main commercial products made from petroleum. Gasoline is the lightest, asphalt the heaviest. ( )
10. Distillation means breaking down the heavy molecules of such petroleum products as kerosene or lubricating oil into the lighter molecules of gasoline. ( )
11. I n the past these data for oil exploration were basically observation and objective, but they are now increasingly physical and chemical, and therefore more subjective. ( )
12. Permeability is a measure of the ease with which a fluid can flow through the rocks. ( )
13. P etroleum geology is the application of geology (the study of rocks) to the exploration for and production of oil and gas. ( )
14. S weet crude requires more refining than sour crude, which is low in sulfur and, as a result, often more valuable. ( )
15. R efracted paths in which the principal portion of the path is along the interface between two rock layers, and hence is approximately horizontal. ( )
16. W ater drive derivesits energy from the pressure of the gas in the free gas cap. ( )
17. Primary recovery further oil production can be obtained by injecting
water (waterflooding) or natural gas to maintain reservoir pressure and push oil out of the rock, therefore achieve more efficient displacement of oil. ( )
18. Light oil dense, viscous oil, with a high proportion （比例） of bitumen, that is difficult to extract with conventional techniques and is more costly to refine. ( )
19. Natural gas wells are wells drilled specifically for natural gas, and contain little or no oil. ( )
20. An emulsion is a combination of two immiscible liquids, or liquids that do not mix together under normal conditions. ( )
Part Five Please answer the following questions in simple words. (10 points)
1. How many main components in a rotary drilling rig? What are they? 2. What are the main composition of natural gas and name them. 3. What are the four systems in a rotary drilling rig? 4. What are main fuctions of circulation fluid
5. What are the natural reservoir production mechanisms? 5. What are the main types of casing? 6. What are the main types of pipelines? 7. What is hydrate?
8. How to handle the produced water?
Part Six Give the full meaning and Chinese name for the following abbreviations (10 points) 1. LNG 2. BOP 3. EOR 4. LPG 5. OPEC 6. API 7. AAPG 8. SPE 9. NGL 10. O IP
Part Seven Translation English to Chinese (10 points)
1. The liquid comes from the remains of plants and animals that died millions of years ago.
2. When we think of oil, the part of the world that comes to mind first may be the Middle East.
3. The ruling divided Standard Oil into thirty-four independent companies.
4. As the demand for gasoline increased, conversion processes were developed because distillation could no longer supply the necessary quantities.
5. Scientists predict that the world's known oil resources will run out early in the next century.
6. The members of OPEC produce about forty percent of the world's oil. 7. The application of chemistry to the study of rocks (geochemistry) has many uses in petroleum geology.
8. Scientists predict that the world's known oil resources will run out early in the next century.
9. A An air ship powered by energy from the sun has been suggested. 10. Petroleum has been important since ancient times. 11. H igh oil prices have brought new attention to OPEC.
12. T he same product is used for the road surface outside your home. 13. W hat alternative energy resources can be developed?
14. I n other words, they are the products of refining or they are refined products.
15. And a boycott of Iranian exports, it figures, would hurt Iran more than it would hurt the U.S.
Chinese to English (10 points)
1. 从远古时代，石油就很重要。
2. 他们现在是世界上最大的公开上市交易的公司。
3. 你曾想过没有，如果世界上用尽了石油，你的生活会发生什么样变化呢？
4. 伊朗不大可能率先使用其石油武器。
5. 英国有一句古话“需要是发明之母”。
6. 像尼日利亚就是非洲最大的石油生产国，位居世界第十一。
7. 今天欧佩克已拥有12个成员国
8. 每当提及石油，我们首先联想到的或许是中东。
9. 生物学可以通过很多方面在地质研究中得以应用，最显著的是对化石的研究。
10．化学应用到石油地质的岩石研究(地球化学) 中有许多作用。
11．随着市场对汽油需求的增加，产品转化工艺随之发展，因为蒸馏已不能满足对汽油的数量需求。
12．科学家预言世界上已探明的石油资源将在下个世纪初用尽。
13. 但安理会越来越不大可能采取行动。
14. 这样一种联盟战略的成功与否取决于自愿加入国家的数量。
15. 蒸馏仍然是重要的炼油工艺
答案：
Part one
1. petrochemistry 2. development well 3. igneous rock 4. gasoline
5. absorption 6. petrophysics 7. viscosity 8. outcrop 9. paleontologist 10. hook 11. driller 12. cement 13. permeability
14. anticlinal trap 15. swivel 16. annular 17. nitrogen 18. sedimentary rock 19. completion 20. petroleum 21. geochemistry 22. viscosity 23. fossil 24. reservoir 25. acidizing 26. derrickman 27. hydrocarbon 28. seepage 29. anticlinal trap 30. diesel
Part two
1 (d) 2 (j) 3 (i) 4 (a) 5 （b ） 6. (g) 7 (f) 8 (o) 9 (p) 10 (h) 11. （e ） 12. （c ） 13. （k ） 14. （l ） 15. （n ） 16. （m ）
17. (q) 18. (r) 19. (s) 20. (t)
Part three
1. upstream sector, midstream sector, downstream sector
2. “water drive”, “solution gas drive” (or “depletion drive”), and “gas cap drive”
3. sedimentary rock, igneous rock, metaphormic rock
4. cable tool drilling, rotary drilling circulation system
5. Christmas tree
6. proved, probable, possible, prosepective
7. vertical, deviated
8. water-based, oil-based
9. steel-tooth rock bits, tungsten carbide insert bits，diamond bits
10. w ild-cat (exploratory well)
11. b arrel, 160, 42
12. reflection, refraction
13. chemical, thermal, miscible
14. Geological survey, Geophysical prospecting, Test drilling
15. core, mantle, crust
16. Compaction, Cementation, Recrystalization, Authigenesis
17. resource, marketing, internationation
18. seismic survey, nonseismic survey
19. Open Hole Completion
Conventional Perforated Completion
Sand Exclusion Completion
20. vertical, horizontal and spherical.
Part four
1. F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. T 6. F 7. F 8. F 9. T 10. F
11. T 12. T 13. T 14. F 15. T 16. F 17. T 18. F 19. T 20. T Part five
1. eight Derrick, crown block, traveling block, hook, swivel,
hoist (drawworks), rotary table, mud pump
2. four methane, ethane, propane, butane
3. power system, rotary system, hoisting system and circulating system
4. The principal purposes of circulation fluid are to :
● Clean the bottom of the hole
● Cool the bit
● Flush cuttings from the hole
● Support the walls of the well so that they do not cave in
● Prevent the entry of formation fluid into the bore-hore.
5.The production mechanisms which owe their existence to these sources of energy are referred to as “water drive”（水驱）, “solution gas drive” (or “depletion drive”)（溶解气驱）, and “gas cap drive”（气顶驱） respectively.
6. There are different types of well casing. The most commonly used types include:
Conductor Casing （导管套管）
Surface Casing （表层套管）
Intermediate Casing （中间套管，技术套管）
Production Casing （生产套管）
7. Hydrates are solid compounds（固体化合物） that form as crystals（晶体状） and resemble（象） snow in appearance（外表）. They are created by a reaction（反应） of natural gas with water, and when formed they are
about 10 percent hydrocarbon（烃） and 90 percent water. Hydrates have a specific gravity（比重） of about 0.98 and will usually float（漂浮） in water and sink（沉入） in hydrocarbon liquids.
8. The most accepted methods of disposing of produced waters are:
1.Injection （注入） into underground salt water bearing formations（含盐水地层）,
2. Injection into oil bearing underground reservoirs from which the oil and water is produced.
3. Disposal of carefully treated water into the ocean from offshore production platform（海上生产平台）.
Part Six
1. Liquefied Natural Gas 液化天然气
2. Blowout Prevetor 防喷器
3. Enhanced Oil Recovery 提高采收率
4. Liquefied Petroleum Gas 液化石油气
5. Oganization of Production Exporting Countries 石油输出国组织
6. American Petroleum Institute 美国石油协会
7. Association of American Pegroleum Geologists 美国石油地质家协会
8. Society of Petroleum Engineers 石油工程师协会
9. Natural Gas liquid 天然气液
10. Oil in Place 地质储量
Part seven
English to Chinese
1．这种液体来自于死于百万年前植物和动物的残骸。
2．每当提及石油，我们首先联想到的或许是中东。
3．这个裁定将标准石油公司拆分为34个独立的公司。
4．随着市场对汽油需求的增加，产品转化工艺随之发展，因为蒸馏已不能满足对汽油的数量需求。
5．科学家预言世界上已探明的石油资源将在下个世纪初用尽。
6. 欧佩克成员国生产的石油占世界产量的40%。
7. 化学应用到石油地质的岩石研究(地球化学) 中有许多作用。
8. 科学家预言世界上已探明的石油资源将在下个世纪初用尽。
9. 有人建议用太阳能做飞船的动力。
10. 从远古时代，石油就很重要。
11. 高油价带来人们对欧佩克的重新关注。
12. 同样的产品也用在你家屋外的路面上。
13. 可以发展什么样的替代能源呢？
14. 换句话说，它们是经过炼制的产品或被称为炼制产品。
15. 人们认为，抵制伊朗的出口，对伊朗造成的损失要大于对美国造成的损失。
Chinese to English
1． Petroleum has been important since ancient times.
2． They are among the largest publicly traded companies in the world.
3． Have you ever stopped to think how your life would change if the
world ran out of oil?
4． Iran is unlikely to use its oil weapon first.
5． There is an old English saying, “Necessity is the mother of
invention. ”
6. Nigeria, for example, is the largest oil producer in Africa and the eleventh largest producer in the world.
7. Today OPEC has twelve members.
8. When we think of oil, the part of the world that comes to mind first may be the Middle East.
9. Biology is applied to geology in several ways, notably through the study of fossils.
10. The application of chemistry to the study of rocks (geochemistry) has many uses in petroleum geology.
11. As the demand for gasoline increased, conversion processes were developed because distillation could no longer supply the necessary quantities.
12. Scientists predict that the world's known oil resources will run out early in the next century.
13. The Security Council is increasingly unlikely to impose them.
14. The success of such a coalition strategy would depend on the number of countries willing to join.
15. distillation was the major and often only refinery process.
Petroleum Scinece in English Paper
Part One Please give the following Chinese their English versions (15 points) 1. 石油化工 2. 开发井 3. 火成岩 4. 汽油 5. 吸收 6. 地球物理学 7. 粘稠度 8. 露头 16. 环空 17. 氮 18. 沉积岩 19. 完井 20. 石油 21. 地球化学 22. 粘稠度 23. 化石
Part Two Match the words in Column A with the words in Column B (10 points)
9. 古生物学家 10. 大钩 11. 司钻 12. 固井 13. 渗透率 14. 背斜圈闭 15. 水龙头
24. 油藏 25. 酸化 26. 井架工 27. 烃 28. 油苗 29. 背斜圈闭 30. 柴油
Column A 1. fault 2. formation 3. viscosity 4. drawwork 5. valve 6. silt 7. derrick 8. shale 9. shale shaker 10. erosion 11. limestone 12. porosity 13. kelly
14. hydraulic fracturing 15. saturation 16. Primary recovery 17. asphalt 18. kerosene 19. acid 20. lubricant
Column B a. 绞车 b. 阀门，凡尔 c. 孔隙度 d. 断层 e. 石灰岩 f. 井架 g. 泥岩 h. 蚀，冲蚀 i. 粘稠度 j. 地层k. 方钻杆 l. 水力压裂 m. 一次采收率 n. 饱和 o. 页岩 p. 震动筛 q. 沥青 r. 煤油、 s. 酸 t. 润滑剂
Part Three Read the following statements and fill in the blanks with missing words. (25 points) 1. The
three
sections
divided
in
petroleum
industry
are
________________, __________________, __________________. 2. The production mechanisms which owe their existence to these sources
of
energy
are
referred
to
as
____________________,______________________,__________________ respectively.
3. The three main categories of rocks are ________________, _______________, __________________.
4. The two commonly used drilling methods are _________________, _____________; ____________ is the characteristic of the latter one. 5．At the head of most production wells is a device that is called _______________.
6.. Classification by degree of proof includes______________, ___________, ______________, and_______________ reserves 7. ___________________ and ____________________ wells are the wells classified according to their direction.
8. There are mainly tow types of drilling mud they are ______________, __________________. 9. Types
of bits available
include:___________________,
________________, ____________________.
10. ______________________ is one that is drilled primarily for the purpose of determining that oil or gas actually exists in a subsurface rock formation.
11. The usual unit of measure used for oil is ______________, it approximately equals to __________ liters or ___________ gallons. 12. ___________________ and ____________________ are the tow path of seismic survey in geophysical exploration for oil. 13. The
EOR
processes
can
be
divided
into
three
categories___________,_______________and__________________, which can be further subdivided into various categories. 14. The
three
main
steps
of
oil
exploration
include
__________________,___________________, _____________. 15.
The
three
main
units
of
the
earth ’s
interior
are
___________,___________,____________.
16. Diagenesis （成岩作用）is a process through which the loose sediments are compacted and cemented into sedimentary rocks. There are several
ways
of
diagenesis.
They
are
_________,
__________,___________,_______________. 17.
The
three
strategies
of
PetroChina
are
____________,_____________,________________.
18. Geophysical Exploration includes _____________survey and
______________ survey. 19.
There
are
a
number
of
types
of
completions,
including________________,_________________,________________. 20. Separators （分离器） are built in various designs, such as _________, __________ and _________________.
Part Four Read the following statements and decide whether it is correct or not , use T for correct and F for wrong. (10 points)
1. A jug is a device to clean a pipeline. It is forced along by the pressure or flow of the oil. ( )
2. A place in the earth’s surface where layers of rock have formed an arch or dome. This type of formation in which oil can be trapped is called anticline. ( )
3. Thermal processes have been used extensively for the recovery of light oil, where as chemical and miscible displacement processes have been employed for the displacement of heavy oil. ( ) 4. The stem transmits a turning or rotating action to the bit. ( ) 5. mud pits are where drilling mud is mixed and recycled ( ) 6. Petroleum is squeezed out of source beds and is accepted by a receiver bed is called secondary petroleum migration. ( ) 7. The casing in the middle is called production casing. ( ) 8. Large, more continuous cylindrical rock sample, called cuttings, can
also be cut using a special coring bit. ( )
9. Gasoline, Kerosene, Asphalt are the main commercial products made from petroleum. Gasoline is the lightest, asphalt the heaviest. ( )
10. Distillation means breaking down the heavy molecules of such petroleum products as kerosene or lubricating oil into the lighter molecules of gasoline. ( )
11. I n the past these data for oil exploration were basically observation and objective, but they are now increasingly physical and chemical, and therefore more subjective. ( )
12. Permeability is a measure of the ease with which a fluid can flow through the rocks. ( )
13. P etroleum geology is the application of geology (the study of rocks) to the exploration for and production of oil and gas. ( )
14. S weet crude requires more refining than sour crude, which is low in sulfur and, as a result, often more valuable. ( )
15. R efracted paths in which the principal portion of the path is along the interface between two rock layers, and hence is approximately horizontal. ( )
16. W ater drive derivesits energy from the pressure of the gas in the free gas cap. ( )
17. Primary recovery further oil production can be obtained by injecting
water (waterflooding) or natural gas to maintain reservoir pressure and push oil out of the rock, therefore achieve more efficient displacement of oil. ( )
18. Light oil dense, viscous oil, with a high proportion （比例） of bitumen, that is difficult to extract with conventional techniques and is more costly to refine. ( )
19. Natural gas wells are wells drilled specifically for natural gas, and contain little or no oil. ( )
20. An emulsion is a combination of two immiscible liquids, or liquids that do not mix together under normal conditions. ( )
Part Five Please answer the following questions in simple words. (10 points)
1. How many main components in a rotary drilling rig? What are they? 2. What are the main composition of natural gas and name them. 3. What are the four systems in a rotary drilling rig? 4. What are main fuctions of circulation fluid
5. What are the natural reservoir production mechanisms? 5. What are the main types of casing? 6. What are the main types of pipelines? 7. What is hydrate?
8. How to handle the produced water?
Part Six Give the full meaning and Chinese name for the following abbreviations (10 points) 1. LNG 2. BOP 3. EOR 4. LPG 5. OPEC 6. API 7. AAPG 8. SPE 9. NGL 10. O IP
Part Seven Translation English to Chinese (10 points)
1. The liquid comes from the remains of plants and animals that died millions of years ago.
2. When we think of oil, the part of the world that comes to mind first may be the Middle East.
3. The ruling divided Standard Oil into thirty-four independent companies.
4. As the demand for gasoline increased, conversion processes were developed because distillation could no longer supply the necessary quantities.
5. Scientists predict that the world's known oil resources will run out early in the next century.
6. The members of OPEC produce about forty percent of the world's oil. 7. The application of chemistry to the study of rocks (geochemistry) has many uses in petroleum geology.
8. Scientists predict that the world's known oil resources will run out early in the next century.
9. A An air ship powered by energy from the sun has been suggested. 10. Petroleum has been important since ancient times. 11. H igh oil prices have brought new attention to OPEC.
12. T he same product is used for the road surface outside your home. 13. W hat alternative energy resources can be developed?
14. I n other words, they are the products of refining or they are refined products.
15. And a boycott of Iranian exports, it figures, would hurt Iran more than it would hurt the U.S.
Chinese to English (10 points)
1. 从远古时代，石油就很重要。
2. 他们现在是世界上最大的公开上市交易的公司。
3. 你曾想过没有，如果世界上用尽了石油，你的生活会发生什么样变化呢？
4. 伊朗不大可能率先使用其石油武器。
5. 英国有一句古话“需要是发明之母”。
6. 像尼日利亚就是非洲最大的石油生产国，位居世界第十一。
7. 今天欧佩克已拥有12个成员国
8. 每当提及石油，我们首先联想到的或许是中东。
9. 生物学可以通过很多方面在地质研究中得以应用，最显著的是对化石的研究。
10．化学应用到石油地质的岩石研究(地球化学) 中有许多作用。
11．随着市场对汽油需求的增加，产品转化工艺随之发展，因为蒸馏已不能满足对汽油的数量需求。
12．科学家预言世界上已探明的石油资源将在下个世纪初用尽。
13. 但安理会越来越不大可能采取行动。
14. 这样一种联盟战略的成功与否取决于自愿加入国家的数量。
15. 蒸馏仍然是重要的炼油工艺
答案：
Part one
1. petrochemistry 2. development well 3. igneous rock 4. gasoline
5. absorption 6. petrophysics 7. viscosity 8. outcrop 9. paleontologist 10. hook 11. driller 12. cement 13. permeability
14. anticlinal trap 15. swivel 16. annular 17. nitrogen 18. sedimentary rock 19. completion 20. petroleum 21. geochemistry 22. viscosity 23. fossil 24. reservoir 25. acidizing 26. derrickman 27. hydrocarbon 28. seepage 29. anticlinal trap 30. diesel
Part two
1 (d) 2 (j) 3 (i) 4 (a) 5 （b ） 6. (g) 7 (f) 8 (o) 9 (p) 10 (h) 11. （e ） 12. （c ） 13. （k ） 14. （l ） 15. （n ） 16. （m ）
17. (q) 18. (r) 19. (s) 20. (t)
Part three
1. upstream sector, midstream sector, downstream sector
2. “water drive”, “solution gas drive” (or “depletion drive”), and “gas cap drive”
3. sedimentary rock, igneous rock, metaphormic rock
4. cable tool drilling, rotary drilling circulation system
5. Christmas tree
6. proved, probable, possible, prosepective
7. vertical, deviated
8. water-based, oil-based
9. steel-tooth rock bits, tungsten carbide insert bits，diamond bits
10. w ild-cat (exploratory well)
11. b arrel, 160, 42
12. reflection, refraction
13. chemical, thermal, miscible
14. Geological survey, Geophysical prospecting, Test drilling
15. core, mantle, crust
16. Compaction, Cementation, Recrystalization, Authigenesis
17. resource, marketing, internationation
18. seismic survey, nonseismic survey
19. Open Hole Completion
Conventional Perforated Completion
Sand Exclusion Completion
20. vertical, horizontal and spherical.
Part four
1. F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. T 6. F 7. F 8. F 9. T 10. F
11. T 12. T 13. T 14. F 15. T 16. F 17. T 18. F 19. T 20. T Part five
1. eight Derrick, crown block, traveling block, hook, swivel,
hoist (drawworks), rotary table, mud pump
2. four methane, ethane, propane, butane
3. power system, rotary system, hoisting system and circulating system
4. The principal purposes of circulation fluid are to :
● Clean the bottom of the hole
● Cool the bit
● Flush cuttings from the hole
● Support the walls of the well so that they do not cave in
● Prevent the entry of formation fluid into the bore-hore.
5.The production mechanisms which owe their existence to these sources of energy are referred to as “water drive”（水驱）, “solution gas drive” (or “depletion drive”)（溶解气驱）, and “gas cap drive”（气顶驱） respectively.
6. There are different types of well casing. The most commonly used types include:
Conductor Casing （导管套管）
Surface Casing （表层套管）
Intermediate Casing （中间套管，技术套管）
Production Casing （生产套管）
7. Hydrates are solid compounds（固体化合物） that form as crystals（晶体状） and resemble（象） snow in appearance（外表）. They are created by a reaction（反应） of natural gas with water, and when formed they are
about 10 percent hydrocarbon（烃） and 90 percent water. Hydrates have a specific gravity（比重） of about 0.98 and will usually float（漂浮） in water and sink（沉入） in hydrocarbon liquids.
8. The most accepted methods of disposing of produced waters are:
1.Injection （注入） into underground salt water bearing formations（含盐水地层）,
2. Injection into oil bearing underground reservoirs from which the oil and water is produced.
3. Disposal of carefully treated water into the ocean from offshore production platform（海上生产平台）.
Part Six
1. Liquefied Natural Gas 液化天然气
2. Blowout Prevetor 防喷器
3. Enhanced Oil Recovery 提高采收率
4. Liquefied Petroleum Gas 液化石油气
5. Oganization of Production Exporting Countries 石油输出国组织
6. American Petroleum Institute 美国石油协会
7. Association of American Pegroleum Geologists 美国石油地质家协会
8. Society of Petroleum Engineers 石油工程师协会
9. Natural Gas liquid 天然气液
10. Oil in Place 地质储量
Part seven
English to Chinese
1．这种液体来自于死于百万年前植物和动物的残骸。
2．每当提及石油，我们首先联想到的或许是中东。
3．这个裁定将标准石油公司拆分为34个独立的公司。
4．随着市场对汽油需求的增加，产品转化工艺随之发展，因为蒸馏已不能满足对汽油的数量需求。
5．科学家预言世界上已探明的石油资源将在下个世纪初用尽。
6. 欧佩克成员国生产的石油占世界产量的40%。
7. 化学应用到石油地质的岩石研究(地球化学) 中有许多作用。
8. 科学家预言世界上已探明的石油资源将在下个世纪初用尽。
9. 有人建议用太阳能做飞船的动力。
10. 从远古时代，石油就很重要。
11. 高油价带来人们对欧佩克的重新关注。
12. 同样的产品也用在你家屋外的路面上。
13. 可以发展什么样的替代能源呢？
14. 换句话说，它们是经过炼制的产品或被称为炼制产品。
15. 人们认为，抵制伊朗的出口，对伊朗造成的损失要大于对美国造成的损失。
Chinese to English
1． Petroleum has been important since ancient times.
2． They are among the largest publicly traded companies in the world.
3． Have you ever stopped to think how your life would change if the
world ran out of oil?
4． Iran is unlikely to use its oil weapon first.
5． There is an old English saying, “Necessity is the mother of
invention. ”
6. Nigeria, for example, is the largest oil producer in Africa and the eleventh largest producer in the world.
7. Today OPEC has twelve members.
8. When we think of oil, the part of the world that comes to mind first may be the Middle East.
9. Biology is applied to geology in several ways, notably through the study of fossils.
10. The application of chemistry to the study of rocks (geochemistry) has many uses in petroleum geology.
11. As the demand for gasoline increased, conversion processes were developed because distillation could no longer supply the necessary quantities.
12. Scientists predict that the world's known oil resources will run out early in the next century.
13. The Security Council is increasingly unlikely to impose them.
14. The success of such a coalition strategy would depend on the number of countries willing to join.
15. distillation was the major and often only refinery process.