English for international business
Lesson one
Sentences
A.企业和政府从事国际商务可采用的经营方式
The modes of operation enterprises and governments can use when pursuing international business.
B.通过进出口贸易参加国际商务活动
Get involved in international business through importing and exporting.
C.作为各国国际性收入主要来源的商品出口
Merchandise exports, the major source of international revenue for all countries.
D.服务进出口是各国日趋重要的国际商务方式
Service exports and imports are an increasingly more important mode of international business for all countries.
E.旅游业收入成为美国外汇收入的重要来源
Earnings from foreign tourism have been an important source of foreign exchange earning for the United States.
F.给予一家外国经销商销售产品的许可证
License a foreign distributor to sell one’s products.
G.通过许可别人使用商标等资产赚取使用费
Earn royalties from allowing others to use their trademarks and other assets. H.二次大战后对外直接投资在全世界迅速扩展
After the second world war, foreign direct investment increased rapidly throughout the world.
I.东道国企业掌握过半数所有权的合资企业
A joint venture in which the enterprise from the host country holds a controlling interest.
J.有价证券投资是对外间接投资的主要形式
Portfolio investment is the main form of foreign indirect investment.
K.通过不同手段从事服务进出口的本国企业
Domestic enterprises which engage in service exports and imports through different means.
L.跨国企业对国外市场和生产采取全球性方法
Multinational enterprises take a global approach to foreign markets and production. M.跨国公司在战后国际商务的发展中起积极作用
Multinational corporations played an essential role in the development of international business in the postwar era.
N.学术界对各种方式的国际商务所开展的研究
Research on different modes of international business conducted by academic circles. O.战后，越来越多国家的企业和政府参与除进出口贸易以外的各种方式的国际商务活动
In the postwar period, increasingly large numbers of enterprises and governments of different countries were involved in different modes of international business in addition to exporting and importing.
P.这个风景优美的国家的旅游业对该国经济增长极为重要，可能在未来的岁月里赚得成倍增长的外汇
The tourist industry of this scenic country, which is of critical importance to the country’s economic growth, is likely to double and redouble its foreign exchange earnings in the coming year.
Q.这家经营汽车的跨国公司是从全球角度从事生产和销售的，近年来已将它在中国的经营活动融入其全球性经营计划
The multinational corporation doing auto business, which undertakes production and marketing on a global basis, has integrated its operations in China into its global business program in recent years.
R.为了降低成本和扩大外销，不少发达国家的跨国企业将它们的设备和人员与资本一起转移到低成本的发展中国家
Tn order to reduce costs and increase foreign sales, the multinational enterprises of many developed countries have transferred their equipment and personnel along with their capital to low-cost developing countries.
S.最近，商务部部长指出，我国必须大力增加出口，以换取我国迫切需要的商品和服务，并应积极吸引外国投资，促进我国经济迅速发展
The commerce minister stated recently that our country must vigorously expand exports in exchange for the merchandise and services our country urgently needs and should also be active in attracting foreign investment fo so as to promote the rapid economic development of our country.
Lesson 3
Sentence
A.许多国家和地区工农业生产的巨大增长
Tremendous growth in many countries and regions, industrial and agricultural production
B.导致工业国对食品和原料的需求迅速增长
Resulting in industrial countries, the rapidly growing demand for food and raw materials
C.增至十五倍的工业品进口量
Increased to fifteen times the amount of industrial imports
D.对发展中国家农业出口产品需求的剧烈增长
Intense growth of agricultural exports in developing countries needs
E.对棉花和天然橡胶等天然原料需求的减少
Cotton and natural rubber and other natural raw materials needs to reduce
F.合成代用品生产的发展及其产量的增加
The development of synthetic substitutes production and increase in production G.有助于发展中国家的工业发展和经济增长
Help developing countries' industrial development and economic growth
H.国际贸易对各国经济发展重要的有益作用
The beneficial effects of the economic development of countries in international trade I.有助于欠发达国家制造业和制成品生产的发展
To help less developed countries, manufacturing and finished goods production J.刺激和促进发达与发展中国家间资本的流动
Stimulate and promote capital flows between developed and developing countries
K.新技术和新的管理技能的传送手段
Means of transmission of new technologies and new management skills
L.从国际贸易获得巨大好处的欠发达国家
Huge benefits from international trade in less developed countries
M.国际贸易与长期经济发展之间的关系
The relationship between international trade and long-term economic development
N.以更快的速度从发达国家吸收先进技术
To absorb advanced technology from developed countries at a faster rate
O.国际贸易的产生和发展，促进了各国再生产过程的正常运行和不断扩大，提高了生产力水平，并促进了生产国际化和资本国际化，其他方面的经济发展。（reproduction再生产，productive forces生产力，promote促进，contribute to有助于）
The emergence and development of international trade, promote the normal operation of the national process of reproduction, and continues to expand, improve level of productive forces, and to promote the internationalization of production and the internationalization of capital and other aspects of economic development.
P.凯恩斯及其追随者着重于出口对就业和收入的作用，他们认为贸易顺差可以扩大支付手段，压低利率，刺激物价上涨，增加投资，从而有助于国内危机的缓和与就业的扩大。（focus on专注于，means of payment支付手段，alleviation缓和） Keynes and his followers focused on the role of exports on employment and income, they think that the trade surplus can expand the means of payment, low interest rates to stimulate the rising prices, increased investment and thus contribute to the easing of domestic crisis and the expansion of employment.
Q.另一些经济学家认为，国际贸易的兴起和发展，会使商品的市场扩大，从而推动技术进步和生产过程的改善，促进产量增加，并使投资结构发生变化，从而促进整个国民经济的发展。（process of production生产过程，spur较高的，national economy国民经济）
Some economists argue that the rise and development of international trade, make the commodities market to expand, so as to promote technological progress and the improvement of the production process, to promote increased production and investment changes in the structure, thus contributing to the development of the national economy as a whole.
R.发展中国家发展对外贸易导致外汇收人增加和外国先进技术的引进，它在弥补这些国家资本短缺、促进它们的技术进步中起着重要的作用。（bring about实现，play a role in 发挥作用）
Development of foreign trade in developing countries led to the increase in foreign exchange income and the introduction of foreign advanced technology, it make up for the shortage of capital of these countries to promote their technical progress plays an important role.
S.多年来，在吸收外资的同时，中国全力发展对外贸易，大量进口精密的机械设备和尖端技术，大量出口各种工农业产品，有力地促进了经济发展和杜会主义现
代化的实现。（along with随着，sophisticated复杂的，contribute to有助于，achievement成就）
Over the years, while foreign investment, China's effort to develop foreign trade, import large quantities of sophisticated machinery and equipment and cutting-edge technology, a large number of exporting a variety of industrial and agricultural products, to promote economic development and social modernization.
与就业的扩大。
Lesson 4
Sentence
A.非关税贸易壁垒对国家经营活动的影响
The impact of nontariff barriers to trade on international operations
B.求助非关税贸易壁垒以保护期缺乏竞争力的产业
Resort to nontariff trade barriers for protection of its uncompetitive industries
C.把相当大的注意力放在消除国际贸易的的障碍上
Devote considerable attention to the removal of barriers to international trade.
D.阻碍国际商品和服务的自由流动
Impede the free flow of merchandise and services between nations.
E.旨在放宽对进口商品限制的法规条例
Laws and regulations designed to relax restrictions on imports.
F.对来自发展中国家的某些产品实施进口配额
Impose import quotas on some products from developing countries.
G.对生产重要出口商品的厂商给予特惠
Give preference to manufacturers producing important export commodities. H.估计每年达200亿美元的该国农产品出口销售额
The export sales of that country’s agricultural products estimated at $20 billion per year.
I.歧视来自发展中国家的中、低档纺织品
Discriminate against medium- and low- level textiles from developing countries. J.把某些国家排除在得到优惠的国家之外
Exclude some countries from the rank of countries which are given preference. K.干扰各国间正常的交易和经贸关系
Interfere with the normal transactions and economic and trade relations between nations.
L.反对美国对来自该亚洲国家的进口货征收抵消关税
Object to countervailing duties on imports from that Asian country imposed by the United States.
M.由减少贸易潜在利益的进口限制所造成的扭曲
Distortions arising from import restrictions which reduce potential gains from trade. N.约略计算外国商品需求曲线的弹性
A rough calculation of the elasticity of the demand curve for foreign goods.
O.非关税壁垒是指以进口数量限制为特点的贸易保护主义措施，它们被发达国家和有些发展中国家用来干扰和阻碍商品和服务在国际间的自由流动
Nontariff trade barriers, which refer to the protectionist measures characterized by quantitative import restrictions, are used by developed countries and some
developing countries to interfere with and impede the free flow of merchandise and services between nations.
P.70年代中期以来，由于世界性经济危机爆发，加上国际市场争夺加剧，因而发达国家不得不求助于旨在限制进口的非关税壁垒，力图克服困难。
Since the mid-1970s, as a result of the outbreak of the global economic crises, accompanied by the intensification of contention for international markets, the
developed countries have been forced to resort to nontariff trade barriers designed to restrict imports, in an attempt to overcome their difficulties.
Q.非关税壁垒同关税壁垒一样，起到限制进口、引起进口过国内市场物价上涨的作用，加重了西方发达国家人民的负担。
Like tariff trade barriers, nontariff trade barriers have the effects of restricting imports and bringing about price increases in the domestic market of an importing country, thus imposing a heavy burden on the people of western developed countries. R.近年来，美国实施的一些贸易政策和条例对中国加以歧视，并对中国向美国出口的一些产品实行严格限制。
In recent years, some trade policies and regulations carried out by the United States have discriminated against China and imposed severe restrictions on some of its exports to the United States.
S.今后，美国及其他西方国家仍然很可能对中国的纺织品等劳动密集型产品的出口施加限制，中国对此将坚决反对。
It is likely that in the future the United States and other Western countries will still impose restrictions on the exports of China’s textiles and other labor-intensive products, to which China will strongly object.
Lesson 5
Sentence
A.按既定的公司方针开始处理出口订单
Initiate the processing of an export order according to the established company policy.
B.仔细查对和记录出口商所收到的订单的来源
A careful check and log of origin that the order was received by exporter.
C.出口商必须充分了解外国顾客的具体要求
The exporter must understand fully what the foreign customer actually wants.
D.对进口商的信用进行认真的审查
Conduct a careful check on the foreign importer’s credit
E.得到一份关于买方信用状况的信用报告
Obtain a credit report on the credit sanding of the buyer
F.买方与买方就销售条款和条件进行洽商
Buyer and seller negotiate the sales terms and conditions
G.出口合同中说明的买卖上方的义务
The obligations of buyers and seller stated in the export contract.
H.出口合同中说明的产品、价格、交货方法等条款
The terms such as product, price and method of delivery stated in the export contract. I.出口货物在商定的交货地点合理交付
Reasonably deliver the export goods at the negotiated point of delivery. J.出口货物在商定的发货地点准时发货
Ship on tie the export goods at the negotiated point o shipment.
K.出口货物的所有权在交货地点转移
Title to the export goods is transferred at the point of delivery.
L.取得进口许可证以符合进口国的进口条例
Obtain an import license in order to conform to the importing country’s import regulations.
M.货物到达目得地后通过海关对货物的处理
Process the goods through customs after they have arrived at the point of destination N.完成出口交易所需要的各种单证的获得
Obtain the documents that are required to complete the export transaction
O.为了高效率的将货物移动到进口国，出口企业必须履行包含出口交易中一系列活动的三项必不可少的职能
In order to move efficiently the goods to importing country, the export firm must perform three essential functions involving a series of activities in the export transaction.
P.在进行一项出口交易之前，出口商必须或者通过一份国际信用报告审查新顾客的财务和信用状况，或者复查老顾客的信用状况和支付记录
Before an export transaction is carried out, the exporter must either conduct a check on the new customer’s financial and credit standing through an international credit report or revise the old customer’s credit standing and payment record.
Q.作为出口过程的重要组成部分，进口商和出口商必须就销售条款和条件、双方的义务以及销售合同的其他条款进行洽商
As an important component of the export process, the exporter and importer negotiate the sales terms and conditions, the obligations of both parties, and other terms of the sales contract.
R.出口商与进口商之间就销售条款和条件所达成的协议成为一个有约束力的合同，它经过买卖双方以书面形式确认后就是双方都能接受的确定的承诺,
An agreement that the exporter and importer have entered into on sales terms and conditions becomes a binding contract, which is a firm commitment that is acceptable to both buyer and seller after it is confirmed by both parties in writing.
S.在整个出口过程中，常常要求进口上去的一份进口许可证，有时还有一份外汇许可证，以符合进口国的进口条例，并使货物能顺利地到达进口商。
In the whole export process, the importer is often required to obtain an import license and sometimes also a foreign exchange permit in order that the goods conform to the importing country’s import regulations and smoothly reach the importer. Lesson 8
sentence
A.出口公司完成产品向消费或使用地的输送和装卸
The exporting company has encompassed the movement and handling of products outward to points of consumption or use
B.海洋、航空、铁路、卡车和内河这五种基本运输方式
Five basic modes of transportation: ocean, air, rail, truck, and inland water
C.运输方式的选择取决于费用、时间和安全的全面考虑
The choice of the modes of transportation is determined by a combination of cost,
time and security.
D.运费较低的和货运量大是海洋运输的两个基本特点
Relatively low transportation costs and handling large shipments are two basic characteristics of ocean transportation.
E.国际货运中发展最快和日渐重要的空运
Are transport which is fastest growing and increasingly important in international freight transportation
F.在美国出口贸易中占较小份额的铁路和卡车运输
Rail and truck shipments which constitute a relatively small portion of the export trade of the United States.
G.在一些欧洲国家间装运巨量货物的内河运输
Inland water transportation which carries large quantities of goods among some countries in Europe.
H.由熟悉运输条件的出口商最终选择货运的确切
The exact freight transportation route is finally selected by the exporter fully acquainted with shipping conditions
I.保护货物在运往国外过程中所遭受的灭失或损坏
Protect goods from loss or damage to then during their physical movement from seller to buyer
J.赔偿货物在运往国外过程中所遭受的灭失或损坏
Reimburse the owner of goods being transported to overseas markets for any losses or damages incurred
K.因货物安全到达而受益或因货物灭失、损坏或滞留而受损
Benefit from the safe arrival of the cargo or get injured by its loss, damage, or detention
L.该出口企业保持一家可靠的海上保险公司的预订保险单
The exporting firm maintains an open policy with a reliable marine insurance company
M.该航空公司对有些装运的货物提供优先的保险范围
The airline provides a limited amount of insurance coverage on shipments of some goods
N.出口商按到岸价格向买主报价时必须提供海上保险
The exporter must furnish marine insurance when he quotes a CIF price to a buyer
O.铁路运输在出口贸易中载运量大，运输速度快，不易受季节、气候条件的影响，可常年地、定期地、有规律和准确地进行。
In export trade, railroad transportation which is characterized by large shipments and high speed of transportation and is not subject to seasonal changes and climatic conditions, can be undertaken regularly, systematically, accurately and throughout the year.
P.航空运输能保证体积小、重量轻、价值高和时间性强的货物迅速、准时到达目的地，它在国际贸易运输中所占的比重不断上升。
Air transportation, which ensures the quick and punctual arrival at a destination of goods of small size, light weight and high value as well as those of timeliness, has
accounted for an increasing share in the transportation in international trade.
R.在外贸运输过程中，因运输工具发生意外事故而使货物遭受全损或部分损失，保险人应负责赔偿。
The insurance is obligated to compensate for a total loss or partial loss or damage to goods incurred in an accident to the carrier in the process of transportation in international trade.
S.国际航空运输中被保险货物由市价跌落、运输迟延所造成的损失或费用，保险人不负责赔偿。
The insurer is not obligated to compensate for any losses or costs accounted for by decreases in the prices and delays in the transportation of goods insured in the process of international air transportation.
T.这家出口公司熟悉运输和保险事务的部门经理，在接受国外订货后，负责安排出口货物的运输和保险。
The departmental manager of an exporting firm, who is acquainted with shipping and insurance matters, arranges for shipping and insurance of export goods after receiving an order for goods from abroad.
Lesson 9
Sentence
A.符合国际贸易支付业务的要求和政府管制出口的法规
Meet requirements for international commercial payment transactions and government regulations controlling exporting
B.每次出口发货所需的各种单证和涉及的当事人
Various documents required for each export shipment and the parties involved in it
C.单证不齐或制作不当导致延迟的发货
Incomplete or improperly prepared documents lead to delays in shipment
D.由某些单证的差错所引起的罚款和没收货物
Fines and confiscation of goods resulting from errors in some documents E.向国外发货需要在出口港提交的出口申报单
An export declaration presented at the port of exit which is required for the shipment of goods abroad
F.出口货物的目的地、详细名称以及申报价值
The destination of export goods, a full description of them and their declared value G.商业发票上所标明的货物商标和包装数量
The trademark and the number of packages of the merchandise shown on the commercial invoice
H.清楚说明的货物单价和装运的货物总价
The specified price per unit of the merchandise and the total price of the shipment I.商业发票所标明的报价的性质的付款条件
The nature of the price quotation and the term of payment shown on the commercial invoice
J.用以收集有关出口货物统计数据的出口申报单
An export declaration used to collect statistical data on exports
K.进口商所在国的政府代表向出口商签发的领事发票
A consular invoice made out to the exporter by the government representative of
the importer’s country
L.装箱单逐项记载的装运货物中的货箱或集装箱内容on the packing list The contents of cases or containers in a shipment sated, item by item, M.为证明货物原产地而由某一机构签发的单证
Documents certifying the place of origin of the merchandise issued by a certain agency
N.应进口商的要求而有不同机构签发的各种特别检验证书
Various special inspection certificates issued by different authorities at the request of the importer
O.在出口交易中，要求出口企业递交由它自己和其他单位或政府部门签发的各类单证，这是履行出口合同的一部分
In export transactions, the export firm is required to present various documents issued by itself and other units or government agencies, which represents the partial fulfillment of export contractual obligations
P.商业发票是出口商向进口商开立的、凭以向进口商收款的发货清单，它是买卖双方交接货物和结算货款的主要单据
A commercial invoice, which is a list of delivery sent to the importer by the exporter and with which the latter receives payment from the former, is the major document for the delivery of goods and clearance of accounts between the seller and the buyer.
Q.海运提单是有船长或承运人的代理所签发，证明收到指定的货物，并保证将货物运至指定的目的地交付收货人的单证
An ocean bill of lading, a document issued by the captain or an agent of the
carrier, certifies the receipt of the specified goods and ensures the shipment of them to the named destination and the delivery of them to the consignee.
R.特别检验证书是商检机构对进出口货物包装容器或运输工具进行指定项目的检验、鉴定后出具的证明书
Special inspection certificates are those issued by the commodity inspection agency after its inspection and identification of the content of containers or means of transport in the shipment of import and export goods.
S.原产地证明书的目的在于证明货物原产地或制造地，它通常是进口过海关对进口货物采取不同的国别政策和关税待遇的依据。
The adoption by the customs of the importing country of different policies toward and different kinds of tariff treatment for imports from different countries is based on certificate of origin, which is designed to certify the place of origin or production of the merchandise.
Lesson 10
Sentence
A.国际商业付款方式的选择，除了取决于交易对方的信用状况外，还取决于资金负担、市场情况以及费用和手续等状况
Apart from the credit standing of your trade partner, the choice of commercial payment is also determined by capital burden, market condition as well as expenses and formality.
B.对于出口商来说，信用证使出了预付货款以外最有利的付款方式，他通常只要在出口的将合格单据提交指定银行就可收款
From exporter’s position, letter of credit is the most beneficial terms of payment for him except for cash in advance since he can receive the payment only provided he present the proper documents to the named bank.
C.开立信用证后，若卖方提交合适单据，买房就必须付款，但由于卖方有时不能遵守合同条款，因此买方需承担买房的信用风险
With the issuance of L/C, the buyer must pay if the seller presents the proper documents. Therefore, the buyer has to assume the seller’s credit risk due to the seller’s failure to comply with the terms in the contract sometimes.
D.汇票是出口商开出的、命令作为受票人的进口商立即或在一定期限内无条件的支付一定金额给指定收款人的单证
Bill of exchange is an instrument drawn by the exporter on importer as the drawee and ordering the importer to pay, unconditionally at sight or within a fixed period of time, the stated amount to the named payee.
E.预付货款的方式对出口商最为有利，因为收到货款后在备货出运，几乎可以不承担买方的信用风险，预收货款无需投入资金就可完成交易。
Cash in advance is the most beneficial to exporter as he almost assumes no credit risk from the buyer because of shipment after the receipt of payment and also can complete the transaction without investment in his own capital.
English for international business
Lesson one
Sentences
A.企业和政府从事国际商务可采用的经营方式
The modes of operation enterprises and governments can use when pursuing international business.
B.通过进出口贸易参加国际商务活动
Get involved in international business through importing and exporting.
C.作为各国国际性收入主要来源的商品出口
Merchandise exports, the major source of international revenue for all countries.
D.服务进出口是各国日趋重要的国际商务方式
Service exports and imports are an increasingly more important mode of international business for all countries.
E.旅游业收入成为美国外汇收入的重要来源
Earnings from foreign tourism have been an important source of foreign exchange earning for the United States.
F.给予一家外国经销商销售产品的许可证
License a foreign distributor to sell one’s products.
G.通过许可别人使用商标等资产赚取使用费
Earn royalties from allowing others to use their trademarks and other assets. H.二次大战后对外直接投资在全世界迅速扩展
After the second world war, foreign direct investment increased rapidly throughout the world.
I.东道国企业掌握过半数所有权的合资企业
A joint venture in which the enterprise from the host country holds a controlling interest.
J.有价证券投资是对外间接投资的主要形式
Portfolio investment is the main form of foreign indirect investment.
K.通过不同手段从事服务进出口的本国企业
Domestic enterprises which engage in service exports and imports through different means.
L.跨国企业对国外市场和生产采取全球性方法
Multinational enterprises take a global approach to foreign markets and production. M.跨国公司在战后国际商务的发展中起积极作用
Multinational corporations played an essential role in the development of international business in the postwar era.
N.学术界对各种方式的国际商务所开展的研究
Research on different modes of international business conducted by academic circles. O.战后，越来越多国家的企业和政府参与除进出口贸易以外的各种方式的国际商务活动
In the postwar period, increasingly large numbers of enterprises and governments of different countries were involved in different modes of international business in addition to exporting and importing.
P.这个风景优美的国家的旅游业对该国经济增长极为重要，可能在未来的岁月里赚得成倍增长的外汇
The tourist industry of this scenic country, which is of critical importance to the country’s economic growth, is likely to double and redouble its foreign exchange earnings in the coming year.
Q.这家经营汽车的跨国公司是从全球角度从事生产和销售的，近年来已将它在中国的经营活动融入其全球性经营计划
The multinational corporation doing auto business, which undertakes production and marketing on a global basis, has integrated its operations in China into its global business program in recent years.
R.为了降低成本和扩大外销，不少发达国家的跨国企业将它们的设备和人员与资本一起转移到低成本的发展中国家
Tn order to reduce costs and increase foreign sales, the multinational enterprises of many developed countries have transferred their equipment and personnel along with their capital to low-cost developing countries.
S.最近，商务部部长指出，我国必须大力增加出口，以换取我国迫切需要的商品和服务，并应积极吸引外国投资，促进我国经济迅速发展
The commerce minister stated recently that our country must vigorously expand exports in exchange for the merchandise and services our country urgently needs and should also be active in attracting foreign investment fo so as to promote the rapid economic development of our country.
Lesson 3
Sentence
A.许多国家和地区工农业生产的巨大增长
Tremendous growth in many countries and regions, industrial and agricultural production
B.导致工业国对食品和原料的需求迅速增长
Resulting in industrial countries, the rapidly growing demand for food and raw materials
C.增至十五倍的工业品进口量
Increased to fifteen times the amount of industrial imports
D.对发展中国家农业出口产品需求的剧烈增长
Intense growth of agricultural exports in developing countries needs
E.对棉花和天然橡胶等天然原料需求的减少
Cotton and natural rubber and other natural raw materials needs to reduce
F.合成代用品生产的发展及其产量的增加
The development of synthetic substitutes production and increase in production G.有助于发展中国家的工业发展和经济增长
Help developing countries' industrial development and economic growth
H.国际贸易对各国经济发展重要的有益作用
The beneficial effects of the economic development of countries in international trade I.有助于欠发达国家制造业和制成品生产的发展
To help less developed countries, manufacturing and finished goods production J.刺激和促进发达与发展中国家间资本的流动
Stimulate and promote capital flows between developed and developing countries
K.新技术和新的管理技能的传送手段
Means of transmission of new technologies and new management skills
L.从国际贸易获得巨大好处的欠发达国家
Huge benefits from international trade in less developed countries
M.国际贸易与长期经济发展之间的关系
The relationship between international trade and long-term economic development
N.以更快的速度从发达国家吸收先进技术
To absorb advanced technology from developed countries at a faster rate
O.国际贸易的产生和发展，促进了各国再生产过程的正常运行和不断扩大，提高了生产力水平，并促进了生产国际化和资本国际化，其他方面的经济发展。（reproduction再生产，productive forces生产力，promote促进，contribute to有助于）
The emergence and development of international trade, promote the normal operation of the national process of reproduction, and continues to expand, improve level of productive forces, and to promote the internationalization of production and the internationalization of capital and other aspects of economic development.
P.凯恩斯及其追随者着重于出口对就业和收入的作用，他们认为贸易顺差可以扩大支付手段，压低利率，刺激物价上涨，增加投资，从而有助于国内危机的缓和与就业的扩大。（focus on专注于，means of payment支付手段，alleviation缓和） Keynes and his followers focused on the role of exports on employment and income, they think that the trade surplus can expand the means of payment, low interest rates to stimulate the rising prices, increased investment and thus contribute to the easing of domestic crisis and the expansion of employment.
Q.另一些经济学家认为，国际贸易的兴起和发展，会使商品的市场扩大，从而推动技术进步和生产过程的改善，促进产量增加，并使投资结构发生变化，从而促进整个国民经济的发展。（process of production生产过程，spur较高的，national economy国民经济）
Some economists argue that the rise and development of international trade, make the commodities market to expand, so as to promote technological progress and the improvement of the production process, to promote increased production and investment changes in the structure, thus contributing to the development of the national economy as a whole.
R.发展中国家发展对外贸易导致外汇收人增加和外国先进技术的引进，它在弥补这些国家资本短缺、促进它们的技术进步中起着重要的作用。（bring about实现，play a role in 发挥作用）
Development of foreign trade in developing countries led to the increase in foreign exchange income and the introduction of foreign advanced technology, it make up for the shortage of capital of these countries to promote their technical progress plays an important role.
S.多年来，在吸收外资的同时，中国全力发展对外贸易，大量进口精密的机械设备和尖端技术，大量出口各种工农业产品，有力地促进了经济发展和杜会主义现
代化的实现。（along with随着，sophisticated复杂的，contribute to有助于，achievement成就）
Over the years, while foreign investment, China's effort to develop foreign trade, import large quantities of sophisticated machinery and equipment and cutting-edge technology, a large number of exporting a variety of industrial and agricultural products, to promote economic development and social modernization.
与就业的扩大。
Lesson 4
Sentence
A.非关税贸易壁垒对国家经营活动的影响
The impact of nontariff barriers to trade on international operations
B.求助非关税贸易壁垒以保护期缺乏竞争力的产业
Resort to nontariff trade barriers for protection of its uncompetitive industries
C.把相当大的注意力放在消除国际贸易的的障碍上
Devote considerable attention to the removal of barriers to international trade.
D.阻碍国际商品和服务的自由流动
Impede the free flow of merchandise and services between nations.
E.旨在放宽对进口商品限制的法规条例
Laws and regulations designed to relax restrictions on imports.
F.对来自发展中国家的某些产品实施进口配额
Impose import quotas on some products from developing countries.
G.对生产重要出口商品的厂商给予特惠
Give preference to manufacturers producing important export commodities. H.估计每年达200亿美元的该国农产品出口销售额
The export sales of that country’s agricultural products estimated at $20 billion per year.
I.歧视来自发展中国家的中、低档纺织品
Discriminate against medium- and low- level textiles from developing countries. J.把某些国家排除在得到优惠的国家之外
Exclude some countries from the rank of countries which are given preference. K.干扰各国间正常的交易和经贸关系
Interfere with the normal transactions and economic and trade relations between nations.
L.反对美国对来自该亚洲国家的进口货征收抵消关税
Object to countervailing duties on imports from that Asian country imposed by the United States.
M.由减少贸易潜在利益的进口限制所造成的扭曲
Distortions arising from import restrictions which reduce potential gains from trade. N.约略计算外国商品需求曲线的弹性
A rough calculation of the elasticity of the demand curve for foreign goods.
O.非关税壁垒是指以进口数量限制为特点的贸易保护主义措施，它们被发达国家和有些发展中国家用来干扰和阻碍商品和服务在国际间的自由流动
Nontariff trade barriers, which refer to the protectionist measures characterized by quantitative import restrictions, are used by developed countries and some
developing countries to interfere with and impede the free flow of merchandise and services between nations.
P.70年代中期以来，由于世界性经济危机爆发，加上国际市场争夺加剧，因而发达国家不得不求助于旨在限制进口的非关税壁垒，力图克服困难。
Since the mid-1970s, as a result of the outbreak of the global economic crises, accompanied by the intensification of contention for international markets, the
developed countries have been forced to resort to nontariff trade barriers designed to restrict imports, in an attempt to overcome their difficulties.
Q.非关税壁垒同关税壁垒一样，起到限制进口、引起进口过国内市场物价上涨的作用，加重了西方发达国家人民的负担。
Like tariff trade barriers, nontariff trade barriers have the effects of restricting imports and bringing about price increases in the domestic market of an importing country, thus imposing a heavy burden on the people of western developed countries. R.近年来，美国实施的一些贸易政策和条例对中国加以歧视，并对中国向美国出口的一些产品实行严格限制。
In recent years, some trade policies and regulations carried out by the United States have discriminated against China and imposed severe restrictions on some of its exports to the United States.
S.今后，美国及其他西方国家仍然很可能对中国的纺织品等劳动密集型产品的出口施加限制，中国对此将坚决反对。
It is likely that in the future the United States and other Western countries will still impose restrictions on the exports of China’s textiles and other labor-intensive products, to which China will strongly object.
Lesson 5
Sentence
A.按既定的公司方针开始处理出口订单
Initiate the processing of an export order according to the established company policy.
B.仔细查对和记录出口商所收到的订单的来源
A careful check and log of origin that the order was received by exporter.
C.出口商必须充分了解外国顾客的具体要求
The exporter must understand fully what the foreign customer actually wants.
D.对进口商的信用进行认真的审查
Conduct a careful check on the foreign importer’s credit
E.得到一份关于买方信用状况的信用报告
Obtain a credit report on the credit sanding of the buyer
F.买方与买方就销售条款和条件进行洽商
Buyer and seller negotiate the sales terms and conditions
G.出口合同中说明的买卖上方的义务
The obligations of buyers and seller stated in the export contract.
H.出口合同中说明的产品、价格、交货方法等条款
The terms such as product, price and method of delivery stated in the export contract. I.出口货物在商定的交货地点合理交付
Reasonably deliver the export goods at the negotiated point of delivery. J.出口货物在商定的发货地点准时发货
Ship on tie the export goods at the negotiated point o shipment.
K.出口货物的所有权在交货地点转移
Title to the export goods is transferred at the point of delivery.
L.取得进口许可证以符合进口国的进口条例
Obtain an import license in order to conform to the importing country’s import regulations.
M.货物到达目得地后通过海关对货物的处理
Process the goods through customs after they have arrived at the point of destination N.完成出口交易所需要的各种单证的获得
Obtain the documents that are required to complete the export transaction
O.为了高效率的将货物移动到进口国，出口企业必须履行包含出口交易中一系列活动的三项必不可少的职能
In order to move efficiently the goods to importing country, the export firm must perform three essential functions involving a series of activities in the export transaction.
P.在进行一项出口交易之前，出口商必须或者通过一份国际信用报告审查新顾客的财务和信用状况，或者复查老顾客的信用状况和支付记录
Before an export transaction is carried out, the exporter must either conduct a check on the new customer’s financial and credit standing through an international credit report or revise the old customer’s credit standing and payment record.
Q.作为出口过程的重要组成部分，进口商和出口商必须就销售条款和条件、双方的义务以及销售合同的其他条款进行洽商
As an important component of the export process, the exporter and importer negotiate the sales terms and conditions, the obligations of both parties, and other terms of the sales contract.
R.出口商与进口商之间就销售条款和条件所达成的协议成为一个有约束力的合同，它经过买卖双方以书面形式确认后就是双方都能接受的确定的承诺,
An agreement that the exporter and importer have entered into on sales terms and conditions becomes a binding contract, which is a firm commitment that is acceptable to both buyer and seller after it is confirmed by both parties in writing.
S.在整个出口过程中，常常要求进口上去的一份进口许可证，有时还有一份外汇许可证，以符合进口国的进口条例，并使货物能顺利地到达进口商。
In the whole export process, the importer is often required to obtain an import license and sometimes also a foreign exchange permit in order that the goods conform to the importing country’s import regulations and smoothly reach the importer. Lesson 8
sentence
A.出口公司完成产品向消费或使用地的输送和装卸
The exporting company has encompassed the movement and handling of products outward to points of consumption or use
B.海洋、航空、铁路、卡车和内河这五种基本运输方式
Five basic modes of transportation: ocean, air, rail, truck, and inland water
C.运输方式的选择取决于费用、时间和安全的全面考虑
The choice of the modes of transportation is determined by a combination of cost,
time and security.
D.运费较低的和货运量大是海洋运输的两个基本特点
Relatively low transportation costs and handling large shipments are two basic characteristics of ocean transportation.
E.国际货运中发展最快和日渐重要的空运
Are transport which is fastest growing and increasingly important in international freight transportation
F.在美国出口贸易中占较小份额的铁路和卡车运输
Rail and truck shipments which constitute a relatively small portion of the export trade of the United States.
G.在一些欧洲国家间装运巨量货物的内河运输
Inland water transportation which carries large quantities of goods among some countries in Europe.
H.由熟悉运输条件的出口商最终选择货运的确切
The exact freight transportation route is finally selected by the exporter fully acquainted with shipping conditions
I.保护货物在运往国外过程中所遭受的灭失或损坏
Protect goods from loss or damage to then during their physical movement from seller to buyer
J.赔偿货物在运往国外过程中所遭受的灭失或损坏
Reimburse the owner of goods being transported to overseas markets for any losses or damages incurred
K.因货物安全到达而受益或因货物灭失、损坏或滞留而受损
Benefit from the safe arrival of the cargo or get injured by its loss, damage, or detention
L.该出口企业保持一家可靠的海上保险公司的预订保险单
The exporting firm maintains an open policy with a reliable marine insurance company
M.该航空公司对有些装运的货物提供优先的保险范围
The airline provides a limited amount of insurance coverage on shipments of some goods
N.出口商按到岸价格向买主报价时必须提供海上保险
The exporter must furnish marine insurance when he quotes a CIF price to a buyer
O.铁路运输在出口贸易中载运量大，运输速度快，不易受季节、气候条件的影响，可常年地、定期地、有规律和准确地进行。
In export trade, railroad transportation which is characterized by large shipments and high speed of transportation and is not subject to seasonal changes and climatic conditions, can be undertaken regularly, systematically, accurately and throughout the year.
P.航空运输能保证体积小、重量轻、价值高和时间性强的货物迅速、准时到达目的地，它在国际贸易运输中所占的比重不断上升。
Air transportation, which ensures the quick and punctual arrival at a destination of goods of small size, light weight and high value as well as those of timeliness, has
accounted for an increasing share in the transportation in international trade.
R.在外贸运输过程中，因运输工具发生意外事故而使货物遭受全损或部分损失，保险人应负责赔偿。
The insurance is obligated to compensate for a total loss or partial loss or damage to goods incurred in an accident to the carrier in the process of transportation in international trade.
S.国际航空运输中被保险货物由市价跌落、运输迟延所造成的损失或费用，保险人不负责赔偿。
The insurer is not obligated to compensate for any losses or costs accounted for by decreases in the prices and delays in the transportation of goods insured in the process of international air transportation.
T.这家出口公司熟悉运输和保险事务的部门经理，在接受国外订货后，负责安排出口货物的运输和保险。
The departmental manager of an exporting firm, who is acquainted with shipping and insurance matters, arranges for shipping and insurance of export goods after receiving an order for goods from abroad.
Lesson 9
Sentence
A.符合国际贸易支付业务的要求和政府管制出口的法规
Meet requirements for international commercial payment transactions and government regulations controlling exporting
B.每次出口发货所需的各种单证和涉及的当事人
Various documents required for each export shipment and the parties involved in it
C.单证不齐或制作不当导致延迟的发货
Incomplete or improperly prepared documents lead to delays in shipment
D.由某些单证的差错所引起的罚款和没收货物
Fines and confiscation of goods resulting from errors in some documents E.向国外发货需要在出口港提交的出口申报单
An export declaration presented at the port of exit which is required for the shipment of goods abroad
F.出口货物的目的地、详细名称以及申报价值
The destination of export goods, a full description of them and their declared value G.商业发票上所标明的货物商标和包装数量
The trademark and the number of packages of the merchandise shown on the commercial invoice
H.清楚说明的货物单价和装运的货物总价
The specified price per unit of the merchandise and the total price of the shipment I.商业发票所标明的报价的性质的付款条件
The nature of the price quotation and the term of payment shown on the commercial invoice
J.用以收集有关出口货物统计数据的出口申报单
An export declaration used to collect statistical data on exports
K.进口商所在国的政府代表向出口商签发的领事发票
A consular invoice made out to the exporter by the government representative of
the importer’s country
L.装箱单逐项记载的装运货物中的货箱或集装箱内容on the packing list The contents of cases or containers in a shipment sated, item by item, M.为证明货物原产地而由某一机构签发的单证
Documents certifying the place of origin of the merchandise issued by a certain agency
N.应进口商的要求而有不同机构签发的各种特别检验证书
Various special inspection certificates issued by different authorities at the request of the importer
O.在出口交易中，要求出口企业递交由它自己和其他单位或政府部门签发的各类单证，这是履行出口合同的一部分
In export transactions, the export firm is required to present various documents issued by itself and other units or government agencies, which represents the partial fulfillment of export contractual obligations
P.商业发票是出口商向进口商开立的、凭以向进口商收款的发货清单，它是买卖双方交接货物和结算货款的主要单据
A commercial invoice, which is a list of delivery sent to the importer by the exporter and with which the latter receives payment from the former, is the major document for the delivery of goods and clearance of accounts between the seller and the buyer.
Q.海运提单是有船长或承运人的代理所签发，证明收到指定的货物，并保证将货物运至指定的目的地交付收货人的单证
An ocean bill of lading, a document issued by the captain or an agent of the
carrier, certifies the receipt of the specified goods and ensures the shipment of them to the named destination and the delivery of them to the consignee.
R.特别检验证书是商检机构对进出口货物包装容器或运输工具进行指定项目的检验、鉴定后出具的证明书
Special inspection certificates are those issued by the commodity inspection agency after its inspection and identification of the content of containers or means of transport in the shipment of import and export goods.
S.原产地证明书的目的在于证明货物原产地或制造地，它通常是进口过海关对进口货物采取不同的国别政策和关税待遇的依据。
The adoption by the customs of the importing country of different policies toward and different kinds of tariff treatment for imports from different countries is based on certificate of origin, which is designed to certify the place of origin or production of the merchandise.
Lesson 10
Sentence
A.国际商业付款方式的选择，除了取决于交易对方的信用状况外，还取决于资金负担、市场情况以及费用和手续等状况
Apart from the credit standing of your trade partner, the choice of commercial payment is also determined by capital burden, market condition as well as expenses and formality.
B.对于出口商来说，信用证使出了预付货款以外最有利的付款方式，他通常只要在出口的将合格单据提交指定银行就可收款
From exporter’s position, letter of credit is the most beneficial terms of payment for him except for cash in advance since he can receive the payment only provided he present the proper documents to the named bank.
C.开立信用证后，若卖方提交合适单据，买房就必须付款，但由于卖方有时不能遵守合同条款，因此买方需承担买房的信用风险
With the issuance of L/C, the buyer must pay if the seller presents the proper documents. Therefore, the buyer has to assume the seller’s credit risk due to the seller’s failure to comply with the terms in the contract sometimes.
D.汇票是出口商开出的、命令作为受票人的进口商立即或在一定期限内无条件的支付一定金额给指定收款人的单证
Bill of exchange is an instrument drawn by the exporter on importer as the drawee and ordering the importer to pay, unconditionally at sight or within a fixed period of time, the stated amount to the named payee.
E.预付货款的方式对出口商最为有利，因为收到货款后在备货出运，几乎可以不承担买方的信用风险，预收货款无需投入资金就可完成交易。
Cash in advance is the most beneficial to exporter as he almost assumes no credit risk from the buyer because of shipment after the receipt of payment and also can complete the transaction without investment in his own capital.