一、定语从句 限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切，对先行词起限制作用，前后无逗号隔开，如果去掉限制性定语从句，原句意义不完整。从句由who 、whom 、whose 、which 或that 引导。 非限制性定语从句与主句的关系不很密切，通常是对主句做进一步说明或解释，并且用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句去掉后，原句剩余部分意义仍然完整。非限制性定语从句不能用that 引导，只能用who 、whom 、whose 或which 引导。 例子： The traverlers who knew about the floods took another road. 知道发大水的旅客走了另一条路。（指部分旅客，限制性） The traverlers, who knew about the floods ,took another road. 旅客都知道发大水了，他们走了另一条路。（指全部的旅客，非限制性） 二、状语从句 状语从句是在句子中做状语的从句，由从属连词引导，主要分为八大项： 1、时间状语从句、 2、地点状语从句、 3、目的状语从句、
4、结果状语从句、 5、原因状语从句、 6、条件状语从句、 7、让步状语从句、 8、比较状语从句。 1、时间状语从句，引导词＂when 、while 、as 、until(till)、not until、since 、ever since、each time、whenever 、once 、the moment 、as soon as 、no sooner...than 、scarcely/hardly...before/when＂ eg: when I reached the booking office,all the tickets had been sold. while there is life there is hope. Bill sang as he worked. I will stay at my office until(till) it stops snowing. Until you told me I had no idea of what mary said. Not until the teacher came did we begin the experiment. He has been riding since he was six. Each time I meet him,I talk seriously to him. She said she would phone me the moment she reached there . once you begin to learn korean,you will find it interesting. no sooner had the picnic baskets been unpacked than it began to rain. Scarcely had the lights been turned off when he fell asleep. 2、地点状语从句，引导词" where 、wherever ” eg : A driver should slow down where there are many houses. He wanted to go wherever he could find work. 3、目的状语从句，引导词"so that 、 in order that 、lest 、for fear that 、in case" eg: The chairman hurried the meeting so that/in order that it might end before dark. The President must reject this proposal lest it should cause violence. Shut the window for fear that it may rain. Take you umbrella in case it rains. 4、结果状语从句，引导词"so that 、so/such...that、 such that 、that " eg: Our camp is so far from the highway that we feel apart from the world when we are there. He made such a marvelous speech that he won warm applause. His answer was such that he didn't say yes and he didn't say no. 5、原因状语从句，引导词"because 、as 、since 、now that、seeing that、considering that、in that" eg: I teach because I enjoy finding ways of getting myself and my students out of the ivory tower and into the real world. As women were not supposed to be novelists,the writer took the name George Eliot. Since no one is against it,we will adopt the proposal. Now that you are all here,let's try to discuss the problem. Mary has done very well considering she has only one year experience of teaching. I like the city,but I like the country better in that I have more friends here. 6、条件状语从句，引导词"if 、unless 、so/as long as 、provided that 、providing that 、on condition that 、suppose that 、supposing that 、when 、in case" eg:Supposing we can't get the necessary funds,what shall we do? You can camp in my field provided that you leave no mess. 7、让步状语从句，引导词"though 、although 、 even though(even if)、as 、while 、疑问词 +ever (no matter+疑问词结构)" eg：Though Jimmy was very tired,he kept on working. He insisted on doing it although I wanted him not to. John said he would;he didn't ,although. Even though I become a millionaire, I shall always be thrifty with my money. Difficult as the experiment was,it was well done by them. While I admit his good points,I can see his shortcomings. You will have the same result,whichever(no matter which) way you do it. Come and see me,whenever(no matter when) you are in Paris. 8、比较状语从句，引导词"as...as 、 not so/as...as 、more/-er...than" eg ：She is as tall as Tom. She is not as/so tall as Tom is. She behaves more politely than him. The house is much taller than it is wide. 三、宾语从句： 宾语从句分为三类：动词的宾语从句，介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。 宾语从句用法 时态： 1. 主句用一般现在时，从句可用任意时态。 2. 主句用过去时，从句用过
去某个时态。 3. 主句用过去时，从句是客观真理时，只用一般现在时。 宾语从句的连接词 从属连词 连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that,if,whether. that 引导表示陈述句的宾语从句, if 和whether 引导表示“是否”的一般疑问句的宾语从句. He told me (that he would) go to the college the next year 他告诉我他明年上大学. I don ’t know if there will be a bus any more. 我不知道是否还会有公交车. Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam. 没有人知道他是否会通过考试. 连接代词 连接代词主要有who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever等. 连接代词一般指疑问, 但what, whatever除了指疑问外, 也可以指陈述. Do you know who has won Red Alert game? 你知道是谁赢得了红色警戒的游戏么？ The book will show you what the best CEOs should know. 这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解什么. Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone? 你决定好是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的电话了吗? 连接副词 连接副词主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however 等. He didn ’t tell me when we should meet again. 他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面. Could you please tell me how you use the new panel? 你能告诉我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗? None of us knows where these new parts can be bought. 没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到. （一）动词的宾语从句 大多数动词都可以带宾语从句 We all expect that they will win , for members of their team are stronger. 我们都预料他们会赢, 因为他们的队员更强壮. He told us that they would help us through the whole work. 他告诉我们在整个工作中, 他们都会帮忙的. 部分“动词+副词”结构也可以带宾语从句 I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out. 我发现这场音乐会的所有票都卖光了. Can you work out how much we will spend during the trip? 你能计算出这次旅行我们将花费多少钱吗? 动词短语也可以带宾语从句 常见的这些词有: make sure确保 make up one’s mind下决心 keep in mind牢记 Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in. 在上交试卷前确保没有任何错误. 可运用形式宾语it 代替的宾语从句 ①动词find,feel,consider,make,believe 等后面有宾语补足语的时候, 则需要用it 做形式宾语而将that 宾语从句后置. I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day . 我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的. I feel it a pity that I haven’t been to the get-together. 我没去聚会, 感觉非常遗憾. I have made it a rule that I keep diaries. 我每天写日记成了习惯. We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this matter. 我们都认为对这件事马上做出决定很重要. ②有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语与从句前加it 这类动词主要有:hate, take , owe, have, see to. I hate it when they with their mouths full of food. 我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话. He will have it that our plan is really practical. 他会认为我们的计划确实可行. We take it that you will agree with us. 我们认为你会同意我们的. When you start the engine, you must see to it that car is in neutral. 开启发动机时, 一定要使汽车的离合器处于空挡位置. ③若宾语从句是wh-类, 则不可用it 代替 We all consider what you said to be unbelievable. 我们都认为你所说的是不可信的. We discovered what we had learned to be valuable. 我们发现我们所学到的东西都是有用的. （二）介词的宾语从句 用wh-类的介词宾语从句 We are talking about whether we admit students into our club. 我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部. The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space. 这本新书是关于神州6号载人航天飞船是如何升入太空的. 用that,if 引导的介词宾语从句 有时候except,but,besides 三个介词后可见到that 引导的宾语从句 I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company. 对于我的新邻居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班, 其他一无所知. （三）形容词的宾语从句 常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有: sure,certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprised I am sure I will pass the exam. 我确信我会通过考试. I am sorry that I have troubled you so long. 很抱歉我这
么长时间在打扰你. He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill. 他很高兴在他生病的时候李明能去看望他. if,whether在宾语从句中的区别 ① if和whether 在作“是否”解时, 引导宾语从句常放在动词know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后, 介词后一般不用if ② 少数动词, 如:leave,put,discuss,doubt后的宾语从句常用whether. ③ whether后可以加or not,但是if 不可以. ④ 在不定式前只能用whether. （如：I can’t decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。） ⑤ 避免歧异时, 我们常用whether 而不用if. 哪些宾语从句不可以省略引导词that 当that 作learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold 等动词的宾语时; 当宾语从句较长时; 当主语状语置于主句尾, 宾语从句之前时; 当主语谓语动词(包括非谓语动词) 与宾语从句之间有插入语时; 当一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时, 此时第一个that 可以省略, 第二个that 不可以省略; 当宾语从句中的主语是this,that 或this,that 做主语的定语时; 当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时; 当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时; 当主语中的谓语动词是固定词组时; 当宾语从句有it 做其先行词时; 在直接引语中, 转述分句把宾语从句隔开时.
一、定语从句 限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切，对先行词起限制作用，前后无逗号隔开，如果去掉限制性定语从句，原句意义不完整。从句由who 、whom 、whose 、which 或that 引导。 非限制性定语从句与主句的关系不很密切，通常是对主句做进一步说明或解释，并且用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句去掉后，原句剩余部分意义仍然完整。非限制性定语从句不能用that 引导，只能用who 、whom 、whose 或which 引导。 例子： The traverlers who knew about the floods took another road. 知道发大水的旅客走了另一条路。（指部分旅客，限制性） The traverlers, who knew about the floods ,took another road. 旅客都知道发大水了，他们走了另一条路。（指全部的旅客，非限制性） 二、状语从句 状语从句是在句子中做状语的从句，由从属连词引导，主要分为八大项： 1、时间状语从句、 2、地点状语从句、 3、目的状语从句、
4、结果状语从句、 5、原因状语从句、 6、条件状语从句、 7、让步状语从句、 8、比较状语从句。 1、时间状语从句，引导词＂when 、while 、as 、until(till)、not until、since 、ever since、each time、whenever 、once 、the moment 、as soon as 、no sooner...than 、scarcely/hardly...before/when＂ eg: when I reached the booking office,all the tickets had been sold. while there is life there is hope. Bill sang as he worked. I will stay at my office until(till) it stops snowing. Until you told me I had no idea of what mary said. Not until the teacher came did we begin the experiment. He has been riding since he was six. Each time I meet him,I talk seriously to him. She said she would phone me the moment she reached there . once you begin to learn korean,you will find it interesting. no sooner had the picnic baskets been unpacked than it began to rain. Scarcely had the lights been turned off when he fell asleep. 2、地点状语从句，引导词" where 、wherever ” eg : A driver should slow down where there are many houses. He wanted to go wherever he could find work. 3、目的状语从句，引导词"so that 、 in order that 、lest 、for fear that 、in case" eg: The chairman hurried the meeting so that/in order that it might end before dark. The President must reject this proposal lest it should cause violence. Shut the window for fear that it may rain. Take you umbrella in case it rains. 4、结果状语从句，引导词"so that 、so/such...that、 such that 、that " eg: Our camp is so far from the highway that we feel apart from the world when we are there. He made such a marvelous speech that he won warm applause. His answer was such that he didn't say yes and he didn't say no. 5、原因状语从句，引导词"because 、as 、since 、now that、seeing that、considering that、in that" eg: I teach because I enjoy finding ways of getting myself and my students out of the ivory tower and into the real world. As women were not supposed to be novelists,the writer took the name George Eliot. Since no one is against it,we will adopt the proposal. Now that you are all here,let's try to discuss the problem. Mary has done very well considering she has only one year experience of teaching. I like the city,but I like the country better in that I have more friends here. 6、条件状语从句，引导词"if 、unless 、so/as long as 、provided that 、providing that 、on condition that 、suppose that 、supposing that 、when 、in case" eg:Supposing we can't get the necessary funds,what shall we do? You can camp in my field provided that you leave no mess. 7、让步状语从句，引导词"though 、although 、 even though(even if)、as 、while 、疑问词 +ever (no matter+疑问词结构)" eg：Though Jimmy was very tired,he kept on working. He insisted on doing it although I wanted him not to. John said he would;he didn't ,although. Even though I become a millionaire, I shall always be thrifty with my money. Difficult as the experiment was,it was well done by them. While I admit his good points,I can see his shortcomings. You will have the same result,whichever(no matter which) way you do it. Come and see me,whenever(no matter when) you are in Paris. 8、比较状语从句，引导词"as...as 、 not so/as...as 、more/-er...than" eg ：She is as tall as Tom. She is not as/so tall as Tom is. She behaves more politely than him. The house is much taller than it is wide. 三、宾语从句： 宾语从句分为三类：动词的宾语从句，介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。 宾语从句用法 时态： 1. 主句用一般现在时，从句可用任意时态。 2. 主句用过去时，从句用过
去某个时态。 3. 主句用过去时，从句是客观真理时，只用一般现在时。 宾语从句的连接词 从属连词 连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that,if,whether. that 引导表示陈述句的宾语从句, if 和whether 引导表示“是否”的一般疑问句的宾语从句. He told me (that he would) go to the college the next year 他告诉我他明年上大学. I don ’t know if there will be a bus any more. 我不知道是否还会有公交车. Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam. 没有人知道他是否会通过考试. 连接代词 连接代词主要有who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever等. 连接代词一般指疑问, 但what, whatever除了指疑问外, 也可以指陈述. Do you know who has won Red Alert game? 你知道是谁赢得了红色警戒的游戏么？ The book will show you what the best CEOs should know. 这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解什么. Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone? 你决定好是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的电话了吗? 连接副词 连接副词主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however 等. He didn ’t tell me when we should meet again. 他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面. Could you please tell me how you use the new panel? 你能告诉我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗? None of us knows where these new parts can be bought. 没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到. （一）动词的宾语从句 大多数动词都可以带宾语从句 We all expect that they will win , for members of their team are stronger. 我们都预料他们会赢, 因为他们的队员更强壮. He told us that they would help us through the whole work. 他告诉我们在整个工作中, 他们都会帮忙的. 部分“动词+副词”结构也可以带宾语从句 I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out. 我发现这场音乐会的所有票都卖光了. Can you work out how much we will spend during the trip? 你能计算出这次旅行我们将花费多少钱吗? 动词短语也可以带宾语从句 常见的这些词有: make sure确保 make up one’s mind下决心 keep in mind牢记 Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in. 在上交试卷前确保没有任何错误. 可运用形式宾语it 代替的宾语从句 ①动词find,feel,consider,make,believe 等后面有宾语补足语的时候, 则需要用it 做形式宾语而将that 宾语从句后置. I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day . 我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的. I feel it a pity that I haven’t been to the get-together. 我没去聚会, 感觉非常遗憾. I have made it a rule that I keep diaries. 我每天写日记成了习惯. We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this matter. 我们都认为对这件事马上做出决定很重要. ②有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语与从句前加it 这类动词主要有:hate, take , owe, have, see to. I hate it when they with their mouths full of food. 我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话. He will have it that our plan is really practical. 他会认为我们的计划确实可行. We take it that you will agree with us. 我们认为你会同意我们的. When you start the engine, you must see to it that car is in neutral. 开启发动机时, 一定要使汽车的离合器处于空挡位置. ③若宾语从句是wh-类, 则不可用it 代替 We all consider what you said to be unbelievable. 我们都认为你所说的是不可信的. We discovered what we had learned to be valuable. 我们发现我们所学到的东西都是有用的. （二）介词的宾语从句 用wh-类的介词宾语从句 We are talking about whether we admit students into our club. 我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部. The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space. 这本新书是关于神州6号载人航天飞船是如何升入太空的. 用that,if 引导的介词宾语从句 有时候except,but,besides 三个介词后可见到that 引导的宾语从句 I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company. 对于我的新邻居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班, 其他一无所知. （三）形容词的宾语从句 常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有: sure,certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprised I am sure I will pass the exam. 我确信我会通过考试. I am sorry that I have troubled you so long. 很抱歉我这
么长时间在打扰你. He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill. 他很高兴在他生病的时候李明能去看望他. if,whether在宾语从句中的区别 ① if和whether 在作“是否”解时, 引导宾语从句常放在动词know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后, 介词后一般不用if ② 少数动词, 如:leave,put,discuss,doubt后的宾语从句常用whether. ③ whether后可以加or not,但是if 不可以. ④ 在不定式前只能用whether. （如：I can’t decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。） ⑤ 避免歧异时, 我们常用whether 而不用if. 哪些宾语从句不可以省略引导词that 当that 作learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold 等动词的宾语时; 当宾语从句较长时; 当主语状语置于主句尾, 宾语从句之前时; 当主语谓语动词(包括非谓语动词) 与宾语从句之间有插入语时; 当一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时, 此时第一个that 可以省略, 第二个that 不可以省略; 当宾语从句中的主语是this,that 或this,that 做主语的定语时; 当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时; 当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时; 当主语中的谓语动词是固定词组时; 当宾语从句有it 做其先行词时; 在直接引语中, 转述分句把宾语从句隔开时.