省略句（elliptical sentences） 省略（ellipsis ）是一种为了避免重复、突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接的语法手段。 祁使主语必省略，比较than 后须省略。
宾从表从that 省略，主从that 勿省略。
前后出现同一词，惯用习语常省略。
1. 简单句中的省略
1. 省略主语（多数属于语境省略）有时，主语和助动词一起省略。 (It) Doesn’t matter. 没关系。
(I)Beg your pardon. 请原谅。
(You)Had a good time ？你玩的痛快吗？
(I’m)Sorry. 对不起。
Looks as if it will rain. 看起来象要下雨。（Looks 前省略了主语it ） (Have you)Got any idea ？你有什么注意吗？
What a beautiful view ！多美的景色啊！
2. 省略了谓语
Who next? 该谁了？（Who 后面省略了谓语comes ）
The river was deep and the ice thin. （ice 后面省略了was ）
We’ll do the best we can. 我们将尽力而为。（can 后面省略了动词do ） 3. 省略了宾语
Let’s do the dishes. I’ll wash and you’ll dry.
让我们洗碗吧，我来洗，你来揩干。（wash 和dry 后面省略了宾语dishes ） 4. 省略了表语
Are you ready? Yes, I am. 你准备好了吗？ 我准备好了。（am 后面省略了ready ） He was a lover of sports as he had been in his youth.
他还是象年轻时那样，是一位运动爱好者。（had been 后面省略了a lover of sports ） 5.省略了状语
He was not hurt. Strange! 他没有受伤，真奇怪！（Strange 前面省略了状语how ） 6. 同时省掉句子几个成份。这在口语中特定的环境下经常使用。 What exciting news! (= What exciting news it is!) 多么令人激动的消息啊！ Pity he’s failed. (= It is a pity that he’s failed.) 很遗憾，他失败了。
I like him more than her. (= I like him more than I like her.) 我喜欢他更甚于喜欢她。 7. 主(宾) 语补足语中的to be常常可省略。
We found the situation (to be) serious.
我发觉形势严重。
He was thought (to be) the person responsible for the matter.
他被认为是对这件事负责的那个人。
8. 在复合宾语结构中省略不定式符号to 。
不定式作动词make/let/have以及感官动词的宾语补足语时要省略to ，但变成被动语态时不能省略。
The boss made the workers work all day and all night.
老板让工人整日整夜工作。
9. 省略了介词和助动词
He spent four hours (in) going over his lessons. 他花了四个小时复习功课。
I’ve studied Eng1ish (for) five years. 我已学五年英语了。
(do)You understand?
10. 省略了连词that
I believe (that) you will succeed. 我相信你们会成功的。
It’s a pity (that) he’s leaving. 他要走，真遗憾。
I’m sure (that) she will help you. 我肯定她会帮你的。
11. 省略关系代词或关系副词
There is a girl (who) wanted see you.
I’ll give you all (that) I have. 我要把我所有的一切都给你。
He read the book (which) I got yesterday. 他看过我昨天买的书了。
12. 所有格之后的名词如为住宅、商店、工矿、教堂等可以省略(所有格后面的名词) 。
She is going to her uncle ’s (house).
她要去她的叔叔家。
Today I met her at the tailor ’s (shop).
今天我在裁缝店遇见了她。
13. 简短的问候语、标语等词汇。
No parking. 禁止停车。
Not at all. 不用谢。
No matter. 不要紧。
Thanks. 谢谢。
14. 由习语组成的省略结构
So much is for the foundry processes ．工艺过程的内容就是这些。（＝Enough has been sai d or done about ．．．；That is all we'll say about... ）
Now for the sound-wave method ．现在谈谈风波方法。（＝And we will now talk about ．．．） The grinding machine you operate must be oiled ，and that at once ．油，而且要马上上油。（and that 是个加强语气的省略结构。that 是指示代词，代替上文的全部，与and 连用表示强调，后接状语。＝and must be oiled at once 可译为“而且”。）
2. 并列句中的省略（通常为承前省略）。
通常并列句中后面的分句只要与前边的分句有相同的词语，不管它在句子中作何种成分，都可以省略，反之亦然。
His father is a doctor, and his mother (is) a nurse.
他的父亲是个医生，母亲是个护士。
3. 复合句（状语从句、名词性从句、定语从句）中的省略
由when ，while ，as, once，whenever 引导的时间状语从句；或由if ，unless 引导的条件状语从句；由though ，although ，even if ，even though引导的让步状语从句；由as though，as if，as 引导的方式状语从句；由because 引导的原因状语从句；由wherever 引导的地点状语从句，若从句的主句是it 或与主句的主语相同，且在谓语中含有be 时，常省略从句的主语和be 。
If （you are ）in doubt ，don ’t hesitate to ask me.
如果你有疑问，请立刻问我。
I did not notice it until (it was) very late.
直到很晚，我才注意到它。
He won ’t come unless (he is) invited.
除非他被邀请，否则他不会来。
If (it is) possible, I ’ll go outing.
如果可能的话，我将去郊游。
He opened his mouth as if (he were) to say something.
他张开嘴好像要说什么。
If necessary, we shall send a telegram home. 如有必要，我们就往家里打电报。 Whenever possible, he will come to my help. 他一有可能就来帮助我。
While cycling, don’t forget the traffic lights. 骑车时，不要忘记看红绿灯。
【提醒】比较状语从句中的省略
than 和as 引导的比较状语从句，如果意义明确，than 和as 后面的任何部分都可省略。 I ’m taller than he (is tall). 我比他高。
I know you better than (I know) him. 我了解你胜过了解他。
This coat is better than that one, but it costs twice as much (as that one).
这件上衣比那件好，但这件是那件价格的两倍。
He is taller than I am. 他比我高。（am 之后省略tall ）
2. 名词性从句
1) 名词性wh-从句中的省略现象。如果从句谓语与主句谓语相同，从句可省略全部谓语，甚至主语也可省略，只保留一个wh-词。
She will go to Beijing, but I don ’t know when (she will go to Beijing).
她要去北京，但我不知道是什么时候。
She can ’t come, but I don ’t know why (she can ’t come).
她不能来，但我不知为什么。
wh-从句若是被动结构，主谓语也可全部省略，只保留by ＋wh 词。
The cup was broken by someone, but I wonder (the cup was broken) by whom ． 这个杯子被某人打碎了，但我纳闷是被谁打碎的。
如果从句相同而wh-词不同，则可省略第一个从句而把两个wh-词连接起来。
I don ’t know when (to meet him) and where to meet him.
我不清楚什么时间、什么地点见他。
2) 在与表示命令、愿意、建议等相关的名词性从句中，常用should 型虚拟，而从句谓语部分中的should 常省略。
We require that he (should) tell us the truth.
我们要求他告诉我们真相。
3) 在句型“It is necessary/surprising/suggested/natural /strange„+ that 从句”中，从句通常用should 型虚拟，而should 常常可以省略。
Everyone thinks it is necessary that our research group （should ）begin the experiment at o nce ．
每个人都认为我们的研究小组立刻开始实验是必要的。
4) 在宾语从句中，连词that 常可省略。但如果有两个宾语从句，第二个宾语从句的that 不能省；如果宾语从句和主句谓语之间有插入语时，that 也不能省略。
I believe (that) you will succeed.
我认为你会成功。
5) 名词性从句的省略结构，即 “wh- + to do sth. ”。通常这样的省略结构适应于从句的主语与主句的主语一致的情况。
I don ’t know what to do next.
我不知道下一步做什么。
How to deal with the matter has not been decided.
如何处理这件事还没有定下来。
3. 定语从句中的省略。
1) 当关系代词在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时，常被省略。
Do you remember the place (which /that) we visited last year?
你记得我们去年参观的那个地方吗？
2) 当先行词为way, direction 等词时，其后面定语从句中的that, which, 或介词＋which 等常被省略。
Do you know the way (in which) work is measured ？
你知道衡量工作的方式吗？
3) 某些定语从句的省略结构，即“介词+ which/whom +不定式”
Can you find me a room in which to live?
你能给我找个住的房间吗？
He is a good person to whom to turn.
他是一个能向他求助的好人。
4. 与不定式相关的省略
1. 通常为了避免重复，在联系密切的语境中，作宾语或宾语补足语的不定式只保留不定式符号to 。
----Will you come to have supper with me? —你来和我一起吃晚饭好吗？
----I ’d like / love to (come to have supper with you). —我愿意。
She went teaching because she wanted to (go there).
她去教书，因为她想去。
Don ’t touch anything unless your teacher tells you to.
除非你老师告诉你，否则不要触摸任何东西。
He may leave if he wishes to. 他可以走，如果他愿意的话。
Don’t go till I tell you to. 等我叫你走你再走。
在used to, ought to, have to, would like/love to, wish to, be going to 等结构中，常常省略to 后面的动词原形。
（1）They do not visit their parents as much as they ought to.
（2）He doesn’t get up early as he u sed to.
（3）I’ll hand it in if I have to.
（4）—Would you like to come tonight ?
—I’d love to.
Tell , warn , order , advise , ask 等动词的宾语后面接动词不定式做宾语补足语时，可以省略to 后面的动词原形。
（1）He wanted to swim across the river but I warned him not to.
（2）The boy wanted to play football in the street, but his mother told him not to.
2. 注意：如果不定式符号to 后面是be 时，要保留be 。如果不定式用了完成式，要保留到助动词have 。
The city now is much noisier than it used to be.
这个城市比过去喧闹多了。
---- It seems that he has known the truth. —看来他已经知道了事实。
---- Yes, he seems to have. —是的，看来他好像知道了。
3. 如果不定式作表语，用于解释“do ”的内容，to 也常可省。
What I did was (to) lay the table.
我所做的是摆桌子。
5. 与特殊疑问句相关的省略
1. 特殊疑问句的回答形式有两种，一种是部分回答（即省略结构），一种是完全回答。 ----What do you suggest? —你有什么建议？
----(I suggest )Going fishing on Sunday. —周日钓鱼。
2. 由固定词组由what about, why not 等引导的疑问句式。
What about having a walk after supper?
饭后散步怎们样？
How come they left you alone here?
他们怎么会把你一个人留在这儿？
What if it rains?
倘若下雨怎么办？
Why not try again?
为什么不再试一次呢？
6. 独立主格结构中的分词若为being 或having been时，通常省去不用，意义不受影响。
The meeting (being) over, we all left the room.
会议结束了，我们都离开了房间。
All the tickets (having been) sold out, we had to go again the next day.
所有的票都卖完了，我们不得不第二天再去。
7. 与助动词相关的省略
---- Do you enjoy reading novels? —你喜欢读小说吗？
---- Yes, I do. —是的，我喜欢。
【提醒】有时为了句意或时态的需要，要保留两个助动词。
---- Did he attend the meeting?
----No, but he should have. He was supposed to give a speech at the meeting.
—他参加那个会议了吗？
—没有，但他本来应该参加的。他应该在会上作报告。
8. “so, not” 常用来替代从句，形成一种别样的省略结构。
so 用于替代肯定形式的从句，表示说话者赞同前述的事实，常和表示看法、意见等的动词(think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine, guess, say, hope, fear) 等连用。not 用于替代否定形式的从句，表示说话者不赞同前述的事实。
【提醒】当表示说话者不赞同前述的事实时，也可用借助于上述动词的否定形式和so 连用，
但afraid, fear, hope 等不能用此形式。
----- I hope he will win. —我希望他会赢。
----- I hope so, too. —我也希望如此。
-----It will rain tomorrow. —明天会下雨。
-----I believe not./ I don ’t think so. —我不这样认为。
9. 在条件句中的虚拟语气中若if 从句中含有should, had 或were ，那么就可省略if ，把这些词提到主语前，使用部分倒装结构。 Were I you /If I were you, I would go with her.
如果我是你的话，我就和她一起走。
Had you taken part in the party, you would have met the man.
如果你参加了那个聚会，你就会见到那个男人。
10. 与强调句式有关的省略
强调句式“It is/was+被强调部分+that+句子的剩余部分”有时承接上文，可以把句式中的“t hat+句子的剩余部分”省略。
---- Where did you find him? —你在什么地方找到的他？
----It was in the lab (that I found him). —是在实验室。
巩固练习
1. _____, I will help you with your work.
A. If I am possible B. If it possible C. If possible D. Possible
2. —Do you follow me? —Yes, _____.
A. it is good B. I will C. perfectly D. very good
3. —How are you getting on with your work ?
—Oh, I’m sorry. Things aren’t going so well as _____.
A. plans B. planning C. planned D. to plan
4. —Are you a teacher?
—No, but I _____. I worked in a middle school for three years.
A. am B. will C. do D. was
5. —How many poor counties will there be in our province by 2010?
—There will be only a few, if _____.
A. much B. some C. any D. many
6. —Why didn’t you come to Mike’s birthday party yesterday ?
—Well, I_____, but I forgot it.
A. should B. must C. should have D. must have
7. Doctors have said that as many as 50% of patients don’t take medicine _____.
A. like directed B. to be directed
C. as directed D. so that directed
8. --- I won’t do it any more. --- ________?
A. Why don’t B. Why don’t do it any more
C. Why not D. Why not to
9. Although ________ to stop, he kept on working.
A. tell B. telling C. having told D. told
10. --- Will you waste your time and money on that? --- Certainly ________.
A. I not B. don’t C. not D. no
11. --- Mary didn’t attend the lecture, did she? --- Yes, she ________.
A. attended B. didn’t attend C. didn’t D. did
12. --- What’s Joan doing? --- _________ newspapers in the room.
A. She reading B. She reads
C. To read D. Reading
13. _________ always succeed.
A. Honest and clever students B. Students who honest and clever
C. Honest students and clever D. Students are honest and clever
14. --- Can you climb that tree, my boy? --- __________ ?
A. I B. Myself C. Mine D. Me
15. Some people are against the plan but _______ support it.
A. any more B. many more C. much more D. no more
16. --- I’ll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat?
--- Not at all. _________.
A. I’ve no time B. I’d rather not C. I’d like to D. I’d be happy to
17. --- Why not go and have dinner in a restaurant? --- _________. It’s too expensive.
A. Why not B. I agree C. I’m afraid not D. I’m sure
18. When first ______ to the market, these products enjoyed great success.
(NMET 2004全国II)
A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced
19. It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when ______ at the meeting by my boss.
(NMET 2004全国IV)
A. questioning B. having questioned C. questioned D. to be questioned
20. What surprised me was not what he said but ______ he said it.
(NMET 2004湖北)
A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which
21. — Susan, will you please go and empty that drawer?
— ______?
（NMET 2004 I）
A. What for B. What is it C. How is it D. How come
22. Who can you turn to in time of danger, if not ______?
A. ourselves B. ours C. we D. us
23. — Did you visit the museum last week?
— No, we ______, but we spent too much time shopping.
A. could have B. could C. must have D. must
24. — Is your mother going to the supermarket？
— No，______.
A. she doesn’t B. she’s cooking C. she gets by bus D. to a tailor’s shop
25. — She may not be free today.
— ______，we’ll have to put the meeting off.
A. If may B. If not C. If she may not D. If she may not be free today
26. She hurriedly left the room as if ______.
A. she angry B. was angry C. it was angry D. angry
27. ______，I will help you with your work.
A. If I am possible B. If it possible C. If possible D. Possible
28. — Do you follow me？
— Yes，______.
A. it is good B. I will C. perfectly D. very good
29. — How many poor counties will there be in our province by 2010?
— There will be only a few, if ______.
A. much B. some C. any D. many
30. — How are you getting on with your work?
— Oh, I’m sorry. Things aren’t going so well as ______.
A. plans B. planning C. planned D. to plan
31. — Are you a teacher?
— No, but I ______. I worked in a middle school for three years.
A. am B. will C. do D. was
32. —I think we have done our work better than _____.
A. he B. he will C. he does D. he has
CCCDC CCCDC DDADB DCBCA ADADB DCCCC DD
省略句与高考
“省略句”是高二模块5第5单元学习的语法重点，又是学习的难点。在英语中，为了使句子简洁明快，突出重点，常用“省略句”，只要不影响句意的表达，能省略的成分尽可能省略。
一、 在含有状语从句的复合句中
由when ，while ，as, once，whenever 引导的时间状语从句；或由if ，unless 引导的条件状语从句；由though ，although ，even if ，even though引导的让步状语从句；由as though，as if，as 引导的方式状语从句；由because 引导的原因状语从句；由wherever 引导的地点状语从句，若从句的主句是it 或与主句的主语相同，且在谓语中含有be 时，常省略从句的主语和be 。
1. When first ________ to the market, these products enjoyed great success. (NMET 2004全国卷II)
A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced
2. It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when ________ at the meeting by my boss. (NMET 2004全国卷IV) A. questioning B. having questioned C. questioned D. to be questioned
3. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if ________ whether he was going in the right direction. (NMET 2003 安徽春) A. seeing B. having seen C. to have seen D. to see
4. Generally speaking, ________ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect. (NMET2003上海卷) A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken
5. Unless ________ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference. (NMET 2003上海春)
A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited
6. When ________ , the museum will be open to the public next year. (NMET 2002上海春)
A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed
7. Though ________ money, his parents man-aged to send him to university. (NMET 2002上海卷)
A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in
8. The research is so designed that once ________ nothing can be done to change it. (NMET 2002)
A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun
二、在限定性定语从句中
作宾语的关系代词that, which, whom可以省略；在以the same... as和such... as引导的定语从句中，可以省略与主句相同的部分；the way后面的定语从句中，可以省略that ，in which；在含被动语态的定语从句中，关系代词作主语时，可以省略关系代词和be, 省略之后, 变成过去分词短语作定语。
9. —You 're always working. Come on, let's go shopping.
— ________ you ever want to do is going shopping. (NMET 2002北京、安徽、内蒙古春)
A. Anything B. Something C. All D. That
10. Is this the reason ________ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?(NMET 2002上海春)
A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he explained
11. What surprised me was not what he said but ________ he said it. (NMET 2004湖北卷)
A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which
12. It is easy to do the repair. ________ you need is a hammer and some nails. (NMET 2004天津卷)
A. Something B. All C. Both D. Everything
13. That's an unpleasant thing to say about your father after ________ he's done for you. (NMET 2004全国卷) A. something B. anything C. all D. that
三、 在感官动词或短语中
在see ，watch ，hear ，feel ，observe ，notice ，listen to 等感官动词或短语及make ，have ，let 等使役动词之后的“宾语+不定式作宾语补足语” 结构中，不定式前省略to ；有时为了避免重复，常省略与上文表达相同意思的不定式符号to 之后的内容，只保留不定式符号；不定式在tell ，ask ， advise ， wish ， permit ， force 等动词后面作宾语补足语或主语补足语时，可以省略，但要保留不定式符号to ；不定式在happy ，glad ，eager ，ready ，willing 等形容词后面作状语时，可以省略，但要保留不定式符号to 。
14. As you've never been there before, I'll have someone ________ you the way. (MET 1990上海卷)
A. to show B. show C. showing D. showed
15. —I'll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat?
—Not at all, ________ . (NMET 1995)
A. I have no time B. I'd rather not C. I'd like it D. I'd be happy to
16. —Does your brother intend to study German?
—Yes, he intends ________ . (NMET 1998上海卷)
A. / B. to C. so D. that
17. —Would you like to go to the Grand Theatre with me tonight?
— ________ . (NMET 1999上海卷)
A. Yes, I'd like to go to the Grand Theatre B. I'd like to, but I have an exam tomorrow
C. No, I won't D. That's right
18. —You should have thanked her before you left.
—I meant ________ , but when I was leaving I couldn't find her anywhere. (NMET 2000北京春招卷) A. to do B. to C. doing D. doing to
四、 在if 引导的虚拟条件句中
在if 引导的虚拟语气条件句中含有had ，were ，should 时，可以把had ，were ，should 放在句首，省略if 。
20. ________ for the free tickets, I would not have gone to the films so often. (NMET 1995上海卷)
A. If it is not B. Were C. Had it not been D. If they were not
五、 在否定结构中
由nor ，neither 等引导的连续否定的句子也是一种省略句，这种句子在意思上与前面的句子是相同的，而且主谓用倒装。
21. I will know what was on his mind at the time, nor will ________ . (NMET 2004 江苏卷)
A. anyone B. anyone else C. no one D. no one else
22. Of the making of good books there is no end; neither ________ any end to their influence on man's lives. (NMET 2004 广东卷) A. there is B. there are C. is there D. are there
省略句（elliptical sentences） 省略（ellipsis ）是一种为了避免重复、突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接的语法手段。 祁使主语必省略，比较than 后须省略。
宾从表从that 省略，主从that 勿省略。
前后出现同一词，惯用习语常省略。
1. 简单句中的省略
1. 省略主语（多数属于语境省略）有时，主语和助动词一起省略。 (It) Doesn’t matter. 没关系。
(I)Beg your pardon. 请原谅。
(You)Had a good time ？你玩的痛快吗？
(I’m)Sorry. 对不起。
Looks as if it will rain. 看起来象要下雨。（Looks 前省略了主语it ） (Have you)Got any idea ？你有什么注意吗？
What a beautiful view ！多美的景色啊！
2. 省略了谓语
Who next? 该谁了？（Who 后面省略了谓语comes ）
The river was deep and the ice thin. （ice 后面省略了was ）
We’ll do the best we can. 我们将尽力而为。（can 后面省略了动词do ） 3. 省略了宾语
Let’s do the dishes. I’ll wash and you’ll dry.
让我们洗碗吧，我来洗，你来揩干。（wash 和dry 后面省略了宾语dishes ） 4. 省略了表语
Are you ready? Yes, I am. 你准备好了吗？ 我准备好了。（am 后面省略了ready ） He was a lover of sports as he had been in his youth.
他还是象年轻时那样，是一位运动爱好者。（had been 后面省略了a lover of sports ） 5.省略了状语
He was not hurt. Strange! 他没有受伤，真奇怪！（Strange 前面省略了状语how ） 6. 同时省掉句子几个成份。这在口语中特定的环境下经常使用。 What exciting news! (= What exciting news it is!) 多么令人激动的消息啊！ Pity he’s failed. (= It is a pity that he’s failed.) 很遗憾，他失败了。
I like him more than her. (= I like him more than I like her.) 我喜欢他更甚于喜欢她。 7. 主(宾) 语补足语中的to be常常可省略。
We found the situation (to be) serious.
我发觉形势严重。
He was thought (to be) the person responsible for the matter.
他被认为是对这件事负责的那个人。
8. 在复合宾语结构中省略不定式符号to 。
不定式作动词make/let/have以及感官动词的宾语补足语时要省略to ，但变成被动语态时不能省略。
The boss made the workers work all day and all night.
老板让工人整日整夜工作。
9. 省略了介词和助动词
He spent four hours (in) going over his lessons. 他花了四个小时复习功课。
I’ve studied Eng1ish (for) five years. 我已学五年英语了。
(do)You understand?
10. 省略了连词that
I believe (that) you will succeed. 我相信你们会成功的。
It’s a pity (that) he’s leaving. 他要走，真遗憾。
I’m sure (that) she will help you. 我肯定她会帮你的。
11. 省略关系代词或关系副词
There is a girl (who) wanted see you.
I’ll give you all (that) I have. 我要把我所有的一切都给你。
He read the book (which) I got yesterday. 他看过我昨天买的书了。
12. 所有格之后的名词如为住宅、商店、工矿、教堂等可以省略(所有格后面的名词) 。
She is going to her uncle ’s (house).
她要去她的叔叔家。
Today I met her at the tailor ’s (shop).
今天我在裁缝店遇见了她。
13. 简短的问候语、标语等词汇。
No parking. 禁止停车。
Not at all. 不用谢。
No matter. 不要紧。
Thanks. 谢谢。
14. 由习语组成的省略结构
So much is for the foundry processes ．工艺过程的内容就是这些。（＝Enough has been sai d or done about ．．．；That is all we'll say about... ）
Now for the sound-wave method ．现在谈谈风波方法。（＝And we will now talk about ．．．） The grinding machine you operate must be oiled ，and that at once ．油，而且要马上上油。（and that 是个加强语气的省略结构。that 是指示代词，代替上文的全部，与and 连用表示强调，后接状语。＝and must be oiled at once 可译为“而且”。）
2. 并列句中的省略（通常为承前省略）。
通常并列句中后面的分句只要与前边的分句有相同的词语，不管它在句子中作何种成分，都可以省略，反之亦然。
His father is a doctor, and his mother (is) a nurse.
他的父亲是个医生，母亲是个护士。
3. 复合句（状语从句、名词性从句、定语从句）中的省略
由when ，while ，as, once，whenever 引导的时间状语从句；或由if ，unless 引导的条件状语从句；由though ，although ，even if ，even though引导的让步状语从句；由as though，as if，as 引导的方式状语从句；由because 引导的原因状语从句；由wherever 引导的地点状语从句，若从句的主句是it 或与主句的主语相同，且在谓语中含有be 时，常省略从句的主语和be 。
If （you are ）in doubt ，don ’t hesitate to ask me.
如果你有疑问，请立刻问我。
I did not notice it until (it was) very late.
直到很晚，我才注意到它。
He won ’t come unless (he is) invited.
除非他被邀请，否则他不会来。
If (it is) possible, I ’ll go outing.
如果可能的话，我将去郊游。
He opened his mouth as if (he were) to say something.
他张开嘴好像要说什么。
If necessary, we shall send a telegram home. 如有必要，我们就往家里打电报。 Whenever possible, he will come to my help. 他一有可能就来帮助我。
While cycling, don’t forget the traffic lights. 骑车时，不要忘记看红绿灯。
【提醒】比较状语从句中的省略
than 和as 引导的比较状语从句，如果意义明确，than 和as 后面的任何部分都可省略。 I ’m taller than he (is tall). 我比他高。
I know you better than (I know) him. 我了解你胜过了解他。
This coat is better than that one, but it costs twice as much (as that one).
这件上衣比那件好，但这件是那件价格的两倍。
He is taller than I am. 他比我高。（am 之后省略tall ）
2. 名词性从句
1) 名词性wh-从句中的省略现象。如果从句谓语与主句谓语相同，从句可省略全部谓语，甚至主语也可省略，只保留一个wh-词。
She will go to Beijing, but I don ’t know when (she will go to Beijing).
她要去北京，但我不知道是什么时候。
She can ’t come, but I don ’t know why (she can ’t come).
她不能来，但我不知为什么。
wh-从句若是被动结构，主谓语也可全部省略，只保留by ＋wh 词。
The cup was broken by someone, but I wonder (the cup was broken) by whom ． 这个杯子被某人打碎了，但我纳闷是被谁打碎的。
如果从句相同而wh-词不同，则可省略第一个从句而把两个wh-词连接起来。
I don ’t know when (to meet him) and where to meet him.
我不清楚什么时间、什么地点见他。
2) 在与表示命令、愿意、建议等相关的名词性从句中，常用should 型虚拟，而从句谓语部分中的should 常省略。
We require that he (should) tell us the truth.
我们要求他告诉我们真相。
3) 在句型“It is necessary/surprising/suggested/natural /strange„+ that 从句”中，从句通常用should 型虚拟，而should 常常可以省略。
Everyone thinks it is necessary that our research group （should ）begin the experiment at o nce ．
每个人都认为我们的研究小组立刻开始实验是必要的。
4) 在宾语从句中，连词that 常可省略。但如果有两个宾语从句，第二个宾语从句的that 不能省；如果宾语从句和主句谓语之间有插入语时，that 也不能省略。
I believe (that) you will succeed.
我认为你会成功。
5) 名词性从句的省略结构，即 “wh- + to do sth. ”。通常这样的省略结构适应于从句的主语与主句的主语一致的情况。
I don ’t know what to do next.
我不知道下一步做什么。
How to deal with the matter has not been decided.
如何处理这件事还没有定下来。
3. 定语从句中的省略。
1) 当关系代词在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时，常被省略。
Do you remember the place (which /that) we visited last year?
你记得我们去年参观的那个地方吗？
2) 当先行词为way, direction 等词时，其后面定语从句中的that, which, 或介词＋which 等常被省略。
Do you know the way (in which) work is measured ？
你知道衡量工作的方式吗？
3) 某些定语从句的省略结构，即“介词+ which/whom +不定式”
Can you find me a room in which to live?
你能给我找个住的房间吗？
He is a good person to whom to turn.
他是一个能向他求助的好人。
4. 与不定式相关的省略
1. 通常为了避免重复，在联系密切的语境中，作宾语或宾语补足语的不定式只保留不定式符号to 。
----Will you come to have supper with me? —你来和我一起吃晚饭好吗？
----I ’d like / love to (come to have supper with you). —我愿意。
She went teaching because she wanted to (go there).
她去教书，因为她想去。
Don ’t touch anything unless your teacher tells you to.
除非你老师告诉你，否则不要触摸任何东西。
He may leave if he wishes to. 他可以走，如果他愿意的话。
Don’t go till I tell you to. 等我叫你走你再走。
在used to, ought to, have to, would like/love to, wish to, be going to 等结构中，常常省略to 后面的动词原形。
（1）They do not visit their parents as much as they ought to.
（2）He doesn’t get up early as he u sed to.
（3）I’ll hand it in if I have to.
（4）—Would you like to come tonight ?
—I’d love to.
Tell , warn , order , advise , ask 等动词的宾语后面接动词不定式做宾语补足语时，可以省略to 后面的动词原形。
（1）He wanted to swim across the river but I warned him not to.
（2）The boy wanted to play football in the street, but his mother told him not to.
2. 注意：如果不定式符号to 后面是be 时，要保留be 。如果不定式用了完成式，要保留到助动词have 。
The city now is much noisier than it used to be.
这个城市比过去喧闹多了。
---- It seems that he has known the truth. —看来他已经知道了事实。
---- Yes, he seems to have. —是的，看来他好像知道了。
3. 如果不定式作表语，用于解释“do ”的内容，to 也常可省。
What I did was (to) lay the table.
我所做的是摆桌子。
5. 与特殊疑问句相关的省略
1. 特殊疑问句的回答形式有两种，一种是部分回答（即省略结构），一种是完全回答。 ----What do you suggest? —你有什么建议？
----(I suggest )Going fishing on Sunday. —周日钓鱼。
2. 由固定词组由what about, why not 等引导的疑问句式。
What about having a walk after supper?
饭后散步怎们样？
How come they left you alone here?
他们怎么会把你一个人留在这儿？
What if it rains?
倘若下雨怎么办？
Why not try again?
为什么不再试一次呢？
6. 独立主格结构中的分词若为being 或having been时，通常省去不用，意义不受影响。
The meeting (being) over, we all left the room.
会议结束了，我们都离开了房间。
All the tickets (having been) sold out, we had to go again the next day.
所有的票都卖完了，我们不得不第二天再去。
7. 与助动词相关的省略
---- Do you enjoy reading novels? —你喜欢读小说吗？
---- Yes, I do. —是的，我喜欢。
【提醒】有时为了句意或时态的需要，要保留两个助动词。
---- Did he attend the meeting?
----No, but he should have. He was supposed to give a speech at the meeting.
—他参加那个会议了吗？
—没有，但他本来应该参加的。他应该在会上作报告。
8. “so, not” 常用来替代从句，形成一种别样的省略结构。
so 用于替代肯定形式的从句，表示说话者赞同前述的事实，常和表示看法、意见等的动词(think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine, guess, say, hope, fear) 等连用。not 用于替代否定形式的从句，表示说话者不赞同前述的事实。
【提醒】当表示说话者不赞同前述的事实时，也可用借助于上述动词的否定形式和so 连用，
但afraid, fear, hope 等不能用此形式。
----- I hope he will win. —我希望他会赢。
----- I hope so, too. —我也希望如此。
-----It will rain tomorrow. —明天会下雨。
-----I believe not./ I don ’t think so. —我不这样认为。
9. 在条件句中的虚拟语气中若if 从句中含有should, had 或were ，那么就可省略if ，把这些词提到主语前，使用部分倒装结构。 Were I you /If I were you, I would go with her.
如果我是你的话，我就和她一起走。
Had you taken part in the party, you would have met the man.
如果你参加了那个聚会，你就会见到那个男人。
10. 与强调句式有关的省略
强调句式“It is/was+被强调部分+that+句子的剩余部分”有时承接上文，可以把句式中的“t hat+句子的剩余部分”省略。
---- Where did you find him? —你在什么地方找到的他？
----It was in the lab (that I found him). —是在实验室。
巩固练习
1. _____, I will help you with your work.
A. If I am possible B. If it possible C. If possible D. Possible
2. —Do you follow me? —Yes, _____.
A. it is good B. I will C. perfectly D. very good
3. —How are you getting on with your work ?
—Oh, I’m sorry. Things aren’t going so well as _____.
A. plans B. planning C. planned D. to plan
4. —Are you a teacher?
—No, but I _____. I worked in a middle school for three years.
A. am B. will C. do D. was
5. —How many poor counties will there be in our province by 2010?
—There will be only a few, if _____.
A. much B. some C. any D. many
6. —Why didn’t you come to Mike’s birthday party yesterday ?
—Well, I_____, but I forgot it.
A. should B. must C. should have D. must have
7. Doctors have said that as many as 50% of patients don’t take medicine _____.
A. like directed B. to be directed
C. as directed D. so that directed
8. --- I won’t do it any more. --- ________?
A. Why don’t B. Why don’t do it any more
C. Why not D. Why not to
9. Although ________ to stop, he kept on working.
A. tell B. telling C. having told D. told
10. --- Will you waste your time and money on that? --- Certainly ________.
A. I not B. don’t C. not D. no
11. --- Mary didn’t attend the lecture, did she? --- Yes, she ________.
A. attended B. didn’t attend C. didn’t D. did
12. --- What’s Joan doing? --- _________ newspapers in the room.
A. She reading B. She reads
C. To read D. Reading
13. _________ always succeed.
A. Honest and clever students B. Students who honest and clever
C. Honest students and clever D. Students are honest and clever
14. --- Can you climb that tree, my boy? --- __________ ?
A. I B. Myself C. Mine D. Me
15. Some people are against the plan but _______ support it.
A. any more B. many more C. much more D. no more
16. --- I’ll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat?
--- Not at all. _________.
A. I’ve no time B. I’d rather not C. I’d like to D. I’d be happy to
17. --- Why not go and have dinner in a restaurant? --- _________. It’s too expensive.
A. Why not B. I agree C. I’m afraid not D. I’m sure
18. When first ______ to the market, these products enjoyed great success.
(NMET 2004全国II)
A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced
19. It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when ______ at the meeting by my boss.
(NMET 2004全国IV)
A. questioning B. having questioned C. questioned D. to be questioned
20. What surprised me was not what he said but ______ he said it.
(NMET 2004湖北)
A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which
21. — Susan, will you please go and empty that drawer?
— ______?
（NMET 2004 I）
A. What for B. What is it C. How is it D. How come
22. Who can you turn to in time of danger, if not ______?
A. ourselves B. ours C. we D. us
23. — Did you visit the museum last week?
— No, we ______, but we spent too much time shopping.
A. could have B. could C. must have D. must
24. — Is your mother going to the supermarket？
— No，______.
A. she doesn’t B. she’s cooking C. she gets by bus D. to a tailor’s shop
25. — She may not be free today.
— ______，we’ll have to put the meeting off.
A. If may B. If not C. If she may not D. If she may not be free today
26. She hurriedly left the room as if ______.
A. she angry B. was angry C. it was angry D. angry
27. ______，I will help you with your work.
A. If I am possible B. If it possible C. If possible D. Possible
28. — Do you follow me？
— Yes，______.
A. it is good B. I will C. perfectly D. very good
29. — How many poor counties will there be in our province by 2010?
— There will be only a few, if ______.
A. much B. some C. any D. many
30. — How are you getting on with your work?
— Oh, I’m sorry. Things aren’t going so well as ______.
A. plans B. planning C. planned D. to plan
31. — Are you a teacher?
— No, but I ______. I worked in a middle school for three years.
A. am B. will C. do D. was
32. —I think we have done our work better than _____.
A. he B. he will C. he does D. he has
CCCDC CCCDC DDADB DCBCA ADADB DCCCC DD
省略句与高考
“省略句”是高二模块5第5单元学习的语法重点，又是学习的难点。在英语中，为了使句子简洁明快，突出重点，常用“省略句”，只要不影响句意的表达，能省略的成分尽可能省略。
一、 在含有状语从句的复合句中
由when ，while ，as, once，whenever 引导的时间状语从句；或由if ，unless 引导的条件状语从句；由though ，although ，even if ，even though引导的让步状语从句；由as though，as if，as 引导的方式状语从句；由because 引导的原因状语从句；由wherever 引导的地点状语从句，若从句的主句是it 或与主句的主语相同，且在谓语中含有be 时，常省略从句的主语和be 。
1. When first ________ to the market, these products enjoyed great success. (NMET 2004全国卷II)
A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced
2. It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when ________ at the meeting by my boss. (NMET 2004全国卷IV) A. questioning B. having questioned C. questioned D. to be questioned
3. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if ________ whether he was going in the right direction. (NMET 2003 安徽春) A. seeing B. having seen C. to have seen D. to see
4. Generally speaking, ________ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect. (NMET2003上海卷) A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken
5. Unless ________ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference. (NMET 2003上海春)
A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited
6. When ________ , the museum will be open to the public next year. (NMET 2002上海春)
A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed
7. Though ________ money, his parents man-aged to send him to university. (NMET 2002上海卷)
A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in
8. The research is so designed that once ________ nothing can be done to change it. (NMET 2002)
A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun
二、在限定性定语从句中
作宾语的关系代词that, which, whom可以省略；在以the same... as和such... as引导的定语从句中，可以省略与主句相同的部分；the way后面的定语从句中，可以省略that ，in which；在含被动语态的定语从句中，关系代词作主语时，可以省略关系代词和be, 省略之后, 变成过去分词短语作定语。
9. —You 're always working. Come on, let's go shopping.
— ________ you ever want to do is going shopping. (NMET 2002北京、安徽、内蒙古春)
A. Anything B. Something C. All D. That
10. Is this the reason ________ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?(NMET 2002上海春)
A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he explained
11. What surprised me was not what he said but ________ he said it. (NMET 2004湖北卷)
A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which
12. It is easy to do the repair. ________ you need is a hammer and some nails. (NMET 2004天津卷)
A. Something B. All C. Both D. Everything
13. That's an unpleasant thing to say about your father after ________ he's done for you. (NMET 2004全国卷) A. something B. anything C. all D. that
三、 在感官动词或短语中
在see ，watch ，hear ，feel ，observe ，notice ，listen to 等感官动词或短语及make ，have ，let 等使役动词之后的“宾语+不定式作宾语补足语” 结构中，不定式前省略to ；有时为了避免重复，常省略与上文表达相同意思的不定式符号to 之后的内容，只保留不定式符号；不定式在tell ，ask ， advise ， wish ， permit ， force 等动词后面作宾语补足语或主语补足语时，可以省略，但要保留不定式符号to ；不定式在happy ，glad ，eager ，ready ，willing 等形容词后面作状语时，可以省略，但要保留不定式符号to 。
14. As you've never been there before, I'll have someone ________ you the way. (MET 1990上海卷)
A. to show B. show C. showing D. showed
15. —I'll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat?
—Not at all, ________ . (NMET 1995)
A. I have no time B. I'd rather not C. I'd like it D. I'd be happy to
16. —Does your brother intend to study German?
—Yes, he intends ________ . (NMET 1998上海卷)
A. / B. to C. so D. that
17. —Would you like to go to the Grand Theatre with me tonight?
— ________ . (NMET 1999上海卷)
A. Yes, I'd like to go to the Grand Theatre B. I'd like to, but I have an exam tomorrow
C. No, I won't D. That's right
18. —You should have thanked her before you left.
—I meant ________ , but when I was leaving I couldn't find her anywhere. (NMET 2000北京春招卷) A. to do B. to C. doing D. doing to
四、 在if 引导的虚拟条件句中
在if 引导的虚拟语气条件句中含有had ，were ，should 时，可以把had ，were ，should 放在句首，省略if 。
20. ________ for the free tickets, I would not have gone to the films so often. (NMET 1995上海卷)
A. If it is not B. Were C. Had it not been D. If they were not
五、 在否定结构中
由nor ，neither 等引导的连续否定的句子也是一种省略句，这种句子在意思上与前面的句子是相同的，而且主谓用倒装。
21. I will know what was on his mind at the time, nor will ________ . (NMET 2004 江苏卷)
A. anyone B. anyone else C. no one D. no one else
22. Of the making of good books there is no end; neither ________ any end to their influence on man's lives. (NMET 2004 广东卷) A. there is B. there are C. is there D. are there