本 科 毕 业 设 计（论文） 题
外文文献及翻译
学生姓名：张 浩
学 号：09062107
专业班级：工商管理09-1班
指导教师：冯 磊
2013年 6月15日
目：商业生态系统环境下的组织设计研究
The Business Ecosystem of the Chinese Software Industry
1. Introduction
The business ecosystem is a new concept proposed by American strategy expert James F. Moore with the ecology viewpoint regarding modern enterprise competition issues. He
pointed out that the business ecosystem is an economical unified body which is composed of the individual, the organization and the subsystem, taking the interaction of organizations and individual as the foundation. Among them, the individual refers to consumer individual, the organizations refer to all types of enterprises, the subsystem refers to the strategic alliance between the companies. Marco Iansiti and Ray Levien believed that all enterprises and the supplier, the distributor, the outsourcing service company, the financing organization, the key technologies provider, the supplementary product manufacturer, the competitor, the customer, the supervision organization, the media and the related government apparatus etc. are the business eco-system’s species. Business environment is a close-knit, mutually dependent symbiotic system.
2. Software Industry Business Ecosystem
According to the literature and, the software industry business ecosystem is put forward. Its main activities include various types of economic individuals and organizations: the
upstream supplier, soft-ware developers, service providers and channel vendors, consumers, competitors and other related industries and businesses, government agencies, industry and community organizations etc. They form a whole with mutual competition and cooperation, common development and evolution, and a specific function in the economy. In the software industry ecosystem, around the software value chain (suppliers, the core product developers, service providers, marketing channels) system constitute the core business circle; The
upstream supplier and the core product’s customer etc. form the outer-level Business circle of the system; While the financial chain (venture capital fund, investor, bank etc.) and the policy chain (standard-setting government and other Quasi-govern- mental organization, trade association, standard-setting organization etc.) as well as the competitors form the
outermost-level circle ecological environment of the system. For example, US’s Silicon Valley is a typical software industry business ecosystem.
3. Business Ecosystem Healthy Evaluation Model
Marco Iansiti and Ray Levien proposed three important healthy business ecosystem
assessment criteria. 1) Productivity. That is, whether a commercial network will be able to continually transform the technology and other innovative raw materials into a lower cost and on in-vestment. 2) Robustness. Namely the system resists each kind of disturbance and destruction ability, generally weighed by the member’s survival rate in the system. 3) Slit space creation ability (niche creation). Namely sys-tem whether to have the multiplicity,
whether to have ability to create the more segmentation markets unceasingly, creates the valuable new function, generally measured by the application degree of innovation.
We argues that a healthy business ecosystem must have two basic characteristics: First, the stability of that business ecosystems have a well-developed internal defense mechanisms to resist the rapid changes in the external environment; Second, the sustainability of that
system keep digging its own inherent potential to achieve sustainable development. Therefore, this article attempts to construct an evaluation model: the stability of one of the factor,
including productivity, diversity, resilience etc.; sustainability factor, including productivity, vitality, creativity etc.
Stability factors: 1) Productivity: the energy is bigger that explains various living things survive in a good shape in the ecosystem, but the productive forces is only the healthy
ecosystem’s necessary condition, it is not that the ecosystem has higher energy is healthier. It can use the productivity to weigh. 2) Diversity: intricate food web of the ecosystem is an important condition to maintain a relative stabilization, the more complex food web, the
bigger the ecosystem’s ability to resist outside interference, and it does not lead to the collapse of the entire ecosystems as a result of a link in the chain fell off. According to industry interior product mix and business models it could do qualitative analysis. 3) Resilience: it refers to the system ability to gradually recovery the capacity of ecosystem in the disappearance of the external.
It may carry on the qualitative analysis according to the changes around situation.
Sustainability factors: 4) Productivity: That Trans-forms the new technology into the product at the least cost is just the productivity in the business ecosystem. Therefore, the level of productivity means the size of ecosystem’s ability. If creation ability is low, each member’s livelihood value will atrophy in the business eco-system, it will lead to over-exploit the balance to the imbalance and creation value pressure. That is a dynamic process from the ecosystem. The ecosystem will be more and more unhealthy, finally it will move toward ultimate demise. It may use the investment return rate to weigh. 5) Vitality: It is essential to the system’s sustainable development. System’s vitality and each interior species’ vitality in the system are closely linked, it may use the system survival rate to weigh. 6) Market creativity: In the market that the dispersive species enables the eco-system to have the multiplicity. It is be beneficial to absorb the negative impact of the changing environment. Multiplicity is more advantageous to the display creativity, thus generates the value. then to the balance. In the process, the system has completed an external impact response through own adjustment.
4. Chinese Software Industry Business Eco-system Analysis
This article has made an analysis according to the above evaluation model for the
Chinese software industry business ecosystem (time 1999-2005).
1) Productivity. We can see that from 1999 to 2005, during seven years, the total
industrial value developed rapidly, in 2005, the total output value achieved nearly 10 times of 1999 industrial value.
2) Diversity. The Ministry of Information Industry in 2003 implemented the software research and development and production enterprise statistical survey, in nationwide scale, according to sums of “the software product revenue”, “the system integration revenue” and
“the software service revenue”, among the selected Top 100 in software industry, Huawei, ZTE, Hisense Group, had the honor to receive first three, Haier Group and Digital China (China) come after. This article holds that China’s software industry ecosystem is basically healthy. But it is noteworthy that all the domestic big software closely connected with foreign capital large-scale IT enterprise. There are few relations between them and China’s other small scale software enterprises, even between these five major enterprises’ direct relations are also very few, while they connect with each other through other company’s intermediate products.
3) Resilience. Through the investigation we discovered that Chinese software industry can be divided into two major categories: the software product and the soft-ware serves. While the software product can be divided into three broad categories: system software, application software and support software. This article calculates the occupied proportion of the three types of software products, according to the classification data of software product. The system was at the stable state of equilibrium before 2001. After 2001, as a result of user’s needs’ change, the system software, support software occupied proportion reduced, but the application soft-ware occupied proportion increased sharply.
4) Productivity. This article replaces with the rate of sales profit. But from 2002 to 2005, the rate of return on in-vestment was in the rise process. That is to say that Chinese software industry is easy to be influenced by the external shocks, but itself has the continuing development power.
5) Vitality. According to the survival rate data the registered number of software vendors as well as the number of products, from 1999 to 2005, it was discovered in the software industry, the number software vendors and the software products output were in proceeding steadily, there was no significant change This article holds that the survival of the system is in good condition.
6) Creativity. The data demonstrated that the most cross-enterprise’s software re-search and development funds accounted for the turnover above 10%, Microsoft even achieved about 20%. But Chinese Software Enterprise’s research and development investment proportion was widely low, therefore Chinese Software Enterprise’s technological innovations basically were in primary and low-end market. At the same time, the replacement of software products is very quick, while transforming the technological innovation into the product is difficult. Because the domestic enterprise does not have the brand and the customer superiority in the system software, the market segment basically was sub-divided by the Foreign-funded enterprise.
The application software and the middleware product due to the localized application characteristic and the reason that the development time was not long, the domestic enterprise had not been widened differences by the foreign enterprise at present. This is the so-called niche market, for example UFIDA and KINGDEE financial management software grasped the accurate market position, this software needs of society was still strong in 2007, the market sales volume amounted to 1,390,000,000 Yuan, grew 13.1% compared to 2006, had seized 13.0% of the general application software market.
5. Discussions and Suggestions
Statistical data shows that software industry output value had a large scale growth in recent years. Simultaneously the development of Chinese software industry, regardless of the technical force, the fund strength or the profession experience had a certain accumulation, which has laid a solid foundation for the future development. At the same time, Chinese software industry lacks the software core product and the key technologies, also lacks the software core enterprise. China software industry has the problem and difficulty in the globalization of market. The superiority population has the control influence to the entire community, because in the face of external interference the diversity it supports has acted as buffer function, thus it has defended system’s stability. Therefore, Chinese software industry is the appearance of healthy ecosystem but has the hidden trouble. It is in a sub-healthy state which has the development foundation and power but stability insufficient. The key lies in grasps the market position, establishes own core competence. The construction of healthy software industry business ecosystem (system’s stability and sustainable development) not only needs each economic entity to consummate their functions, but also needs to strengthen their coordination and cooperation.
Industrial policy. 1) We must strengthen the government function, establish the good policy environment. First, we must strengthen the government market super-vision, social management and public service aspects’ responsibility, consummate a legal system and
formulate the preferential benefit reasonable policy to guide the industry healthy development. In software industry’s policies and regulations, we should particularly pay attention to the protection of intellectual property rights, We must strengthen each kind of intellectual property protection policies and implementation force, enlarge the strike force of software piracy and pirate phenomenon, enhance the propaganda of the software intellectual property protection knowledge and keep the conscious-ness of national intellectual property protection. It is beneficial to protect core technologies, promote innovation as well as the establishment of public environment. Secondly, the government support object must be clear. The software industry develops rapidly, the unceasing innovation and the unceasing fusion make the
industrial chain full of fleeting market opportunities. Which opportunities can bring about the invention, which inventions can rise to the standard altitude and which standards can be promoted have the significant influence to the Chinese software industry development. Therefore, it must be strengthen the software industry technology foresight, here “the
technology”, is not the pure technology of traditional narrow understanding, but is “the big science and technology” in the significance technology which closely associates with the
science, the economy, the society, politics, the environment etc.; Here “fore-sight”, also is not the pure forecast future, but is emphasis on the meaning that contains “rational choose the future and take the initiative to shape the future”.
2) We should establish a good software industry investment environment. Including we encourage and guide the social capital to go to the software industry, positively attract the foreign capital, establish venture capital fund which is suitable for the software industry development and create all convenient conditions for the venture capital fund’s lawful operation.
3) We should display the market resources’ superiority, promote Chinese software
Industrialization development. The modern service industry’s development brings the strategic opportunities for our country software industry. Modern service industry
simultaneously has technology, capital, labor-intensive features. It both has the very bright region characteristic, and has the very bright cultural characteristic. Developing modern
service industry in China, like the software industry, may transform the population resources superiority to the numerous competitive advantages, break the resources and the environment restriction effectively. Prof. Z. W. Xu argued that 2006-2020 computer industry will have five big transition: a) the magnitude transition, its goal is in odder to enhance several magnitudes computer’s performance index; b) the efficiency transition, its goal is in odder to raise
computer’s efficiency doubled and re-doubled; c) the market demand transition, the computer market enters universal stage, the subject of computer science is application; d) Technology impetus transition, forced by three big technical impetuses: the computer electronics, sensor networks and grid calculates; e) Vitality. According the survival rate data from 1999 the registered number of software vendors as well as a number of products to 2005 it was
discovered in the software industry, regardless of the number software vendors or the software products output were in proceeding steadily, there was no significant change.
Industrial cluster. 1) We should construct the National Software Park. Our country had already built 11 national-level software park. Therefore it is important to give full play the link and the platform function of the national software park, guide to form the software industry system and a good industrial chain, which integrate the collection research and
development, the production, the service and the application as a body, rapidly form the scale advantage, the cost advantage and the technical advantage, build the overall brand image. It is crucial for Chinese software’s industry long-term steady development to form the
international competitiveness innovation clusters of software industry that take the software leading enterprise as the center, the big and medium and small enterprise collaborate, unify produce, study and research.
2) Improve the software industry chain. In the healthy industrial chain enterprises form a reasonable division of chain, each enterprise has its own dedicated domain in the division of chain, on the one hand it may make enterprise’s specialized direction more special, then raises the level, forms the scale, saves the cost, raises the efficiency, enhances enterprises’ core
competitiveness; On the other hand it draws support from the market mechanism through the industrial chain’s integration and assignment function, expands the industry scale fast, then promotes the industry overall competitive power. However Chinese software specialization’s division of labor has not formed. Each link of the industrial chain didn’t join very well, the whole is in the global value chain’s low end. So, first, it should expand the research and development investment, break through the software core technologies, and improve the
technological innovation ability. Implement central and large investment to the software core technologies’ research and development. Set up a special fund by the country to focus support the technology located at the middle and upper reaches in software industry chain, mainly including basic and common software such as operating system, large-scale data management system, development platform, information security, large-scale application software systems, component library etc.. The second is to strengthen the alliance or merger with the core of industrial chain integration, strive for the development in the competition. Prof. D. H. Ju argued that a mature software industry should contain a mature enterprise construction, a mature product line, a mature human resources team, a mature technology development system as well as a mature support environment.
6. Conclusions
This article proposed the software industry business ecosystem with the business
ecosystem, and tried to build the business ecosystem healthy evaluation model, and applied this evaluation model to carry on the healthy analysis of the Chinese software industry
business eco-system. This evaluation model also needs the further research and the practice. We hope it can throw a sprat to catch a herring, play some effective inspiration for Chinese software industry business ecosystem’s healthy development.
中国软件产业的商业生态系统
1. 简介
商业生态系统是由美国战略专家詹姆斯•F •摩尔根据生态学的观点对现代企业竞争问题提出的一个概念。他指出，商业生态系统是一种经济的统一体，是由个人、组织和系统组成，以组织和个体的相互作用为基础。其中，个体是指消费者个人、组织指所有类型的企业，子系统是指企业之间的战略联盟。马可•伊恩斯蒂和雷•莱维恩公司认为所有企业和供应商、经销商、外包服务公司、融资组织关键技术提供者、补充产品制造商竞争对手、客户、监督组织、媒体和相关政府机构等是商业生态系统的物种。商业环境是一个严谨的、相互依赖的共生系统。
2. 软件产业商业生态系统
根据文献，软件产业的商业生态系统的提出。其主要活动包括各种类型的经济组织和个人：上游供应商，软件开发商，服务提供商和渠道供应商，消费者，竞争对手和其他相关行业和企业，政府机构，行业和社区组织等，形成一个整体的相互竞争和合作，共同发展和演变，经济中的一个特异功能。在软件产业生态系统，在软件价值链（供应商，核心产品开发商，服务提供商，营销渠道）系统构成的核心商圈；上游供应商和核心产品的客户等形式的外部系统级商圈；而金融链（风险资本基金，投资者，银行等）和政策链（标准设置政府和准政府组织，行业协会，标准制定组织等）以及竞争对手形成最外层圈生态环境系统。例如，美国的硅谷是一个典型的软件产业的商业生态系统。
3. 商业生态系统健康评价模型
马可•伊恩斯蒂和雷•莱维恩提出三个重要的健康的商业生态系统评估准则。1）生产力。那就是，无论是商业网络将能够不断变换技术和其他创新的原材料到一个较低的成本和投资。2）稳定性。即系统抗各种干扰和破坏能力，一般重的成员的生存率在系统。3）狭缝空间的创造能力（创造利基）。即系统是否具有多样性，是否有创造更多的细分市场不断的能力，创造价值的新功能，通过应用创新程度来衡量。
我们认为，一个健康的商业生态系统必须具备两个基本特征：第一，认为商业生态系统有完善的内部防御机制来抵御外部环境的快速变化的稳定性；第二，该系统的可持续发展，不断挖掘自身的内在潜力，实现可持续发展。因此，本文试图构建一个评价模型：一个稳定的因素，包括生产力，多样性，弹性等；可持续发展的因素，包括生产力，生命力，创造力等。
稳定的因素：1）生产率：能量较大，说明了各种生物的生存在一个良好的生态系统，但生产力是生态系统健康的必要条件，不是说生态系统具有更高的能量是健康的。它可以使用的生产力来衡量。2）多样性：生态系统的复杂的食物网是维持一个相对稳定的一个重要条件，更复杂的食物网，更大的生态系统的抵抗外界干扰的能力，也不会导致整个生态系统的崩溃而导致的环节脱落。根据行业内部的产品结构和商业模式，它可以做定性分析。3）韧性：它指的是系统的能力逐渐恢复在外部消失的生态系统的能力。
它可以根据周围情况的变化进行定性分析。
可持续发展的因素：4）生产率：反式形式的新技术为产品成本最低的是在商业生态系统的生产力。因此，生产力水平意味着生态系统的能力的大小。如果创造能力低，每个成员的生活价值将萎缩的商业生态系统，它会导致过度开发的平衡失调和创造价值的压力。这是一个从生态系统的动态过程。生态系统将越来越不健康，最终将走向消亡。可以使用的投资回报率来衡量。5）活力：它是系统的可持续发展至关重要。系统的活力和生命力内部各物种在系统有着密切的联系，它可以使用系统的生存率来衡量。6）市场创新：在市场上分散的物种，使生态系统拥有了多样性。它有利于吸收变化环境的负面影响。多样性，更有利于发挥创造力，由此产生的价值。然后对平衡。在这个过程中，该系统已经通过自身的调整完成外部冲击响应。
4. 中国软件产业的商业生态系统分析
本文根据上述评价模型对中国软件产业的商业生态系统进行分析（时间1999-2005年）。
1）生产力。我们可以看到从1999到2005的七年时间里，2005的发展最为迅速，工业总产值达到近1999的工业价值的10倍。
2）多样性。2003信息产业部实施软件研究与生产的企业统计调查的发展，在全国范围内，按照“软件产品收入”、“系统集成收入”和“软件服务收入”，在选定的100大软件产业中，华为，中兴，海信集团，荣获前三，海尔集团和数字中国紧随其后。本文认为，中国软件产业生态系统基本上是健康的。但值得注意的是，国内各大软件与大型外资IT 企业紧密相连。还有他们和中国的其他小规模软件企业之间的一些关系，即使这五者之间的主要企业直接关系也很少，而他们互相连接通过其他公司的中间产品。
3）韧性。通过调查我们发现，中国软件产业可分为两大类：软件产品和软件服务。而软件产品可分为三大类：系统软件，应用软件和支持软件。本文对软件产品的三种类型所占比例，根据软件产品的分类数据。该系统在平衡状态稳定在2001。2001后，由于用户需求的变化，系统软件，支撑软件所占比例减少，但应用软件所占比例大幅增加。
4）生产力。本文取代率与销售利润。但是，从2002到2005，回报率的投资是在上升的过程。也就是说，中国软件产业易受外部冲击的影响，但本身具有持续发展的动力。
5）活力。根据生存率数据的注册数量的软件供应商以及产品的数量，从1999到2005，这是在软件产业中发现，一些软件供应商和软件产品的产量在稳步推进，有没有显着的变化，本文认为系统的生存是好的条件。
6）创新。数据表明，大多数跨企业的软件研究开发经费占10%以上的营业额，微软甚至达到20%左右。但是，中国软件企业的研发投资所占比例普遍较低，因此中国软件企业技术创新的基本原和低端市场。同时，软件产品的更换很快，在转化为产品的技术创新是很难的。由于国内企业没有品牌，在系统软件的客户细分市场的优势，基本上是子分由外资企业。应用软件，由于本地化的应用特点，发展的时间不长的原因的中间件产品，国内企业没有差异的扩大外国企业目前。这就是所谓的利基市场，例如用友和金蝶财务管理软件，掌握准确的市场定位，社会这个软件的需求依然强劲2007，市场销售总额达1390000000元，同比增长13.1%，比2006增长了一般的应用软件市场的13%。
5. 讨论与建议
统计数据表明，软件产业产值近年来取得了较大规模的增长。同时中国软件产业的发展，无论在技术力量，资金实力或行业经验，有一定的积累，为未来的发展奠定了坚实的基础。同时，中国软件产业缺乏软件的核心产品和核心技术，也缺乏软件核心企业。
中国软件产业在市场全球化的问题和困难。优势种群已向整个社会控制的影响，因为在面对外来的干扰，它支持多样性作为缓冲的作用，从而为系统的稳定性。因此，中国软件产业生态系统健康的外表但有隐患。这是一种亚健康状态，具有发展的基础和动力但稳定性不够。关键在于把握市场定位，建立自己的核心竞争力。健康的软件产业的商业生态系统的建设（系统的稳定性和可持续发展）不仅需要各经济实体来完善其功能，而且要加强协调与合作。
产业政策。1）我们必须强化政府职能，建立良好的政策环境。首先，我们必须加强政府市场监管，社会管理和公共服务方面的职责，完善的法律体系和制定优惠合理的政策来引导产业健康发展。在软件产业的政策和法规，尤其要注意知识产权的保护，我们必须加强各种知识产权保护政策及执行力，扩大软件盗版，盗版现象的打击力度，加强对软件知识产权保护知识的宣传和维护国家的知识产权保护意识。它有利于保护核心技术，促进创新以及公共环境的建立。其次，政府支持的对象必须是清晰的。软件产业的快速发展，不断创新、不断融合，使产业链充满稍纵即逝的市场机会。这机会可以带来的发明，这些发明能上升到标准高度和标准可以促进对中国软件产业发展的重要影响。因此，必须加强软件产业技术预见的，这里的“技术”，不是传统的狭隘理解，纯粹的技术，但“大科技”的意义与科学技术紧密结合，经济，社会，政治，环境等；这里的“准星“，也不是纯粹的预测未来，但在包含“理性选择的未来和主动塑造未来”的含义强调。
2）我们应该建立一个良好的软件产业投资环境。包括我们的鼓励和引导社会资本进入软件业，积极吸引外资，建立风险资本基金，适合软件产业的发展和建立风险投资基金的合法经营的一切便利条件。
3）我们应该发挥市场资源优势，促进中国软件产业的发展。现代服务业的发展给我国软件产业的战略机遇。现代服务业的同时，有技术，资本，劳动密集型的特点。它既具有非常鲜明的地域特色，具有非常鲜明的文化特色。在中国发展现代服务业，如软件业，可以将人口资源优势，众多的竞争优势，打破资源和环境的制约有效。徐教授认为2006-2020年计算机工业将有五大转变：a ）过渡，其目的是为了提高几个数量级的计算机的性能指标；b ）效率的转变，其目的是为了提高计算机的效率增加了一倍，再翻一番；c ）市场需求的转变，计算机市场进入普及阶段，计算机科学的主题是应用程序；d ）技术推动转型，由三大技术推动强制：计算机电子，传感器网络和网格计算；e ）活力。根据生存率数据来自1999个注册数量的软件供应商以及产品的数量，2005是在软件产业中发现，不论多少软件供应商或软件产品的产量在稳步推进，并没有显着的变化。
产业集群。1）应建立国家级软件园。我国已经建立了11个国家级软件园。因此，要充分发挥的环节和国家软件园平台功能的重要形式，引导行业软件系统和良好的产业链，将集研发，生产，服务为一体的应用，快速形成规模优势，成本优势和技术优势，打造整体品牌形象。中国软件业的长期稳定的发展形成了国际竞争力创新集群的软件产业，以软件龙头企业为中心，这是至关重要的，大中小企业协作，统一生产，学习和研究。
2）提高软件产业链。在健康产业链的企业，形成合理的分工链中，每个企业都有自己的专用域链的分工，它一方面可以使企业更为特殊的专业方向，然后提高水平，形成规模，节约成本，提高效率，增强企业的核心竞争力；对另一方面，它从市场机制的支持，通过产业链的整合和分配功能，扩大产业规模快速，进而促进产业整体竞争力。然而中国软件专业化分工劳动没有形成。产业链的各个环节没有很好的衔接，整体处于全球价值链的低端。所以，首先，应扩大研发投入，突破软件的核心技术，提高技术创新能力。为贯彻落实中央和大投资软件核心技术的研究和开发。设立专项资金由国家重
中国石油大学（华东）本科毕业设计(论文)
点支持技术在软件产业链中上游，主要包括基本和常见的软件，如操作系统，大型数据管理系统，开发平台，信息安全，大型应用软件系统，构件库等。二是加强与产业链整合的核心联盟或合并，争取在竞争中发展。曲教授认为，成熟的软件行业应该包含一个成熟的企业建设，一个成熟的产品线，一个成熟的人力资源团队，一种成熟的技术开发系统以及一个成熟的支撑环境。
6. 结论
本文根据商业生态系统理论提出了软件产业的商业生态系统，并试图构建商业生态系统健康评价模型，并应用该评价模型对中国软件产业的商业生态系统进行健康分析。该评价模型还需要进一步的研究和实践。我们希望它能起到抛砖引玉的作用，对中国软件产业的商业生态系统的健康发展起到一定的有效激励。
10
本 科 毕 业 设 计（论文） 题
外文文献及翻译
学生姓名：张 浩
学 号：09062107
专业班级：工商管理09-1班
指导教师：冯 磊
2013年 6月15日
目：商业生态系统环境下的组织设计研究
The Business Ecosystem of the Chinese Software Industry
1. Introduction
The business ecosystem is a new concept proposed by American strategy expert James F. Moore with the ecology viewpoint regarding modern enterprise competition issues. He
pointed out that the business ecosystem is an economical unified body which is composed of the individual, the organization and the subsystem, taking the interaction of organizations and individual as the foundation. Among them, the individual refers to consumer individual, the organizations refer to all types of enterprises, the subsystem refers to the strategic alliance between the companies. Marco Iansiti and Ray Levien believed that all enterprises and the supplier, the distributor, the outsourcing service company, the financing organization, the key technologies provider, the supplementary product manufacturer, the competitor, the customer, the supervision organization, the media and the related government apparatus etc. are the business eco-system’s species. Business environment is a close-knit, mutually dependent symbiotic system.
2. Software Industry Business Ecosystem
According to the literature and, the software industry business ecosystem is put forward. Its main activities include various types of economic individuals and organizations: the
upstream supplier, soft-ware developers, service providers and channel vendors, consumers, competitors and other related industries and businesses, government agencies, industry and community organizations etc. They form a whole with mutual competition and cooperation, common development and evolution, and a specific function in the economy. In the software industry ecosystem, around the software value chain (suppliers, the core product developers, service providers, marketing channels) system constitute the core business circle; The
upstream supplier and the core product’s customer etc. form the outer-level Business circle of the system; While the financial chain (venture capital fund, investor, bank etc.) and the policy chain (standard-setting government and other Quasi-govern- mental organization, trade association, standard-setting organization etc.) as well as the competitors form the
outermost-level circle ecological environment of the system. For example, US’s Silicon Valley is a typical software industry business ecosystem.
3. Business Ecosystem Healthy Evaluation Model
Marco Iansiti and Ray Levien proposed three important healthy business ecosystem
assessment criteria. 1) Productivity. That is, whether a commercial network will be able to continually transform the technology and other innovative raw materials into a lower cost and on in-vestment. 2) Robustness. Namely the system resists each kind of disturbance and destruction ability, generally weighed by the member’s survival rate in the system. 3) Slit space creation ability (niche creation). Namely sys-tem whether to have the multiplicity,
whether to have ability to create the more segmentation markets unceasingly, creates the valuable new function, generally measured by the application degree of innovation.
We argues that a healthy business ecosystem must have two basic characteristics: First, the stability of that business ecosystems have a well-developed internal defense mechanisms to resist the rapid changes in the external environment; Second, the sustainability of that
system keep digging its own inherent potential to achieve sustainable development. Therefore, this article attempts to construct an evaluation model: the stability of one of the factor,
including productivity, diversity, resilience etc.; sustainability factor, including productivity, vitality, creativity etc.
Stability factors: 1) Productivity: the energy is bigger that explains various living things survive in a good shape in the ecosystem, but the productive forces is only the healthy
ecosystem’s necessary condition, it is not that the ecosystem has higher energy is healthier. It can use the productivity to weigh. 2) Diversity: intricate food web of the ecosystem is an important condition to maintain a relative stabilization, the more complex food web, the
bigger the ecosystem’s ability to resist outside interference, and it does not lead to the collapse of the entire ecosystems as a result of a link in the chain fell off. According to industry interior product mix and business models it could do qualitative analysis. 3) Resilience: it refers to the system ability to gradually recovery the capacity of ecosystem in the disappearance of the external.
It may carry on the qualitative analysis according to the changes around situation.
Sustainability factors: 4) Productivity: That Trans-forms the new technology into the product at the least cost is just the productivity in the business ecosystem. Therefore, the level of productivity means the size of ecosystem’s ability. If creation ability is low, each member’s livelihood value will atrophy in the business eco-system, it will lead to over-exploit the balance to the imbalance and creation value pressure. That is a dynamic process from the ecosystem. The ecosystem will be more and more unhealthy, finally it will move toward ultimate demise. It may use the investment return rate to weigh. 5) Vitality: It is essential to the system’s sustainable development. System’s vitality and each interior species’ vitality in the system are closely linked, it may use the system survival rate to weigh. 6) Market creativity: In the market that the dispersive species enables the eco-system to have the multiplicity. It is be beneficial to absorb the negative impact of the changing environment. Multiplicity is more advantageous to the display creativity, thus generates the value. then to the balance. In the process, the system has completed an external impact response through own adjustment.
4. Chinese Software Industry Business Eco-system Analysis
This article has made an analysis according to the above evaluation model for the
Chinese software industry business ecosystem (time 1999-2005).
1) Productivity. We can see that from 1999 to 2005, during seven years, the total
industrial value developed rapidly, in 2005, the total output value achieved nearly 10 times of 1999 industrial value.
2) Diversity. The Ministry of Information Industry in 2003 implemented the software research and development and production enterprise statistical survey, in nationwide scale, according to sums of “the software product revenue”, “the system integration revenue” and
“the software service revenue”, among the selected Top 100 in software industry, Huawei, ZTE, Hisense Group, had the honor to receive first three, Haier Group and Digital China (China) come after. This article holds that China’s software industry ecosystem is basically healthy. But it is noteworthy that all the domestic big software closely connected with foreign capital large-scale IT enterprise. There are few relations between them and China’s other small scale software enterprises, even between these five major enterprises’ direct relations are also very few, while they connect with each other through other company’s intermediate products.
3) Resilience. Through the investigation we discovered that Chinese software industry can be divided into two major categories: the software product and the soft-ware serves. While the software product can be divided into three broad categories: system software, application software and support software. This article calculates the occupied proportion of the three types of software products, according to the classification data of software product. The system was at the stable state of equilibrium before 2001. After 2001, as a result of user’s needs’ change, the system software, support software occupied proportion reduced, but the application soft-ware occupied proportion increased sharply.
4) Productivity. This article replaces with the rate of sales profit. But from 2002 to 2005, the rate of return on in-vestment was in the rise process. That is to say that Chinese software industry is easy to be influenced by the external shocks, but itself has the continuing development power.
5) Vitality. According to the survival rate data the registered number of software vendors as well as the number of products, from 1999 to 2005, it was discovered in the software industry, the number software vendors and the software products output were in proceeding steadily, there was no significant change This article holds that the survival of the system is in good condition.
6) Creativity. The data demonstrated that the most cross-enterprise’s software re-search and development funds accounted for the turnover above 10%, Microsoft even achieved about 20%. But Chinese Software Enterprise’s research and development investment proportion was widely low, therefore Chinese Software Enterprise’s technological innovations basically were in primary and low-end market. At the same time, the replacement of software products is very quick, while transforming the technological innovation into the product is difficult. Because the domestic enterprise does not have the brand and the customer superiority in the system software, the market segment basically was sub-divided by the Foreign-funded enterprise.
The application software and the middleware product due to the localized application characteristic and the reason that the development time was not long, the domestic enterprise had not been widened differences by the foreign enterprise at present. This is the so-called niche market, for example UFIDA and KINGDEE financial management software grasped the accurate market position, this software needs of society was still strong in 2007, the market sales volume amounted to 1,390,000,000 Yuan, grew 13.1% compared to 2006, had seized 13.0% of the general application software market.
5. Discussions and Suggestions
Statistical data shows that software industry output value had a large scale growth in recent years. Simultaneously the development of Chinese software industry, regardless of the technical force, the fund strength or the profession experience had a certain accumulation, which has laid a solid foundation for the future development. At the same time, Chinese software industry lacks the software core product and the key technologies, also lacks the software core enterprise. China software industry has the problem and difficulty in the globalization of market. The superiority population has the control influence to the entire community, because in the face of external interference the diversity it supports has acted as buffer function, thus it has defended system’s stability. Therefore, Chinese software industry is the appearance of healthy ecosystem but has the hidden trouble. It is in a sub-healthy state which has the development foundation and power but stability insufficient. The key lies in grasps the market position, establishes own core competence. The construction of healthy software industry business ecosystem (system’s stability and sustainable development) not only needs each economic entity to consummate their functions, but also needs to strengthen their coordination and cooperation.
Industrial policy. 1) We must strengthen the government function, establish the good policy environment. First, we must strengthen the government market super-vision, social management and public service aspects’ responsibility, consummate a legal system and
formulate the preferential benefit reasonable policy to guide the industry healthy development. In software industry’s policies and regulations, we should particularly pay attention to the protection of intellectual property rights, We must strengthen each kind of intellectual property protection policies and implementation force, enlarge the strike force of software piracy and pirate phenomenon, enhance the propaganda of the software intellectual property protection knowledge and keep the conscious-ness of national intellectual property protection. It is beneficial to protect core technologies, promote innovation as well as the establishment of public environment. Secondly, the government support object must be clear. The software industry develops rapidly, the unceasing innovation and the unceasing fusion make the
industrial chain full of fleeting market opportunities. Which opportunities can bring about the invention, which inventions can rise to the standard altitude and which standards can be promoted have the significant influence to the Chinese software industry development. Therefore, it must be strengthen the software industry technology foresight, here “the
technology”, is not the pure technology of traditional narrow understanding, but is “the big science and technology” in the significance technology which closely associates with the
science, the economy, the society, politics, the environment etc.; Here “fore-sight”, also is not the pure forecast future, but is emphasis on the meaning that contains “rational choose the future and take the initiative to shape the future”.
2) We should establish a good software industry investment environment. Including we encourage and guide the social capital to go to the software industry, positively attract the foreign capital, establish venture capital fund which is suitable for the software industry development and create all convenient conditions for the venture capital fund’s lawful operation.
3) We should display the market resources’ superiority, promote Chinese software
Industrialization development. The modern service industry’s development brings the strategic opportunities for our country software industry. Modern service industry
simultaneously has technology, capital, labor-intensive features. It both has the very bright region characteristic, and has the very bright cultural characteristic. Developing modern
service industry in China, like the software industry, may transform the population resources superiority to the numerous competitive advantages, break the resources and the environment restriction effectively. Prof. Z. W. Xu argued that 2006-2020 computer industry will have five big transition: a) the magnitude transition, its goal is in odder to enhance several magnitudes computer’s performance index; b) the efficiency transition, its goal is in odder to raise
computer’s efficiency doubled and re-doubled; c) the market demand transition, the computer market enters universal stage, the subject of computer science is application; d) Technology impetus transition, forced by three big technical impetuses: the computer electronics, sensor networks and grid calculates; e) Vitality. According the survival rate data from 1999 the registered number of software vendors as well as a number of products to 2005 it was
discovered in the software industry, regardless of the number software vendors or the software products output were in proceeding steadily, there was no significant change.
Industrial cluster. 1) We should construct the National Software Park. Our country had already built 11 national-level software park. Therefore it is important to give full play the link and the platform function of the national software park, guide to form the software industry system and a good industrial chain, which integrate the collection research and
development, the production, the service and the application as a body, rapidly form the scale advantage, the cost advantage and the technical advantage, build the overall brand image. It is crucial for Chinese software’s industry long-term steady development to form the
international competitiveness innovation clusters of software industry that take the software leading enterprise as the center, the big and medium and small enterprise collaborate, unify produce, study and research.
2) Improve the software industry chain. In the healthy industrial chain enterprises form a reasonable division of chain, each enterprise has its own dedicated domain in the division of chain, on the one hand it may make enterprise’s specialized direction more special, then raises the level, forms the scale, saves the cost, raises the efficiency, enhances enterprises’ core
competitiveness; On the other hand it draws support from the market mechanism through the industrial chain’s integration and assignment function, expands the industry scale fast, then promotes the industry overall competitive power. However Chinese software specialization’s division of labor has not formed. Each link of the industrial chain didn’t join very well, the whole is in the global value chain’s low end. So, first, it should expand the research and development investment, break through the software core technologies, and improve the
technological innovation ability. Implement central and large investment to the software core technologies’ research and development. Set up a special fund by the country to focus support the technology located at the middle and upper reaches in software industry chain, mainly including basic and common software such as operating system, large-scale data management system, development platform, information security, large-scale application software systems, component library etc.. The second is to strengthen the alliance or merger with the core of industrial chain integration, strive for the development in the competition. Prof. D. H. Ju argued that a mature software industry should contain a mature enterprise construction, a mature product line, a mature human resources team, a mature technology development system as well as a mature support environment.
6. Conclusions
This article proposed the software industry business ecosystem with the business
ecosystem, and tried to build the business ecosystem healthy evaluation model, and applied this evaluation model to carry on the healthy analysis of the Chinese software industry
business eco-system. This evaluation model also needs the further research and the practice. We hope it can throw a sprat to catch a herring, play some effective inspiration for Chinese software industry business ecosystem’s healthy development.
中国软件产业的商业生态系统
1. 简介
商业生态系统是由美国战略专家詹姆斯•F •摩尔根据生态学的观点对现代企业竞争问题提出的一个概念。他指出，商业生态系统是一种经济的统一体，是由个人、组织和系统组成，以组织和个体的相互作用为基础。其中，个体是指消费者个人、组织指所有类型的企业，子系统是指企业之间的战略联盟。马可•伊恩斯蒂和雷•莱维恩公司认为所有企业和供应商、经销商、外包服务公司、融资组织关键技术提供者、补充产品制造商竞争对手、客户、监督组织、媒体和相关政府机构等是商业生态系统的物种。商业环境是一个严谨的、相互依赖的共生系统。
2. 软件产业商业生态系统
根据文献，软件产业的商业生态系统的提出。其主要活动包括各种类型的经济组织和个人：上游供应商，软件开发商，服务提供商和渠道供应商，消费者，竞争对手和其他相关行业和企业，政府机构，行业和社区组织等，形成一个整体的相互竞争和合作，共同发展和演变，经济中的一个特异功能。在软件产业生态系统，在软件价值链（供应商，核心产品开发商，服务提供商，营销渠道）系统构成的核心商圈；上游供应商和核心产品的客户等形式的外部系统级商圈；而金融链（风险资本基金，投资者，银行等）和政策链（标准设置政府和准政府组织，行业协会，标准制定组织等）以及竞争对手形成最外层圈生态环境系统。例如，美国的硅谷是一个典型的软件产业的商业生态系统。
3. 商业生态系统健康评价模型
马可•伊恩斯蒂和雷•莱维恩提出三个重要的健康的商业生态系统评估准则。1）生产力。那就是，无论是商业网络将能够不断变换技术和其他创新的原材料到一个较低的成本和投资。2）稳定性。即系统抗各种干扰和破坏能力，一般重的成员的生存率在系统。3）狭缝空间的创造能力（创造利基）。即系统是否具有多样性，是否有创造更多的细分市场不断的能力，创造价值的新功能，通过应用创新程度来衡量。
我们认为，一个健康的商业生态系统必须具备两个基本特征：第一，认为商业生态系统有完善的内部防御机制来抵御外部环境的快速变化的稳定性；第二，该系统的可持续发展，不断挖掘自身的内在潜力，实现可持续发展。因此，本文试图构建一个评价模型：一个稳定的因素，包括生产力，多样性，弹性等；可持续发展的因素，包括生产力，生命力，创造力等。
稳定的因素：1）生产率：能量较大，说明了各种生物的生存在一个良好的生态系统，但生产力是生态系统健康的必要条件，不是说生态系统具有更高的能量是健康的。它可以使用的生产力来衡量。2）多样性：生态系统的复杂的食物网是维持一个相对稳定的一个重要条件，更复杂的食物网，更大的生态系统的抵抗外界干扰的能力，也不会导致整个生态系统的崩溃而导致的环节脱落。根据行业内部的产品结构和商业模式，它可以做定性分析。3）韧性：它指的是系统的能力逐渐恢复在外部消失的生态系统的能力。
它可以根据周围情况的变化进行定性分析。
可持续发展的因素：4）生产率：反式形式的新技术为产品成本最低的是在商业生态系统的生产力。因此，生产力水平意味着生态系统的能力的大小。如果创造能力低，每个成员的生活价值将萎缩的商业生态系统，它会导致过度开发的平衡失调和创造价值的压力。这是一个从生态系统的动态过程。生态系统将越来越不健康，最终将走向消亡。可以使用的投资回报率来衡量。5）活力：它是系统的可持续发展至关重要。系统的活力和生命力内部各物种在系统有着密切的联系，它可以使用系统的生存率来衡量。6）市场创新：在市场上分散的物种，使生态系统拥有了多样性。它有利于吸收变化环境的负面影响。多样性，更有利于发挥创造力，由此产生的价值。然后对平衡。在这个过程中，该系统已经通过自身的调整完成外部冲击响应。
4. 中国软件产业的商业生态系统分析
本文根据上述评价模型对中国软件产业的商业生态系统进行分析（时间1999-2005年）。
1）生产力。我们可以看到从1999到2005的七年时间里，2005的发展最为迅速，工业总产值达到近1999的工业价值的10倍。
2）多样性。2003信息产业部实施软件研究与生产的企业统计调查的发展，在全国范围内，按照“软件产品收入”、“系统集成收入”和“软件服务收入”，在选定的100大软件产业中，华为，中兴，海信集团，荣获前三，海尔集团和数字中国紧随其后。本文认为，中国软件产业生态系统基本上是健康的。但值得注意的是，国内各大软件与大型外资IT 企业紧密相连。还有他们和中国的其他小规模软件企业之间的一些关系，即使这五者之间的主要企业直接关系也很少，而他们互相连接通过其他公司的中间产品。
3）韧性。通过调查我们发现，中国软件产业可分为两大类：软件产品和软件服务。而软件产品可分为三大类：系统软件，应用软件和支持软件。本文对软件产品的三种类型所占比例，根据软件产品的分类数据。该系统在平衡状态稳定在2001。2001后，由于用户需求的变化，系统软件，支撑软件所占比例减少，但应用软件所占比例大幅增加。
4）生产力。本文取代率与销售利润。但是，从2002到2005，回报率的投资是在上升的过程。也就是说，中国软件产业易受外部冲击的影响，但本身具有持续发展的动力。
5）活力。根据生存率数据的注册数量的软件供应商以及产品的数量，从1999到2005，这是在软件产业中发现，一些软件供应商和软件产品的产量在稳步推进，有没有显着的变化，本文认为系统的生存是好的条件。
6）创新。数据表明，大多数跨企业的软件研究开发经费占10%以上的营业额，微软甚至达到20%左右。但是，中国软件企业的研发投资所占比例普遍较低，因此中国软件企业技术创新的基本原和低端市场。同时，软件产品的更换很快，在转化为产品的技术创新是很难的。由于国内企业没有品牌，在系统软件的客户细分市场的优势，基本上是子分由外资企业。应用软件，由于本地化的应用特点，发展的时间不长的原因的中间件产品，国内企业没有差异的扩大外国企业目前。这就是所谓的利基市场，例如用友和金蝶财务管理软件，掌握准确的市场定位，社会这个软件的需求依然强劲2007，市场销售总额达1390000000元，同比增长13.1%，比2006增长了一般的应用软件市场的13%。
5. 讨论与建议
统计数据表明，软件产业产值近年来取得了较大规模的增长。同时中国软件产业的发展，无论在技术力量，资金实力或行业经验，有一定的积累，为未来的发展奠定了坚实的基础。同时，中国软件产业缺乏软件的核心产品和核心技术，也缺乏软件核心企业。
中国软件产业在市场全球化的问题和困难。优势种群已向整个社会控制的影响，因为在面对外来的干扰，它支持多样性作为缓冲的作用，从而为系统的稳定性。因此，中国软件产业生态系统健康的外表但有隐患。这是一种亚健康状态，具有发展的基础和动力但稳定性不够。关键在于把握市场定位，建立自己的核心竞争力。健康的软件产业的商业生态系统的建设（系统的稳定性和可持续发展）不仅需要各经济实体来完善其功能，而且要加强协调与合作。
产业政策。1）我们必须强化政府职能，建立良好的政策环境。首先，我们必须加强政府市场监管，社会管理和公共服务方面的职责，完善的法律体系和制定优惠合理的政策来引导产业健康发展。在软件产业的政策和法规，尤其要注意知识产权的保护，我们必须加强各种知识产权保护政策及执行力，扩大软件盗版，盗版现象的打击力度，加强对软件知识产权保护知识的宣传和维护国家的知识产权保护意识。它有利于保护核心技术，促进创新以及公共环境的建立。其次，政府支持的对象必须是清晰的。软件产业的快速发展，不断创新、不断融合，使产业链充满稍纵即逝的市场机会。这机会可以带来的发明，这些发明能上升到标准高度和标准可以促进对中国软件产业发展的重要影响。因此，必须加强软件产业技术预见的，这里的“技术”，不是传统的狭隘理解，纯粹的技术，但“大科技”的意义与科学技术紧密结合，经济，社会，政治，环境等；这里的“准星“，也不是纯粹的预测未来，但在包含“理性选择的未来和主动塑造未来”的含义强调。
2）我们应该建立一个良好的软件产业投资环境。包括我们的鼓励和引导社会资本进入软件业，积极吸引外资，建立风险资本基金，适合软件产业的发展和建立风险投资基金的合法经营的一切便利条件。
3）我们应该发挥市场资源优势，促进中国软件产业的发展。现代服务业的发展给我国软件产业的战略机遇。现代服务业的同时，有技术，资本，劳动密集型的特点。它既具有非常鲜明的地域特色，具有非常鲜明的文化特色。在中国发展现代服务业，如软件业，可以将人口资源优势，众多的竞争优势，打破资源和环境的制约有效。徐教授认为2006-2020年计算机工业将有五大转变：a ）过渡，其目的是为了提高几个数量级的计算机的性能指标；b ）效率的转变，其目的是为了提高计算机的效率增加了一倍，再翻一番；c ）市场需求的转变，计算机市场进入普及阶段，计算机科学的主题是应用程序；d ）技术推动转型，由三大技术推动强制：计算机电子，传感器网络和网格计算；e ）活力。根据生存率数据来自1999个注册数量的软件供应商以及产品的数量，2005是在软件产业中发现，不论多少软件供应商或软件产品的产量在稳步推进，并没有显着的变化。
产业集群。1）应建立国家级软件园。我国已经建立了11个国家级软件园。因此，要充分发挥的环节和国家软件园平台功能的重要形式，引导行业软件系统和良好的产业链，将集研发，生产，服务为一体的应用，快速形成规模优势，成本优势和技术优势，打造整体品牌形象。中国软件业的长期稳定的发展形成了国际竞争力创新集群的软件产业，以软件龙头企业为中心，这是至关重要的，大中小企业协作，统一生产，学习和研究。
2）提高软件产业链。在健康产业链的企业，形成合理的分工链中，每个企业都有自己的专用域链的分工，它一方面可以使企业更为特殊的专业方向，然后提高水平，形成规模，节约成本，提高效率，增强企业的核心竞争力；对另一方面，它从市场机制的支持，通过产业链的整合和分配功能，扩大产业规模快速，进而促进产业整体竞争力。然而中国软件专业化分工劳动没有形成。产业链的各个环节没有很好的衔接，整体处于全球价值链的低端。所以，首先，应扩大研发投入，突破软件的核心技术，提高技术创新能力。为贯彻落实中央和大投资软件核心技术的研究和开发。设立专项资金由国家重
中国石油大学（华东）本科毕业设计(论文)
点支持技术在软件产业链中上游，主要包括基本和常见的软件，如操作系统，大型数据管理系统，开发平台，信息安全，大型应用软件系统，构件库等。二是加强与产业链整合的核心联盟或合并，争取在竞争中发展。曲教授认为，成熟的软件行业应该包含一个成熟的企业建设，一个成熟的产品线，一个成熟的人力资源团队，一种成熟的技术开发系统以及一个成熟的支撑环境。
6. 结论
本文根据商业生态系统理论提出了软件产业的商业生态系统，并试图构建商业生态系统健康评价模型，并应用该评价模型对中国软件产业的商业生态系统进行健康分析。该评价模型还需要进一步的研究和实践。我们希望它能起到抛砖引玉的作用，对中国软件产业的商业生态系统的健康发展起到一定的有效激励。
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